Duplicate code is one of the most pungent code smells. A rule that is often used is to re-structure code once it is duplicated in three or more places.
Common duplication problems, and corresponding solutions are:
| 1 | <?php  | 
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| 11 | class StaffController extends Controller  | 
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| 12 | { | 
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| 13 | |||
| 14 | public function __construct()  | 
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| 19 | |||
| 20 | /**  | 
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| 21 | * Display all the staff.  | 
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| 22 | *  | 
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| 23 | * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\View\Factory|\Illuminate\View\View  | 
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| 24 | */  | 
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| 25 | public function index()  | 
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| 30 | |||
| 31 | /**  | 
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| 32 | * Set the user available.  | 
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| 33 | *  | 
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| 34 | * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse  | 
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| 35 | */  | 
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| 36 | View Code Duplication | public function setAvailable()  | 
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| 44 | |||
| 45 | /**  | 
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| 46 | * Set the user unavailable.  | 
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| 47 | *  | 
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| 48 | * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse  | 
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| 49 | */  | 
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| 50 | View Code Duplication | public function setUnavailable()  | 
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| 58 | |||
| 59 | /**  | 
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| 60 | * Display the profile.  | 
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| 61 | *  | 
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| 62 | * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\View\Factory|\Illuminate\View\View  | 
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| 63 | */  | 
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| 64 | public function profile()  | 
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| 68 | |||
| 69 | public function destroy($id)  | 
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| 80 | }  | 
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| 81 | 
Adding an explicit array definition is generally preferable to implicit array definition as it guarantees a stable state of the code.
Let’s take a look at an example:
As you can see in this example, the array
$myArrayis initialized the first time when the foreach loop is entered. You can also see that the value of thebarkey is only written conditionally; thus, its value might result from a previous iteration.This might or might not be intended. To make your intention clear, your code more readible and to avoid accidental bugs, we recommend to add an explicit initialization $myArray = array() either outside or inside the foreach loop.