eventespresso / event-espresso-core

espresso.php

Indentation +107 added lines, -107 removed lines

@@ -37,138 +37,138 @@
  * @since       4.0
  */
 if (function_exists('espresso_version')) {
-    if (! function_exists('espresso_duplicate_plugin_error')) {
-        /**
-         *    espresso_duplicate_plugin_error
-         *    displays if more than one version of EE is activated at the same time.
-         */
-        function espresso_duplicate_plugin_error()
-        {
-            ?>
+	if (! function_exists('espresso_duplicate_plugin_error')) {
+		/**
+		 *    espresso_duplicate_plugin_error
+		 *    displays if more than one version of EE is activated at the same time.
+		 */
+		function espresso_duplicate_plugin_error()
+		{
+			?>
 <div class="error">
     <p>
         <?php
-                    echo esc_html__(
-                        'Can not run multiple versions of Event Espresso! One version has been automatically deactivated. Please verify that you have the correct version you want still active.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ); ?>
+					echo esc_html__(
+						'Can not run multiple versions of Event Espresso! One version has been automatically deactivated. Please verify that you have the correct version you want still active.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					); ?>
     </p>
 </div>
 <?php
-            espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
-        }
-    }
-    add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_duplicate_plugin_error', 1);
+			espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
+		}
+	}
+	add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_duplicate_plugin_error', 1);
 } else {
-    define('EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED', '7.4.0');
-    if (! version_compare(PHP_VERSION, EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED, '>=')) {
-        /**
-         * espresso_minimum_php_version_error
-         *
-         * @return void
-         */
-        function espresso_minimum_php_version_error()
-        {
-            ?>
+	define('EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED', '7.4.0');
+	if (! version_compare(PHP_VERSION, EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED, '>=')) {
+		/**
+		 * espresso_minimum_php_version_error
+		 *
+		 * @return void
+		 */
+		function espresso_minimum_php_version_error()
+		{
+			?>
 <div class="error">
     <p>
         <?php
-                    printf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'We\'re sorry, but Event Espresso requires PHP version %1$s or greater in order to operate. You are currently running version %2$s.%3$sIn order to update your version of PHP, you will need to contact your current hosting provider.%3$sFor information on stable PHP versions, please go to %4$s.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED,
-                        PHP_VERSION,
-                        '<br/>',
-                        '<a href="https://www.php.net/downloads.php">https://php.net/downloads.php</a>'
-                    );
-        ?>
+					printf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'We\'re sorry, but Event Espresso requires PHP version %1$s or greater in order to operate. You are currently running version %2$s.%3$sIn order to update your version of PHP, you will need to contact your current hosting provider.%3$sFor information on stable PHP versions, please go to %4$s.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED,
+						PHP_VERSION,
+						'<br/>',
+						'<a href="https://www.php.net/downloads.php">https://php.net/downloads.php</a>'
+					);
+		?>
     </p>
 </div>
 <?php
-            espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
-        }
+			espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
+		}
 
-        add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_minimum_php_version_error', 1);
-    } else {
-        define('EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE', __FILE__);
+		add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_minimum_php_version_error', 1);
+	} else {
+		define('EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE', __FILE__);
 
-        require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
+		require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
 
-        /**
-         * espresso_version
-         * Returns the plugin version
-         *
-         * @return string
-         */
-        function espresso_version(): string
-        {
-            return apply_filters('FHEE__espresso__espresso_version', '5.0.46');
-        }
+		/**
+		 * espresso_version
+		 * Returns the plugin version
+		 *
+		 * @return string
+		 */
+		function espresso_version(): string
+		{
+			return apply_filters('FHEE__espresso__espresso_version', '5.0.46');
+		}
 
-        /**
-         * espresso_plugin_activation
-         * adds a wp-option to indicate that EE has been activated via the WP admin plugins page
-         */
-        function espresso_plugin_activation()
-        {
-            update_option('ee_espresso_activation', true);
-            update_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking', 'no');
-            update_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice', 'hide');
-            // Run WP GraphQL activation callback
-            espressoLoadWpGraphQL();
-            graphql_activation_callback();
-        }
+		/**
+		 * espresso_plugin_activation
+		 * adds a wp-option to indicate that EE has been activated via the WP admin plugins page
+		 */
+		function espresso_plugin_activation()
+		{
+			update_option('ee_espresso_activation', true);
+			update_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking', 'no');
+			update_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice', 'hide');
+			// Run WP GraphQL activation callback
+			espressoLoadWpGraphQL();
+			graphql_activation_callback();
+		}
 
-        register_activation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_activation');
+		register_activation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_activation');
 
-        /**
-         * espresso_plugin_deactivation
-         */
-        function espresso_plugin_deactivation()
-        {
-            // Run WP GraphQL deactivation callback
-            espressoLoadWpGraphQL();
-            graphql_deactivation_callback();
-            delete_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking');
-            delete_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice');
-        }
-        register_deactivation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_deactivation');
+		/**
+		 * espresso_plugin_deactivation
+		 */
+		function espresso_plugin_deactivation()
+		{
+			// Run WP GraphQL deactivation callback
+			espressoLoadWpGraphQL();
+			graphql_deactivation_callback();
+			delete_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking');
+			delete_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice');
+		}
+		register_deactivation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_deactivation');
 
-        require_once __DIR__ . '/core/bootstrap_espresso.php';
-        bootstrap_espresso();
-    }
+		require_once __DIR__ . '/core/bootstrap_espresso.php';
+		bootstrap_espresso();
+	}
 }
 
 if (! function_exists('espresso_deactivate_plugin')) {
-    /**
-     *    deactivate_plugin
-     * usage:  espresso_deactivate_plugin( plugin_basename( __FILE__ ));
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param string $plugin_basename - the results of plugin_basename( __FILE__ ) for the plugin's main file
-     * @return    void
-     */
-    function espresso_deactivate_plugin(string $plugin_basename = '')
-    {
-        if (! function_exists('deactivate_plugins')) {
-            require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/plugin.php';
-        }
-        unset($_GET['activate'], $_REQUEST['activate']);
-        deactivate_plugins($plugin_basename);
-    }
+	/**
+	 *    deactivate_plugin
+	 * usage:  espresso_deactivate_plugin( plugin_basename( __FILE__ ));
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param string $plugin_basename - the results of plugin_basename( __FILE__ ) for the plugin's main file
+	 * @return    void
+	 */
+	function espresso_deactivate_plugin(string $plugin_basename = '')
+	{
+		if (! function_exists('deactivate_plugins')) {
+			require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/plugin.php';
+		}
+		unset($_GET['activate'], $_REQUEST['activate']);
+		deactivate_plugins($plugin_basename);
+	}
 }
 
 
 if (! function_exists('espressoLoadWpGraphQL')) {
-    function espressoLoadWpGraphQL()
-    {
-        if (
-            ! class_exists('WPGraphQL')
-            && is_readable(__DIR__ . '/vendor/wp-graphql/wp-graphql/wp-graphql.php')
-        ) {
-            require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/wp-graphql/wp-graphql/wp-graphql.php';
-        }
-    }
+	function espressoLoadWpGraphQL()
+	{
+		if (
+			! class_exists('WPGraphQL')
+			&& is_readable(__DIR__ . '/vendor/wp-graphql/wp-graphql/wp-graphql.php')
+		) {
+			require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/wp-graphql/wp-graphql/wp-graphql.php';
+		}
+	}
 }

core/db_models/EEM_Country.model.php

Indentation +211 added lines, -211 removed lines

@@ -12,215 +12,215 @@
  */
 class EEM_Country extends EEM_Base
 {
-    protected static ?EEM_Country $_instance = null;
-
-    // array of all countries
-    private static ?array $_all_countries = null;
-
-    // array of all active countries
-    private static ?array $_active_countries = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Resets the country
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Country|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public static function reset(?string $timezone = ''): ?EEM_Country
-    {
-        self::$_active_countries = null;
-        self::$_all_countries    = null;
-        return parent::reset($timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        $this->singular_item = esc_html__('Country', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->plural_item   = esc_html__('Countries', 'event_espresso');
-
-        $this->_tables = [
-            'Country' => new EE_Primary_Table('esp_country', 'CNT_ISO'),
-        ];
-
-        $this->_fields          = [
-            'Country' => [
-                'CNT_active'      => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'CNT_active',
-                    esc_html__('Country Appears in Dropdown Select Lists', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    true
-                ),
-                'CNT_ISO'         => new EE_Primary_Key_String_Field(
-                    'CNT_ISO',
-                    esc_html__('Country ISO Code', 'event_espresso')
-                ),
-                'CNT_ISO3'        => new EE_All_Caps_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_ISO3',
-                    esc_html__('Country ISO3 Code', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'RGN_ID'          => new EE_Integer_Field(
-                    'RGN_ID',
-                    esc_html__('Region ID', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    0
-                ),
-                // should be a foreign key, but no region table exists yet
-                'CNT_name'        => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_name',
-                    esc_html__('Country Name', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_code'    => new EE_All_Caps_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_code',
-                    esc_html__('Country Currency Code', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_single'  => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_single',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Name Singular', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_plural'  => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_plural',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Name Plural', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_sign'    => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_sign',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Sign', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_sign_b4' => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_sign_b4',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Sign Before Number', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    true
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_dec_plc' => new EE_Integer_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_dec_plc',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Decimal Places', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    2
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_dec_mrk' => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_dec_mrk',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Decimal Mark', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    '.'
-                ),
-                'CNT_cur_thsnds'  => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_cur_thsnds',
-                    esc_html__('Currency Thousands Separator', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ','
-                ),
-                'CNT_tel_code'    => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'CNT_tel_code',
-                    esc_html__('Country Telephone Code', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'CNT_is_EU'       => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'CNT_is_EU',
-                    esc_html__('Country is Member of EU', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    false
-                ),
-            ],
-        ];
-        $this->_model_relations = [
-            'Attendee' => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'State'    => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'Venue'    => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-        ];
-        // only anyone to view, but only those with the default role can do anything
-        $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ EEM_Base::caps_read ] = new EE_Restriction_Generator_Public();
-
-        parent::__construct($timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return EE_Country[]|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_countries(): ?array
-    {
-        if (! self::$_all_countries) {
-            self::$_all_countries = $this->get_all(['order_by' => ['CNT_name' => 'ASC'], 'limit' => [0, 99999]]);
-        }
-        return self::$_all_countries;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets and caches the list of active countries. If you know the list of active countries
-     * has changed during this request, first use EEM_Country::reset() to flush the cache
-     *
-     * @return EE_Country[]|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_active_countries(): ?array
-    {
-        if (! self::$_active_countries) {
-            self::$_active_countries =
-                $this->get_all([['CNT_active' => true], 'order_by' => ['CNT_name' => 'ASC'], 'limit' => [0, 99999]]);
-        }
-        return self::$_active_countries;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the country's name by its ISO
-     *
-     * @param string $country_ISO
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_country_name_by_ISO(string $country_ISO): string
-    {
-        $countries = $this->get_all_countries();
-        if (isset($countries[ $country_ISO ]) && $countries[ $country_ISO ] instanceof EE_Country) {
-            return $countries[ $country_ISO ]->name();
-        }
-        $names = $this->get_col([['CNT_ISO' => $country_ISO], 'limit' => 1], 'CNT_name');
-        if (is_array($names) && ! empty($names)) {
-            return reset($names);
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the country's name by its name
-     *
-     * @param string $country_name
-     * @return EE_Country|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function getCountryByName(string $country_name): ?EE_Country
-    {
-        $countries = $this->get_all_countries();
-        foreach ($countries as $country) {
-            if ($country instanceof EE_Country && $country->name() === $country_name) {
-                return $country;
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->get_one([['CNT_name' => $country_name]]);
-    }
+	protected static ?EEM_Country $_instance = null;
+
+	// array of all countries
+	private static ?array $_all_countries = null;
+
+	// array of all active countries
+	private static ?array $_active_countries = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets the country
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Country|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public static function reset(?string $timezone = ''): ?EEM_Country
+	{
+		self::$_active_countries = null;
+		self::$_all_countries    = null;
+		return parent::reset($timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		$this->singular_item = esc_html__('Country', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->plural_item   = esc_html__('Countries', 'event_espresso');
+
+		$this->_tables = [
+			'Country' => new EE_Primary_Table('esp_country', 'CNT_ISO'),
+		];
+
+		$this->_fields          = [
+			'Country' => [
+				'CNT_active'      => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'CNT_active',
+					esc_html__('Country Appears in Dropdown Select Lists', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					true
+				),
+				'CNT_ISO'         => new EE_Primary_Key_String_Field(
+					'CNT_ISO',
+					esc_html__('Country ISO Code', 'event_espresso')
+				),
+				'CNT_ISO3'        => new EE_All_Caps_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_ISO3',
+					esc_html__('Country ISO3 Code', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'RGN_ID'          => new EE_Integer_Field(
+					'RGN_ID',
+					esc_html__('Region ID', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					0
+				),
+				// should be a foreign key, but no region table exists yet
+				'CNT_name'        => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_name',
+					esc_html__('Country Name', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_code'    => new EE_All_Caps_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_code',
+					esc_html__('Country Currency Code', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_single'  => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_single',
+					esc_html__('Currency Name Singular', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_plural'  => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_plural',
+					esc_html__('Currency Name Plural', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_sign'    => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_sign',
+					esc_html__('Currency Sign', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_sign_b4' => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_sign_b4',
+					esc_html__('Currency Sign Before Number', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					true
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_dec_plc' => new EE_Integer_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_dec_plc',
+					esc_html__('Currency Decimal Places', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					2
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_dec_mrk' => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_dec_mrk',
+					esc_html__('Currency Decimal Mark', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					'.'
+				),
+				'CNT_cur_thsnds'  => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_cur_thsnds',
+					esc_html__('Currency Thousands Separator', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					','
+				),
+				'CNT_tel_code'    => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'CNT_tel_code',
+					esc_html__('Country Telephone Code', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'CNT_is_EU'       => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'CNT_is_EU',
+					esc_html__('Country is Member of EU', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					false
+				),
+			],
+		];
+		$this->_model_relations = [
+			'Attendee' => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'State'    => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'Venue'    => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+		];
+		// only anyone to view, but only those with the default role can do anything
+		$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ EEM_Base::caps_read ] = new EE_Restriction_Generator_Public();
+
+		parent::__construct($timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return EE_Country[]|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_countries(): ?array
+	{
+		if (! self::$_all_countries) {
+			self::$_all_countries = $this->get_all(['order_by' => ['CNT_name' => 'ASC'], 'limit' => [0, 99999]]);
+		}
+		return self::$_all_countries;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets and caches the list of active countries. If you know the list of active countries
+	 * has changed during this request, first use EEM_Country::reset() to flush the cache
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Country[]|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_active_countries(): ?array
+	{
+		if (! self::$_active_countries) {
+			self::$_active_countries =
+				$this->get_all([['CNT_active' => true], 'order_by' => ['CNT_name' => 'ASC'], 'limit' => [0, 99999]]);
+		}
+		return self::$_active_countries;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the country's name by its ISO
+	 *
+	 * @param string $country_ISO
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_country_name_by_ISO(string $country_ISO): string
+	{
+		$countries = $this->get_all_countries();
+		if (isset($countries[ $country_ISO ]) && $countries[ $country_ISO ] instanceof EE_Country) {
+			return $countries[ $country_ISO ]->name();
+		}
+		$names = $this->get_col([['CNT_ISO' => $country_ISO], 'limit' => 1], 'CNT_name');
+		if (is_array($names) && ! empty($names)) {
+			return reset($names);
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the country's name by its name
+	 *
+	 * @param string $country_name
+	 * @return EE_Country|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function getCountryByName(string $country_name): ?EE_Country
+	{
+		$countries = $this->get_all_countries();
+		foreach ($countries as $country) {
+			if ($country instanceof EE_Country && $country->name() === $country_name) {
+				return $country;
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->get_one([['CNT_name' => $country_name]]);
+	}
 }

core/db_models/EEM_Base.model.php

Indentation +6787 added lines, -6787 removed lines

@@ -39,6801 +39,6801 @@
  */
 abstract class EEM_Base extends EE_Base implements ResettableInterface
 {
-    private string $class_name;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Flag to indicate whether the values provided to EEM_Base have already been prepared
-     * by the model object or not (ie, the model object has used the field's _prepare_for_set function on the values).
-     * They almost always WILL NOT, but it's not necessarily a requirement.
-     * For example, if you want to run EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('EVT_ID'=>$_GET['event_id'])));
-     *
-     * @var boolean
-     */
-    private $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
-     * the data is just like form input that needs to have the model fields'
-     * prepare_for_set and prepare_for_use_in_db called on it
-     */
-    const not_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we
-     * assume this value is coming from a model object and doesn't need to have
-     * prepare_for_set called on it, just prepare_for_use_in_db is used
-     */
-    const prepared_by_model_object = 1;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
-     * the values are already to be used in the database (ie no processing is done
-     * on them by the model's fields)
-     */
-    const prepared_for_use_in_db = 2;
-
-
-    protected string $singular_item = 'Item';
-
-    protected string $plural_item   = 'Items';
-
-    /**
-     * @type EE_Table_Base[] $_tables array of EE_Table objects for defining which tables comprise this model.
-     */
-    protected array $_tables;
-
-    /**
-     * With two levels: top-level has array keys which are database table aliases (ie, keys in _tables)
-     * and the value is an array. Each of those sub-arrays have keys of field names (eg 'ATT_ID', which should also be
-     * variable names on the model objects (eg, EE_Attendee), and the keys should be children of EE_Model_Field
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[][] $_fields
-     */
-    protected array $_fields;
-
-    /**
-     * array of different relations
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
-     */
-    protected array $_model_relations = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Index[] $_indexes
-     */
-    protected array $_indexes = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Default strategy for getting where conditions on this model. This strategy is used to get default
-     * where conditions which are added to get_all, update, and delete queries. They can be overridden
-     * by setting the same columns as used in these queries in the query yourself.
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_default_where_conditions_strategy = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Strategy for getting conditions on this model when 'default_where_conditions' equals 'minimum'.
-     * This is particularly useful when you want something between 'none' and 'default'
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = null;
-
-    /**
-     * String describing how to find the "owner" of this model's objects.
-     * When there is a foreign key on this model to the wp_users table, this isn't needed.
-     * But when there isn't, this indicates which related model, or transiently-related model,
-     * has the foreign key to the wp_users table.
-     * Eg, for EEM_Registration this would be 'Event' because registrations are directly
-     * related to events, and events have a foreign key to wp_users.
-     * On EEM_Transaction, this would be 'Transaction.Event'
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $_model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
-
-    /**
-     * String describing how to find the model with a password controlling access to this model. This property has the
-     * same format as $_model_chain_to_wp_user. This is primarily used by the query param "exclude_protected".
-     * This value is the path of models to follow to arrive at the model with the password field.
-     * If it is an empty string, it means this model has the password field. If it is null, it means there is no
-     * model with a password that should affect reading this on the front-end.
-     * Eg this is an empty string for the Event model because it has a password.
-     * This is null for the Registration model, because its event's password has no bearing on whether
-     * you can read the registration or not on the front-end (it just depends on your capabilities.)
-     * This is 'Datetime.Event' on the Ticket model, because model queries for tickets that set "exclude_protected"
-     * should hide tickets for datetimes for events that have a password set.
-     *
-     * @var string|null
-     */
-    protected ?string $model_chain_to_password = null;
-
-    /**
-     * This is a flag typically set by updates so that we don't load the where strategy on updates because updates
-     * don't need it (particularly CPT models)
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected bool $_ignore_where_strategy = false;
-
-    /**
-     * String used in caps relating to this model. Eg, if the caps relating to this
-     * model are 'ee_edit_events', 'ee_read_events', etc, it would be 'events'.
-     *
-     * @var string|bool|null.    If null it hasn't been initialized yet.
-     *                      If false then we have indicated capabilities don't apply to this
-     */
-    protected $_caps_slug = null;
-
-    /**
-     * 2d array where top-level keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(),
-     * and next-level keys are capability names, and each's value is an
-     * EE_Default_Where_Condition. If the requester requests to apply caps to the query,
-     * they specify which context to use (ie, frontend, backend, edit or delete)
-     * and then each capability in the corresponding sub-array that they're missing
-     * adds the where conditions onto the query.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_cap_restrictions = [
-        self::caps_read       => [],
-        self::caps_read_admin => [],
-        self::caps_edit       => [],
-        self::caps_delete     => [],
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Array defining which cap restriction generators to use to create default
-     * cap restrictions to put in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions.
-     * Array-keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are a child of
-     * EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. If you don't want any cap restrictions generated
-     * automatically set this to false (not just null).
-     *
-     * @var EE_Restriction_Generator_Base[]
-     */
-    protected ?array $_cap_restriction_generators = [];
-
-    /**
-     * constants used to categorize capability restrictions on EEM_Base::_caps_restrictions
-     */
-    const caps_read       = 'read';
-
-    const caps_read_admin = 'read_admin';
-
-    const caps_edit       = 'edit';
-
-    const caps_delete     = 'delete';
-
-    /**
-     * Keys are all the cap contexts (ie constants EEM_Base::_caps_*) and values are their 'action'
-     * as how they'd be used in capability names. Eg EEM_Base::caps_read ('read_frontend')
-     * maps to 'read' because when looking for relevant permissions we're going to use
-     * 'read' in the capabilities names like 'ee_read_events' etc.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = [
-        self::caps_read       => 'read',
-        self::caps_read_admin => 'read',
-        self::caps_edit       => 'edit',
-        self::caps_delete     => 'delete',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Timezone
-     * This gets set via the constructor so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in when there
-     * are EE_Datetime_Fields in use.  This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming
-     * out of the created objects.  NOT all EEM_Base child classes use this property but any that use an
-     * EE_Datetime_Field data type will have access to it.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $_timezone = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * This holds the id of the blog currently making the query.  Has no bearing on single site but is used for
-     * multisite.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected static int $_model_query_blog_id = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * A copy of _fields, except the array keys are the model names pointed to by
-     * the field
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private array $_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Cached list of all the fields on the model, indexed by their name
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private ?array $_cached_fields = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Cached list of all the fields on the model, except those that are
-     * marked as only pertinent to the database
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private ?array $_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
-
-    /**
-     * A cached reference to the primary key for quick lookup
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base|null
-     */
-    private ?EE_Model_Field_Base $_primary_key_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Flag indicating whether this model has a primary key or not
-     *
-     * @var bool|null
-     */
-    protected ?bool $_has_primary_key_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * array in the format:  [ FK alias => full PK ]
-     * where keys are local column name aliases for foreign keys
-     * and values are the fully qualified column name for the primary key they represent
-     *  ex:
-     *      [ 'Event.EVT_wp_user' => 'WP_User.ID' ]
-     *
-     * @var array $foreign_key_aliases
-     */
-    protected array $foreign_key_aliases = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Whether this model is based off a table in WP core only (CPTs should set
-     * this to FALSE, but if we were to make an EE_WP_Post model, it should set this to true).
-     * This should be true for models that deal with data that should exist independent of EE.
-     * For example, if the model can read and insert data that isn't used by EE, this should be true.
-     * It would be false, however, if you could guarantee the model would only interact with EE data,
-     * even if it uses a WP core table (eg event and venue models set this to false for that reason:
-     * they can only read and insert events and venues custom post types, not arbitrary post types)
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected bool $_wp_core_model = false;
-
-    /**
-     * @var bool|null stores whether this model has a password field or not.
-     * null until initialized by hasPasswordField()
-     */
-    protected ?bool $has_password_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Password_Field|null Automatically set when calling getPasswordField()
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Password_Field $password_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     *    List of valid operators that can be used for querying.
-     * The keys are all operators we'll accept, the values are the real SQL
-     * operators used
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_valid_operators = [
-        '='           => '=',
-        '<='          => '<=',
-        '<'           => '<',
-        '>='          => '>=',
-        '>'           => '>',
-        '!='          => '!=',
-        'LIKE'        => 'LIKE',
-        'like'        => 'LIKE',
-        'NOT_LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'not_like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'NOT LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'not like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'IN'          => 'IN',
-        'in'          => 'IN',
-        'NOT_IN'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'not_in'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'NOT IN'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'not in'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'between'     => 'BETWEEN',
-        'BETWEEN'     => 'BETWEEN',
-        'IS_NOT_NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'is_not_null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'IS NOT NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'is not null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'IS_NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'is_null'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'IS NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'is null'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'REGEXP'      => 'REGEXP',
-        'regexp'      => 'REGEXP',
-        'NOT_REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'not_regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'NOT REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'not regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like 'IN', accepting a comma-separated list of values inside brackets. Eg '(1,2,3)'
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_in_style_operators = ['IN', 'NOT IN'];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like 'BETWEEN'.  Typically used for datetime calculations, i.e. "BETWEEN '12-1-2011' AND
-     * '12-31-2012'"
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_between_style_operators = ['BETWEEN'];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like SQL's like: input should be assumed to be a string, already prepared for a LIKE query.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_like_style_operators = ['LIKE', 'NOT LIKE'];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that are used for handling NUll and !NULL queries.  Typically used for when checking if a row exists
-     * on a join table.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_null_style_operators = ['IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL'];
-
-    /**
-     * Allowed values for $query_params['order'] for ordering in queries
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_allowed_order_values = ['asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'];
-
-    /**
-     * When these are keys in a WHERE or HAVING clause, they are handled much differently
-     * than regular field names. It is assumed that their values are an array of WHERE conditions
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private array $_logic_query_param_keys = ['not', 'and', 'or', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OR'];
-
-    /**
-     * Allowed keys in $query_params arrays passed into queries. Note that 0 is meant to always be a
-     * 'where', but 'where' clauses are so common that we thought we'd omit it
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private array $_allowed_query_params = [
-        0,
-        'limit',
-        'order_by',
-        'group_by',
-        'having',
-        'force_join',
-        'order',
-        'on_join_limit',
-        'default_where_conditions',
-        'caps',
-        'extra_selects',
-        'exclude_protected',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * All the data types that can be used in $wpdb->prepare statements.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private array $_valid_wpdb_data_types = ['%d', '%s', '%f'];
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Registry|null $EE
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Registry $EE = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Property which, when set, will have this model echo out the next X queries to the page for debugging.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected int $_show_next_x_db_queries = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * When using _get_all_wpdb_results, you can specify a custom selection. If you do so,
-     * it gets saved on this property as an instance of CustomSelects so those selections can be used in
-     * WHERE, GROUP_BY, etc.
-     *
-     * @var CustomSelects|null
-     */
-    protected ?CustomSelects $_custom_selections = null;
-
-    /**
-     * key => value Entity Map using  array( EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id => array( ID => model object ) )
-     * caches every model object we've fetched from the DB on this request
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_entity_map = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var LoaderInterface|null
-     */
-    protected static ?LoaderInterface $loader = null;
-
-    /**
-     * @var Mirror|null
-     */
-    private static ?Mirror $mirror = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has not yet verified the db on this http request
-     */
-    const db_verified_none = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the EE core db on this http request,
-     * but not the addons' dbs
-     */
-    const db_verified_core = 1;
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the addons' dbs (and implicitly
-     * the EE core db too)
-     */
-    const db_verified_addons = 2;
-
-    /**
-     * Indicates whether an EEM_Base child has already re-verified the DB
-     * is ok (we don't want to do it repetitively). Should be set to one the constants
-     * looking like EEM_Base::db_verified_*
-     *
-     * @var int - 0 = none, 1 = core, 2 = addons
-     */
-    protected static int $_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_none;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_this_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_others_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_minimum_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_minimum_others = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_none = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
-
-
-    /**
-     * About all child constructors:
-     * they should define the _tables, _fields and _model_relations arrays.
-     * Should ALWAYS be called after child constructor.
-     * To make the child constructors as simple as possible, this parent constructor
-     * finalizes constructing all the object's attributes.
-     * Generally, rather than requiring a child to code
-     * $this->_tables = array(
-     *        'Event_Post_Table' => new EE_Table('Event_Post_Table','wp_posts')
-     *        ...);
-     *  (thus repeating itself in the array key and in the constructor of the new EE_Table,)
-     * each EE_Table has a function to set the table's alias after the constructor, using
-     * the array key ('Event_Post_Table'), instead of repeating it. The model fields and model relations
-     * do something similar.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        $this->class_name = get_class($this);
-        // check that the model has not been loaded too soon
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The %1$s model can not be loaded before the "AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons" hook has been called. This gives other addons a chance to extend this model.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__start");
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of tables on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead
-         * just use EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
-         */
-        $this->_tables = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__tables", $this->_tables);
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
-            /** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
-            $table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $table_obj->_construct_finalize_set_table_to_join_with($this->_get_main_table());
-            }
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of fields on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
-         * EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
-         */
-        $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__fields", $this->_fields);
-        $this->_invalidate_field_caches();
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
-            if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $table_alias,
-                        implode(",", $this->_fields)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            foreach ($fields_for_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base | EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base */
-                // primary key field base has a slightly different _construct_finalize
-                /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                $field_obj->_construct_finalize($table_alias, $field_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
-            }
-        }
-        // everything is related to Extra_Meta
-        if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Extra_Meta') {
-            // make extra meta related to everything, but don't block deleting things just
-            // because they have related extra meta info. For now just orphan those extra meta
-            // in the future we should automatically delete them
-            $this->_model_relations['Extra_Meta'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
-        }
-        // and change logs
-        if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Change_Log') {
-            $this->_model_relations['Change_Log'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of relations on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
-         * EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
-         */
-        $this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__model_relations",
-            $this->_model_relations
-        );
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            /** @var $relation_obj EE_Model_Relation_Base */
-            $relation_obj->_construct_finalize_set_models($this->get_this_model_name(), $model_name);
-        }
-        foreach ($this->_indexes as $index_name => $index_obj) {
-            $index_obj->_construct_finalize($index_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
-        }
-        $this->set_timezone($timezone);
-        // finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
-        if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
-            // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
-            $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
-            // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
-            $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        // if the cap slug hasn't been set, and we haven't set it to false on purpose
-        // to indicate to NOT set it, set it to the logical default
-        if ($this->_caps_slug === null) {
-            $this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
-        }
-        $this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
-            $this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
-            $this
-        );
-        // initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
-        if (is_array($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
-            foreach ($this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map as $cap_context => $action) {
-                if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
-                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
-                        'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
-                        new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
-                        $cap_context,
-                        $this
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
-        if (is_array($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
-            foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
-                if (! $generator_object) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                'Index "%1$s" in the model %2$s\'s _cap_restriction_generators is not a child of EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. It should be that or NULL.',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $context,
-                            $this->get_this_model_name()
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
-                if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
-                    $generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__end");
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return LoaderInterface
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected static function getLoader(): LoaderInterface
-    {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
-            EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
-        }
-        return EEM_Base::$loader;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return Mirror
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    private static function getMirror(): Mirror
-    {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
-            EEM_Base::$mirror = EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(Mirror::class);
-        }
-        return EEM_Base::$mirror;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $model_class_Name
-     * @param string $timezone
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    private static function getModelArguments(string $model_class_Name, string $timezone): array
-    {
-        $arguments = [$timezone];
-        $params    = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getParameters($model_class_Name);
-        if (count($params) > 1) {
-            if ($params[1]->getName() === 'model_field_factory') {
-                $arguments = [
-                    $timezone,
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(ModelFieldFactory::class),
-                ];
-            } elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Section') {
-                $arguments = [
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
-                    $timezone,
-                ];
-            } elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Element') {
-                $arguments = [
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\InputTypes'),
-                    $timezone,
-                ];
-            }
-        }
-        return $arguments;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This function is a singleton method used to instantiate the Espresso_model object
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone   string representing the timezone we want to set for returned Date Time Strings
-     *                                (and any incoming timezone data that gets saved).
-     *                                Note this just sends the timezone info to the date time model field objects.
-     *                                Default is NULL
-     *                                (and will be assumed using the set timezone in the 'timezone_string' wp option)
-     * @return static::class (as in the concrete child class)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public static function instance(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        // check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
-            /**
-             * Set blog id for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
-             */
-            if (empty(EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id)) {
-                EEM_Base::set_model_query_blog_id();
-            }
-            $model_class = static::class;
-            $arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments($model_class, (string) $timezone);
-            do_action("AHEE__{$model_class}__instance__before_construct", $model_class, $arguments);
-            $model = new static(...$arguments);
-            EEM_Base::getLoader()->share($model_class, $model, $arguments);
-            static::$_instance = $model;
-        }
-        // we might have a timezone set, let set_timezone decide what to do with it
-        if ($timezone) {
-            static::$_instance->set_timezone($timezone);
-        }
-        // Espresso_model object
-        return static::$_instance;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * resets the model and returns it
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base|null (if the model was already instantiated, returns it, with
-     * all its properties reset; if it wasn't instantiated, returns null)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public static function reset(?string $timezone = ''): ?EEM_Base
-    {
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        // Let's NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
-        // because if someone has a reference to it, we can't remove their reference.
-        // It's best to keep using the same reference but change the original object instead,
-        // so reset all its properties to their original values as defined in the class.
-        $static_properties = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getStaticProperties(static::class);
-        foreach (EEM_Base::getMirror()->getDefaultProperties(static::class) as $property => $value) {
-            // don't set instance to null like it was originally,
-            // but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
-            if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
-                static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
-            }
-        }
-        // and then directly call its constructor again, like we would if we were creating a new one
-        $arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments(static::class, (string) $timezone);
-        static::$_instance->__construct(...$arguments);
-        return self::instance();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to set the $_model_query_blog_id static property.
-     *
-     * @param int $blog_id  If provided then will set the blog_id for the models to this id.  If not provided then the
-     *                      value for get_current_blog_id() will be used.
-     */
-    public static function set_model_query_blog_id(int $blog_id = 0)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id = $blog_id > 0 ? $blog_id : get_current_blog_id();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whatever is set as the internal $model_query_blog_id.
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public static function get_model_query_blog_id()
-    {
-        return EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * retrieve the status details from esp_status table as an array IF this model has the status table as a relation.
-     *
-     * @param boolean $translated return localized strings or JUST the array.
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function status_array($translated = false)
-    {
-        if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        $model_name   = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $status_type  = str_replace(' ', '_', strtolower(str_replace('_', ' ', $model_name)));
-        $stati        = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all([['STS_type' => $status_type]]);
-        $status_array = [];
-        foreach ($stati as $status) {
-            $status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
-        }
-        return $translated
-            ? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
-            : $status_array;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the EE_Base_Class objects which match the $query_params, by querying the DB.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params             @see
-     *                                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     *                                        or if you have the development copy of EE you can view this at the path:
-     *                                        /docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]  *note that there is NO option to pass the output type. If you want results different
-     *                                        from EE_Base_Class[], use get_all_wpdb_results(). Array keys are object
-     *                                        IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically indexed)
-     *                                        Some full examples: get 10 transactions which have Scottish attendees:
-     *                                          EEM_Transaction::instance()->get_all(
-     *                                              [
+	private string $class_name;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag to indicate whether the values provided to EEM_Base have already been prepared
+	 * by the model object or not (ie, the model object has used the field's _prepare_for_set function on the values).
+	 * They almost always WILL NOT, but it's not necessarily a requirement.
+	 * For example, if you want to run EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('EVT_ID'=>$_GET['event_id'])));
+	 *
+	 * @var boolean
+	 */
+	private $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
+	 * the data is just like form input that needs to have the model fields'
+	 * prepare_for_set and prepare_for_use_in_db called on it
+	 */
+	const not_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we
+	 * assume this value is coming from a model object and doesn't need to have
+	 * prepare_for_set called on it, just prepare_for_use_in_db is used
+	 */
+	const prepared_by_model_object = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
+	 * the values are already to be used in the database (ie no processing is done
+	 * on them by the model's fields)
+	 */
+	const prepared_for_use_in_db = 2;
+
+
+	protected string $singular_item = 'Item';
+
+	protected string $plural_item   = 'Items';
+
+	/**
+	 * @type EE_Table_Base[] $_tables array of EE_Table objects for defining which tables comprise this model.
+	 */
+	protected array $_tables;
+
+	/**
+	 * With two levels: top-level has array keys which are database table aliases (ie, keys in _tables)
+	 * and the value is an array. Each of those sub-arrays have keys of field names (eg 'ATT_ID', which should also be
+	 * variable names on the model objects (eg, EE_Attendee), and the keys should be children of EE_Model_Field
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[][] $_fields
+	 */
+	protected array $_fields;
+
+	/**
+	 * array of different relations
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
+	 */
+	protected array $_model_relations = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Index[] $_indexes
+	 */
+	protected array $_indexes = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Default strategy for getting where conditions on this model. This strategy is used to get default
+	 * where conditions which are added to get_all, update, and delete queries. They can be overridden
+	 * by setting the same columns as used in these queries in the query yourself.
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_default_where_conditions_strategy = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Strategy for getting conditions on this model when 'default_where_conditions' equals 'minimum'.
+	 * This is particularly useful when you want something between 'none' and 'default'
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * String describing how to find the "owner" of this model's objects.
+	 * When there is a foreign key on this model to the wp_users table, this isn't needed.
+	 * But when there isn't, this indicates which related model, or transiently-related model,
+	 * has the foreign key to the wp_users table.
+	 * Eg, for EEM_Registration this would be 'Event' because registrations are directly
+	 * related to events, and events have a foreign key to wp_users.
+	 * On EEM_Transaction, this would be 'Transaction.Event'
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $_model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * String describing how to find the model with a password controlling access to this model. This property has the
+	 * same format as $_model_chain_to_wp_user. This is primarily used by the query param "exclude_protected".
+	 * This value is the path of models to follow to arrive at the model with the password field.
+	 * If it is an empty string, it means this model has the password field. If it is null, it means there is no
+	 * model with a password that should affect reading this on the front-end.
+	 * Eg this is an empty string for the Event model because it has a password.
+	 * This is null for the Registration model, because its event's password has no bearing on whether
+	 * you can read the registration or not on the front-end (it just depends on your capabilities.)
+	 * This is 'Datetime.Event' on the Ticket model, because model queries for tickets that set "exclude_protected"
+	 * should hide tickets for datetimes for events that have a password set.
+	 *
+	 * @var string|null
+	 */
+	protected ?string $model_chain_to_password = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a flag typically set by updates so that we don't load the where strategy on updates because updates
+	 * don't need it (particularly CPT models)
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected bool $_ignore_where_strategy = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * String used in caps relating to this model. Eg, if the caps relating to this
+	 * model are 'ee_edit_events', 'ee_read_events', etc, it would be 'events'.
+	 *
+	 * @var string|bool|null.    If null it hasn't been initialized yet.
+	 *                      If false then we have indicated capabilities don't apply to this
+	 */
+	protected $_caps_slug = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * 2d array where top-level keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(),
+	 * and next-level keys are capability names, and each's value is an
+	 * EE_Default_Where_Condition. If the requester requests to apply caps to the query,
+	 * they specify which context to use (ie, frontend, backend, edit or delete)
+	 * and then each capability in the corresponding sub-array that they're missing
+	 * adds the where conditions onto the query.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_cap_restrictions = [
+		self::caps_read       => [],
+		self::caps_read_admin => [],
+		self::caps_edit       => [],
+		self::caps_delete     => [],
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * Array defining which cap restriction generators to use to create default
+	 * cap restrictions to put in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions.
+	 * Array-keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are a child of
+	 * EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. If you don't want any cap restrictions generated
+	 * automatically set this to false (not just null).
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Restriction_Generator_Base[]
+	 */
+	protected ?array $_cap_restriction_generators = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * constants used to categorize capability restrictions on EEM_Base::_caps_restrictions
+	 */
+	const caps_read       = 'read';
+
+	const caps_read_admin = 'read_admin';
+
+	const caps_edit       = 'edit';
+
+	const caps_delete     = 'delete';
+
+	/**
+	 * Keys are all the cap contexts (ie constants EEM_Base::_caps_*) and values are their 'action'
+	 * as how they'd be used in capability names. Eg EEM_Base::caps_read ('read_frontend')
+	 * maps to 'read' because when looking for relevant permissions we're going to use
+	 * 'read' in the capabilities names like 'ee_read_events' etc.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = [
+		self::caps_read       => 'read',
+		self::caps_read_admin => 'read',
+		self::caps_edit       => 'edit',
+		self::caps_delete     => 'delete',
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * Timezone
+	 * This gets set via the constructor so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in when there
+	 * are EE_Datetime_Fields in use.  This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming
+	 * out of the created objects.  NOT all EEM_Base child classes use this property but any that use an
+	 * EE_Datetime_Field data type will have access to it.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $_timezone = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This holds the id of the blog currently making the query.  Has no bearing on single site but is used for
+	 * multisite.
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected static int $_model_query_blog_id = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * A copy of _fields, except the array keys are the model names pointed to by
+	 * the field
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private array $_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of all the fields on the model, indexed by their name
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private ?array $_cached_fields = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of all the fields on the model, except those that are
+	 * marked as only pertinent to the database
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private ?array $_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * A cached reference to the primary key for quick lookup
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base|null
+	 */
+	private ?EE_Model_Field_Base $_primary_key_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag indicating whether this model has a primary key or not
+	 *
+	 * @var bool|null
+	 */
+	protected ?bool $_has_primary_key_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * array in the format:  [ FK alias => full PK ]
+	 * where keys are local column name aliases for foreign keys
+	 * and values are the fully qualified column name for the primary key they represent
+	 *  ex:
+	 *      [ 'Event.EVT_wp_user' => 'WP_User.ID' ]
+	 *
+	 * @var array $foreign_key_aliases
+	 */
+	protected array $foreign_key_aliases = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether this model is based off a table in WP core only (CPTs should set
+	 * this to FALSE, but if we were to make an EE_WP_Post model, it should set this to true).
+	 * This should be true for models that deal with data that should exist independent of EE.
+	 * For example, if the model can read and insert data that isn't used by EE, this should be true.
+	 * It would be false, however, if you could guarantee the model would only interact with EE data,
+	 * even if it uses a WP core table (eg event and venue models set this to false for that reason:
+	 * they can only read and insert events and venues custom post types, not arbitrary post types)
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected bool $_wp_core_model = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var bool|null stores whether this model has a password field or not.
+	 * null until initialized by hasPasswordField()
+	 */
+	protected ?bool $has_password_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Password_Field|null Automatically set when calling getPasswordField()
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Password_Field $password_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 *    List of valid operators that can be used for querying.
+	 * The keys are all operators we'll accept, the values are the real SQL
+	 * operators used
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_valid_operators = [
+		'='           => '=',
+		'<='          => '<=',
+		'<'           => '<',
+		'>='          => '>=',
+		'>'           => '>',
+		'!='          => '!=',
+		'LIKE'        => 'LIKE',
+		'like'        => 'LIKE',
+		'NOT_LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'not_like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'NOT LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'not like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'IN'          => 'IN',
+		'in'          => 'IN',
+		'NOT_IN'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'not_in'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'NOT IN'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'not in'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'between'     => 'BETWEEN',
+		'BETWEEN'     => 'BETWEEN',
+		'IS_NOT_NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'is_not_null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'IS NOT NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'is not null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'IS_NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'is_null'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'IS NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'is null'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'REGEXP'      => 'REGEXP',
+		'regexp'      => 'REGEXP',
+		'NOT_REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'not_regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'NOT REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'not regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like 'IN', accepting a comma-separated list of values inside brackets. Eg '(1,2,3)'
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_in_style_operators = ['IN', 'NOT IN'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like 'BETWEEN'.  Typically used for datetime calculations, i.e. "BETWEEN '12-1-2011' AND
+	 * '12-31-2012'"
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_between_style_operators = ['BETWEEN'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like SQL's like: input should be assumed to be a string, already prepared for a LIKE query.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_like_style_operators = ['LIKE', 'NOT LIKE'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that are used for handling NUll and !NULL queries.  Typically used for when checking if a row exists
+	 * on a join table.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_null_style_operators = ['IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed values for $query_params['order'] for ordering in queries
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_allowed_order_values = ['asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'];
+
+	/**
+	 * When these are keys in a WHERE or HAVING clause, they are handled much differently
+	 * than regular field names. It is assumed that their values are an array of WHERE conditions
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private array $_logic_query_param_keys = ['not', 'and', 'or', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OR'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed keys in $query_params arrays passed into queries. Note that 0 is meant to always be a
+	 * 'where', but 'where' clauses are so common that we thought we'd omit it
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private array $_allowed_query_params = [
+		0,
+		'limit',
+		'order_by',
+		'group_by',
+		'having',
+		'force_join',
+		'order',
+		'on_join_limit',
+		'default_where_conditions',
+		'caps',
+		'extra_selects',
+		'exclude_protected',
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * All the data types that can be used in $wpdb->prepare statements.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private array $_valid_wpdb_data_types = ['%d', '%s', '%f'];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Registry|null $EE
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Registry $EE = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Property which, when set, will have this model echo out the next X queries to the page for debugging.
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected int $_show_next_x_db_queries = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * When using _get_all_wpdb_results, you can specify a custom selection. If you do so,
+	 * it gets saved on this property as an instance of CustomSelects so those selections can be used in
+	 * WHERE, GROUP_BY, etc.
+	 *
+	 * @var CustomSelects|null
+	 */
+	protected ?CustomSelects $_custom_selections = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * key => value Entity Map using  array( EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id => array( ID => model object ) )
+	 * caches every model object we've fetched from the DB on this request
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_entity_map = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var LoaderInterface|null
+	 */
+	protected static ?LoaderInterface $loader = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var Mirror|null
+	 */
+	private static ?Mirror $mirror = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has not yet verified the db on this http request
+	 */
+	const db_verified_none = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the EE core db on this http request,
+	 * but not the addons' dbs
+	 */
+	const db_verified_core = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the addons' dbs (and implicitly
+	 * the EE core db too)
+	 */
+	const db_verified_addons = 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicates whether an EEM_Base child has already re-verified the DB
+	 * is ok (we don't want to do it repetitively). Should be set to one the constants
+	 * looking like EEM_Base::db_verified_*
+	 *
+	 * @var int - 0 = none, 1 = core, 2 = addons
+	 */
+	protected static int $_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_none;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_this_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_others_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_minimum_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_minimum_others = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_none = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * About all child constructors:
+	 * they should define the _tables, _fields and _model_relations arrays.
+	 * Should ALWAYS be called after child constructor.
+	 * To make the child constructors as simple as possible, this parent constructor
+	 * finalizes constructing all the object's attributes.
+	 * Generally, rather than requiring a child to code
+	 * $this->_tables = array(
+	 *        'Event_Post_Table' => new EE_Table('Event_Post_Table','wp_posts')
+	 *        ...);
+	 *  (thus repeating itself in the array key and in the constructor of the new EE_Table,)
+	 * each EE_Table has a function to set the table's alias after the constructor, using
+	 * the array key ('Event_Post_Table'), instead of repeating it. The model fields and model relations
+	 * do something similar.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		$this->class_name = get_class($this);
+		// check that the model has not been loaded too soon
+		if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The %1$s model can not be loaded before the "AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons" hook has been called. This gives other addons a chance to extend this model.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__start");
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of tables on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead
+		 * just use EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
+		 */
+		$this->_tables = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__tables", $this->_tables);
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
+			/** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
+			$table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$table_obj->_construct_finalize_set_table_to_join_with($this->_get_main_table());
+			}
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of fields on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
+		 * EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
+		 */
+		$this->_fields = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__fields", $this->_fields);
+		$this->_invalidate_field_caches();
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
+			if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$table_alias,
+						implode(",", $this->_fields)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			foreach ($fields_for_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+				/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base | EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base */
+				// primary key field base has a slightly different _construct_finalize
+				/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+				$field_obj->_construct_finalize($table_alias, $field_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
+			}
+		}
+		// everything is related to Extra_Meta
+		if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Extra_Meta') {
+			// make extra meta related to everything, but don't block deleting things just
+			// because they have related extra meta info. For now just orphan those extra meta
+			// in the future we should automatically delete them
+			$this->_model_relations['Extra_Meta'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
+		}
+		// and change logs
+		if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Change_Log') {
+			$this->_model_relations['Change_Log'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of relations on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
+		 * EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
+		 */
+		$this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__model_relations",
+			$this->_model_relations
+		);
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			/** @var $relation_obj EE_Model_Relation_Base */
+			$relation_obj->_construct_finalize_set_models($this->get_this_model_name(), $model_name);
+		}
+		foreach ($this->_indexes as $index_name => $index_obj) {
+			$index_obj->_construct_finalize($index_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
+		}
+		$this->set_timezone($timezone);
+		// finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
+		if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
+			// nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
+			$this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		$this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
+		if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
+			// nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
+			$this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		$this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
+		// if the cap slug hasn't been set, and we haven't set it to false on purpose
+		// to indicate to NOT set it, set it to the logical default
+		if ($this->_caps_slug === null) {
+			$this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
+		}
+		$this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
+			$this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
+			$this
+		);
+		// initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
+		if (is_array($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
+			foreach ($this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map as $cap_context => $action) {
+				if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
+					$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
+						'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
+						new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
+						$cap_context,
+						$this
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
+		if (is_array($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
+			foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
+				if (! $generator_object) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								'Index "%1$s" in the model %2$s\'s _cap_restriction_generators is not a child of EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. It should be that or NULL.',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$context,
+							$this->get_this_model_name()
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
+				if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
+					$generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__end");
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return LoaderInterface
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected static function getLoader(): LoaderInterface
+	{
+		if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
+			EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
+		}
+		return EEM_Base::$loader;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return Mirror
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	private static function getMirror(): Mirror
+	{
+		if (! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
+			EEM_Base::$mirror = EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(Mirror::class);
+		}
+		return EEM_Base::$mirror;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $model_class_Name
+	 * @param string $timezone
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	private static function getModelArguments(string $model_class_Name, string $timezone): array
+	{
+		$arguments = [$timezone];
+		$params    = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getParameters($model_class_Name);
+		if (count($params) > 1) {
+			if ($params[1]->getName() === 'model_field_factory') {
+				$arguments = [
+					$timezone,
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(ModelFieldFactory::class),
+				];
+			} elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Section') {
+				$arguments = [
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
+					$timezone,
+				];
+			} elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Element') {
+				$arguments = [
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\InputTypes'),
+					$timezone,
+				];
+			}
+		}
+		return $arguments;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This function is a singleton method used to instantiate the Espresso_model object
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone   string representing the timezone we want to set for returned Date Time Strings
+	 *                                (and any incoming timezone data that gets saved).
+	 *                                Note this just sends the timezone info to the date time model field objects.
+	 *                                Default is NULL
+	 *                                (and will be assumed using the set timezone in the 'timezone_string' wp option)
+	 * @return static::class (as in the concrete child class)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public static function instance(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		// check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
+		if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
+			/**
+			 * Set blog id for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
+			 */
+			if (empty(EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id)) {
+				EEM_Base::set_model_query_blog_id();
+			}
+			$model_class = static::class;
+			$arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments($model_class, (string) $timezone);
+			do_action("AHEE__{$model_class}__instance__before_construct", $model_class, $arguments);
+			$model = new static(...$arguments);
+			EEM_Base::getLoader()->share($model_class, $model, $arguments);
+			static::$_instance = $model;
+		}
+		// we might have a timezone set, let set_timezone decide what to do with it
+		if ($timezone) {
+			static::$_instance->set_timezone($timezone);
+		}
+		// Espresso_model object
+		return static::$_instance;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * resets the model and returns it
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base|null (if the model was already instantiated, returns it, with
+	 * all its properties reset; if it wasn't instantiated, returns null)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public static function reset(?string $timezone = ''): ?EEM_Base
+	{
+		if (! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		// Let's NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
+		// because if someone has a reference to it, we can't remove their reference.
+		// It's best to keep using the same reference but change the original object instead,
+		// so reset all its properties to their original values as defined in the class.
+		$static_properties = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getStaticProperties(static::class);
+		foreach (EEM_Base::getMirror()->getDefaultProperties(static::class) as $property => $value) {
+			// don't set instance to null like it was originally,
+			// but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
+			if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
+				static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
+			}
+		}
+		// and then directly call its constructor again, like we would if we were creating a new one
+		$arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments(static::class, (string) $timezone);
+		static::$_instance->__construct(...$arguments);
+		return self::instance();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to set the $_model_query_blog_id static property.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $blog_id  If provided then will set the blog_id for the models to this id.  If not provided then the
+	 *                      value for get_current_blog_id() will be used.
+	 */
+	public static function set_model_query_blog_id(int $blog_id = 0)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id = $blog_id > 0 ? $blog_id : get_current_blog_id();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whatever is set as the internal $model_query_blog_id.
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public static function get_model_query_blog_id()
+	{
+		return EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * retrieve the status details from esp_status table as an array IF this model has the status table as a relation.
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $translated return localized strings or JUST the array.
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function status_array($translated = false)
+	{
+		if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		$model_name   = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$status_type  = str_replace(' ', '_', strtolower(str_replace('_', ' ', $model_name)));
+		$stati        = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all([['STS_type' => $status_type]]);
+		$status_array = [];
+		foreach ($stati as $status) {
+			$status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
+		}
+		return $translated
+			? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
+			: $status_array;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the EE_Base_Class objects which match the $query_params, by querying the DB.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params             @see
+	 *                                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 *                                        or if you have the development copy of EE you can view this at the path:
+	 *                                        /docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]  *note that there is NO option to pass the output type. If you want results different
+	 *                                        from EE_Base_Class[], use get_all_wpdb_results(). Array keys are object
+	 *                                        IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically indexed)
+	 *                                        Some full examples: get 10 transactions which have Scottish attendees:
+	 *                                          EEM_Transaction::instance()->get_all(
+	 *                                              [
 *                                                       [
-     *                                                      'OR' => [
-     *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname'       => ['like', 'Mc%'],
-     *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname*other' => ['like', 'Mac%'],
-     *                                                      ],
-     *                                                  ],
-     *                                                  'limit'    => 10,
-     *                                                  'group_by' => 'TXN_ID',
-     *                                              ]
-     *                                          );
-     *                                        get all the answers to the question titled "shirt size" for event with id
-     *                                        12, ordered by their answer:
-     *                                          EEM_Answer::instance()->get_all(
-     *                                              [
-     *                                                  [
-     *                                                      'Question.QST_display_text' => 'shirt size',
-     *                                                      'Registration.Event.EVT_ID' => 12,
-     *                                                  ],
-     *                                                  'order_by' => ['ANS_value' => 'ASC'],
-     *                                              ]
-     *                                          );
- * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all($query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (
-            isset($query_params['limit'])
-            && ! isset($query_params['group_by'])
-        ) {
-            $query_params['group_by'] = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
-        }
-        return $this->_create_objects($this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies the query parameters so we only get back model objects
-     * that "belong" to the current user
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return array @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function alter_query_params_to_only_include_mine($query_params = [])
-    {
-        $wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
-        if ($wp_user_field_name) {
-            $query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
-        }
-        return $query_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the name of the field's name that points to the WP_User table
-     *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
-     * foreign key to the WP_User table)
-     *
-     * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
-     * foreign key to the WP_User table
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function wp_user_field_name()
-    {
-        try {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
-                $models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
-                $last_model_name              = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
-                $model_with_fk_to_wp_users    = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
-            } else {
-                $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user    = '';
-            }
-            $wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the _model_chain_to_wp_user string, which indicates which related model
-     * (or transiently-related model) has a foreign key to the wp_users table;
-     * useful for finding if model objects of this type are 'owned' by the current user.
-     * This is an empty string when the foreign key is on this model and when it isn't,
-     * but is only non-empty when this model's ownership is indicated by a RELATED model
-     * (or transiently-related model)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function model_chain_to_wp_user()
-    {
-        return $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Whether this model is 'owned' by a specific wordpress user (even indirectly,
-     * like how registrations don't have a foreign key to wp_users, but the
-     * events they are for are), or is unrelated to wp users.
-     * generally available
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_owned()
-    {
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_wp_user()) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        try {
-            $this->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return true;
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used internally to get WPDB results, because other functions, besides get_all, may want to do some queries, but
-     * may want to preserve the WPDB results (eg, update, which first queries to make sure we have all the tables on
-     * the model)
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params      @see
-     *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
-     *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
-     *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
-     *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
-     *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
-     *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
-     *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
-     *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
-     * @return array | stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $this->_custom_selections = $this->getCustomSelection($query_params, $columns_to_select);
-        $model_query_info         = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $select_expressions       = $columns_to_select === null
-            ? $this->_construct_default_select_sql($model_query_info)
-            : '';
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-            $custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
-            $select_expressions .= $select_expressions
-                ? ', ' . $custom_expressions
-                : $custom_expressions;
-        }
-
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', [$SQL, $output]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get a CustomSelects object if the $query_params or $columns_to_select allows for it.
-     * Note: $query_params['extra_selects'] will always override any $columns_to_select values. It is the preferred
-     * method of including extra select information.
-     *
-     * @param array             $query_params
-     * @param null|array|string $columns_to_select
-     * @return null|CustomSelects
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null): ?CustomSelects
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        $selects = $query_params['extra_selects'] ?? $columns_to_select;
-        $selects = is_string($selects)
-            ? explode(',', $selects)
-            : $selects;
-        return new CustomSelects($selects);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of rows from the database just like $wpdb->get_results would,
-     * but you can use the model query params to more easily
-     * take care of joins, field preparation etc.
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params      @see
-     *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
-     *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
-     *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
-     *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
-     *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
-     *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
-     *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
-     *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
-     * @return array|stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, $output, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For creating a custom select statement
-     *
-     * @param mixed $columns_to_select either a string to be inserted directly as the select statement,
-     *                                 or an array where keys are aliases, and values are arrays where 0=>the selection
-     *                                 SQL, and 1=>is the datatype
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_select_from_input($columns_to_select)
-    {
-        if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
-            $select_sql_array = [];
-            foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
-                if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Custom selection %s (alias %s) needs to be an array like array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%%d')",
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $selection_and_datatype,
-                            $alias
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Datatype %s (for selection '%s' and alias '%s') is not a valid wpdb datatype (eg %%s)",
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $selection_and_datatype[1],
-                            $selection_and_datatype[0],
-                            $alias,
-                            implode(', ', $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $select_sql_array[] = "{$selection_and_datatype[0]} AS $alias";
-            }
-            $columns_to_select_string = implode(', ', $select_sql_array);
-        } else {
-            $columns_to_select_string = $columns_to_select;
-        }
-        return $columns_to_select_string;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Convenient wrapper for getting the primary key field's name. Eg, on Registration, this would be 'REG_ID'
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function primary_key_name()
-    {
-        return $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given only its ID (or null if none is found).
-     * If there is no primary key on this model, $id is treated as primary key string
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id int or string, depending on the type of the model's primary key
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|mixed|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_by_ID($id)
-    {
-        // since entities with no ID can still have properties, we need to check the cache for them
-        $cached_value = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($cached_value) {
-            return $cached_value;
-        }
-        // but if no cached property AND no id is passed, just return null
-        if (empty($id)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        $model_object = $this->get_one(
-            $this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                $id,
-                ['default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL]
-            )
-        );
-        $className    = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($model_object instanceof $className) {
-            // make sure valid objects get added to the entity map
-            // so that the next call to this method doesn't trigger another trip to the db
-            $this->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
-        }
-        return $model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Alters query parameters to only get items with this ID are returned.
-     * Takes into account that the ID might be a string produced by EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string(),
-     * or could just be a simple primary key ID
-     *
-     * @param int   $id
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return array of normal query params, @see
-     *               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
-            $query_params[0] = [];
-        }
-        $conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
-        if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
-            $query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
-        } else {
-            // no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
-            $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
-        }
-        return $query_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given the $query_params. Only returns a single class, not an
-     * array. If no item is found, null is returned.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base's $query_params variable.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|NULL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one($query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::get_one',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $items                 = $this->get_all($query_params);
-        if (empty($items)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return array_shift($items);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next x number of items in sequence from the given value as
-     * found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
-     *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
-     *                                      columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function next_x(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        return $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '>',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            $limit,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous x number of items in sequence from the given value
-     * as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
-     *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
-     *                                      columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function previous_x(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        return $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '<',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            $limit,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next item in sequence from the given value as found in the
-     * database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
-     *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
-     *                                      can indicate just the columns you
-     *                                      want and a single array indexed by
-     *                                      the columns will be returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function next(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $results = $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '>',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            1,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-        return empty($results)
-            ? null
-            : reset($results);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous item in sequence from the given value as found in
-     * the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
-     *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
-     *                                      can indicate just the columns you
-     *                                      want and a single array indexed by
-     *                                      the columns will be returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function previous(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $results = $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '<',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            1,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-        return empty($results)
-            ? null
-            : reset($results);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the a consecutive number of items in sequence from the given
-     * value as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $current_field_value   Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param string $operand               What operand is used for the sequence.
-     * @param string $field_to_order_by     What field is used for the reference point.
-     * @param int    $limit                 How many to return.
-     * @param array  $query_params          Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null   $columns_to_select     If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_consecutive(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $operand = '>',
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        // if $field_to_order_by is empty then let's assume we're ordering by the primary key.
-        if (empty($field_to_order_by)) {
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $field_to_order_by = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-            } else {
-                if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive() has been called with no $field_to_order_by argument and there is no primary key on the field.  Please provide the field you would like to use as the base for retrieving the next item(s).',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    esc_html__('There was an error with the query.', 'event_espresso'),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-                return [];
-            }
-        }
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        // let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
-        $query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
-        $query_params['limit']                 = $limit;
-        // set direction
-        $incoming_orderby         = isset($query_params['order_by'])
-            ? (array) $query_params['order_by']
-            : [];
-        $query_params['order_by'] = $operand === '>'
-            ? [$field_to_order_by => 'ASC'] + $incoming_orderby
-            : [$field_to_order_by => 'DESC'] + $incoming_orderby;
-        // if $columns_to_select is empty then that means we're returning EE_Base_Class objects
-        if (empty($columns_to_select)) {
-            return $this->get_all($query_params);
-        }
-        // getting just the fields
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the _timezone property after model object has been instantiated.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone valid PHP DateTimeZone timezone string
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    public function set_timezone(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        if (! $timezone) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_timezone = $timezone;
-        // note we need to loop through relations and set the timezone on those objects as well.
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation) {
-            $relation->set_timezone($timezone);
-        }
-        // and finally we do the same for any datetime fields
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                $field->set_timezone($timezone);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return string
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    public function get_timezone()
-    {
-        // first validate if timezone is set.  If not, then let's set it be whatever is set on the model fields.
-        if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
-            foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
-                if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                    $this->set_timezone($field->get_timezone());
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // if timezone STILL empty then return the default timezone for the site.
-        if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
-            $this->set_timezone(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone());
-        }
-        return $this->_timezone;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the date formats set for the given field name and also ensures that
-     * $this->_timezone property is set correctly.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
-     * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
-     * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
-     * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     */
-    public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        // if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $field_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // while we are here, let's make sure the timezone internally in EEM_Base matches what is stored on
-        // the field.
-        $this->_timezone = (string) $field_settings->get_timezone();
-        return [$field_settings->get_date_format($pretty), $field_settings->get_time_format($pretty)];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the current time in a format setup for a query on this model.
-     * Usage of this method makes it easier to setup queries against EE_Datetime_Field columns because
-     * it will return:
-     *  - a formatted string in the timezone and format currently set on the EE_Datetime_Field for the given field for
-     *  NOW
-     *  - or a unix timestamp (equivalent to time())
-     * Note: When requesting a formatted string, if the date or time format doesn't include seconds, for example,
-     * the time returned, because it uses that format, will also NOT include seconds. For this reason, if you want
-     * the time returned to be the current time down to the exact second, set $timestamp to true.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name       The field the current time is needed for.
-     * @param bool   $timestamp        True means to return a unix timestamp. Otherwise a
-     *                                 formatted string matching the set format for the field in the set timezone will
-     *                                 be returned.
-     * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
-     * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
-     *                                 exception is triggered.
-     * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @throws Exception
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     */
-    public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
-    {
-        $formats  = $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
-        $DateTime = new DateTime("now", new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-        if ($timestamp) {
-            return $DateTime->format('U');
-        }
-        // not returning timestamp, so return formatted string in timezone.
-        switch ($what) {
-            case 'time':
-                return $DateTime->format($formats[1]);
-            case 'date':
-                return $DateTime->format($formats[0]);
-            default:
-                return $DateTime->format(implode(' ', $formats));
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This receives a time string for a given field and ensures
-     * that it is set up to match what the internal settings for the model are.
-     * Returns a DateTime object.
-     * Note: a gotcha for when you send in unix timestamp.  Remember a unix timestamp is already timezone agnostic,
-     * (functionally the equivalent of UTC+0).
-     * So when you send it in, whatever timezone string you include is ignored.
-     *
-     * @param string      $field_name      The field being setup.
-     * @param string      $timestring      The date time string being used.
-     * @param string      $incoming_format The format for the time string.
-     * @param string|null $timezone_string By default, it is assumed the incoming time string is in timezone for
-     *                                     the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If
-     *                                     incoming format is
-     *                                     'U', this is ignored.
-     * @return DbSafeDateTime
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    public function convert_datetime_for_query(
-        string $field_name,
-        string $timestring,
-        string $incoming_format,
-        ?string $timezone_string = ''
-    ): DbSafeDateTime {
-        // just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
-        $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
-        // load EEH_DTT_Helper
-        $timezone_string     = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
-        $incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($timezone_string));
-        EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-        return DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the tables comprising this model. Array keys are the table aliases, and values are EE_Table objects
-     *
-     * @return EE_Table_Base[]
-     */
-    public function get_tables()
-    {
-        return $this->_tables;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates all the database entries (in each table for this model) according to $fields_n_values and optionally
-     * also updates all the model objects, where the criteria expressed in $query_params are met..
-     * Also note: if this model has multiple tables, this update verifies all the secondary tables have an entry for
-     * each row (in the primary table) we're trying to update; if not, it inserts an entry in the secondary table. Eg:
-     * if our model has 2 tables: wp_posts (primary), and wp_esp_event (secondary). Let's say we are trying to update a
-     * model object with EVT_ID = 1
-     * (which means where wp_posts has ID = 1, because wp_posts.ID is the primary key's column), which exists, but
-     * there is no entry in wp_esp_event for this entry in wp_posts. So, this update script will insert a row into
-     * wp_esp_event, using any available parameters from $fields_n_values (eg, if "EVT_limit" => 40 is in
-     * $fields_n_values, the new entry in wp_esp_event will set EVT_limit = 40, and use default for other columns which
-     * are not specified)
-     *
-     * @param array   $fields_n_values         keys are model fields (exactly like keys in EEM_Base::_fields, NOT db
-     *                                         columns!), values are strings, ints, floats, and maybe arrays if they
-     *                                         are to be serialized. Basically, the values are what you'd expect to be
-     *                                         values on the model, NOT necessarily what's in the DB. For example, if
-     *                                         we wanted to update only the TXN_details on any Transactions where its
-     *                                         ID=34, we'd use this method as follows:
-     *                                         EEM_Transaction::instance()->update(
-     *                                         array('TXN_details'=>array('detail1'=>'monkey','detail2'=>'banana'),
-     *                                         array(array('TXN_ID'=>34)));
-     * @param array   $query_params            @see
-     *                                         https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     *                                         Eg, consider updating Question's QST_admin_label field is of type
-     *                                         Simple_HTML. If you use this function to update that field to $new_value
-     *                                         = (note replace 8's with appropriate opening and closing tags in the
-     *                                         following example)"8script8alert('I hack all');8/script88b8boom
-     *                                         baby8/b8", then if you set $values_already_prepared_by_model_object to
-     *                                         TRUE, it is assumed that you've already called
-     *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value), which removes the
-     *                                         malicious javascript. However, if
-     *                                         $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is left as FALSE, then
-     *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value) will be called on it,
-     *                                         and every other field, before insertion. We provide this parameter
-     *                                         because model objects perform their prepare_for_set function on all
-     *                                         their values, and so don't need to be called again (and in many cases,
-     *                                         shouldn't be called again. Eg: if we escape HTML characters in the
-     *                                         prepare_for_set method...)
-     * @param boolean $keep_model_objs_in_sync if TRUE, makes sure we ALSO update model objects
-     *                                         in this model's entity map according to $fields_n_values that match
-     *                                         $query_params. This obviously has some overhead, so you can disable it
-     *                                         by setting this to FALSE, but be aware that model objects being used
-     *                                         could get out-of-sync with the database
-     * @return int how many rows got updated or FALSE if something went wrong with the query (wp returns FALSE or num
-     *                                         rows affected which *could* include 0 which DOES NOT mean the query was
-     *                                         bad)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::update',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        /**
-         * Action called before a model update call has been made.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__begin', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params);
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields about to be updated given the query parameters. You can provide the
-         * $query_params to $this->get_all() to find exactly which records will be updated
-         *
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their new values
-         * @param EEM_Base $model           the model being queried
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         */
-        $fields_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__update__fields_n_values',
-            $fields_n_values,
-            $this,
-            $query_params
-        );
-        // need to verify that, for any entry we want to update, there are entries in each secondary table.
-        // to do that, for each table, verify that it's PK isn't null.
-        $tables = $this->get_tables();
-        // and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
-        // NOTE: we should make this code more efficient by NOT querying twice
-        // before the real update, but that needs to first go through ALPHA testing
-        // as it's dangerous. says Mike August 8 2014
-        // we want to make sure the default_where strategy is ignored
-        $this->_ignore_where_strategy = true;
-        $wpdb_select_results          = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-        foreach ($wpdb_select_results as $wpdb_result) {
-            // type cast stdClass as array
-            $wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
-            // get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
-            } else {
-                // if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
-                $main_table_pk_value = null;
-            }
-            // if there are more than 1 tables, we'll want to verify that each table for this model has an entry in the other tables
-            // and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
-            if (count($tables) > 1) {
-                // foreach matching row in the DB, ensure that each table's PK isn't null. If so, there must not be an entry
-                // in that table, and so we'll want to insert one
-                foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
-                    $this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                    // if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
-                    // in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
-                    if (
-                        ! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
-                           && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
-                    ) {
-                        $success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
-                            $table_obj,
-                            $fields_n_values,
-                            $main_table_pk_value
-                        );
-                        // if we died here, report the error
-                        if (! $success) {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            //              //and now check that if we have cached any models by that ID on the model, that
-            //              //they also get updated properly
-            //              $model_object = $this->get_from_entity_map( $main_table_pk_value );
-            //              if( $model_object ){
-            //                  foreach( $fields_n_values as $field => $value ){
-            //                      $model_object->set($field, $value);
-            // let's make sure default_where strategy is followed now
-            $this->_ignore_where_strategy = false;
-        }
-        // if we want to keep model objects in sync, AND
-        // if this wasn't called from a model object (to update itself)
-        // then we want to make sure we keep all the existing
-        // model objects in sync with the db
-        if ($keep_model_objs_in_sync && ! $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $model_objs_affected_ids = $this->get_col($query_params);
-            } else {
-                // we need to select a bunch of columns and then combine them into the the "index primary key string"s
-                $models_affected_key_columns = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A);
-                $model_objs_affected_ids     = [];
-                foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
-                    $combined_index_key                             = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
-                    $model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
-                // wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
-                return 0;
-            }
-            foreach ($model_objs_affected_ids as $id) {
-                $model_obj_in_entity_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-                if ($model_obj_in_entity_map) {
-                    foreach ($fields_n_values as $field => $new_value) {
-                        $model_obj_in_entity_map->set($field, $new_value);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // if there is a primary key on this model, we can now do a slight optimization
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                // we already know what we want to update. So let's make the query simpler so it's a little more efficient
-                $query_params = [
-                    [$this->primary_key_name() => ['IN', $model_objs_affected_ids]],
-                    'limit'                    => count($model_objs_affected_ids),
-                    'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
-                ];
-            }
-        }
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-
-        // note: the following query doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query()
-        // because it doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
-        $rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
-            'query',
-            [
-                "UPDATE " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                . " SET " . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-                . $model_query_info->get_where_sql(),
-            ]
-        );
-
-        /**
-         * Action called after a model update call has been made.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         * @param int      $rows_affected
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
-        return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Analogous to $wpdb->get_col, returns a 1-dimensional array where the values
-     * are the values of the field specified (or by default the primary key field)
-     * that matched the query params. Note that you should pass the name of the
-     * model FIELD, not the database table's column name.
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @param string $field_to_select
-     * @return array just like $wpdb->get_col()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md for $query_params values
-     */
-    public function get_col($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
-    {
-        if ($field_to_select) {
-            $field = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_select);
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-        } else {
-            $field_settings = $this->field_settings();
-            // no primary key, just grab the first column
-            $field = reset($field_settings);
-            // don't need this array now
-            unset($field_settings);
-        }
-        $model_query_info   = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL                =
-            "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', [$SQL]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a single column value for a single row from the database
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params    @see
-     *                                https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_select @see EEM_Base::get_col()
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_var($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $col                   = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
-        if (! empty($col)) {
-            return reset($col);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the SQL for after "UPDATE table_X inner join table_Y..." and before "...WHERE". Eg "Question.name='party
-     * time?', Question.desc='what do you think?',..." Values are filtered through wpdb->prepare to avoid against SQL
-     * injection, but currently no further filtering is done
-     *
-     * @param array $fields_n_values array keys are field names on this model, and values are what those fields should
-     *                               be updated to in the DB
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global      $wpdb
-     */
-    public function _construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        $cols_n_values = [];
-        foreach ($fields_n_values as $field_name => $value) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-            // if the value is NULL, we want to assign the value to that.
-            // wpdb->prepare doesn't really handle that properly
-            $prepared_value  = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
-            $value_sql       = $prepared_value === null
-                ? 'NULL'
-                : $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
-            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
-        }
-        return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
-     * Performs a HARD delete, meaning the database row should always be removed,
-     * not just have a flag field on it switched
-     * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete_permanently()
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id
-     * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int the number of rows deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true): int
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently(
-            [
-                [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
-                'limit' => 1,
-            ],
-            $block_deletes
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
-     * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete()
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id
-     * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int the number of rows deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete(
-            [
-                [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
-                'limit' => 1,
-            ],
-            $block_deletes
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Identical to delete_permanently, but does a "soft" delete if possible,
-     * meaning if the model has a field that indicates its been "trashed" or
-     * "soft deleted", we will just set that instead of actually deleting the rows.
-     *
-     * @param array   $query_params
-     * @param boolean $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                               ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                               It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int how many rows got deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see EEM_Base::delete_permanently
-     */
-    public function delete($query_params, $block_deletes = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes the model objects that meet the query params. Note: this method is overridden
-     * in EEM_Soft_Delete_Base so that soft-deleted model objects are instead only flagged
-     * as archived, not actually deleted
-     *
-     * @param array   $query_params
-     * @param boolean $block_deletes  whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                                ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                                It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int how many rows got deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes = true): int
-    {
-        /**
-         * Action called just before performing a real deletion query. You can use the
-         * model and its $query_params to find exactly which items will be deleted
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $query_params  The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
-         * @param bool     $block_deletes @see param description in method phpdoc block.
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__begin', $this, $query_params, $block_deletes);
-        // some MySQL databases may be running safe mode, which may restrict
-        // deletion if there is no KEY column used in the WHERE statement of a deletion.
-        // to get around this, we first do a SELECT, get all the IDs, and then run another query
-        // to delete them
-        $items_for_deletion           = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-        $columns_and_ids_for_deleting = $this->_get_ids_for_delete($items_for_deletion, $block_deletes);
-        $deletion_where_query_part    = $this->_build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(
-            $columns_and_ids_for_deleting
-        );
-        /**
-         * Allows client code to act on the items being deleted before the query is actually executed.
-         * see php doc blocks for more details
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $this                         The model instance being acted on.
-         * @param array    $query_params                 The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
-         * @param bool     $block_deletes                @see param description in method phpdoc block.
-         * @param array    $columns_and_ids_for_deleting An array indicating what entities will get removed as
-         *                                               derived from the incoming query parameters.
-         * @see details on the structure of this array in the phpdocs for the `_get_ids_for_delete_method`
-         */
-        do_action(
-            'AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__before_query',
-            $this,
-            $query_params,
-            $block_deletes,
-            $columns_and_ids_for_deleting
-        );
-        $rows_deleted = 0;
-        if ($deletion_where_query_part) {
-            $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-            $table_aliases    = array_keys($this->_tables);
-            $SQL              = "DELETE "
-                                . implode(", ", $table_aliases)
-                                . " FROM "
-                                . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                                . " WHERE "
-                                . $deletion_where_query_part;
-            $rows_deleted     = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
-        }
-
-        // Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
-        // there was no error with the delete query.
-        if (
-            $this->has_primary_key_field()
-            && $rows_deleted !== false
-            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
-        ) {
-            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
-            foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
-                if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-                    unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // delete any extra meta attached to the deleted entities but ONLY if this model is not an instance of
-            // `EEM_Extra_Meta`.  In other words we want to prevent recursion on EEM_Extra_Meta::delete_permanently calls
-            // unnecessarily.  It's very unlikely that users will have assigned Extra Meta to Extra Meta
-            // (although it is possible).
-            // Note this can be skipped by using the provided filter and returning false.
-            if (
-                apply_filters(
-                    'FHEE__EEM_Base__delete_permanently__dont_delete_extra_meta_for_extra_meta',
-                    ! $this instanceof EEM_Extra_Meta,
-                    $this
-                )
-            ) {
-                EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete_permanently(
-                    [
-                        0 => [
-                            'EXM_type' => $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                            'OBJ_ID'   => [
-                                'IN',
-                                $ids_for_removal,
-                            ],
-                        ],
-                    ]
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Action called just after performing a real deletion query. Although at this point the
-         * items should have been deleted
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array $query_params
-         * @param int   $rows_deleted
-         * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
-        return (int) $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks all the relations that throw error messages when there are blocking related objects
-     * for related model objects. If there are any related model objects on those relations,
-     * adds an EE_Error, and return true
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $this_model_obj_or_id
-     * @param EE_Base_Class     $ignore_this_model_obj a model object like 'EE_Event', or 'EE_Term_Taxonomy', which
-     *                                                 should be ignored when determining whether there are related
-     *                                                 model objects which block this model object's deletion. Useful
-     *                                                 if you know A is related to B and are considering deleting A,
-     *                                                 but want to see if A has any other objects blocking its deletion
-     *                                                 before removing the relation between A and B
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_is_blocked_by_related_models($this_model_obj_or_id, $ignore_this_model_obj = null)
-    {
-        // first, if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, get its model
-        $ignored_model = $ignore_this_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
-            ? $ignore_this_model_obj->get_model()
-            : null;
-        // now check all the relations of $this_model_obj_or_id and see if there
-        // are any related model objects blocking it?
-        $is_blocked = false;
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj->block_delete_if_related_models_exist()) {
-                // if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, then for the query
-                // on that model needs to be told to ignore $ignore_this_model_obj
-                if ($ignored_model && $relation_name === $ignored_model->get_this_model_name()) {
-                    $related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related(
-                        $this_model_obj_or_id,
-                        [
-                            [
-                                $ignored_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => [
-                                    '!=',
-                                    $ignore_this_model_obj->ID(),
-                                ],
-                            ],
-                        ]
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    $related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id);
-                }
-                if ($related_model_objects) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error($relation_obj->get_deletion_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-                    $is_blocked = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $is_blocked;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the columns and values for items to delete from the incoming $row_results_for_deleting array.
-     *
-     * @param array $row_results_for_deleting
-     * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return array               The shape of this array depends on whether the model `has_primary_key_field` or not.
-     *                             If the model DOES have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a simple single
-     *                             dimension array where the key is the fully qualified primary key column and
-     *                             the value is an array of ids that will be deleted.
-     *                             Example:
-     *                              [ 'Event.EVT_ID' => [ 1,2,3 ]]
-     *                             If the model DOES NOT have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a
-     *                             two-dimensional array where each element is a group of columns and values that get deleted.
-     *                             Example:
-     *                              [
-     *                                  0 => [
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 5
-     *                                  ],
-     *                                  1 => [
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 6
-     *                                  ]
-     *                              ]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_ids_for_delete(array $row_results_for_deleting, $block_deletes = true)
-    {
-        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = [];
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $primary_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            // following lines are commented out because the variables were not being used
-            // not deleting because unsure if calls were intentionally causing side effects
-            // $primary_table_pk_field          =
-            //     $this->get_field_by_column($primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column());
-            // $other_tables                    = $this->_get_other_tables();
-            $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = $query = [];
-            foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
-                // before we mark this item for deletion,
-                // make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
-                if (
-                    $block_deletes
-                    && $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
-                    )
-                ) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // primary table deletes
-                if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
-                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
-                }
-            }
-        } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
-            $fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
-            foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
-                $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = [];
-                foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
-                    if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
-                            $item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
-                    }
-                }
-                $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
-            }
-        } else {
-            // so there's no primary key and no combined key...
-            // sorry, can't help you
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Cannot delete objects of type %s because there is no primary key NOR combined key",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This receives an array of columns and values set to be deleted (as prepared by _get_ids_for_delete) and prepares
-     * the corresponding query_part for the query performing the deletion.
-     *
-     * @param array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column @see _get_ids_for_delete for how this array might be shaped.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)
-    {
-        $query_part = '';
-        if (empty($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)) {
-            return $query_part;
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $query = [];
-            foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
-                $query[] = $column . ' IN' . $this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
-            }
-            $query_part = ! empty($query)
-                ? implode(' AND ', $query)
-                : $query_part;
-        } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
-            $ways_to_identify_a_row = [];
-            foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
-                $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = [];
-                foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
-                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
-                }
-                $ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
-                                            . implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
-                                            . ')';
-            }
-            $query_part = implode(' OR ', $ways_to_identify_a_row);
-        }
-        return $query_part;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model field by the fully qualified name
-     *
-     * @param string $qualified_column_name eg 'Event_CPT.post_name' or $field_obj->get_qualified_column()
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_by_column($qualified_column_name)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if ($field_obj->get_qualified_column() === $qualified_column_name) {
-                return $field_obj;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__('Could not find a field on the model "%1$s" for qualified column "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
-                $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                $qualified_column_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Count all the rows that match criteria the model query params.
-     * If $field_to_count isn't provided, the model's primary key is used. Otherwise, we count by field_to_count's
-     * column
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params   @see
-     *                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_count field on model to count by (not column name)
-     * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
-     *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function count($query_params = [], $field_to_count = '', $distinct = false)
-    {
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        if ($field_to_count) {
-            $field_obj       = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_count);
-            $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $pk_field_obj    = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            $column_to_count = $pk_field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        } else {
-            // there's no primary key
-            // if we're counting distinct items, and there's no primary key,
-            // we need to list out the columns for distinction;
-            // otherwise we can just use star
-            if ($distinct) {
-                $columns_to_use = [];
-                foreach ($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields() as $field_obj) {
-                    $columns_to_use[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-                }
-                $column_to_count = implode(',', $columns_to_use);
-            } else {
-                $column_to_count = '*';
-            }
-        }
-        $column_to_count = $distinct
-            ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count
-            : $column_to_count;
-        $SQL             =
-            "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sums up the value of the $field_to_sum (defaults to the primary key, which isn't terribly useful)
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params @see
-     *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_sum name of field (array key in $_fields array)
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function sum($query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        if ($field_to_sum) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_sum);
-        } else {
-            $field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-        }
-        $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL             =
-            "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        $return_value    = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
-        $data_type       = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-        if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
-            return (float) $return_value;
-        }
-        // must be %f
-        return (float) $return_value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just calls the specified method on $wpdb with the given arguments
-     * Consolidates a little extra error handling code
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global wpdb  $wpdb
-     */
-    protected function _do_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        // if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
-        // because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
-        // is probably out of sync with the code
-        if (DbStatus::isOffline()) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $wpdb_method
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $old_show_errors_value = $wpdb->show_errors;
-        if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-            $wpdb->show_errors(false);
-        }
-        $result = $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-        $this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
-        if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-            $wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
-            if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(esc_html__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
-            }
-            if ($result === false) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'WPDB Error occurred, but no error message was logged by wpdb! The wpdb method called was "%1$s" and the arguments were "%2$s"',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $wpdb_method,
-                        var_export($arguments_to_provide, true)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        } elseif ($result === false) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'A database error has occurred. Turn on WP_DEBUG for more information.||A database error occurred doing wpdb method "%1$s", with arguments "%2$s". The error was "%3$s"',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $wpdb_method,
-                    var_export($arguments_to_provide, true),
-                    $wpdb->last_error
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Attempts to run the indicated WPDB method with the provided arguments,
-     * and if there's an error tries to verify the DB is correct. Uses
-     * the static property EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level to determine whether
-     * we should try to fix the EE core db, the addons, or just give up
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    private function _process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        $wpdb->last_error = null;
-        $result           = call_user_func_array([$wpdb, $wpdb_method], $arguments_to_provide);
-        // was there an error running the query? but we don't care on new activations
-        // (we're going to setup the DB anyway on new activations)
-        if (
-            ($result === false || ! empty($wpdb->last_error))
-            && EE_System::instance()->detect_req_type() !== EE_System::req_type_new_activation
-        ) {
-            switch (EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level) {
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_none:
-                    // let's double-check core's DB
-                    $error_message = $this->_verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-                    break;
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_core:
-                    // STILL NO LOVE?? verify all the addons too. Maybe they need to be fixed
-                    $error_message = $this->_verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-                    break;
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_addons:
-                    // ummmm... you in trouble
-                    return $result;
-            }
-            if (! empty($error_message)) {
-                EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
-                trigger_error($error_message);
-            }
-            return $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the EE core database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
-     * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function _verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        // ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the core db, in case the problem persists
-        EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_core;
-        $error_message                    = sprintf(
-            esc_html__(
-                'WPDB Error "%1$s" while running wpdb method "%2$s" with arguments %3$s. Automatically attempting to fix EE Core DB',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            $wpdb->last_error,
-            $wpdb_method,
-            wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
-        );
-        EE_System::instance()->initialize_db_if_no_migrations_required(false, true);
-        return $error_message;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
-     * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
-     *
-     * @param $wpdb_method
-     * @param $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function _verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        // ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the addons dbs, in case the problem persists
-        EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_addons;
-        $error_message                    = sprintf(
-            esc_html__(
-                'WPDB AGAIN: Error "%1$s" while running the same method and arguments as before. Automatically attempting to fix EE Addons DB',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            $wpdb->last_error,
-            $wpdb_method,
-            wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
-        );
-        EE_System::instance()->initialize_addons();
-        return $error_message;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * In order to avoid repeating this code for the get_all, sum, and count functions, put the code parts
-     * that are identical in here. Returns a string of SQL of everything in a SELECT query except the beginning
-     * SELECT clause, eg " FROM wp_posts AS Event INNER JOIN ... WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT ... GROUP BY ... HAVING
-     * ..."
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
-    {
-        return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set to easily debug the next X queries ran from this model.
-     *
-     * @param int $count
-     */
-    public function show_next_x_db_queries($count = 1)
-    {
-        $this->_show_next_x_db_queries = $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $sql_query
-     */
-    public function show_db_query_if_previously_requested($sql_query)
-    {
-        if ($this->_show_next_x_db_queries > 0) {
-            $left = is_admin() ? '12rem' : '2rem';
-            echo "
+	 *                                                      'OR' => [
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname'       => ['like', 'Mc%'],
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname*other' => ['like', 'Mac%'],
+	 *                                                      ],
+	 *                                                  ],
+	 *                                                  'limit'    => 10,
+	 *                                                  'group_by' => 'TXN_ID',
+	 *                                              ]
+	 *                                          );
+	 *                                        get all the answers to the question titled "shirt size" for event with id
+	 *                                        12, ordered by their answer:
+	 *                                          EEM_Answer::instance()->get_all(
+	 *                                              [
+	 *                                                  [
+	 *                                                      'Question.QST_display_text' => 'shirt size',
+	 *                                                      'Registration.Event.EVT_ID' => 12,
+	 *                                                  ],
+	 *                                                  'order_by' => ['ANS_value' => 'ASC'],
+	 *                                              ]
+	 *                                          );
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all($query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (
+			isset($query_params['limit'])
+			&& ! isset($query_params['group_by'])
+		) {
+			$query_params['group_by'] = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
+		}
+		return $this->_create_objects($this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Modifies the query parameters so we only get back model objects
+	 * that "belong" to the current user
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function alter_query_params_to_only_include_mine($query_params = [])
+	{
+		$wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
+		if ($wp_user_field_name) {
+			$query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
+		}
+		return $query_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the name of the field's name that points to the WP_User table
+	 *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
+	 * foreign key to the WP_User table)
+	 *
+	 * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
+	 * foreign key to the WP_User table
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function wp_user_field_name()
+	{
+		try {
+			if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
+				$models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
+				$last_model_name              = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
+				$model_with_fk_to_wp_users    = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
+				$model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
+			} else {
+				$model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
+				$model_chain_to_wp_user    = '';
+			}
+			$wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
+			return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the _model_chain_to_wp_user string, which indicates which related model
+	 * (or transiently-related model) has a foreign key to the wp_users table;
+	 * useful for finding if model objects of this type are 'owned' by the current user.
+	 * This is an empty string when the foreign key is on this model and when it isn't,
+	 * but is only non-empty when this model's ownership is indicated by a RELATED model
+	 * (or transiently-related model)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function model_chain_to_wp_user()
+	{
+		return $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether this model is 'owned' by a specific wordpress user (even indirectly,
+	 * like how registrations don't have a foreign key to wp_users, but the
+	 * events they are for are), or is unrelated to wp users.
+	 * generally available
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_owned()
+	{
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_wp_user()) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		try {
+			$this->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
+			return true;
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used internally to get WPDB results, because other functions, besides get_all, may want to do some queries, but
+	 * may want to preserve the WPDB results (eg, update, which first queries to make sure we have all the tables on
+	 * the model)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params      @see
+	 *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
+	 * @param mixed  $columns_to_select What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+	 *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
+	 *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
+	 *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
+	 *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
+	 *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
+	 *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
+	 *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
+	 * @return array | stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$this->_custom_selections = $this->getCustomSelection($query_params, $columns_to_select);
+		$model_query_info         = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$select_expressions       = $columns_to_select === null
+			? $this->_construct_default_select_sql($model_query_info)
+			: '';
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+			$custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
+			$select_expressions .= $select_expressions
+				? ', ' . $custom_expressions
+				: $custom_expressions;
+		}
+
+		$SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', [$SQL, $output]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a CustomSelects object if the $query_params or $columns_to_select allows for it.
+	 * Note: $query_params['extra_selects'] will always override any $columns_to_select values. It is the preferred
+	 * method of including extra select information.
+	 *
+	 * @param array             $query_params
+	 * @param null|array|string $columns_to_select
+	 * @return null|CustomSelects
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null): ?CustomSelects
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$selects = $query_params['extra_selects'] ?? $columns_to_select;
+		$selects = is_string($selects)
+			? explode(',', $selects)
+			: $selects;
+		return new CustomSelects($selects);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of rows from the database just like $wpdb->get_results would,
+	 * but you can use the model query params to more easily
+	 * take care of joins, field preparation etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params      @see
+	 *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
+	 * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+	 *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
+	 *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
+	 *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
+	 *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
+	 *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
+	 *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
+	 *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
+	 * @return array|stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, $output, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For creating a custom select statement
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $columns_to_select either a string to be inserted directly as the select statement,
+	 *                                 or an array where keys are aliases, and values are arrays where 0=>the selection
+	 *                                 SQL, and 1=>is the datatype
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_select_from_input($columns_to_select)
+	{
+		if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
+			$select_sql_array = [];
+			foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
+				if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Custom selection %s (alias %s) needs to be an array like array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%%d')",
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$selection_and_datatype,
+							$alias
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Datatype %s (for selection '%s' and alias '%s') is not a valid wpdb datatype (eg %%s)",
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$selection_and_datatype[1],
+							$selection_and_datatype[0],
+							$alias,
+							implode(', ', $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$select_sql_array[] = "{$selection_and_datatype[0]} AS $alias";
+			}
+			$columns_to_select_string = implode(', ', $select_sql_array);
+		} else {
+			$columns_to_select_string = $columns_to_select;
+		}
+		return $columns_to_select_string;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Convenient wrapper for getting the primary key field's name. Eg, on Registration, this would be 'REG_ID'
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function primary_key_name()
+	{
+		return $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given only its ID (or null if none is found).
+	 * If there is no primary key on this model, $id is treated as primary key string
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id int or string, depending on the type of the model's primary key
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|mixed|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_by_ID($id)
+	{
+		// since entities with no ID can still have properties, we need to check the cache for them
+		$cached_value = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($cached_value) {
+			return $cached_value;
+		}
+		// but if no cached property AND no id is passed, just return null
+		if (empty($id)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$model_object = $this->get_one(
+			$this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+				$id,
+				['default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL]
+			)
+		);
+		$className    = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($model_object instanceof $className) {
+			// make sure valid objects get added to the entity map
+			// so that the next call to this method doesn't trigger another trip to the db
+			$this->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
+		}
+		return $model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Alters query parameters to only get items with this ID are returned.
+	 * Takes into account that the ID might be a string produced by EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string(),
+	 * or could just be a simple primary key ID
+	 *
+	 * @param int   $id
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return array of normal query params, @see
+	 *               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
+			$query_params[0] = [];
+		}
+		$conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
+		if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
+			$query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
+		} else {
+			// no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
+			$query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
+		}
+		return $query_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given the $query_params. Only returns a single class, not an
+	 * array. If no item is found, null is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base's $query_params variable.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|NULL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one($query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::get_one',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$items                 = $this->get_all($query_params);
+		if (empty($items)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return array_shift($items);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next x number of items in sequence from the given value as
+	 * found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
+	 *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
+	 *                                      columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function next_x(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		return $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'>',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			$limit,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous x number of items in sequence from the given value
+	 * as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
+	 *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
+	 *                                      columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function previous_x(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		return $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'<',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			$limit,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next item in sequence from the given value as found in the
+	 * database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
+	 *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
+	 *                                      can indicate just the columns you
+	 *                                      want and a single array indexed by
+	 *                                      the columns will be returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function next(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$results = $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'>',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			1,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+		return empty($results)
+			? null
+			: reset($results);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous item in sequence from the given value as found in
+	 * the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
+	 *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
+	 *                                      can indicate just the columns you
+	 *                                      want and a single array indexed by
+	 *                                      the columns will be returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function previous(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$results = $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'<',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			1,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+		return empty($results)
+			? null
+			: reset($results);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the a consecutive number of items in sequence from the given
+	 * value as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $current_field_value   Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param string $operand               What operand is used for the sequence.
+	 * @param string $field_to_order_by     What field is used for the reference point.
+	 * @param int    $limit                 How many to return.
+	 * @param array  $query_params          Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null   $columns_to_select     If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_consecutive(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$operand = '>',
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		// if $field_to_order_by is empty then let's assume we're ordering by the primary key.
+		if (empty($field_to_order_by)) {
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$field_to_order_by = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+			} else {
+				if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						esc_html__(
+							'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive() has been called with no $field_to_order_by argument and there is no primary key on the field.  Please provide the field you would like to use as the base for retrieving the next item(s).',
+							'event_espresso'
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					esc_html__('There was an error with the query.', 'event_espresso'),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+				return [];
+			}
+		}
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		// let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
+		$query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
+		$query_params['limit']                 = $limit;
+		// set direction
+		$incoming_orderby         = isset($query_params['order_by'])
+			? (array) $query_params['order_by']
+			: [];
+		$query_params['order_by'] = $operand === '>'
+			? [$field_to_order_by => 'ASC'] + $incoming_orderby
+			: [$field_to_order_by => 'DESC'] + $incoming_orderby;
+		// if $columns_to_select is empty then that means we're returning EE_Base_Class objects
+		if (empty($columns_to_select)) {
+			return $this->get_all($query_params);
+		}
+		// getting just the fields
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the _timezone property after model object has been instantiated.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone valid PHP DateTimeZone timezone string
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public function set_timezone(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		if (! $timezone) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_timezone = $timezone;
+		// note we need to loop through relations and set the timezone on those objects as well.
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation) {
+			$relation->set_timezone($timezone);
+		}
+		// and finally we do the same for any datetime fields
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+				$field->set_timezone($timezone);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public function get_timezone()
+	{
+		// first validate if timezone is set.  If not, then let's set it be whatever is set on the model fields.
+		if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
+			foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
+				if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+					$this->set_timezone($field->get_timezone());
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// if timezone STILL empty then return the default timezone for the site.
+		if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
+			$this->set_timezone(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone());
+		}
+		return $this->_timezone;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the date formats set for the given field name and also ensures that
+	 * $this->_timezone property is set correctly.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
+	 * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
+	 * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
+	 * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 */
+	public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		// if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
+		if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$field_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// while we are here, let's make sure the timezone internally in EEM_Base matches what is stored on
+		// the field.
+		$this->_timezone = (string) $field_settings->get_timezone();
+		return [$field_settings->get_date_format($pretty), $field_settings->get_time_format($pretty)];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the current time in a format setup for a query on this model.
+	 * Usage of this method makes it easier to setup queries against EE_Datetime_Field columns because
+	 * it will return:
+	 *  - a formatted string in the timezone and format currently set on the EE_Datetime_Field for the given field for
+	 *  NOW
+	 *  - or a unix timestamp (equivalent to time())
+	 * Note: When requesting a formatted string, if the date or time format doesn't include seconds, for example,
+	 * the time returned, because it uses that format, will also NOT include seconds. For this reason, if you want
+	 * the time returned to be the current time down to the exact second, set $timestamp to true.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name       The field the current time is needed for.
+	 * @param bool   $timestamp        True means to return a unix timestamp. Otherwise a
+	 *                                 formatted string matching the set format for the field in the set timezone will
+	 *                                 be returned.
+	 * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
+	 * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
+	 *                                 exception is triggered.
+	 * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 */
+	public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
+	{
+		$formats  = $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
+		$DateTime = new DateTime("now", new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+		if ($timestamp) {
+			return $DateTime->format('U');
+		}
+		// not returning timestamp, so return formatted string in timezone.
+		switch ($what) {
+			case 'time':
+				return $DateTime->format($formats[1]);
+			case 'date':
+				return $DateTime->format($formats[0]);
+			default:
+				return $DateTime->format(implode(' ', $formats));
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This receives a time string for a given field and ensures
+	 * that it is set up to match what the internal settings for the model are.
+	 * Returns a DateTime object.
+	 * Note: a gotcha for when you send in unix timestamp.  Remember a unix timestamp is already timezone agnostic,
+	 * (functionally the equivalent of UTC+0).
+	 * So when you send it in, whatever timezone string you include is ignored.
+	 *
+	 * @param string      $field_name      The field being setup.
+	 * @param string      $timestring      The date time string being used.
+	 * @param string      $incoming_format The format for the time string.
+	 * @param string|null $timezone_string By default, it is assumed the incoming time string is in timezone for
+	 *                                     the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If
+	 *                                     incoming format is
+	 *                                     'U', this is ignored.
+	 * @return DbSafeDateTime
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public function convert_datetime_for_query(
+		string $field_name,
+		string $timestring,
+		string $incoming_format,
+		?string $timezone_string = ''
+	): DbSafeDateTime {
+		// just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
+		$this->get_formats_for($field_name);
+		// load EEH_DTT_Helper
+		$timezone_string     = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
+		$incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($timezone_string));
+		EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+		return DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the tables comprising this model. Array keys are the table aliases, and values are EE_Table objects
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Table_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function get_tables()
+	{
+		return $this->_tables;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates all the database entries (in each table for this model) according to $fields_n_values and optionally
+	 * also updates all the model objects, where the criteria expressed in $query_params are met..
+	 * Also note: if this model has multiple tables, this update verifies all the secondary tables have an entry for
+	 * each row (in the primary table) we're trying to update; if not, it inserts an entry in the secondary table. Eg:
+	 * if our model has 2 tables: wp_posts (primary), and wp_esp_event (secondary). Let's say we are trying to update a
+	 * model object with EVT_ID = 1
+	 * (which means where wp_posts has ID = 1, because wp_posts.ID is the primary key's column), which exists, but
+	 * there is no entry in wp_esp_event for this entry in wp_posts. So, this update script will insert a row into
+	 * wp_esp_event, using any available parameters from $fields_n_values (eg, if "EVT_limit" => 40 is in
+	 * $fields_n_values, the new entry in wp_esp_event will set EVT_limit = 40, and use default for other columns which
+	 * are not specified)
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $fields_n_values         keys are model fields (exactly like keys in EEM_Base::_fields, NOT db
+	 *                                         columns!), values are strings, ints, floats, and maybe arrays if they
+	 *                                         are to be serialized. Basically, the values are what you'd expect to be
+	 *                                         values on the model, NOT necessarily what's in the DB. For example, if
+	 *                                         we wanted to update only the TXN_details on any Transactions where its
+	 *                                         ID=34, we'd use this method as follows:
+	 *                                         EEM_Transaction::instance()->update(
+	 *                                         array('TXN_details'=>array('detail1'=>'monkey','detail2'=>'banana'),
+	 *                                         array(array('TXN_ID'=>34)));
+	 * @param array   $query_params            @see
+	 *                                         https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 *                                         Eg, consider updating Question's QST_admin_label field is of type
+	 *                                         Simple_HTML. If you use this function to update that field to $new_value
+	 *                                         = (note replace 8's with appropriate opening and closing tags in the
+	 *                                         following example)"8script8alert('I hack all');8/script88b8boom
+	 *                                         baby8/b8", then if you set $values_already_prepared_by_model_object to
+	 *                                         TRUE, it is assumed that you've already called
+	 *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value), which removes the
+	 *                                         malicious javascript. However, if
+	 *                                         $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is left as FALSE, then
+	 *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value) will be called on it,
+	 *                                         and every other field, before insertion. We provide this parameter
+	 *                                         because model objects perform their prepare_for_set function on all
+	 *                                         their values, and so don't need to be called again (and in many cases,
+	 *                                         shouldn't be called again. Eg: if we escape HTML characters in the
+	 *                                         prepare_for_set method...)
+	 * @param boolean $keep_model_objs_in_sync if TRUE, makes sure we ALSO update model objects
+	 *                                         in this model's entity map according to $fields_n_values that match
+	 *                                         $query_params. This obviously has some overhead, so you can disable it
+	 *                                         by setting this to FALSE, but be aware that model objects being used
+	 *                                         could get out-of-sync with the database
+	 * @return int how many rows got updated or FALSE if something went wrong with the query (wp returns FALSE or num
+	 *                                         rows affected which *could* include 0 which DOES NOT mean the query was
+	 *                                         bad)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::update',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Action called before a model update call has been made.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__begin', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params);
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields about to be updated given the query parameters. You can provide the
+		 * $query_params to $this->get_all() to find exactly which records will be updated
+		 *
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their new values
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model           the model being queried
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 */
+		$fields_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__update__fields_n_values',
+			$fields_n_values,
+			$this,
+			$query_params
+		);
+		// need to verify that, for any entry we want to update, there are entries in each secondary table.
+		// to do that, for each table, verify that it's PK isn't null.
+		$tables = $this->get_tables();
+		// and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
+		// NOTE: we should make this code more efficient by NOT querying twice
+		// before the real update, but that needs to first go through ALPHA testing
+		// as it's dangerous. says Mike August 8 2014
+		// we want to make sure the default_where strategy is ignored
+		$this->_ignore_where_strategy = true;
+		$wpdb_select_results          = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+		foreach ($wpdb_select_results as $wpdb_result) {
+			// type cast stdClass as array
+			$wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
+			// get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+			} else {
+				// if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
+				$main_table_pk_value = null;
+			}
+			// if there are more than 1 tables, we'll want to verify that each table for this model has an entry in the other tables
+			// and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
+			if (count($tables) > 1) {
+				// foreach matching row in the DB, ensure that each table's PK isn't null. If so, there must not be an entry
+				// in that table, and so we'll want to insert one
+				foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
+					$this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
+					// if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
+					// in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
+					if (
+						! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
+						   && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
+					) {
+						$success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
+							$table_obj,
+							$fields_n_values,
+							$main_table_pk_value
+						);
+						// if we died here, report the error
+						if (! $success) {
+							return false;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			//              //and now check that if we have cached any models by that ID on the model, that
+			//              //they also get updated properly
+			//              $model_object = $this->get_from_entity_map( $main_table_pk_value );
+			//              if( $model_object ){
+			//                  foreach( $fields_n_values as $field => $value ){
+			//                      $model_object->set($field, $value);
+			// let's make sure default_where strategy is followed now
+			$this->_ignore_where_strategy = false;
+		}
+		// if we want to keep model objects in sync, AND
+		// if this wasn't called from a model object (to update itself)
+		// then we want to make sure we keep all the existing
+		// model objects in sync with the db
+		if ($keep_model_objs_in_sync && ! $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$model_objs_affected_ids = $this->get_col($query_params);
+			} else {
+				// we need to select a bunch of columns and then combine them into the the "index primary key string"s
+				$models_affected_key_columns = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A);
+				$model_objs_affected_ids     = [];
+				foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
+					$combined_index_key                             = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
+					$model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
+				// wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
+				return 0;
+			}
+			foreach ($model_objs_affected_ids as $id) {
+				$model_obj_in_entity_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+				if ($model_obj_in_entity_map) {
+					foreach ($fields_n_values as $field => $new_value) {
+						$model_obj_in_entity_map->set($field, $new_value);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// if there is a primary key on this model, we can now do a slight optimization
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				// we already know what we want to update. So let's make the query simpler so it's a little more efficient
+				$query_params = [
+					[$this->primary_key_name() => ['IN', $model_objs_affected_ids]],
+					'limit'                    => count($model_objs_affected_ids),
+					'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
+				];
+			}
+		}
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+
+		// note: the following query doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query()
+		// because it doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
+		$rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
+			'query',
+			[
+				"UPDATE " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+				. " SET " . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+				. $model_query_info->get_where_sql(),
+			]
+		);
+
+		/**
+		 * Action called after a model update call has been made.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 * @param int      $rows_affected
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
+		return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Analogous to $wpdb->get_col, returns a 1-dimensional array where the values
+	 * are the values of the field specified (or by default the primary key field)
+	 * that matched the query params. Note that you should pass the name of the
+	 * model FIELD, not the database table's column name.
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @param string $field_to_select
+	 * @return array just like $wpdb->get_col()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md for $query_params values
+	 */
+	public function get_col($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
+	{
+		if ($field_to_select) {
+			$field = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_select);
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+		} else {
+			$field_settings = $this->field_settings();
+			// no primary key, just grab the first column
+			$field = reset($field_settings);
+			// don't need this array now
+			unset($field_settings);
+		}
+		$model_query_info   = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
+		$SQL                =
+			"SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', [$SQL]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a single column value for a single row from the database
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params    @see
+	 *                                https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_select @see EEM_Base::get_col()
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_var($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$col                   = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
+		if (! empty($col)) {
+			return reset($col);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Makes the SQL for after "UPDATE table_X inner join table_Y..." and before "...WHERE". Eg "Question.name='party
+	 * time?', Question.desc='what do you think?',..." Values are filtered through wpdb->prepare to avoid against SQL
+	 * injection, but currently no further filtering is done
+	 *
+	 * @param array $fields_n_values array keys are field names on this model, and values are what those fields should
+	 *                               be updated to in the DB
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global      $wpdb
+	 */
+	public function _construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		$cols_n_values = [];
+		foreach ($fields_n_values as $field_name => $value) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+			// if the value is NULL, we want to assign the value to that.
+			// wpdb->prepare doesn't really handle that properly
+			$prepared_value  = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
+			$value_sql       = $prepared_value === null
+				? 'NULL'
+				: $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
+			$cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
+		}
+		return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
+	 * Performs a HARD delete, meaning the database row should always be removed,
+	 * not just have a flag field on it switched
+	 * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete_permanently()
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id
+	 * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int the number of rows deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true): int
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently(
+			[
+				[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
+				'limit' => 1,
+			],
+			$block_deletes
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
+	 * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete()
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id
+	 * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int the number of rows deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete(
+			[
+				[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
+				'limit' => 1,
+			],
+			$block_deletes
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Identical to delete_permanently, but does a "soft" delete if possible,
+	 * meaning if the model has a field that indicates its been "trashed" or
+	 * "soft deleted", we will just set that instead of actually deleting the rows.
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $query_params
+	 * @param boolean $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                               ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                               It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int how many rows got deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see EEM_Base::delete_permanently
+	 */
+	public function delete($query_params, $block_deletes = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes the model objects that meet the query params. Note: this method is overridden
+	 * in EEM_Soft_Delete_Base so that soft-deleted model objects are instead only flagged
+	 * as archived, not actually deleted
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $query_params
+	 * @param boolean $block_deletes  whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                                ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                                It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int how many rows got deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes = true): int
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Action called just before performing a real deletion query. You can use the
+		 * model and its $query_params to find exactly which items will be deleted
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $query_params  The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
+		 * @param bool     $block_deletes @see param description in method phpdoc block.
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__begin', $this, $query_params, $block_deletes);
+		// some MySQL databases may be running safe mode, which may restrict
+		// deletion if there is no KEY column used in the WHERE statement of a deletion.
+		// to get around this, we first do a SELECT, get all the IDs, and then run another query
+		// to delete them
+		$items_for_deletion           = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+		$columns_and_ids_for_deleting = $this->_get_ids_for_delete($items_for_deletion, $block_deletes);
+		$deletion_where_query_part    = $this->_build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(
+			$columns_and_ids_for_deleting
+		);
+		/**
+		 * Allows client code to act on the items being deleted before the query is actually executed.
+		 * see php doc blocks for more details
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $this                         The model instance being acted on.
+		 * @param array    $query_params                 The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
+		 * @param bool     $block_deletes                @see param description in method phpdoc block.
+		 * @param array    $columns_and_ids_for_deleting An array indicating what entities will get removed as
+		 *                                               derived from the incoming query parameters.
+		 * @see details on the structure of this array in the phpdocs for the `_get_ids_for_delete_method`
+		 */
+		do_action(
+			'AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__before_query',
+			$this,
+			$query_params,
+			$block_deletes,
+			$columns_and_ids_for_deleting
+		);
+		$rows_deleted = 0;
+		if ($deletion_where_query_part) {
+			$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+			$table_aliases    = array_keys($this->_tables);
+			$SQL              = "DELETE "
+								. implode(", ", $table_aliases)
+								. " FROM "
+								. $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+								. " WHERE "
+								. $deletion_where_query_part;
+			$rows_deleted     = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
+		}
+
+		// Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
+		// there was no error with the delete query.
+		if (
+			$this->has_primary_key_field()
+			&& $rows_deleted !== false
+			&& isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
+		) {
+			$ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+			foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
+				if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
+					unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// delete any extra meta attached to the deleted entities but ONLY if this model is not an instance of
+			// `EEM_Extra_Meta`.  In other words we want to prevent recursion on EEM_Extra_Meta::delete_permanently calls
+			// unnecessarily.  It's very unlikely that users will have assigned Extra Meta to Extra Meta
+			// (although it is possible).
+			// Note this can be skipped by using the provided filter and returning false.
+			if (
+				apply_filters(
+					'FHEE__EEM_Base__delete_permanently__dont_delete_extra_meta_for_extra_meta',
+					! $this instanceof EEM_Extra_Meta,
+					$this
+				)
+			) {
+				EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete_permanently(
+					[
+						0 => [
+							'EXM_type' => $this->get_this_model_name(),
+							'OBJ_ID'   => [
+								'IN',
+								$ids_for_removal,
+							],
+						],
+					]
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Action called just after performing a real deletion query. Although at this point the
+		 * items should have been deleted
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array $query_params
+		 * @param int   $rows_deleted
+		 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
+		return (int) $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks all the relations that throw error messages when there are blocking related objects
+	 * for related model objects. If there are any related model objects on those relations,
+	 * adds an EE_Error, and return true
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $this_model_obj_or_id
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class     $ignore_this_model_obj a model object like 'EE_Event', or 'EE_Term_Taxonomy', which
+	 *                                                 should be ignored when determining whether there are related
+	 *                                                 model objects which block this model object's deletion. Useful
+	 *                                                 if you know A is related to B and are considering deleting A,
+	 *                                                 but want to see if A has any other objects blocking its deletion
+	 *                                                 before removing the relation between A and B
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_is_blocked_by_related_models($this_model_obj_or_id, $ignore_this_model_obj = null)
+	{
+		// first, if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, get its model
+		$ignored_model = $ignore_this_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
+			? $ignore_this_model_obj->get_model()
+			: null;
+		// now check all the relations of $this_model_obj_or_id and see if there
+		// are any related model objects blocking it?
+		$is_blocked = false;
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj->block_delete_if_related_models_exist()) {
+				// if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, then for the query
+				// on that model needs to be told to ignore $ignore_this_model_obj
+				if ($ignored_model && $relation_name === $ignored_model->get_this_model_name()) {
+					$related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related(
+						$this_model_obj_or_id,
+						[
+							[
+								$ignored_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => [
+									'!=',
+									$ignore_this_model_obj->ID(),
+								],
+							],
+						]
+					);
+				} else {
+					$related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id);
+				}
+				if ($related_model_objects) {
+					EE_Error::add_error($relation_obj->get_deletion_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+					$is_blocked = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $is_blocked;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Builds the columns and values for items to delete from the incoming $row_results_for_deleting array.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $row_results_for_deleting
+	 * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return array               The shape of this array depends on whether the model `has_primary_key_field` or not.
+	 *                             If the model DOES have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a simple single
+	 *                             dimension array where the key is the fully qualified primary key column and
+	 *                             the value is an array of ids that will be deleted.
+	 *                             Example:
+	 *                              [ 'Event.EVT_ID' => [ 1,2,3 ]]
+	 *                             If the model DOES NOT have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a
+	 *                             two-dimensional array where each element is a group of columns and values that get deleted.
+	 *                             Example:
+	 *                              [
+	 *                                  0 => [
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 5
+	 *                                  ],
+	 *                                  1 => [
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 6
+	 *                                  ]
+	 *                              ]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_ids_for_delete(array $row_results_for_deleting, $block_deletes = true)
+	{
+		$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = [];
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$primary_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			// following lines are commented out because the variables were not being used
+			// not deleting because unsure if calls were intentionally causing side effects
+			// $primary_table_pk_field          =
+			//     $this->get_field_by_column($primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column());
+			// $other_tables                    = $this->_get_other_tables();
+			$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = $query = [];
+			foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
+				// before we mark this item for deletion,
+				// make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
+				if (
+					$block_deletes
+					&& $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
+						$item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
+					)
+				) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				// primary table deletes
+				if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
+					$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
+						$item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
+				}
+			}
+		} elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
+			$fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
+			foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
+				$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = [];
+				foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
+					if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+						$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
+							$item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
+					}
+				}
+				$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
+			}
+		} else {
+			// so there's no primary key and no combined key...
+			// sorry, can't help you
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Cannot delete objects of type %s because there is no primary key NOR combined key",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This receives an array of columns and values set to be deleted (as prepared by _get_ids_for_delete) and prepares
+	 * the corresponding query_part for the query performing the deletion.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column @see _get_ids_for_delete for how this array might be shaped.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)
+	{
+		$query_part = '';
+		if (empty($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)) {
+			return $query_part;
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$query = [];
+			foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
+				$query[] = $column . ' IN' . $this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
+			}
+			$query_part = ! empty($query)
+				? implode(' AND ', $query)
+				: $query_part;
+		} elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
+			$ways_to_identify_a_row = [];
+			foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
+				$values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = [];
+				foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
+					$values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
+				}
+				$ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
+											. implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
+											. ')';
+			}
+			$query_part = implode(' OR ', $ways_to_identify_a_row);
+		}
+		return $query_part;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model field by the fully qualified name
+	 *
+	 * @param string $qualified_column_name eg 'Event_CPT.post_name' or $field_obj->get_qualified_column()
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_by_column($qualified_column_name)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if ($field_obj->get_qualified_column() === $qualified_column_name) {
+				return $field_obj;
+			}
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__('Could not find a field on the model "%1$s" for qualified column "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
+				$this->get_this_model_name(),
+				$qualified_column_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Count all the rows that match criteria the model query params.
+	 * If $field_to_count isn't provided, the model's primary key is used. Otherwise, we count by field_to_count's
+	 * column
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params   @see
+	 *                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_count field on model to count by (not column name)
+	 * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
+	 *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function count($query_params = [], $field_to_count = '', $distinct = false)
+	{
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		if ($field_to_count) {
+			$field_obj       = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_count);
+			$column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$pk_field_obj    = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			$column_to_count = $pk_field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		} else {
+			// there's no primary key
+			// if we're counting distinct items, and there's no primary key,
+			// we need to list out the columns for distinction;
+			// otherwise we can just use star
+			if ($distinct) {
+				$columns_to_use = [];
+				foreach ($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields() as $field_obj) {
+					$columns_to_use[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+				}
+				$column_to_count = implode(',', $columns_to_use);
+			} else {
+				$column_to_count = '*';
+			}
+		}
+		$column_to_count = $distinct
+			? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count
+			: $column_to_count;
+		$SQL             =
+			"SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sums up the value of the $field_to_sum (defaults to the primary key, which isn't terribly useful)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see
+	 *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_sum name of field (array key in $_fields array)
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function sum($query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		if ($field_to_sum) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_sum);
+		} else {
+			$field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+		}
+		$column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		$SQL             =
+			"SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		$return_value    = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
+		$data_type       = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+		if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
+			return (float) $return_value;
+		}
+		// must be %f
+		return (float) $return_value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just calls the specified method on $wpdb with the given arguments
+	 * Consolidates a little extra error handling code
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global wpdb  $wpdb
+	 */
+	protected function _do_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		// if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
+		// because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
+		// is probably out of sync with the code
+		if (DbStatus::isOffline()) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(
+				esc_html__(
+					"Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
+					"event_espresso"
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$wpdb_method
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$old_show_errors_value = $wpdb->show_errors;
+		if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+			$wpdb->show_errors(false);
+		}
+		$result = $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+		$this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
+		if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+			$wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
+			if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(esc_html__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
+			}
+			if ($result === false) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'WPDB Error occurred, but no error message was logged by wpdb! The wpdb method called was "%1$s" and the arguments were "%2$s"',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$wpdb_method,
+						var_export($arguments_to_provide, true)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		} elseif ($result === false) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'A database error has occurred. Turn on WP_DEBUG for more information.||A database error occurred doing wpdb method "%1$s", with arguments "%2$s". The error was "%3$s"',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$wpdb_method,
+					var_export($arguments_to_provide, true),
+					$wpdb->last_error
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Attempts to run the indicated WPDB method with the provided arguments,
+	 * and if there's an error tries to verify the DB is correct. Uses
+	 * the static property EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level to determine whether
+	 * we should try to fix the EE core db, the addons, or just give up
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return mixed
+	 */
+	private function _process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		$wpdb->last_error = null;
+		$result           = call_user_func_array([$wpdb, $wpdb_method], $arguments_to_provide);
+		// was there an error running the query? but we don't care on new activations
+		// (we're going to setup the DB anyway on new activations)
+		if (
+			($result === false || ! empty($wpdb->last_error))
+			&& EE_System::instance()->detect_req_type() !== EE_System::req_type_new_activation
+		) {
+			switch (EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level) {
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_none:
+					// let's double-check core's DB
+					$error_message = $this->_verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+					break;
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_core:
+					// STILL NO LOVE?? verify all the addons too. Maybe they need to be fixed
+					$error_message = $this->_verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+					break;
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_addons:
+					// ummmm... you in trouble
+					return $result;
+			}
+			if (! empty($error_message)) {
+				EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
+				trigger_error($error_message);
+			}
+			return $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the EE core database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
+	 * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function _verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		// ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the core db, in case the problem persists
+		EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_core;
+		$error_message                    = sprintf(
+			esc_html__(
+				'WPDB Error "%1$s" while running wpdb method "%2$s" with arguments %3$s. Automatically attempting to fix EE Core DB',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			$wpdb->last_error,
+			$wpdb_method,
+			wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
+		);
+		EE_System::instance()->initialize_db_if_no_migrations_required(false, true);
+		return $error_message;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
+	 * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
+	 *
+	 * @param $wpdb_method
+	 * @param $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function _verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		// ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the addons dbs, in case the problem persists
+		EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_addons;
+		$error_message                    = sprintf(
+			esc_html__(
+				'WPDB AGAIN: Error "%1$s" while running the same method and arguments as before. Automatically attempting to fix EE Addons DB',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			$wpdb->last_error,
+			$wpdb_method,
+			wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
+		);
+		EE_System::instance()->initialize_addons();
+		return $error_message;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * In order to avoid repeating this code for the get_all, sum, and count functions, put the code parts
+	 * that are identical in here. Returns a string of SQL of everything in a SELECT query except the beginning
+	 * SELECT clause, eg " FROM wp_posts AS Event INNER JOIN ... WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT ... GROUP BY ... HAVING
+	 * ..."
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
+	{
+		return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to easily debug the next X queries ran from this model.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $count
+	 */
+	public function show_next_x_db_queries($count = 1)
+	{
+		$this->_show_next_x_db_queries = $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $sql_query
+	 */
+	public function show_db_query_if_previously_requested($sql_query)
+	{
+		if ($this->_show_next_x_db_queries > 0) {
+			$left = is_admin() ? '12rem' : '2rem';
+			echo "
             <div class='ee-status-outline ee-status-bg--attention' style='margin: 2rem 2rem 2rem $left;'>
                 " . esc_html($sql_query) . "
             </div>";
-            $this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
-     * There are the 3 cases:
-     * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $other_model_id_or_obj's primary_key. If
-     * $otherModelObject has no ID, it is first saved.
-     * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $other_model_id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $id_or_obj's primary_key. If $id_or_obj
-     * has no ID, it is first saved.
-     * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships: checks that there isn't already an entry in the join table, and adds one.
-     * If one of the model Objects has not yet been saved to the database, it is saved before adding the entry in the
-     * join table
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj                        EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj            EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
-     * @param string            $relationName                     , key in EEM_Base::_relations
-     *                                                            an attendee to a group, you also want to specify
-     *                                                            which role they will have in that group. So you would
-     *                                                            use this parameter to specify
-     *                                                            array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
-     * @param array|null        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values This allows you to enter further query params for the
-     *                                                            relation to for relation to methods that allow you to
-     *                                                            further specify extra columns to join by (such as
-     *                                                            HABTM).  Keep in mind that the only acceptable
-     *                                                            query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs because
-     *                                                            these will be inserted in any new rows created as
-     *                                                            well.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class which was added as a relation. Object referred to by $other_model_id_or_obj
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function add_relationship_to(
-        $id_or_obj,
-        $other_model_id_or_obj,
-        $relationName,
-        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values = []
-    ) {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->add_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $extra_join_model_fields_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
-     * There are the 3 cases:
-     * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $modelObject's foreign_key to null, if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws an
-     * error
-     * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $otherModelObject's foreign_key to null,if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws
-     * an error
-     * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships:removes any existing entry in the join table between the two models.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj             EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
-     * @param string            $relationName          key in EEM_Base::_relations
-     * @param array|null        $where_query           This allows you to enter further query params for the relation
-     *                                                 to for relation to methods that allow you to further specify
-     *                                                 extra columns to join by (such as HABTM). Keep in mind that the
-     *                                                 only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
-     *                                                 because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = [])
-    {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->remove_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $where_query);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed       $id_or_obj
-     * @param string      $relationName
-     * @param array|null  $where_query_params
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function remove_relations($id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query_params = [])
-    {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->remove_relations($id_or_obj, $where_query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the related items of the specified $model_name, using $query_params.
-     * Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
-     * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
-     *
-     * @param mixed       $id_or_obj    EE_Base_Class child or its ID
-     * @param string      $model_name   like 'Event', 'Registration', etc. always singular
-     * @param array|null  $query_params @see
-     *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, ?array $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->get_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
-     * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params.
-     * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
-     * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name
-     * @param array|null               $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->delete_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Hard deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
-     * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params. If
-     * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
-     * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name
-     * @param array|null               $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_related_permanently($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->delete_related_permanently($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
-     * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name     like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array|null               $query_params   @see
-     *                                                 https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string                   $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @param bool                     $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then
-     *                                                 you can trigger that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function count_related(
-        $id_or_obj,
-        $model_name,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $field_to_count = null,
-        $distinct = false
-    ) {
-        $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
-        // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
-        }
-        $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
-        return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
-     * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array|null               $query_params @see
-     *                                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string                   $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::sum_related',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
-        // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
-        }
-        $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
-        return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses $this->_relatedModels info to find the first related model object of relation $relationName to the given
-     * $modelObject
-     *
-     * @param int | EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj        EE_Base_Class child or its ID
-     * @param string              $other_model_name , key in $this->_relatedModels, eg 'Registration', or 'Events'
-     * @param array|null          $query_params     @see
-     *                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_first_related(EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $results               = $this->get_all_related($id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params);
-        if ($results) {
-            return array_shift($results);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model's name as it's expected in queries. For example, if this is EEM_Event model, that would be Event
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_this_model_name()
-    {
-        return str_replace("EEM_", "", get_class($this));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model field on this model which is of type EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     *
-     * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_containing_related_model_name()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field) {
-                $field_with_model_name = $field;
-            }
-        }
-        if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
-                    $this->get_this_model_name()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $field_with_model_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new entry into the database, for each table.
-     * Note: does not add the item to the entity map because that is done by EE_Base_Class::save() right after this.
-     * If client code uses EEM_Base::insert() directly, then although the item isn't in the entity map,
-     * we also know there is no model object with the newly inserted item's ID at the moment (because
-     * if there were, then they would already be in the DB and this would fail); and in the future if someone
-     * creates a model object with this ID (or grabs it from the DB) then it will be added to the
-     * entity map at that time anyways. SO, no need for EEM_Base::insert ot add to the entity map
-     *
-     * @param array $field_n_values keys are field names, values are their values (in the client code's domain if
-     *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is false, in the model object's domain if
-     *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is true. See comment about this at the top
-     *                              of EEM_Base)
-     * @return int|string new primary key on main table that got inserted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function insert($field_n_values)
-    {
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields and their values before inserting an item using the models
-         *
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values keys are the fields and values are their new values
-         * @param EEM_Base $model           the model used
-         */
-        $field_n_values = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__insert__fields_n_values', $field_n_values, $this);
-        if ($this->_satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values)) {
-            $main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $new_id     = $this->_insert_into_specific_table($main_table, $field_n_values, false);
-            if ($new_id !== false) {
-                foreach ($this->_get_other_tables() as $other_table) {
-                    $this->_insert_into_specific_table($other_table, $field_n_values, $new_id);
-                }
-            }
-            /**
-             * Done just after attempting to insert a new model object
-             *
-             * @param EEM_Base $model           used
-             * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their values
-             * @param int|string the              ID of the newly-inserted model object
-             */
-            do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__insert__end', $this, $field_n_values, $new_id);
-            return $new_id;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks that the result would satisfy the unique indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @param array  $field_n_values
-     * @param string $action
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _satisfies_unique_indexes(array $field_n_values, $action = 'insert')
-    {
-        foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $index_name => $index) {
-            $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($field_n_values, $index->fields());
-            if ($this->exists([$uniqueness_where_params])) {
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "Could not %s %s. %s uniqueness index failed. Fields %s must form a unique set, but an entry already exists with values %s.",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $action,
-                        $this->_get_class_name(),
-                        $index_name,
-                        implode(",", $index->field_names()),
-                        http_build_query($uniqueness_where_params)
-                    ),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks the database for an item that conflicts (ie, if this item were
-     * saved to the DB would break some uniqueness requirement, like a primary key
-     * or an index primary key set) with the item specified. $id_obj_or_fields_array
-     * can be either an EE_Base_Class or an array of fields n values
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|array $obj_or_fields_array
-     * @param boolean             $include_primary_key whether to use the model object's primary key
-     *                                                 when looking for conflicts
-     *                                                 (ie, if false, we ignore the model object's primary key
-     *                                                 when finding "conflicts". If true, it's also considered).
-     *                                                 Only works for INT primary key,
-     *                                                 STRING primary keys cannot be ignored
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_conflicting($obj_or_fields_array, $include_primary_key = true)
-    {
-        if ($obj_or_fields_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array->model_field_array();
-        } elseif (is_array($obj_or_fields_array)) {
-            $fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "%s get_all_conflicting should be called with a model object or an array of field names and values, you provided %d",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name,
-                    $obj_or_fields_array
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $query_params = [];
-        if (
-            $this->has_primary_key_field()
-            && ($include_primary_key
-                || $this->get_primary_key_field()
-                   instanceof
-                   EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
-            && isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
-        ) {
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
-            $uniqueness_where_params                              =
-                array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
-        }
-        // if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
-        if (empty($query_params)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->get_one($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Like count, but is optimized and returns a boolean instead of an int
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function exists($query_params)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        return $this->count($query_params) > 0;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Wrapper for exists, except ignores default query parameters so we're only considering ID
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function exists_by_ID($id)
-    {
-        return $this->exists(
-            [
-                'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
-                [
-                    $this->primary_key_name() => $id,
-                ],
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new row in $table, using the $cols_n_values which apply to that table.
-     * If a $new_id is supplied and if $table is an EE_Other_Table, we assume
-     * we need to add a foreign key column to point to $new_id (which should be the primary key's value
-     * on the main table)
-     * This is protected rather than private because private is not accessible to any child methods and there MAY be
-     * cases where we want to call it directly rather than via insert().
-     *
-     * @access   protected
-     * @param EE_Table_Base $table
-     * @param array         $fields_n_values each key should be in field's keys, and value should be an int, string or
-     *                                       float
-     * @param int           $new_id          for now we assume only int keys
-     * @return int ID of new row inserted, or FALSE on failure
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global WPDB         $wpdb            only used to get the $wpdb->insert_id after performing an insert
-     */
-    protected function _insert_into_specific_table(EE_Table_Base $table, $fields_n_values, $new_id = 0)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        $insertion_col_n_values = [];
-        $format_for_insertion   = [];
-        $fields_on_table        = $this->_get_fields_for_table($table->get_table_alias());
-        foreach ($fields_on_table as $field_obj) {
-            // check if its an auto-incrementing column, in which case we should just leave it to do its autoincrement thing
-            if ($field_obj->is_auto_increment()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
-            // if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
-            if ($prepared_value !== null) {
-                $insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
-                $format_for_insertion[]                                   = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-            }
-        }
-        if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
-            // its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
-            // so add the fk to the main table as a column
-            $insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
-            $format_for_insertion[]                              =
-                '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
-        }
-
-        // insert the new entry
-        $result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
-            'insert',
-            [$table->get_table_name(), $insertion_col_n_values, $format_for_insertion]
-        );
-        if ($result === false) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // ok, now what do we return for the ID of the newly-inserted thing?
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if ($this->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-                return $wpdb->insert_id;
-            }
-            // it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
-            // it must have been supplied
-            return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
-        }
-        // we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
-        // a unique string indicating this model
-        return $this->get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Prepare the $field_obj 's value in $fields_n_values for use in the database.
-     * If the field doesn't allow NULL, try to use its default. (If it doesn't allow NULL,
-     * and there is no default, we pass it along. WPDB will take care of it)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
-     * @param array               $fields_n_values
-     * @return mixed string|int|float depending on what the table column will be expecting
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
-    {
-        $field_name = $field_obj->get_name();
-        // if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
-        if (! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_name ])) {
-            $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-        }
-        $unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] ?? null;
-        return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Consolidates code for preparing  a value supplied to the model for use int eh db. Calls the field's
-     * prepare_for_use_in_db method on the value, and depending on $value_already_prepare_by_model_obj, may also call
-     * the field's prepare_for_set() method.
-     *
-     * @param mixed               $value value in the client code domain if $value_already_prepared_by_model_object is
-     *                                   false, otherwise a value in the model object's domain (see lengthy comment at
-     *                                   top of file)
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field field which will be doing the preparing of the value. If null, we assume
-     *                                   $value is a custom selection
-     * @return mixed a value ready for use in the database for insertions, updating, or in a where clause
-     */
-    private function _prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field)
-    {
-        if ($field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            // phpcs:disable PSR2.ControlStructures.SwitchDeclaration.TerminatingComment
-            switch ($this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
-                /** @noinspection PhpMissingBreakStatementInspection */
-                case self::not_prepared_by_model_object:
-                    $value = $field->prepare_for_set($value);
-                // purposefully left out "return"
-                // no break
-                case self::prepared_by_model_object:
-                    /** @noinspection SuspiciousAssignmentsInspection */
-                    $value = $field->prepare_for_use_in_db($value);
-                // no break
-                case self::prepared_for_use_in_db:
-                    // leave the value alone
-            }
-            // phpcs:enable
-        }
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the main table on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Primary_Table
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_main_table()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table) {
-            if ($table instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
-                return $table;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'There are no main tables on %s. They should be added to _tables array in the constructor',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $this->class_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * table
-     * returns EE_Primary_Table table name
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function table()
-    {
-        return $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * table
-     * returns first EE_Secondary_Table table name
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function second_table()
-    {
-        // grab second table from tables array
-        $second_table = end($this->_tables);
-        return $second_table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table
-            ? $second_table->get_table_name()
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_table_obj_by_alias
-     * returns table name given it's alias
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias
-     * @return EE_Primary_Table | EE_Secondary_Table
-     */
-    public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] ?? null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the tables of type EE_Other_Table from EEM_CPT_Basel_Model::_tables
-     *
-     * @return EE_Secondary_Table[]
-     */
-    protected function _get_other_tables()
-    {
-        $other_tables = [];
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
-            if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
-            }
-        }
-        return $other_tables;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all the fields that correspond to the given table
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias , array key in EEM_Base::_tables
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
-    {
-        return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Recurses through all the where parameters, and finds all the related models we'll need
-     * to complete this query. Eg, given where parameters like array('EVT_ID'=>3) from within Event model, we won't
-     * need any related models. But if the array were array('Registrations.REG_ID'=>3), we'd need the related
-     * Registration model. If it were array('Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_ID'=>3), then we'd need the
-     * related Registration, Transaction, and Payment models.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _extract_related_models_from_query($query_params)
-    {
-        $query_info_carrier = new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier();
-        if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys($query_params[0], $query_info_carrier, 0);
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-                    $query_params['group_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'group_by'
-                );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['group_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'group_by'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                $query_params[0],
-                $query_info_carrier,
-                'having'
-            );
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('force_join', $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-                $query_params['force_join'],
-                $query_info_carrier,
-                'force_join'
-            );
-        }
-        $this->extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects($query_info_carrier);
-        return $query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For extracting related models from WHERE (0), HAVING (having), ORDER BY (order_by) or forced joins (force_join)
-     *
-     * @param array                       $sub_query_params
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#-0-where-conditions
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-        $sub_query_params,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
-        $query_param_type
-    ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            $sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
-            foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
-                // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $param,
-                    $model_query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_param_type
-                );
-                // if $possibly_array_of_params is an array, try recursing into it, searching for keys which
-                // indicate needed joins. Eg, array('NOT'=>array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)). In this case, we tried
-                // extracting models out of the 'NOT', which obviously wasn't successful, and then we recurse into the value
-                // of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
-                $query_param_sans_stars =
-                    $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
-                if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                    if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    "You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
-                                    "event_espresso"
-                                ),
-                                $param,
-                                $possibly_array_of_params
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                        $possibly_array_of_params,
-                        $model_query_info_carrier,
-                        $query_param_type
-                    );
-                } elseif (
-                    $query_param_type === 0 // ie WHERE
-                    && is_array($possibly_array_of_params) // need is_array() check so we don't try to explode a string
-                    && isset($possibly_array_of_params[2])
-                    && $possibly_array_of_params[2]
-                ) {
-                    // then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
-                    // indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
-                    // from which we should extract query parameters!
-                    if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    "Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
-                                    "event_espresso"
-                                ),
-                                $query_param_type,
-                                implode(",", $possibly_array_of_params)
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                        $possibly_array_of_params[1],
-                        $model_query_info_carrier,
-                        $query_param_type
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $model_query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For extracting related models from forced_joins, where the array values contain the info about what
-     * models to join with. Eg an array like array('Attendee','Price.Price_Type');
-     *
-     * @param array                       $sub_query_params @see
-     *                                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-        $sub_query_params,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
-        $query_param_type
-    ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
-                        $sub_query_params
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            foreach ($sub_query_params as $param) {
-                // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $param,
-                    $model_query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_param_type
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $model_query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extract all the query parts from  model query params
-     * and put into a EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier for easy extraction into a query. We create this object
-     * instead of directly constructing the SQL because often we need to extract info from the $query_params
-     * but use them in a different order. Eg, we need to know what models we are querying
-     * before we know what joins to perform. However, we need to know what data types correspond to which fields on
-     * other models before we can finalize the where clause SQL.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ModelConfigurationException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        '$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        $query_params[0] = $query_params[0] ?? [];
-        // first check if we should alter the query to account for caps or not
-        // because the caps might require us to do extra joins
-        if (isset($query_params['caps']) && $query_params['caps'] !== 'none') {
-            $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive(
-                $query_params[0],
-                $this->caps_where_conditions($query_params['caps'])
-            );
-        }
-
-        // check if we should alter the query to remove data related to protected
-        // custom post types
-        if (isset($query_params['exclude_protected']) && $query_params['exclude_protected'] === true) {
-            $where_param_key_for_password = $this->modelChainAndPassword();
-            // only include if related to a cpt where no password has been set
-            $query_params[0]['OR*nopassword'] = [
-                $where_param_key_for_password       => '',
-                $where_param_key_for_password . '*' => ['IS_NULL'],
-            ];
-        }
-        $query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
-        // verify where_query_params has NO numeric indexes.... that's simply not how you use it!
-        foreach ($query_params[0] as $key => $value) {
-            if (is_int($key)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "WHERE query params must NOT be numerically-indexed. You provided the array key '%s' for value '%s' while querying model %s. All the query params provided were '%s' Please read documentation on EEM_Base::get_all.",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $key,
-                        var_export($value, true),
-                        var_export($query_params, true),
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (
-            array_key_exists('default_where_conditions', $query_params)
-            && ! empty($query_params['default_where_conditions'])
-        ) {
-            $use_default_where_conditions = $query_params['default_where_conditions'];
-        } else {
-            $use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
-        }
-        $query_params[0] = array_merge(
-            $this->_get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
-                $query_object,
-                $use_default_where_conditions,
-                $query_params[0]
-            ),
-            $query_params[0]
-        );
-        $query_object->set_where_sql($this->_construct_where_clause($query_params[0]));
-        // if this is a "on_join_limit" then we are limiting on on a specific table in a multi_table join.
-        // So we need to setup a subquery and use that for the main join.
-        // Note for now this only works on the primary table for the model.
-        // So for instance, you could set the limit array like this:
-        // array( 'on_join_limit' => array('Primary_Table_Alias', array(1,10) ) )
-        if (array_key_exists('on_join_limit', $query_params) && ! empty($query_params['on_join_limit'])) {
-            $query_object->set_main_model_join_sql(
-                $this->_construct_limit_join_select(
-                    $query_params['on_join_limit'][0],
-                    $query_params['on_join_limit'][1]
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // set limit
-        if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
-                if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
-                    $e = sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
-                    );
-                    throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
-                }
-                // they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
-            }
-        }
-        // set order by
-        if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                // if they're using 'order_by' as an array, they can't use 'order' (because 'order_by' must
-                // specify whether to ascend or descend on each field. Eg 'order_by'=>array('EVT_ID'=>'ASC'). So
-                // including 'order' wouldn't make any sense if 'order_by' has already specified which way to order!
-                if (array_key_exists('order', $query_params)) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "In querying %s, we are using query parameter 'order_by' as an array (keys:%s,values:%s), and so we can't use query parameter 'order' (value %s). You should just use the 'order_by' parameter ",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            $this->class_name,
-                            implode(", ", array_keys($query_params['order_by'])),
-                            implode(", ", $query_params['order_by']),
-                            $query_params['order']
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_object,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-                // assume it's an array of fields to order by
-                $order_array = [];
-                foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
-                    $order         = $this->_extract_order($order);
-                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
-                }
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_object,
-                    'order',
-                    $query_params['order_by']
-                );
-                $order = isset($query_params['order'])
-                    ? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
-                    : 'DESC';
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(
-                    " ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
-        if (
-            ! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
-            && array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
-            && ! empty($query_params['order'])
-        ) {
-            $pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            $order    = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
-            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
-        }
-        // set group by
-        if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                // it's an array, so assume we'll be grouping by a bunch of stuff
-                $group_by_array = [];
-                foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
-                    $group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
-                }
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(
-                    " GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // set having
-        if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params) && $query_params['having']) {
-            $query_object->set_having_sql($this->_construct_having_clause($query_params['having']));
-        }
-        // now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
-        foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
-            if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "You passed %s as a query parameter to %s, which is illegal! The allowed query parameters are %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $query_key,
-                        $this->class_name,
-                        //                      print_r( $this->_allowed_query_params, TRUE )
-                        implode(',', $this->_allowed_query_params)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $main_model_join_sql = $query_object->get_main_model_join_sql();
-        if (empty($main_model_join_sql)) {
-            $query_object->set_main_model_join_sql($this->_construct_internal_join());
-        }
-        return $query_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the where conditions that should be imposed on the query based on the
-     * context (eg reading frontend, backend, edit or delete).
-     *
-     * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
-     * @return array @see
-     *                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function caps_where_conditions($context = self::caps_read)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
-        $cap_where_conditions = [];
-        $cap_restrictions     = $this->caps_missing($context);
-        foreach ($cap_restrictions as $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            $cap_where_conditions = array_replace_recursive(
-                $cap_where_conditions,
-                $restriction_if_no_cap->get_default_where_conditions()
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__caps_where_conditions__return',
-            $cap_where_conditions,
-            $this,
-            $context,
-            $cap_restrictions
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies that $should_be_order_string is in $this->_allowed_order_values,
-     * otherwise throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $should_be_order_string
-     * @return string either ASC, asc, DESC or desc
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_order($should_be_order_string)
-    {
-        if (in_array($should_be_order_string, $this->_allowed_order_values)) {
-            return $should_be_order_string;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "While performing a query on '%s', tried to use '%s' as an order parameter. ",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $this->class_name,
-                $should_be_order_string
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Looks at all the models which are included in this query, and asks each
-     * for their universal_where_params, and returns them in the same format as $query_params[0] (where),
-     * so they can be merged
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $use_default_where_conditions can be 'none','other_models_only', or 'all'.
-     *                                                                  'none' means NO default where conditions will
-     *                                                                  be used AT ALL during this query.
-     *                                                                  'other_models_only' means default where
-     *                                                                  conditions from other models will be used, but
-     *                                                                  not for this primary model. 'all', the default,
-     *                                                                  means default where conditions will apply as
-     *                                                                  normal
-     * @param array                       $where_query_params
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params
-     *                                                                  .md#0-where-conditions
-     */
-    private function _get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
-        $use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-        $where_query_params = []
-    ) {
-        $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
-        if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $use_default_where_conditions,
-                    implode(", ", $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $universal_query_params = [];
-        if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
-            $universal_query_params = $this->_get_default_where_conditions();
-        } elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
-            $universal_query_params = $this->_get_minimum_where_conditions();
-        }
-        foreach ($query_info_carrier->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_path => $model_name) {
-            $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-            if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
-                $related_model_universal_where_params =
-                    $related_model->_get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-            } elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
-                $related_model_universal_where_params =
-                    $related_model->_get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-            } else {
-                // we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
-                continue;
-            }
-            $overrides              = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
-                $related_model_universal_where_params,
-                $where_query_params,
-                $related_model,
-                $model_relation_path
-            );
-            $universal_query_params = EEH_Array::merge_arrays_and_overwrite_keys(
-                $universal_query_params,
-                $overrides
-            );
-        }
-        return $universal_query_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether we should use default where conditions for the model in question
-     * (this model, or other related models).
-     * Basically, we should use default where conditions on this model if they have requested to use them on all models,
-     * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
-     * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
-     * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
-     *
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
-     * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function _should_use_default_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
-    {
-        return (
-                   $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       [
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
-                       ],
-                       true
-                   )
-               )
-               || (
-                   ! $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       [
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
-                       ],
-                       true
-                   )
-               );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether we should use default minimum conditions for the model in question
-     * (this model, or other related models).
-     * Basically, we should use minimum where conditions on this model only if they requested all models to use minimum
-     * where conditions.
-     * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
-     * on this model or others
-     *
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
-     * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function _should_use_minimum_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
-    {
-        return (
-                   $for_this_model
-                   && $default_where_conditions_value === EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL
-               )
-               || (
-                   ! $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       [
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
-                       ],
-                       true
-                   )
-               );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if any of the defaults have been overridden. If there are any that AREN'T overridden,
-     * then we also add a special where condition which allows for that model's primary key
-     * to be null (which is important for JOINs. Eg, if you want to see all Events ordered by Venue's name,
-     * then Event's with NO Venue won't appear unless you allow VNU_ID to be NULL)
-     *
-     * @param array    $default_where_conditions
-     * @param array    $provided_where_conditions
-     * @param EEM_Base $model
-     * @param string   $model_relation_path like 'Transaction.Payment.'
-     * @return array @see
-     *                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
-        $default_where_conditions,
-        $provided_where_conditions,
-        $model,
-        $model_relation_path
-    ) {
-        $null_friendly_where_conditions = [];
-        $none_overridden                = true;
-        $or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
-        foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
-            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
-                $none_overridden = false;
-            } else {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
-            }
-        }
-        if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
-            if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
-                                                                                   . "."
-                                                                                   . $model->primary_key_name() ] =
-                    ['IS NULL'];
-            }/*else{
+			$this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
+	 * There are the 3 cases:
+	 * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $other_model_id_or_obj's primary_key. If
+	 * $otherModelObject has no ID, it is first saved.
+	 * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $other_model_id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $id_or_obj's primary_key. If $id_or_obj
+	 * has no ID, it is first saved.
+	 * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships: checks that there isn't already an entry in the join table, and adds one.
+	 * If one of the model Objects has not yet been saved to the database, it is saved before adding the entry in the
+	 * join table
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj                        EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj            EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
+	 * @param string            $relationName                     , key in EEM_Base::_relations
+	 *                                                            an attendee to a group, you also want to specify
+	 *                                                            which role they will have in that group. So you would
+	 *                                                            use this parameter to specify
+	 *                                                            array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
+	 * @param array|null        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values This allows you to enter further query params for the
+	 *                                                            relation to for relation to methods that allow you to
+	 *                                                            further specify extra columns to join by (such as
+	 *                                                            HABTM).  Keep in mind that the only acceptable
+	 *                                                            query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs because
+	 *                                                            these will be inserted in any new rows created as
+	 *                                                            well.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class which was added as a relation. Object referred to by $other_model_id_or_obj
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function add_relationship_to(
+		$id_or_obj,
+		$other_model_id_or_obj,
+		$relationName,
+		$extra_join_model_fields_n_values = []
+	) {
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->add_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $extra_join_model_fields_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
+	 * There are the 3 cases:
+	 * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $modelObject's foreign_key to null, if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws an
+	 * error
+	 * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $otherModelObject's foreign_key to null,if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws
+	 * an error
+	 * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships:removes any existing entry in the join table between the two models.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj             EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
+	 * @param string            $relationName          key in EEM_Base::_relations
+	 * @param array|null        $where_query           This allows you to enter further query params for the relation
+	 *                                                 to for relation to methods that allow you to further specify
+	 *                                                 extra columns to join by (such as HABTM). Keep in mind that the
+	 *                                                 only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
+	 *                                                 because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = [])
+	{
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->remove_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $where_query);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed       $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string      $relationName
+	 * @param array|null  $where_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function remove_relations($id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query_params = [])
+	{
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->remove_relations($id_or_obj, $where_query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the related items of the specified $model_name, using $query_params.
+	 * Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
+	 * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed       $id_or_obj    EE_Base_Class child or its ID
+	 * @param string      $model_name   like 'Event', 'Registration', etc. always singular
+	 * @param array|null  $query_params @see
+	 *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, ?array $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->get_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
+	 * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params.
+	 * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
+	 * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->delete_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Hard deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
+	 * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params. If
+	 * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
+	 * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_related_permanently($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->delete_related_permanently($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
+	 * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name     like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params   @see
+	 *                                                 https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string                   $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @param bool                     $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then
+	 *                                                 you can trigger that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function count_related(
+		$id_or_obj,
+		$model_name,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$field_to_count = null,
+		$distinct = false
+	) {
+		$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+		// we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
+		// except add a condition to say to match the current mod
+		if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
+		}
+		$this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+		$query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+		return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
+	 * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params @see
+	 *                                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string                   $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::sum_related',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		// we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
+		// except add a condition to say to match the current mod
+		if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
+		}
+		$this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+		$query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+		return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses $this->_relatedModels info to find the first related model object of relation $relationName to the given
+	 * $modelObject
+	 *
+	 * @param int | EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj        EE_Base_Class child or its ID
+	 * @param string              $other_model_name , key in $this->_relatedModels, eg 'Registration', or 'Events'
+	 * @param array|null          $query_params     @see
+	 *                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_first_related(EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$results               = $this->get_all_related($id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params);
+		if ($results) {
+			return array_shift($results);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model's name as it's expected in queries. For example, if this is EEM_Event model, that would be Event
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_this_model_name()
+	{
+		return str_replace("EEM_", "", get_class($this));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model field on this model which is of type EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_containing_related_model_name()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field) {
+				$field_with_model_name = $field;
+			}
+		}
+		if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
+					$this->get_this_model_name()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $field_with_model_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Inserts a new entry into the database, for each table.
+	 * Note: does not add the item to the entity map because that is done by EE_Base_Class::save() right after this.
+	 * If client code uses EEM_Base::insert() directly, then although the item isn't in the entity map,
+	 * we also know there is no model object with the newly inserted item's ID at the moment (because
+	 * if there were, then they would already be in the DB and this would fail); and in the future if someone
+	 * creates a model object with this ID (or grabs it from the DB) then it will be added to the
+	 * entity map at that time anyways. SO, no need for EEM_Base::insert ot add to the entity map
+	 *
+	 * @param array $field_n_values keys are field names, values are their values (in the client code's domain if
+	 *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is false, in the model object's domain if
+	 *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is true. See comment about this at the top
+	 *                              of EEM_Base)
+	 * @return int|string new primary key on main table that got inserted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function insert($field_n_values)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields and their values before inserting an item using the models
+		 *
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values keys are the fields and values are their new values
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model           the model used
+		 */
+		$field_n_values = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__insert__fields_n_values', $field_n_values, $this);
+		if ($this->_satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values)) {
+			$main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$new_id     = $this->_insert_into_specific_table($main_table, $field_n_values, false);
+			if ($new_id !== false) {
+				foreach ($this->_get_other_tables() as $other_table) {
+					$this->_insert_into_specific_table($other_table, $field_n_values, $new_id);
+				}
+			}
+			/**
+			 * Done just after attempting to insert a new model object
+			 *
+			 * @param EEM_Base $model           used
+			 * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their values
+			 * @param int|string the              ID of the newly-inserted model object
+			 */
+			do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__insert__end', $this, $field_n_values, $new_id);
+			return $new_id;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks that the result would satisfy the unique indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $field_n_values
+	 * @param string $action
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _satisfies_unique_indexes(array $field_n_values, $action = 'insert')
+	{
+		foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $index_name => $index) {
+			$uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($field_n_values, $index->fields());
+			if ($this->exists([$uniqueness_where_params])) {
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"Could not %s %s. %s uniqueness index failed. Fields %s must form a unique set, but an entry already exists with values %s.",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$action,
+						$this->_get_class_name(),
+						$index_name,
+						implode(",", $index->field_names()),
+						http_build_query($uniqueness_where_params)
+					),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks the database for an item that conflicts (ie, if this item were
+	 * saved to the DB would break some uniqueness requirement, like a primary key
+	 * or an index primary key set) with the item specified. $id_obj_or_fields_array
+	 * can be either an EE_Base_Class or an array of fields n values
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|array $obj_or_fields_array
+	 * @param boolean             $include_primary_key whether to use the model object's primary key
+	 *                                                 when looking for conflicts
+	 *                                                 (ie, if false, we ignore the model object's primary key
+	 *                                                 when finding "conflicts". If true, it's also considered).
+	 *                                                 Only works for INT primary key,
+	 *                                                 STRING primary keys cannot be ignored
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_conflicting($obj_or_fields_array, $include_primary_key = true)
+	{
+		if ($obj_or_fields_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array->model_field_array();
+		} elseif (is_array($obj_or_fields_array)) {
+			$fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"%s get_all_conflicting should be called with a model object or an array of field names and values, you provided %d",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$this->class_name,
+					$obj_or_fields_array
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$query_params = [];
+		if (
+			$this->has_primary_key_field()
+			&& ($include_primary_key
+				|| $this->get_primary_key_field()
+				   instanceof
+				   EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
+			&& isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
+		) {
+			$query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
+			$uniqueness_where_params                              =
+				array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
+			$query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
+		}
+		// if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
+		if (empty($query_params)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->get_one($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Like count, but is optimized and returns a boolean instead of an int
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function exists($query_params)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		return $this->count($query_params) > 0;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Wrapper for exists, except ignores default query parameters so we're only considering ID
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function exists_by_ID($id)
+	{
+		return $this->exists(
+			[
+				'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
+				[
+					$this->primary_key_name() => $id,
+				],
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Inserts a new row in $table, using the $cols_n_values which apply to that table.
+	 * If a $new_id is supplied and if $table is an EE_Other_Table, we assume
+	 * we need to add a foreign key column to point to $new_id (which should be the primary key's value
+	 * on the main table)
+	 * This is protected rather than private because private is not accessible to any child methods and there MAY be
+	 * cases where we want to call it directly rather than via insert().
+	 *
+	 * @access   protected
+	 * @param EE_Table_Base $table
+	 * @param array         $fields_n_values each key should be in field's keys, and value should be an int, string or
+	 *                                       float
+	 * @param int           $new_id          for now we assume only int keys
+	 * @return int ID of new row inserted, or FALSE on failure
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global WPDB         $wpdb            only used to get the $wpdb->insert_id after performing an insert
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_into_specific_table(EE_Table_Base $table, $fields_n_values, $new_id = 0)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		$insertion_col_n_values = [];
+		$format_for_insertion   = [];
+		$fields_on_table        = $this->_get_fields_for_table($table->get_table_alias());
+		foreach ($fields_on_table as $field_obj) {
+			// check if its an auto-incrementing column, in which case we should just leave it to do its autoincrement thing
+			if ($field_obj->is_auto_increment()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			$prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
+			// if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
+			if ($prepared_value !== null) {
+				$insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
+				$format_for_insertion[]                                   = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+			}
+		}
+		if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
+			// its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
+			// so add the fk to the main table as a column
+			$insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
+			$format_for_insertion[]                              =
+				'%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
+		}
+
+		// insert the new entry
+		$result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
+			'insert',
+			[$table->get_table_name(), $insertion_col_n_values, $format_for_insertion]
+		);
+		if ($result === false) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// ok, now what do we return for the ID of the newly-inserted thing?
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if ($this->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+				return $wpdb->insert_id;
+			}
+			// it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
+			// it must have been supplied
+			return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
+		}
+		// we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
+		// a unique string indicating this model
+		return $this->get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepare the $field_obj 's value in $fields_n_values for use in the database.
+	 * If the field doesn't allow NULL, try to use its default. (If it doesn't allow NULL,
+	 * and there is no default, we pass it along. WPDB will take care of it)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
+	 * @param array               $fields_n_values
+	 * @return mixed string|int|float depending on what the table column will be expecting
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
+	{
+		$field_name = $field_obj->get_name();
+		// if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
+		if (! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_name ])) {
+			$fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+		}
+		$unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] ?? null;
+		return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Consolidates code for preparing  a value supplied to the model for use int eh db. Calls the field's
+	 * prepare_for_use_in_db method on the value, and depending on $value_already_prepare_by_model_obj, may also call
+	 * the field's prepare_for_set() method.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed               $value value in the client code domain if $value_already_prepared_by_model_object is
+	 *                                   false, otherwise a value in the model object's domain (see lengthy comment at
+	 *                                   top of file)
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field field which will be doing the preparing of the value. If null, we assume
+	 *                                   $value is a custom selection
+	 * @return mixed a value ready for use in the database for insertions, updating, or in a where clause
+	 */
+	private function _prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field)
+	{
+		if ($field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			// phpcs:disable PSR2.ControlStructures.SwitchDeclaration.TerminatingComment
+			switch ($this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
+				/** @noinspection PhpMissingBreakStatementInspection */
+				case self::not_prepared_by_model_object:
+					$value = $field->prepare_for_set($value);
+				// purposefully left out "return"
+				// no break
+				case self::prepared_by_model_object:
+					/** @noinspection SuspiciousAssignmentsInspection */
+					$value = $field->prepare_for_use_in_db($value);
+				// no break
+				case self::prepared_for_use_in_db:
+					// leave the value alone
+			}
+			// phpcs:enable
+		}
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the main table on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Table
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_main_table()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table) {
+			if ($table instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
+				return $table;
+			}
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'There are no main tables on %s. They should be added to _tables array in the constructor',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$this->class_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * table
+	 * returns EE_Primary_Table table name
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function table()
+	{
+		return $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * table
+	 * returns first EE_Secondary_Table table name
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function second_table()
+	{
+		// grab second table from tables array
+		$second_table = end($this->_tables);
+		return $second_table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table
+			? $second_table->get_table_name()
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_table_obj_by_alias
+	 * returns table name given it's alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Table | EE_Secondary_Table
+	 */
+	public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] ?? null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the tables of type EE_Other_Table from EEM_CPT_Basel_Model::_tables
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Secondary_Table[]
+	 */
+	protected function _get_other_tables()
+	{
+		$other_tables = [];
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
+			if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
+			}
+		}
+		return $other_tables;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all the fields that correspond to the given table
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias , array key in EEM_Base::_tables
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
+	{
+		return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Recurses through all the where parameters, and finds all the related models we'll need
+	 * to complete this query. Eg, given where parameters like array('EVT_ID'=>3) from within Event model, we won't
+	 * need any related models. But if the array were array('Registrations.REG_ID'=>3), we'd need the related
+	 * Registration model. If it were array('Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_ID'=>3), then we'd need the
+	 * related Registration, Transaction, and Payment models.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _extract_related_models_from_query($query_params)
+	{
+		$query_info_carrier = new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier();
+		if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys($query_params[0], $query_info_carrier, 0);
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+					$query_params['group_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'group_by'
+				);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['group_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'group_by'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+				$query_params[0],
+				$query_info_carrier,
+				'having'
+			);
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('force_join', $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+				$query_params['force_join'],
+				$query_info_carrier,
+				'force_join'
+			);
+		}
+		$this->extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects($query_info_carrier);
+		return $query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For extracting related models from WHERE (0), HAVING (having), ORDER BY (order_by) or forced joins (force_join)
+	 *
+	 * @param array                       $sub_query_params
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#-0-where-conditions
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+		$sub_query_params,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
+		$query_param_type
+	) {
+		if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+			$sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
+			foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
+				// $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$param,
+					$model_query_info_carrier,
+					$query_param_type
+				);
+				// if $possibly_array_of_params is an array, try recursing into it, searching for keys which
+				// indicate needed joins. Eg, array('NOT'=>array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)). In this case, we tried
+				// extracting models out of the 'NOT', which obviously wasn't successful, and then we recurse into the value
+				// of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
+				$query_param_sans_stars =
+					$this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
+				if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+					if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									"You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
+									"event_espresso"
+								),
+								$param,
+								$possibly_array_of_params
+							)
+						);
+					}
+					$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+						$possibly_array_of_params,
+						$model_query_info_carrier,
+						$query_param_type
+					);
+				} elseif (
+					$query_param_type === 0 // ie WHERE
+					&& is_array($possibly_array_of_params) // need is_array() check so we don't try to explode a string
+					&& isset($possibly_array_of_params[2])
+					&& $possibly_array_of_params[2]
+				) {
+					// then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
+					// indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
+					// from which we should extract query parameters!
+					if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									"Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
+									"event_espresso"
+								),
+								$query_param_type,
+								implode(",", $possibly_array_of_params)
+							)
+						);
+					}
+					$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+						$possibly_array_of_params[1],
+						$model_query_info_carrier,
+						$query_param_type
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $model_query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For extracting related models from forced_joins, where the array values contain the info about what
+	 * models to join with. Eg an array like array('Attendee','Price.Price_Type');
+	 *
+	 * @param array                       $sub_query_params @see
+	 *                                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+		$sub_query_params,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
+		$query_param_type
+	) {
+		if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+			if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
+						$sub_query_params
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			foreach ($sub_query_params as $param) {
+				// $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$param,
+					$model_query_info_carrier,
+					$query_param_type
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $model_query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extract all the query parts from  model query params
+	 * and put into a EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier for easy extraction into a query. We create this object
+	 * instead of directly constructing the SQL because often we need to extract info from the $query_params
+	 * but use them in a different order. Eg, we need to know what models we are querying
+	 * before we know what joins to perform. However, we need to know what data types correspond to which fields on
+	 * other models before we can finalize the where clause SQL.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ModelConfigurationException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		$query_params[0] = $query_params[0] ?? [];
+		// first check if we should alter the query to account for caps or not
+		// because the caps might require us to do extra joins
+		if (isset($query_params['caps']) && $query_params['caps'] !== 'none') {
+			$query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive(
+				$query_params[0],
+				$this->caps_where_conditions($query_params['caps'])
+			);
+		}
+
+		// check if we should alter the query to remove data related to protected
+		// custom post types
+		if (isset($query_params['exclude_protected']) && $query_params['exclude_protected'] === true) {
+			$where_param_key_for_password = $this->modelChainAndPassword();
+			// only include if related to a cpt where no password has been set
+			$query_params[0]['OR*nopassword'] = [
+				$where_param_key_for_password       => '',
+				$where_param_key_for_password . '*' => ['IS_NULL'],
+			];
+		}
+		$query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
+		// verify where_query_params has NO numeric indexes.... that's simply not how you use it!
+		foreach ($query_params[0] as $key => $value) {
+			if (is_int($key)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"WHERE query params must NOT be numerically-indexed. You provided the array key '%s' for value '%s' while querying model %s. All the query params provided were '%s' Please read documentation on EEM_Base::get_all.",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$key,
+						var_export($value, true),
+						var_export($query_params, true),
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (
+			array_key_exists('default_where_conditions', $query_params)
+			&& ! empty($query_params['default_where_conditions'])
+		) {
+			$use_default_where_conditions = $query_params['default_where_conditions'];
+		} else {
+			$use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
+		}
+		$query_params[0] = array_merge(
+			$this->_get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
+				$query_object,
+				$use_default_where_conditions,
+				$query_params[0]
+			),
+			$query_params[0]
+		);
+		$query_object->set_where_sql($this->_construct_where_clause($query_params[0]));
+		// if this is a "on_join_limit" then we are limiting on on a specific table in a multi_table join.
+		// So we need to setup a subquery and use that for the main join.
+		// Note for now this only works on the primary table for the model.
+		// So for instance, you could set the limit array like this:
+		// array( 'on_join_limit' => array('Primary_Table_Alias', array(1,10) ) )
+		if (array_key_exists('on_join_limit', $query_params) && ! empty($query_params['on_join_limit'])) {
+			$query_object->set_main_model_join_sql(
+				$this->_construct_limit_join_select(
+					$query_params['on_join_limit'][0],
+					$query_params['on_join_limit'][1]
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// set limit
+		if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
+				if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
+					$e = sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
+					);
+					throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
+				}
+				// they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
+				$query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
+				$query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
+			}
+		}
+		// set order by
+		if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				// if they're using 'order_by' as an array, they can't use 'order' (because 'order_by' must
+				// specify whether to ascend or descend on each field. Eg 'order_by'=>array('EVT_ID'=>'ASC'). So
+				// including 'order' wouldn't make any sense if 'order_by' has already specified which way to order!
+				if (array_key_exists('order', $query_params)) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"In querying %s, we are using query parameter 'order_by' as an array (keys:%s,values:%s), and so we can't use query parameter 'order' (value %s). You should just use the 'order_by' parameter ",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							$this->class_name,
+							implode(", ", array_keys($query_params['order_by'])),
+							implode(", ", $query_params['order_by']),
+							$query_params['order']
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_object,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+				// assume it's an array of fields to order by
+				$order_array = [];
+				foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
+					$order         = $this->_extract_order($order);
+					$order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
+				}
+				$query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_object,
+					'order',
+					$query_params['order_by']
+				);
+				$order = isset($query_params['order'])
+					? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
+					: 'DESC';
+				$query_object->set_order_by_sql(
+					" ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
+		if (
+			! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
+			&& array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
+			&& ! empty($query_params['order'])
+		) {
+			$pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			$order    = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
+			$query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
+		}
+		// set group by
+		if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				// it's an array, so assume we'll be grouping by a bunch of stuff
+				$group_by_array = [];
+				foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
+					$group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
+				}
+				$query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$query_object->set_group_by_sql(
+					" GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// set having
+		if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params) && $query_params['having']) {
+			$query_object->set_having_sql($this->_construct_having_clause($query_params['having']));
+		}
+		// now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
+		foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
+			if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"You passed %s as a query parameter to %s, which is illegal! The allowed query parameters are %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$query_key,
+						$this->class_name,
+						//                      print_r( $this->_allowed_query_params, TRUE )
+						implode(',', $this->_allowed_query_params)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$main_model_join_sql = $query_object->get_main_model_join_sql();
+		if (empty($main_model_join_sql)) {
+			$query_object->set_main_model_join_sql($this->_construct_internal_join());
+		}
+		return $query_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the where conditions that should be imposed on the query based on the
+	 * context (eg reading frontend, backend, edit or delete).
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function caps_where_conditions($context = self::caps_read)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
+		$cap_where_conditions = [];
+		$cap_restrictions     = $this->caps_missing($context);
+		foreach ($cap_restrictions as $restriction_if_no_cap) {
+			$cap_where_conditions = array_replace_recursive(
+				$cap_where_conditions,
+				$restriction_if_no_cap->get_default_where_conditions()
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__caps_where_conditions__return',
+			$cap_where_conditions,
+			$this,
+			$context,
+			$cap_restrictions
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies that $should_be_order_string is in $this->_allowed_order_values,
+	 * otherwise throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $should_be_order_string
+	 * @return string either ASC, asc, DESC or desc
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_order($should_be_order_string)
+	{
+		if (in_array($should_be_order_string, $this->_allowed_order_values)) {
+			return $should_be_order_string;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"While performing a query on '%s', tried to use '%s' as an order parameter. ",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$this->class_name,
+				$should_be_order_string
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Looks at all the models which are included in this query, and asks each
+	 * for their universal_where_params, and returns them in the same format as $query_params[0] (where),
+	 * so they can be merged
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $use_default_where_conditions can be 'none','other_models_only', or 'all'.
+	 *                                                                  'none' means NO default where conditions will
+	 *                                                                  be used AT ALL during this query.
+	 *                                                                  'other_models_only' means default where
+	 *                                                                  conditions from other models will be used, but
+	 *                                                                  not for this primary model. 'all', the default,
+	 *                                                                  means default where conditions will apply as
+	 *                                                                  normal
+	 * @param array                       $where_query_params
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params
+	 *                                                                  .md#0-where-conditions
+	 */
+	private function _get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
+		$use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+		$where_query_params = []
+	) {
+		$allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
+		if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$use_default_where_conditions,
+					implode(", ", $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$universal_query_params = [];
+		if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
+			$universal_query_params = $this->_get_default_where_conditions();
+		} elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
+			$universal_query_params = $this->_get_minimum_where_conditions();
+		}
+		foreach ($query_info_carrier->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_path => $model_name) {
+			$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+			if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
+				$related_model_universal_where_params =
+					$related_model->_get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+			} elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
+				$related_model_universal_where_params =
+					$related_model->_get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+			} else {
+				// we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
+				continue;
+			}
+			$overrides              = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+				$related_model_universal_where_params,
+				$where_query_params,
+				$related_model,
+				$model_relation_path
+			);
+			$universal_query_params = EEH_Array::merge_arrays_and_overwrite_keys(
+				$universal_query_params,
+				$overrides
+			);
+		}
+		return $universal_query_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether we should use default where conditions for the model in question
+	 * (this model, or other related models).
+	 * Basically, we should use default where conditions on this model if they have requested to use them on all models,
+	 * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
+	 * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
+	 * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
+	 *
+	 * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+	 * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function _should_use_default_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
+	{
+		return (
+				   $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   [
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
+					   ],
+					   true
+				   )
+			   )
+			   || (
+				   ! $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   [
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
+					   ],
+					   true
+				   )
+			   );
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether we should use default minimum conditions for the model in question
+	 * (this model, or other related models).
+	 * Basically, we should use minimum where conditions on this model only if they requested all models to use minimum
+	 * where conditions.
+	 * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
+	 * on this model or others
+	 *
+	 * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+	 * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function _should_use_minimum_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
+	{
+		return (
+				   $for_this_model
+				   && $default_where_conditions_value === EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL
+			   )
+			   || (
+				   ! $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   [
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
+					   ],
+					   true
+				   )
+			   );
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if any of the defaults have been overridden. If there are any that AREN'T overridden,
+	 * then we also add a special where condition which allows for that model's primary key
+	 * to be null (which is important for JOINs. Eg, if you want to see all Events ordered by Venue's name,
+	 * then Event's with NO Venue won't appear unless you allow VNU_ID to be NULL)
+	 *
+	 * @param array    $default_where_conditions
+	 * @param array    $provided_where_conditions
+	 * @param EEM_Base $model
+	 * @param string   $model_relation_path like 'Transaction.Payment.'
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+		$default_where_conditions,
+		$provided_where_conditions,
+		$model,
+		$model_relation_path
+	) {
+		$null_friendly_where_conditions = [];
+		$none_overridden                = true;
+		$or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
+		foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
+			if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
+				$none_overridden = false;
+			} else {
+				$null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
+			}
+		}
+		if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
+			if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
+																				   . "."
+																				   . $model->primary_key_name() ] =
+					['IS NULL'];
+			}/*else{
                 //@todo NO PK, use other defaults
             }*/
-        }
-        return $null_friendly_where_conditions;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the _default_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
-     * default where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
-     * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
-     * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
-     * @return array @see
-     *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
-    {
-        if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the _minimum_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
-     * minimum where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
-     * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
-     * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
-     * Similar to _get_default_where_conditions
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
-     * @return array @see
-     *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
-    {
-        if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the string of SQL for the select part of a select query, everything behind SELECT and before FROM.
-     * Eg, "Event.post_id, Event.post_name,Event_Detail.EVT_ID..."
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_default_select_sql(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
-    {
-        $selects = $this->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model();
-        foreach (
-            $model_query_info->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_chain => $name_of_other_model_included
-        ) {
-            $other_model_included = $this->get_related_model_obj($name_of_other_model_included);
-            $other_model_selects  = $other_model_included->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain);
-            foreach ($other_model_selects as $key => $value) {
-                $selects[] = $value;
-            }
-        }
-        return implode(", ", $selects);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of columns to select for this model, which are necessary for it to create its objects.
-     * So that's going to be the columns for all the fields on the model
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_chain like 'Question.Question_Group.Event'
-     * @return array numerically indexed, values are columns to select and rename, eg "Event.ID AS 'Event.ID'"
-     */
-    public function _get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain = '')
-    {
-        $fields                                       = $this->field_settings();
-        $selects                                      = [];
-        $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix =
-            EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix(
-                $model_relation_chain,
-                $this->get_this_model_name()
-            );
-        foreach ($fields as $field_obj) {
-            $selects[] = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
-                         . "."
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                         . " AS '"
-                         . $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
-                         . "."
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                         . "'";
-        }
-        // make sure we are also getting the PKs of each table
-        $tables = $this->get_tables();
-        if (count($tables) > 1) {
-            foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
-                $qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                                       . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
-                    $selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $selects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Given a $query_param like 'Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID', pops off 'Registration.',
-     * gets the join statement for it; gets the data types for it; and passes the remaining 'Transaction.TXN_ID'
-     * onto its related Transaction object to do the same. Returns an EE_Join_And_Data_Types object which contains the
-     * SQL for joining, and the data types
-     *
-     * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
-     * @param string                      $query_param          like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type     like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
-     *                                                          or 'PAY_ID'. Otherwise, we don't expect there to be a
-     *                                                          column name. We only want model names, eg 'Event.Venue'
-     *                                                          or 'Registration's
-     * @param string                      $original_query_param what it originally was (eg
-     *                                                          Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID). If null, we assume it
-     *                                                          matches $query_param
-     * @return void only modifies the EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier passed into it
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-        $query_param,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
-        $query_param_type,
-        $original_query_param = null
-    ) {
-        if ($original_query_param === null) {
-            $original_query_param = $query_param;
-        }
-        $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
-        // check to see if we have a field on this model
-        $this_model_fields = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (array_key_exists($query_param, $this_model_fields)) {
-            $field_is_allowed = in_array(
-                $query_param_type,
-                [0, 'where', 'having', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'order', 'custom_selects'],
-                true
-            );
-            if ($field_is_allowed) {
-                return;
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Using a field name (%s) on model %s is not allowed on this query param type '%s'. Original query param was %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $query_param,
-                    $this->class_name,
-                    $query_param_type,
-                    $original_query_param
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // check if this is a special logic query param
-        if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-            $operator_is_allowed = in_array($query_param_type, ['where', 'having', 0, 'custom_selects'], true);
-            if ($operator_is_allowed) {
-                return;
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Logic query params ("%1$s") are being used incorrectly with the following query param ("%2$s") on model %3$s. %4$sAdditional Info:%4$s%5$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    implode('", "', $this->_logic_query_param_keys),
-                    $query_param,
-                    $this->class_name,
-                    '<br />',
-                    "\t"
-                    . ' $passed_in_query_info = <pre>'
-                    . print_r($passed_in_query_info, true)
-                    . '</pre>'
-                    . "\n\t"
-                    . ' $query_param_type = '
-                    . $query_param_type
-                    . "\n\t"
-                    . ' $original_query_param = '
-                    . $original_query_param
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // check if it's a custom selection
-        if (
-            $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // check if has a model name at the beginning
-        // and
-        // check if it's a field on a related model
-        if (
-            $this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-                $passed_in_query_info,
-                $query_param,
-                $original_query_param,
-                $query_param_type
-            )
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // ok so $query_param didn't start with a model name
-        // and we previously confirmed it wasn't a logic query param or field on the current model
-        // it's wack, that's what it is
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "There is no model named '%s' related to %s. Query param type is %s and original query param is %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $query_param,
-                $this->class_name,
-                $query_param_type,
-                $original_query_param
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extracts any possible join model information from the provided possible_join_string.
-     * This method will read the provided $possible_join_string value and determine if there are any possible model
-     * join
-     * parts that should be added to the query.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $possible_join_string  Such as Registration.REG_ID, or Registration
-     * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
-     * @param string                      $query_parameter_type  The type for the source of the $possible_join_string
-     *                                                           ('where', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'custom_selects'
-     *                                                           etc.)
-     * @return bool  returns true if a join was added and false if not.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
-        $possible_join_string,
-        $original_query_param,
-        $query_parameter_type
-    ) {
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
-                $this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
-                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
-                if ($possible_join_string === '') {
-                    // nothing left to $query_param
-                    // we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Query param '%s' (of type %s on model %s) shouldn't end on a period (.) ",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            $possible_join_string,
-                            $query_parameter_type,
-                            $this->class_name,
-                            $valid_related_model_name
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $related_model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($valid_related_model_name);
-                $related_model_obj->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $possible_join_string,
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_parameter_type,
-                    $original_query_param
-                );
-                return true;
-            }
-            if ($possible_join_string === $valid_related_model_name) {
-                $this->_add_join_to_model(
-                    $valid_related_model_name,
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $original_query_param
-                );
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extracts related models from Custom Selects and sets up any joins for those related models.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier)
-    {
-        if (
-            $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && (
-                $this->_custom_selections->type() === CustomSelects::TYPE_STRUCTURED
-                || $this->_custom_selections->type() == CustomSelects::TYPE_COMPLEX
-            )
-        ) {
-            $original_selects = $this->_custom_selections->originalSelects();
-            foreach ($original_selects as $alias => $select_configuration) {
-                $this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $select_configuration[0],
-                    $select_configuration[0],
-                    'custom_selects'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Privately used by _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param to add a join to $model_name
-     * and store it on $passed_in_query_info
-     *
-     * @param string                      $model_name
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
-     * @param string                      $original_query_param used to extract the relation chain between the queried
-     *                                                          model and $model_name. Eg, if we are querying Event,
-     *                                                          and are adding a join to 'Payment' with the original
-     *                                                          query param key
-     *                                                          'Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount', we want
-     *                                                          to extract 'Registration.Transaction.Payment', in case
-     *                                                          Payment wants to add default query params so that it
-     *                                                          will know what models to prepend onto its default query
-     *                                                          params or in case it wants to rename tables (in case
-     *                                                          there are multiple joins to the same table)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _add_join_to_model(
-        $model_name,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
-        $original_query_param
-    ) {
-        $relation_obj         = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        $model_relation_chain = EE_Model_Parser::extract_model_relation_chain($model_name, $original_query_param);
-        // check if the relation is HABTM, because then we're essentially doing two joins
-        // If so, join first to the JOIN table, and add its data types, and then continue as normal
-        if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_HABTM_Relation) {
-            $join_model_obj = $relation_obj->get_join_model();
-            // replace the model specified with the join model for this relation chain, whi
-            $relation_chain_to_join_model =
-                EE_Model_Parser::replace_model_name_with_join_model_name_in_model_relation_chain(
-                    $model_name,
-                    $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $model_relation_chain
-                );
-            $passed_in_query_info->merge(
-                new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
-                    [$relation_chain_to_join_model => $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name()],
-                    $relation_obj->get_join_to_intermediate_model_statement($relation_chain_to_join_model)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // now just join to the other table pointed to by the relation object, and add its data types
-        $passed_in_query_info->merge(
-            new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
-                [$model_relation_chain => $model_name],
-                $relation_obj->get_join_statement($model_relation_chain)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs SQL for where clause, like "WHERE Event.ID = 23 AND Transaction.amount > 100" etc.
-     *
-     * @param array $where_params @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_where_clause($where_params)
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
-        if ($SQL) {
-            return " WHERE " . $SQL;
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just like the _construct_where_clause, except prepends 'HAVING' instead of 'WHERE',
-     * and should be passed HAVING parameters, not WHERE parameters
-     *
-     * @param array $having_params
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_having_clause($having_params)
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
-        if ($SQL) {
-            return " HAVING " . $SQL;
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used for creating nested WHERE conditions. Eg "WHERE ! (Event.ID = 3 OR ( Event_Meta.meta_key = 'bob' AND
-     * Event_Meta.meta_value = 'foo'))"
-     *
-     * @param array  $where_params @see
-     *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @param string $glue         joins each subclause together. Should really only be " AND " or " OR "...
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, $glue = ' AND')
-    {
-        $where_clauses = [];
-        foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
-            $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
-            if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                switch ($query_param) {
-                    case 'not':
-                    case 'NOT':
-                        $where_clauses[] = "! ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               $glue
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                    case 'and':
-                    case 'AND':
-                        $where_clauses[] = " ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               ' AND '
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                    case 'or':
-                    case 'OR':
-                        $where_clauses[] = " ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               ' OR '
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                $field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
-                // if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
-                if (! $field_obj) {
-                    if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-                        $field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
-                    } else {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    "%s is neither a valid model field name, nor a custom selection",
-                                    "event_espresso"
-                                ),
-                                $query_param
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-                $op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
-                $where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
-            }
-        }
-        return $where_clauses
-            ? implode($glue, $where_clauses)
-            : '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes the input parameter and extract the table name (alias) and column name
-     *
-     * @param string $query_param like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
-     * @return string table alias and column name for SQL, eg "Transaction.TXN_ID"
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param)
-    {
-        $field = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
-        if ($field) {
-            $table_alias_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_from_query_param(
-                $field->get_model_name(),
-                $query_param
-            );
-            return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        if (
-            $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
-        ) {
-            // maybe it's custom selection item?
-            // if so, just use it as the "column name"
-            return $query_param;
-        }
-        $custom_select_aliases = $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            ? implode(',', $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases())
-            : '';
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "%s is not a valid field on this model, nor a custom selection (%s)",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $query_param,
-                $custom_select_aliases
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes the * and anything after it from the condition query param key. It is useful to add the * to condition
-     * query param keys (eg, 'OR*', 'EVT_ID') in order for the array keys to still be unique, so that they don't get
-     * overwritten Takes a string like 'Event.EVT_ID*', 'TXN_total**', 'OR*1st', and 'DTT_reg_start*foobar' to
-     * 'Event.EVT_ID', 'TXN_total', 'OR', and 'DTT_reg_start', respectively.
-     *
-     * @param string $condition_query_param_key
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($condition_query_param_key)
-    {
-        $pos_of_star = strpos($condition_query_param_key, '*');
-        if ($pos_of_star === false) {
-            return $condition_query_param_key;
-        }
-        return substr($condition_query_param_key, 0, $pos_of_star);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * creates the SQL for the operator and the value in a WHERE clause, eg "< 23" or "LIKE '%monkey%'"
-     *
-     * @param array|string               $op_and_value
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj . If string, should be one of EEM_Base::_valid_wpdb_data_types
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_op_and_value($op_and_value, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $operator = '=';
-        $value    = $op_and_value;
-        if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
-            $operator = isset($op_and_value[0])
-                ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0])
-                : null;
-            if (! $operator) {
-                $php_array_like_string = [];
-                foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
-                    $value = is_array($value) ? '[' . implode(",", $value) . ']' : $value;
-                    $php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
-                }
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "You setup a query parameter like you were going to specify an operator, but didn't. You provided '(%s)', but the operator should be at array key index 0 (eg array('>',32))",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        implode(",", $php_array_like_string)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $value = $op_and_value[1] ?? null;
-        }
-
-        // check to see if the value is actually another field
-        if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2]) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            // in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
-            // it will need to handle a little differently
-            $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
-            // note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            // the value should be an array with count of two.
-            if (count($value) !== 2) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "The '%s' operator must be used with an array of values and there must be exactly TWO values in that array.",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        "BETWEEN"
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
-            if ($value !== null) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "You attempted to give a value  (%s) while using a NULL-style operator (%s). That isn't valid",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $value,
-                        $operator
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            return $operator;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            // if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
-            // remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
-        }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Operator '%s' must be used with an array of values, eg 'Registration.REG_ID' => array('%s',array(1,2,3))",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $operator,
-                    $operator
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Operator '%s' must be used with a single value, not an array. Eg 'Registration.REG_ID => array('%s',23))",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $operator,
-                    $operator
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "It appears you've provided some totally invalid query parameters. Operator and value were:'%s', which isn't right at all",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                http_build_query($op_and_value)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the operands to be used in a BETWEEN query, eg "'2014-12-31 20:23:33' AND '2015-01-23 12:32:54'"
-     *
-     * @param array                      $values
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be the datatype to be used when querying, eg
-     *                                              '%s'
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_between_value($values, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $cleaned_values = [];
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes an array or a comma-separated list of $values and cleans them
-     * according to $data_type using $wpdb->prepare, and then makes the list a
-     * string surrounded by ( and ). Eg, _construct_in_value(array(1,2,3),'%d') would
-     * return '(1,2,3)'; _construct_in_value("1,2,hack",'%d') would return '(1,2,1)' (assuming
-     * I'm right that a string, when interpreted as a digit, becomes a 1. It might become a 0)
-     *
-     * @param mixed                      $values    array or comma-separated string
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be a wpdb data type like '%s', or '%d'
-     * @return string of SQL to follow an 'IN' or 'NOT IN' operator
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_in_value($values, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $prepped = [];
-        // check if the value is a CSV list
-        if (is_string($values)) {
-            // in which case, turn it into an array
-            $values = explode(',', $values);
-        }
-        // make sure we only have one of each value in the list
-        $values = array_unique($values);
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            $prepped[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        // we would just LOVE to leave $cleaned_values as an empty array, and return the value as "()",
-        // but unfortunately that's invalid SQL. So instead we return a string which we KNOW will evaluate to be the empty set
-        // which is effectively equivalent to returning "()". We don't return "(0)" because that only works for auto-incrementing columns
-        if (empty($prepped)) {
-            $all_fields  = $this->field_settings();
-            $first_field = reset($all_fields);
-            $main_table  = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $prepped[]   = "SELECT {$first_field->get_table_column()} FROM {$main_table->get_table_name()} WHERE FALSE";
-        }
-        return '(' . implode(',', $prepped) . ')';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed                      $value
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string it should be a wpdb data type like '%d'
-     * @return false|null|string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            return $wpdb->prepare(
-                $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(),
-                $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
-            );
-        } //$field_obj should really just be a data type
-        if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
-                    $field_obj,
-                    implode(",", $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $wpdb->prepare($field_obj, $value);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes the input parameter and finds the model field that it indicates.
-     *
-     * @param string $query_param_name like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param_name)
-    {
-        // ok, now proceed with deducing which part is the model's name, and which is the field's name
-        // which will help us find the database table and column
-        $query_param_parts = explode(".", $query_param_name);
-        if (empty($query_param_parts)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "_extract_column_name is empty when trying to extract column and table name from %s",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $query_param_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $number_of_parts       = count($query_param_parts);
-        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
-        if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
-            $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj  = $this;
-        } else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
-            // the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
-            $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
-        }
-        try {
-            return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Given a field's name (ie, a key in $this->field_settings()), uses the EE_Model_Field object to get the table's
-     * alias and column which corresponds to it
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
-    {
-        $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $field      = $all_fields[ $field_name ] ?? false;
-        if ($field) {
-            return $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "There is no field titled %s on model %s. Either the query trying to use it is bad, or you need to add it to the list of fields on the model.",
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $field_name,
-                $this->class_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * similar to \EEM_Base::_get_qualified_column_for_field() but returns an array with data for ALL fields.
-     * Example usage:
-     * EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
-     *      array(),
-     *      ARRAY_A,
-     *      EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields()
-     *  );
-     * is equivalent to
-     *  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results( array(), ARRAY_A, '*' );
-     * and
-     *  EEM_Event::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
-     *      array(
-     *          array(
-     *              'Datetime.Ticket.TKT_ID' => array( '<', 100 ),
-     *          ),
-     *          ARRAY_A,
-     *          implode(
-     *              ', ',
-     *              array_merge(
-     *                  EEM_Event::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( '', false ),
-     *                  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( 'Datetime', false )
-     *              )
-     *          )
-     *      )
-     *  );
-     * selects rows from the database, selecting all the event and ticket columns, where the ticket ID is below 100
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_chain        the chain of models used to join between the model you want to query
-     *                                            and the one whose fields you are selecting for example: when querying
-     *                                            tickets model and selecting fields from the tickets model you would
-     *                                            leave this parameter empty, because no models are needed to join
-     *                                            between the queried model and the selected one. Likewise when
-     *                                            querying the datetime model and selecting fields from the tickets
-     *                                            model, it would also be left empty, because there is a direct
-     *                                            relation from datetimes to tickets, so no model is needed to join
-     *                                            them together. However, when querying from the event model and
-     *                                            selecting fields from the ticket model, you should provide the string
-     *                                            'Datetime', indicating that the event model must first join to the
-     *                                            datetime model in order to find its relation to ticket model.
-     *                                            Also, when querying from the venue model and selecting fields from
-     *                                            the ticket model, you should provide the string 'Event.Datetime',
-     *                                            indicating you need to join the venue model to the event model,
-     *                                            to the datetime model, in order to find its relation to the ticket
-     *                                            model. This string is used to deduce the prefix that gets added onto
-     *                                            the models' tables qualified columns
-     * @param bool   $return_string               if true, will return a string with qualified column names separated
-     *                                            by ', ' if false, will simply return a numerically indexed array of
-     *                                            qualified column names
-     * @return array|string
-     */
-    public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
-    {
-        $table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain)
-                ? ''
-                : '__');
-        $qualified_columns = [];
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
-            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        return $return_string
-            ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns)
-            : $qualified_columns;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * constructs the select use on special limit joins
-     * NOTE: for now this has only been tested and will work when the  table alias is for the PRIMARY table. Although
-     * its setup so the select query will be setup on and just doing the special select join off of the primary table
-     * (as that is typically where the limits would be set).
-     *
-     * @param string       $table_alias The table the select is being built for
-     * @param mixed|string $limit       The limit for this select
-     * @return string                The final select join element for the query.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_limit_join_select($table_alias, $limit)
-    {
-        $SQL = '';
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
-                $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
-                    ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
-            } elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
-                    ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
-            }
-        }
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs the internal join if there are multiple tables, or simply the table's name and alias
-     * Eg "wp_post AS Event" or "wp_post AS Event INNER JOIN wp_postmeta Event_Meta ON Event.ID = Event_Meta.post_id"
-     *
-     * @return string SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_internal_join()
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_sql();
-        $SQL .= $this->_construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($this->_get_main_table()->get_table_alias());
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs the SQL for joining all the tables on this model.
-     * Normally $alias should be the primary table's alias, but in cases where
-     * we have already joined to a secondary table (eg, the secondary table has a foreign key and is joined before the
-     * primary table) then we should provide that secondary table's alias. Eg, with $alias being the primary table's
-     * alias, this will construct SQL like:
-     * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_secondary_table AS Secondary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
-     * With $alias being a secondary table's alias, this will construct SQL like:
-     * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_primary_table AS Primary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
-     *
-     * @param string $alias_prefixed table alias to join to (this table should already be in the FROM SQL clause)
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($alias_prefixed)
-    {
-        $SQL               = '';
-        $alias_sans_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($alias_prefixed);
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {// table is secondary table
-                if ($alias_sans_prefix === $table_obj->get_table_alias()) {
-                    // so we're joining to this table, meaning the table is already in
-                    // the FROM statement, BUT the primary table isn't. So we want
-                    // to add the inverse join sql
-                    $SQL .= $table_obj->get_inverse_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
-                } else {
-                    // just add a regular JOIN to this table from the primary table
-                    $SQL .= $table_obj->get_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
-                }
-            }// if it's a primary table, dont add any SQL. it should already be in the FROM statement
-        }
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array for storing all the data types on the next-to-be-executed-query.
-     * This should be a growing array of keys being table-columns (eg 'EVT_ID' and 'Event.EVT_ID'), and values being
-     * their data type (eg, '%s', '%d', etc)
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function _get_data_types()
-    {
-        $data_types = [];
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
-            // $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-            /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-            $data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-        }
-        return $data_types;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model object given the relation's name / model's name (eg, 'Event', 'Registration',etc. Always singular)
-     *
-     * @param string $model_name
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
-    {
-        $model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
-        if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $model_name,
-                    $model_classname
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the array of EE_ModelRelations for this model.
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base[]
-     */
-    public function relation_settings()
-    {
-        return $this->_model_relations;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all related models that this model BELONGS TO. Handy to know sometimes
-     * because without THOSE models, this model probably doesn't have much purpose.
-     * (Eg, without an event, datetimes have little purpose.)
-     *
-     * @return EE_Belongs_To_Relation[]
-     */
-    public function belongs_to_relations()
-    {
-        $belongs_to_relations = [];
-        foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
-            }
-        }
-        return $belongs_to_relations;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the specified EE_Model_Relation, or throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name name of relation, key in $this->_relatedModels
-     * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
-    {
-        $relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Cannot get %s related to %s. There is no model relation of that type. There is, however, %s...',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $relation_name,
-                    $this->_get_class_name(),
-                    implode(', ', array_keys($relatedModels))
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * A convenience method for getting a specific field's settings, instead of getting all field settings for all
-     * fields
-     *
-     * @param string  $fieldName
-     * @param boolean $include_db_only_fields
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
-    {
-        $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
-        if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
-                    $fieldName,
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if this field exists on this model
-     *
-     * @param string $fieldName a key in the model's _field_settings array
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_field($fieldName)
-    {
-        $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether this model has a relation to the specified model
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name possibly one of the keys in the relation_settings array
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_relation($relation_name)
-    {
-        $relations = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
-     * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
-     *
-     * @param $field_obj
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj): bool
-    {
-        return $field_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
-     * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
-     *
-     * @return EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_primary_key_field()
-    {
-        if ($this->_primary_key_field === null) {
-            foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_obj) {
-                if ($this->is_primary_key_field($field_obj)) {
-                    $this->_primary_key_field = $field_obj;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_primary_key_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether not there is a primary key on this model.
-     * Internally does some caching.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_primary_key_field()
-    {
-        if ($this->_has_primary_key_field === null) {
-            try {
-                $this->get_primary_key_field();
-                $this->_has_primary_key_field = true;
-            } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-                $this->_has_primary_key_field = false;
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_has_primary_key_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds the first field of type $field_class_name.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_class_name class name of field that you want to find. Eg, EE_Datetime_Field,
-     *                                 EE_Foreign_Key_Field, etc
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base or null if none is found
-     */
-    public function get_a_field_of_type($field_class_name)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof $field_class_name) {
-                return $field;
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a foreign key field pointing to model.
-     *
-     * @param string $model_name eg Event, Registration, not EEM_Event
-     * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
-    {
-        if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
-            foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
-                if (
-                    $field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
-                    && in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
-                ) {
-                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $model_name,
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the table name (including $wpdb->prefix) for the table alias
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias eg Event, Event_Meta, Registration, Transaction, but maybe
-     *                            a table alias with a model chain prefix, like 'Venue__Event_Venue___Event_Meta'.
-     *                            Either one works
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
-    {
-        $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix =
-            EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a flat array of all field son this model, instead of organizing them
-     * by table_alias as they are in the constructor.
-     *
-     * @param bool $include_db_only_fields flag indicating whether to include the db-only fields
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] where the keys are the field's name
-     */
-    public function field_settings($include_db_only_fields = false)
-    {
-        if ($include_db_only_fields) {
-            if ($this->_cached_fields === null) {
-                $this->_cached_fields = [];
-                foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
-                    foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return $this->_cached_fields;
-        }
-        if ($this->_cached_fields_non_db_only === null) {
-            $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = [];
-            foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
-                foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        cycle though array of attendees and create objects out of each item
-     *
-     * @access        private
-     * @param array $rows        of results of $wpdb->get_results($query,ARRAY_A)
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[] array keys are primary keys (if there is a primary key on the model. if not,
-     *                           numerically indexed)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _create_objects($rows = [])
-    {
-        $array_of_objects = [];
-        if (empty($rows)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key = 0;
-        $has_primary_key                   = $this->has_primary_key_field();
-        $primary_key_field                 = $has_primary_key
-            ? $this->get_primary_key_field()
-            : null;
-        foreach ((array) $rows as $row) {
-            if (empty($row)) {
-                // wp did its weird thing where it returns an array like array(0=>null), which is totally not helpful...
-                return [];
-            }
-            // check if we've already set this object in the results array,
-            // in which case there's no need to process it further (again)
-            if ($has_primary_key) {
-                $table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                    $row,
-                    $primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
-                    $primary_key_field->get_table_column()
-                );
-                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            $classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                        $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                        http_build_query($row)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            // set the timezone on the instantiated objects
-            $classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-            // make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
-            $key                      = $has_primary_key
-                ? $classInstance->ID()
-                : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
-            $array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
-            // also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
-            // those related models
-            // (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
-            // that filtered out some fo the results, then we'd be caching an incomplete set
-            // so it requires a little more thought than just caching them immediately...)
-            foreach ($this->_model_relations as $modelName => $relation_obj) {
-                if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // check if this model's INFO is present. If so, cache it on the model
-                    $other_model           = $relation_obj->get_other_model();
-                    $other_model_obj_maybe = $other_model->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-                    // if we managed to make a model object from the results, cache it on the main model object
-                    if ($other_model_obj_maybe) {
-                        // set timezone on these other model objects if they are present
-                        $other_model_obj_maybe->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                        $classInstance->cache($modelName, $other_model_obj_maybe);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // also, if this was a custom select query, let's see if there are any results for the custom select fields
-            // and add them to the object as well.  We'll convert according to the set data_type if there's any set for
-            // the field in the CustomSelects object
-            if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-                $classInstance->setCustomSelectsValues(
-                    $this->getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults($row)
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $array_of_objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will parse a given row of results from the db and see if any keys in the results match an alias within the
-     * current CustomSelects object. This will be used to build an array of values indexed by those keys.
-     *
-     * @param array $db_results_row
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults(array $db_results_row)
-    {
-        $results = [];
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-            foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
-                if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
-                    $results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
-                        $db_results_row[ $alias ],
-                        $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $results;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will set the value for the given alias
-     *
-     * @param string $value
-     * @param string $datatype (one of %d, %s, %f)
-     * @return int|string|float (int for %d, string for %s, float for %f)
-     */
-    protected function convertValueToDataType($value, $datatype)
-    {
-        switch ($datatype) {
-            case '%f':
-                return (float) $value;
-            case '%d':
-                return (int) $value;
-            default:
-                return (string) $value;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * The purpose of this method is to allow us to create a model object that is not in the db that holds default
-     * values. A typical example of where this is used is when creating a new item and the initial load of a form.  We
-     * dont' necessarily want to test for if the object is present but just assume it is BUT load the defaults from the
-     * object (as set in the model_field!).
-     *
-     * @return EE_Base_Class single EE_Base_Class object with default values for the properties.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function create_default_object()
-    {
-        $this_model_fields_and_values = [];
-        // setup the row using default values;
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            $this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-        }
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_class($className, [$this_model_fields_and_values], false, false);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
-     *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
-            $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
-        }
-        $primary_key = null;
-        // make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
-        $this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        // check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
-        // if not, return null
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        } elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
-            $first_column = reset($this_model_fields_n_values);
-            if (empty($first_column)) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-        // if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
-        if ($primary_key) {
-            $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
-                $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
-                                            ->load_class(
-                                                $className,
-                                                [$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
-                                                true,
-                                                false
-                                            );
-                // add this new object to the entity map
-                $classInstance = $this->add_to_entity_map($classInstance);
-            }
-        } else {
-            $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class(
-                $className,
-                [$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
-                true,
-                false
-            );
-        }
-        return $classInstance;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model object from the  entity map if it exists
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function get_from_entity_map($id)
-    {
-        return $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] ?? null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * add_to_entity_map
-     * Adds the object to the model's entity mappings
-     *        Effectively tells the models "Hey, this model object is the most up-to-date representation of the data,
-     *        and for the remainder of the request, it's even more up-to-date than what's in the database.
-     *        So, if the database doesn't agree with what's in the entity mapper, ignore the database"
-     *        If the database gets updated directly and you want the entity mapper to reflect that change,
-     *        then this method should be called immediately after the update query
-     * Note: The map is indexed by whatever the current blog id is set (via EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id).  This is
-     * so on multisite, the entity map is specific to the query being done for a specific site.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $object
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if (! $object instanceof $className) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
-                    is_object($object)
-                        ? get_class($object)
-                        : $object,
-                    $className
-                )
-            );
-        }
-
-        if (! $object->ID()) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // double check it's not already there
-        $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($object->ID());
-        if ($classInstance) {
-            return $classInstance;
-        }
-        $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
-        return $object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * if a valid identifier is provided, then that entity is unset from the entity map,
-     * if no identifier is provided, then the entire entity map is emptied
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
-    {
-        if (empty($id)) {
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = [];
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-            unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Public wrapper for _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values.
-     * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
-     * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
-     *
-     * @param array $cols_n_values
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values(array $cols_n_values): array
-    {
-        return $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values
-     * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
-     * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
-     *
-     * @param array|stdClass $cols_n_values
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values): array
-    {
-        if ($cols_n_values instanceof stdClass) {
-            $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
-        }
-        $this_model_fields_n_values = [];
-        foreach ($this->get_tables() as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
-            $table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                $cols_n_values,
-                $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column(),
-                $table_obj->get_pk_column()
-            );
-            // there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
-            if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
-                foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        // prepare field as if its coming from db
-                        $prepared_value                            =
-                            $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // the table's rows existed. Use their values
-                foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                            $cols_n_values,
-                            $field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
-                            $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $this_model_fields_n_values;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $cols_n_values
-     * @param $qualified_column
-     * @param $regular_column
-     * @return null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not($cols_n_values, $qualified_column, $regular_column)
-    {
-        $value = null;
-        // ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
-        // does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
-        // or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
-        if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
-        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
-        } elseif (! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
-            // no PK?  ok check if there is a foreign key alias set for this table
-            // then check if that alias exists in the incoming data
-            // AND that the actual PK the $FK_alias represents matches the $qualified_column (full PK)
-            foreach ($this->foreign_key_aliases as $FK_alias => $PK_column) {
-                if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && !empty($cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ])) {
-                    $value = $cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ];
-                    [$pk_class] = explode('.', $PK_column);
-                    $pk_model_name = "EEM_{$pk_class}";
-                    /** @var EEM_Base $pk_model */
-                    $pk_model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($pk_model_name);
-                    if ($pk_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
-                        // make sure object is pulled from db and added to entity map
-                        $pk_model->get_one_by_ID($value);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_entity_map_from_db
-     * Makes sure the model object in the entity map at $id assumes the values
-     * of the database (opposite of EE_base_Class::save())
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|mixed|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function refresh_entity_map_from_db($id)
-    {
-        $obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($obj_in_map) {
-            $wpdb_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results(
-                [[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id], 'limit' => 1]
-            );
-            if ($wpdb_results && is_array($wpdb_results)) {
-                $one_row = reset($wpdb_results);
-                foreach ($this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($one_row) as $field_name => $db_value) {
-                    $obj_in_map->set_from_db($field_name, $db_value);
-                }
-                // clear the cache of related model objects
-                foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-                    $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
-                }
-            }
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
-            return $obj_in_map;
-        }
-        return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_entity_map_with
-     * Leaves the entry in the entity map alone, but updates it to match the provided
-     * $replacing_model_obj (which we assume to be its equivalent but somehow NOT in the entity map).
-     * This is useful if you have a model object you want to make authoritative over what's in the entity map currently.
-     * Note: The old $replacing_model_obj should now be destroyed as it's now un-authoritative
-     *
-     * @param int|string    $id
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $replacing_model_obj
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function refresh_entity_map_with($id, $replacing_model_obj)
-    {
-        $obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($obj_in_map) {
-            if ($replacing_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                foreach ($replacing_model_obj->model_field_array() as $field_name => $value) {
-                    $obj_in_map->set($field_name, $value);
-                }
-                // make the model object in the entity map's cache match the $replacing_model_obj
-                foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-                    $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
-                    foreach ($replacing_model_obj->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $cache_id => $cached_obj) {
-                        $obj_in_map->cache($relation_name, $cached_obj, $cache_id);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return $obj_in_map;
-        }
-        $this->add_to_entity_map($replacing_model_obj);
-        return $replacing_model_obj;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the EE class that corresponds to this model. Eg, for EEM_Answer that
-     * would be EE_Answer.To import that class, you'd just add ".class.php" to the name, like so
-     * require_once($this->_getClassName().".class.php");
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _get_class_name()
-    {
-        return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the name of the items this model represents, for the quantity specified. Eg,
-     * if $quantity==1, on EEM_Event, it would 'Event' (internationalized), otherwise
-     * it would be 'Events'.
-     *
-     * @param int|float|null $quantity
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function item_name($quantity = 1): string
-    {
-        $quantity = floor($quantity);
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__item_name__plural_or_singular',
-            $quantity > 1
-                ? $this->plural_item
-                : $this->singular_item,
-            $quantity,
-            $this->plural_item,
-            $this->singular_item
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_TempBase.
-     * If a method is called on a child of EE_TempBase that doesn't exist, this function is called
-     * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments. Instead of
-     * requiring a plugin to extend the EE_TempBase (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that
-     * happen?) they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}' (eg,
-     * filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function) and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function
-     * was called, and an array of the original arguments passed to the function. Whatever their callback function
-     * returns will be returned by this function. Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
-     * add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3); function
-     * my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_TempBase $object,$argsArray){
-     * $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
-     *        return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
-     * }
-     * require('EEM_Answer.model.php');
-     * echo EEM_Answer::instance()->my_callback('monkeys',100);
-     * // will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
-     *
-     * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_TempBase, but which
-     * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
-     * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function __call($methodName, $args)
-    {
-        $className = $this->class_name;
-        $tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Method %1$s on model %2$s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: %4$s function my_callback(%4$s \$previousReturnValue, EEM_Base \$object\ $argsArray=NULL ){%4$s     /*function body*/%4$s      return \$whatever;%4$s }%4$s add_filter( \'%3$s\', \'my_callback\', 10, 3 );',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $methodName,
-                    $className,
-                    $tagName,
-                    '<br />'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Ensures $base_class_obj_or_id is of the EE_Base_Class child that corresponds ot this model.
-     * If not, assumes its an ID, and uses $this->get_one_by_ID() to get the EE_Base_Class.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|string|int $base_class_obj_or_id either:
-     *                                                       the EE_Base_Class object that corresponds to this Model,
-     *                                                       the object's class name
-     *                                                       or object's ID
-     * @param boolean                  $ensure_is_in_db      if set, we will also verify this model object
-     *                                                       exists in the database. If it does not, we add it
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
-            $model_object = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } else {
-            $primary_key_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            if (
-                $primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
-                && (
-                    is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)
-                    || is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
-                )
-            ) {
-                // assume it's an ID.
-                // either a proper integer or a string representing an integer (eg "101" instead of 101)
-                $model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            } elseif (
-                $primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
-                && is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
-            ) {
-                // assume it's a string representation of the object
-                $model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            } else {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $base_class_obj_or_id,
-                        $this->_get_class_name(),
-                        print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if ($ensure_is_in_db && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class && $model_object->ID() !== null) {
-            $model_object->save();
-        }
-        return $model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to ensure_is_obj(), this method makes sure $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * is a value of the this model's primary key. If it's an EE_Base_Class child,
-     * returns it ID.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * @return int|string depending on the type of this model object's ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_ID($base_class_obj_or_id)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
-            /** @var $base_class_obj_or_id EE_Base_Class */
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id->ID();
-        } elseif (is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            // assume it's an ID
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } elseif (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            // assume its a string representation of the object
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $base_class_obj_or_id,
-                    $this->_get_class_name(),
-                    print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets whether the values passed to the model (eg, values in WHERE, values in INSERT, UPDATE, etc)
-     * have already been ran through the appropriate model field's prepare_for_use_in_db method. IE, they have
-     * been sanitized and converted into the appropriate domain.
-     * Usually the only place you'll want to change the default (which is to assume values have NOT been sanitized by
-     * the model object/model field) is when making a method call from WITHIN a model object, which has direct access
-     * to its sanitized values. Note: after changing this setting, you should set it back to its previous value (using
-     * get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()) eg.
-     * $EVT = EEM_Event::instance(); $old_setting =
-     * $EVT->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
-     * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
-     * $EVT->update(array('foo'=>'bar'),array(array('foo'=>'monkey')));
-     * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object($old_setting);
-     *
-     * @param int $values_already_prepared like one of the constants on EEM_Base
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
-        $values_already_prepared = self::not_prepared_by_model_object
-    ) {
-        $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = $values_already_prepared;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
-    {
-        return $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Index[]
-     */
-    public function indexes()
-    {
-        return $this->_indexes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the Unique Indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Unique_Index[]
-     */
-    public function unique_indexes()
-    {
-        $unique_indexes = [];
-        foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
-            if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
-                $unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
-            }
-        }
-        return $unique_indexes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the fields which, when combined, make the primary key.
-     * This is usually just an array with 1 element (the primary key), but in cases
-     * where there is no primary key, it's a combination of fields as defined
-     * on a primary index
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] indexed by the field's name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->indexes() as $index) {
-            if ($index instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Index) {
-                return $index->fields();
-            }
-        }
-        return [$this->primary_key_name() => $this->get_primary_key_field()];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to build a primary key string (when the model has no primary key),
-     * which can be used a unique string to identify this model object.
-     *
-     * @param array $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their values.
-     *                               Note: if you have results from `EEM_Base::get_all_wpdb_results()`, you need to
-     *                               run it through `EEM_Base::deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values()`
-     *                               before passing it to this function (that will convert it from columns-n-values
-     *                               to field-names-n-values).
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values)
-    {
-        $cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index = array_intersect_key(
-            $fields_n_values,
-            $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-        );
-        return http_build_query($cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the field values from the primary key string
-     *
-     * @param string $index_primary_key_string
-     * @return null|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see EEM_Base::get_combined_primary_key_fields() and EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string()
-     */
-    public function parse_index_primary_key_string($index_primary_key_string)
-    {
-        $key_fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
-        // check all of them are in the $id
-        $key_vals_in_combined_pk = [];
-        parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
-        foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-        return $key_vals_in_combined_pk;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * verifies that an array of key-value pairs for model fields has a key
-     * for each field comprising the primary key index
-     *
-     * @param array $key_vals
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($key_vals)
-    {
-        $keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
-        foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all model objects in the DB that appear to be a copy of $model_object_or_attributes_array.
-     * We consider something to be a copy if all the attributes match (except the ID, of course).
-     *
-     * @param array|EE_Base_Class $model_object_or_attributes_array If its an array, it's field-value pairs
-     * @param array               $query_params                     @see
-     *                                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[] Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically
-     *                                                              indexed)
-     */
-    public function get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if ($model_object_or_attributes_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array->model_field_array();
-        } elseif (is_array($model_object_or_attributes_array)) {
-            $attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "get_all_copies should be provided with either a model object or an array of field-value-pairs, but was given %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $model_object_or_attributes_array
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
-        // from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
-        }
-        if (isset($query_params[0])) {
-            $query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
-        } else {
-            $query_params[0] = $attributes_array;
-        }
-        return $this->get_all($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the first copy we find. See get_all_copies for more details
-     *
-     * @param mixed EE_Base_Class | array        $model_object_or_attributes_array
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $copies                = $this->get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params);
-        if (is_array($copies)) {
-            return array_shift($copies);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the item with the specified id. Ignores default query parameters because
-     * we have specified the ID, and its assumed we KNOW what we're doing
-     *
-     * @param array      $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values
-     * @param int|string $id              the value of the primary key to update
-     * @return int number of rows updated
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update_by_ID($fields_n_values, $id)
-    {
-        $query_params = [
-            0                          => [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
-            'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
-        ];
-        return $this->update($fields_n_values, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Changes an operator which was supplied to the models into one usable in SQL
-     *
-     * @param string $operator_supplied
-     * @return string an operator which can be used in SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
-    {
-        $sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ] ?? null;
-        if ($sql_operator) {
-            return $sql_operator;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "The operator '%s' is not in the list of valid operators: %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $operator_supplied,
-                implode(",", array_keys($this->_valid_operators))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the valid operators
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_operators()
-    {
-        return $this->_valid_operators;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the between-style operators (take 2 arguments).
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_between_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_between_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "like"-style operators (take a single argument, but it may contain wildcards)
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_like_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_like_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "in"-style operators
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_in_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_in_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "null"-style operators (accept no arguments)
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_null_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_null_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array where keys are the primary keys and values are their 'names'
-     * (as determined by the model object's name() function, which is often overridden)
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like get_all's
-     * @return string[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_names($query_params = [])
-    {
-        $objs  = $this->get_all($query_params);
-        $names = [];
-        foreach ($objs as $obj) {
-            $names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
-        }
-        return $names;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of primary keys from the model objects. If you acquired the model objects
-     * using EEM_Base::get_all() you don't need to call this (and probably shouldn't because
-     * this is duplicated effort and reduces efficiency) you would be better to use
-     * array_keys() on $model_objects.
-     *
-     * @param \EE_Base_Class[] $model_objects
-     * @param boolean          $filter_out_empty_ids if a model object has an ID of '' or 0, don't bother including it
-     *                                               in the returned array
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
-    {
-        if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    esc_html__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $IDs = [];
-        foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
-            $id = $model_object->ID();
-            if (! $id) {
-                if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Called %1$s on a model object that has no ID and so probably hasn\'t been saved to the database',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        __FILE__,
-                        __FUNCTION__,
-                        __LINE__
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            $IDs[] = $id;
-        }
-        return $IDs;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the string used in capabilities relating to this model. If there
-     * are no capabilities that relate to this model returns false
-     *
-     * @return string|false
-     */
-    public function cap_slug()
-    {
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_slug', $this->_caps_slug, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the capability-restrictions array (@param string $context
-     *
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by associated capability
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions).
-     *      If $context is provided (which should be set to one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts())
-     *      only returns the cap restrictions array in that context (ie, the array
-     *      at that key)
-     */
-    public function cap_restrictions($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
-        // check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
-        if (
-            isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
-            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
-            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
-        ) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
-                $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
-                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
-            );
-        }
-        // and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
-        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
-            if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
-                $where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Indicating whether this model thinks its a wp core model
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_wp_core_model()
-    {
-        return $this->_wp_core_model;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the caps that are missing which impose a restriction on
-     * queries made in this context
-     *
-     * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::caps_ constants
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by capability name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function caps_missing($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
-    {
-        $missing_caps     = [];
-        $cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
-        foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            if (
-                ! EE_Capabilities::instance()
-                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
-            ) {
-                $missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
-            }
-        }
-        return $missing_caps;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the mapping from capability contexts to action strings used in capability names
-     *
-     * @return array keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are usually
-     * one of 'read', 'edit', or 'delete'
-     */
-    public function cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
-            $this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the action string for the specified capability context
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return string one of EEM_Base::cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() values
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function cap_action_for_context($context)
-    {
-        $mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
-        if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
-            return $mapping[ $context ];
-        }
-        if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
-            return $action;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Cannot find capability restrictions for context "%1$s", allowed values are:%2$s',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $context,
-                implode(',', array_keys($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all the capability contexts which are valid when querying models
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function valid_cap_contexts(): array
-    {
-        return (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__valid_cap_contexts',
-            [
-                self::caps_read,
-                self::caps_read_admin,
-                self::caps_edit,
-                self::caps_delete,
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all valid options for 'default_where_conditions'
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function valid_default_where_conditions(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
-        ];
-    }
-
-    // public static function default_where_conditions_full
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies $context is one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), if not it throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public static function verify_is_valid_cap_context($context): bool
-    {
-        $valid_cap_contexts = EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts();
-        if (in_array($context, $valid_cap_contexts)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Context "%1$s" passed into model "%2$s" is not a valid context. They are: %3$s',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $context,
-                'EEM_Base',
-                implode(',', $valid_cap_contexts)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Clears all the models field caches. This is only useful when a sub-class
-     * might have added a field or something and these caches might be invalidated
-     */
-    protected function _invalidate_field_caches()
-    {
-        $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
-        $this->_cached_fields               = null;
-        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only   = null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of all the where query param keys that relate to logic instead of field names
-     * (eg "and", "or", "not").
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function logic_query_param_keys(): array
-    {
-        return $this->_logic_query_param_keys;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether the where query param array key is for a logic query param.
-     * Eg 'OR', 'not*', and 'and*because-i-say-so' should all return true, whereas
-     * 'ATT_fname', 'EVT_name*not-you-or-me', and 'ORG_name' should return false
-     *
-     * @param $query_param_key
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    public function is_logic_query_param_key($query_param_key): bool
-    {
-        foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
-            if (
-                $query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
-                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
-            ) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if this model has a password field on it (regardless of whether that password field has any content)
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function hasPassword(): bool
-    {
-        // if we don't yet know if there's a password field, find out and remember it for next time.
-        if ($this->has_password_field === null) {
-            $password_field           = $this->getPasswordField();
-            $this->has_password_field = $password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field;
-        }
-        return $this->has_password_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the password field on this model, if there is one
-     *
-     * @return EE_Password_Field|null
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function getPasswordField()
-    {
-        // if we definetely already know there is a password field or not (because has_password_field is true or false)
-        // there's no need to search for it. If we don't know yet, then find out
-        if ($this->has_password_field === null && $this->password_field === null) {
-            $this->password_field = $this->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Password_Field');
-        }
-        // don't bother setting has_password_field because that's hasPassword()'s job.
-        return $this->password_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the list of field (as EE_Model_Field_Bases) that are protected by the password
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function getPasswordProtectedFields()
-    {
-        $password_field = $this->getPasswordField();
-        $fields         = [];
-        if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
-            $field_names = $password_field->protectedFields();
-            foreach ($field_names as $field_name) {
-                $fields[ $field_name ] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-            }
-        }
-        return $fields;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if the current user can perform the requested action on this model
-     *
-     * @param string              $cap_to_check one of the array keys from _cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|array $model_obj_or_fields_n_values
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function currentUserCan($cap_to_check, $model_obj_or_fields_n_values)
-    {
-        if ($model_obj_or_fields_n_values instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $model_obj_or_fields_n_values = $model_obj_or_fields_n_values->model_field_array();
-        }
-        if (! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
-            throw new UnexpectedEntityException(
-                $model_obj_or_fields_n_values,
-                'EE_Base_Class',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        '%1$s must be passed an `EE_Base_Class or an array of fields names with their values. You passed in something different.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    __FUNCTION__
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $this->exists(
-            $this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                $this->get_index_primary_key_string($model_obj_or_fields_n_values),
-                [
-                    'default_where_conditions' => 'none',
-                    'caps'                     => $cap_to_check,
-                ]
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the query param where conditions key to the password affecting this model.
-     * Eg on EEM_Event this would just be "password", on EEM_Datetime this would be "Event.password", etc.
-     *
-     * @return null|string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ModelConfigurationException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function modelChainAndPassword()
-    {
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_password === null) {
-            throw new ModelConfigurationException(
-                $this,
-                esc_html_x(
-                // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
-                    'Cannot exclude protected data because the model has not specified which model has the password.',
-                    // @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
-                    '1: model name',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_password === '') {
-            $model_with_password = $this;
-        } else {
-            if ($pos_of_period = strrpos($this->model_chain_to_password, '.')) {
-                $last_model_in_chain = substr($this->model_chain_to_password, $pos_of_period + 1);
-            } else {
-                $last_model_in_chain = $this->model_chain_to_password;
-            }
-            $model_with_password = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_in_chain);
-        }
-
-        $password_field = $model_with_password->getPasswordField();
-        if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
-            $password_field_name = $password_field->get_name();
-        } else {
-            throw new ModelConfigurationException(
-                $this,
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html_x(
-                        'This model claims related model "%1$s" should have a password field on it, but none was found. The model relation chain is "%2$s"',
-                        '1: model name, 2: special string',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $model_with_password->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $this->model_chain_to_password
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return (
-               $this->model_chain_to_password
-                   ? $this->model_chain_to_password . '.'
-                   : ''
-               ) . $password_field_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if there is a password on a related model which restricts access to some of this model's rows,
-     * or if this model itself has a password affecting access to some of its other fields.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function restrictedByRelatedModelPassword(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->model_chain_to_password !== null;
-    }
-
-
-    public function __sleep()
-    {
-        $vars = (array) $this;
-        $remove = [
-            '_custom_selections',
-            '_entity_map',
-        ];
-        foreach ($vars as $key => $val)
-        {
-            // removing null properties improves serialization performance
-            if (is_null($val) || in_array($val, $remove, true)) {
-                unset($vars[$key]);
-            }
-        }
-        return array_keys($vars);
-    }
-
-    private function normalizePropertyName(string $key): string
+		}
+		return $null_friendly_where_conditions;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses the _default_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
+	 * default where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
+	 * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
+	 * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
+	{
+		if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses the _minimum_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
+	 * minimum where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
+	 * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
+	 * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
+	 * Similar to _get_default_where_conditions
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
+	{
+		if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the string of SQL for the select part of a select query, everything behind SELECT and before FROM.
+	 * Eg, "Event.post_id, Event.post_name,Event_Detail.EVT_ID..."
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_default_select_sql(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
+	{
+		$selects = $this->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model();
+		foreach (
+			$model_query_info->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_chain => $name_of_other_model_included
+		) {
+			$other_model_included = $this->get_related_model_obj($name_of_other_model_included);
+			$other_model_selects  = $other_model_included->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain);
+			foreach ($other_model_selects as $key => $value) {
+				$selects[] = $value;
+			}
+		}
+		return implode(", ", $selects);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of columns to select for this model, which are necessary for it to create its objects.
+	 * So that's going to be the columns for all the fields on the model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_chain like 'Question.Question_Group.Event'
+	 * @return array numerically indexed, values are columns to select and rename, eg "Event.ID AS 'Event.ID'"
+	 */
+	public function _get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain = '')
+	{
+		$fields                                       = $this->field_settings();
+		$selects                                      = [];
+		$table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix =
+			EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix(
+				$model_relation_chain,
+				$this->get_this_model_name()
+			);
+		foreach ($fields as $field_obj) {
+			$selects[] = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
+						 . "."
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_column()
+						 . " AS '"
+						 . $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
+						 . "."
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_column()
+						 . "'";
+		}
+		// make sure we are also getting the PKs of each table
+		$tables = $this->get_tables();
+		if (count($tables) > 1) {
+			foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
+				$qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+									   . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
+				if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
+					$selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $selects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Given a $query_param like 'Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID', pops off 'Registration.',
+	 * gets the join statement for it; gets the data types for it; and passes the remaining 'Transaction.TXN_ID'
+	 * onto its related Transaction object to do the same. Returns an EE_Join_And_Data_Types object which contains the
+	 * SQL for joining, and the data types
+	 *
+	 * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
+	 * @param string                      $query_param          like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type     like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
+	 *                                                          or 'PAY_ID'. Otherwise, we don't expect there to be a
+	 *                                                          column name. We only want model names, eg 'Event.Venue'
+	 *                                                          or 'Registration's
+	 * @param string                      $original_query_param what it originally was (eg
+	 *                                                          Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID). If null, we assume it
+	 *                                                          matches $query_param
+	 * @return void only modifies the EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier passed into it
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+		$query_param,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
+		$query_param_type,
+		$original_query_param = null
+	) {
+		if ($original_query_param === null) {
+			$original_query_param = $query_param;
+		}
+		$query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
+		// check to see if we have a field on this model
+		$this_model_fields = $this->field_settings(true);
+		if (array_key_exists($query_param, $this_model_fields)) {
+			$field_is_allowed = in_array(
+				$query_param_type,
+				[0, 'where', 'having', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'order', 'custom_selects'],
+				true
+			);
+			if ($field_is_allowed) {
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Using a field name (%s) on model %s is not allowed on this query param type '%s'. Original query param was %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$query_param,
+					$this->class_name,
+					$query_param_type,
+					$original_query_param
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// check if this is a special logic query param
+		if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+			$operator_is_allowed = in_array($query_param_type, ['where', 'having', 0, 'custom_selects'], true);
+			if ($operator_is_allowed) {
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Logic query params ("%1$s") are being used incorrectly with the following query param ("%2$s") on model %3$s. %4$sAdditional Info:%4$s%5$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					implode('", "', $this->_logic_query_param_keys),
+					$query_param,
+					$this->class_name,
+					'<br />',
+					"\t"
+					. ' $passed_in_query_info = <pre>'
+					. print_r($passed_in_query_info, true)
+					. '</pre>'
+					. "\n\t"
+					. ' $query_param_type = '
+					. $query_param_type
+					. "\n\t"
+					. ' $original_query_param = '
+					. $original_query_param
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// check if it's a custom selection
+		if (
+			$this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// check if has a model name at the beginning
+		// and
+		// check if it's a field on a related model
+		if (
+			$this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+				$passed_in_query_info,
+				$query_param,
+				$original_query_param,
+				$query_param_type
+			)
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// ok so $query_param didn't start with a model name
+		// and we previously confirmed it wasn't a logic query param or field on the current model
+		// it's wack, that's what it is
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"There is no model named '%s' related to %s. Query param type is %s and original query param is %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$query_param,
+				$this->class_name,
+				$query_param_type,
+				$original_query_param
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts any possible join model information from the provided possible_join_string.
+	 * This method will read the provided $possible_join_string value and determine if there are any possible model
+	 * join
+	 * parts that should be added to the query.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $possible_join_string  Such as Registration.REG_ID, or Registration
+	 * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
+	 * @param string                      $query_parameter_type  The type for the source of the $possible_join_string
+	 *                                                           ('where', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'custom_selects'
+	 *                                                           etc.)
+	 * @return bool  returns true if a join was added and false if not.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
+		$possible_join_string,
+		$original_query_param,
+		$query_parameter_type
+	) {
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
+				$this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
+				$possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
+				if ($possible_join_string === '') {
+					// nothing left to $query_param
+					// we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Query param '%s' (of type %s on model %s) shouldn't end on a period (.) ",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							$possible_join_string,
+							$query_parameter_type,
+							$this->class_name,
+							$valid_related_model_name
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$related_model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($valid_related_model_name);
+				$related_model_obj->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$possible_join_string,
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$query_parameter_type,
+					$original_query_param
+				);
+				return true;
+			}
+			if ($possible_join_string === $valid_related_model_name) {
+				$this->_add_join_to_model(
+					$valid_related_model_name,
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$original_query_param
+				);
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts related models from Custom Selects and sets up any joins for those related models.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier)
+	{
+		if (
+			$this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& (
+				$this->_custom_selections->type() === CustomSelects::TYPE_STRUCTURED
+				|| $this->_custom_selections->type() == CustomSelects::TYPE_COMPLEX
+			)
+		) {
+			$original_selects = $this->_custom_selections->originalSelects();
+			foreach ($original_selects as $alias => $select_configuration) {
+				$this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$select_configuration[0],
+					$select_configuration[0],
+					'custom_selects'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Privately used by _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param to add a join to $model_name
+	 * and store it on $passed_in_query_info
+	 *
+	 * @param string                      $model_name
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
+	 * @param string                      $original_query_param used to extract the relation chain between the queried
+	 *                                                          model and $model_name. Eg, if we are querying Event,
+	 *                                                          and are adding a join to 'Payment' with the original
+	 *                                                          query param key
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount', we want
+	 *                                                          to extract 'Registration.Transaction.Payment', in case
+	 *                                                          Payment wants to add default query params so that it
+	 *                                                          will know what models to prepend onto its default query
+	 *                                                          params or in case it wants to rename tables (in case
+	 *                                                          there are multiple joins to the same table)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _add_join_to_model(
+		$model_name,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
+		$original_query_param
+	) {
+		$relation_obj         = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		$model_relation_chain = EE_Model_Parser::extract_model_relation_chain($model_name, $original_query_param);
+		// check if the relation is HABTM, because then we're essentially doing two joins
+		// If so, join first to the JOIN table, and add its data types, and then continue as normal
+		if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_HABTM_Relation) {
+			$join_model_obj = $relation_obj->get_join_model();
+			// replace the model specified with the join model for this relation chain, whi
+			$relation_chain_to_join_model =
+				EE_Model_Parser::replace_model_name_with_join_model_name_in_model_relation_chain(
+					$model_name,
+					$join_model_obj->get_this_model_name(),
+					$model_relation_chain
+				);
+			$passed_in_query_info->merge(
+				new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
+					[$relation_chain_to_join_model => $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name()],
+					$relation_obj->get_join_to_intermediate_model_statement($relation_chain_to_join_model)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// now just join to the other table pointed to by the relation object, and add its data types
+		$passed_in_query_info->merge(
+			new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
+				[$model_relation_chain => $model_name],
+				$relation_obj->get_join_statement($model_relation_chain)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs SQL for where clause, like "WHERE Event.ID = 23 AND Transaction.amount > 100" etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $where_params @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_where_clause($where_params)
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
+		if ($SQL) {
+			return " WHERE " . $SQL;
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just like the _construct_where_clause, except prepends 'HAVING' instead of 'WHERE',
+	 * and should be passed HAVING parameters, not WHERE parameters
+	 *
+	 * @param array $having_params
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_having_clause($having_params)
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
+		if ($SQL) {
+			return " HAVING " . $SQL;
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used for creating nested WHERE conditions. Eg "WHERE ! (Event.ID = 3 OR ( Event_Meta.meta_key = 'bob' AND
+	 * Event_Meta.meta_value = 'foo'))"
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $where_params @see
+	 *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @param string $glue         joins each subclause together. Should really only be " AND " or " OR "...
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, $glue = ' AND')
+	{
+		$where_clauses = [];
+		foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
+			$query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
+			if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+				switch ($query_param) {
+					case 'not':
+					case 'NOT':
+						$where_clauses[] = "! ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   $glue
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+					case 'and':
+					case 'AND':
+						$where_clauses[] = " ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   ' AND '
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+					case 'or':
+					case 'OR':
+						$where_clauses[] = " ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   ' OR '
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+				}
+			} else {
+				$field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
+				// if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
+				if (! $field_obj) {
+					if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+						$field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
+					} else {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									"%s is neither a valid model field name, nor a custom selection",
+									"event_espresso"
+								),
+								$query_param
+							)
+						);
+					}
+				}
+				$op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
+				$where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
+			}
+		}
+		return $where_clauses
+			? implode($glue, $where_clauses)
+			: '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes the input parameter and extract the table name (alias) and column name
+	 *
+	 * @param string $query_param like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
+	 * @return string table alias and column name for SQL, eg "Transaction.TXN_ID"
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param)
+	{
+		$field = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
+		if ($field) {
+			$table_alias_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_from_query_param(
+				$field->get_model_name(),
+				$query_param
+			);
+			return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		if (
+			$this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
+		) {
+			// maybe it's custom selection item?
+			// if so, just use it as the "column name"
+			return $query_param;
+		}
+		$custom_select_aliases = $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			? implode(',', $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases())
+			: '';
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"%s is not a valid field on this model, nor a custom selection (%s)",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$query_param,
+				$custom_select_aliases
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes the * and anything after it from the condition query param key. It is useful to add the * to condition
+	 * query param keys (eg, 'OR*', 'EVT_ID') in order for the array keys to still be unique, so that they don't get
+	 * overwritten Takes a string like 'Event.EVT_ID*', 'TXN_total**', 'OR*1st', and 'DTT_reg_start*foobar' to
+	 * 'Event.EVT_ID', 'TXN_total', 'OR', and 'DTT_reg_start', respectively.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $condition_query_param_key
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($condition_query_param_key)
+	{
+		$pos_of_star = strpos($condition_query_param_key, '*');
+		if ($pos_of_star === false) {
+			return $condition_query_param_key;
+		}
+		return substr($condition_query_param_key, 0, $pos_of_star);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * creates the SQL for the operator and the value in a WHERE clause, eg "< 23" or "LIKE '%monkey%'"
+	 *
+	 * @param array|string               $op_and_value
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj . If string, should be one of EEM_Base::_valid_wpdb_data_types
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_op_and_value($op_and_value, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$operator = '=';
+		$value    = $op_and_value;
+		if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
+			$operator = isset($op_and_value[0])
+				? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0])
+				: null;
+			if (! $operator) {
+				$php_array_like_string = [];
+				foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
+					$value = is_array($value) ? '[' . implode(",", $value) . ']' : $value;
+					$php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
+				}
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"You setup a query parameter like you were going to specify an operator, but didn't. You provided '(%s)', but the operator should be at array key index 0 (eg array('>',32))",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						implode(",", $php_array_like_string)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$value = $op_and_value[1] ?? null;
+		}
+
+		// check to see if the value is actually another field
+		if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2]) {
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			// in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
+			// it will need to handle a little differently
+			$cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
+			// note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
+			return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			// the value should be an array with count of two.
+			if (count($value) !== 2) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"The '%s' operator must be used with an array of values and there must be exactly TWO values in that array.",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						"BETWEEN"
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
+			return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
+			if ($value !== null) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"You attempted to give a value  (%s) while using a NULL-style operator (%s). That isn't valid",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$value,
+						$operator
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			return $operator;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			// if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
+			// remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
+		}
+		if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Operator '%s' must be used with an array of values, eg 'Registration.REG_ID' => array('%s',array(1,2,3))",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$operator,
+					$operator
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Operator '%s' must be used with a single value, not an array. Eg 'Registration.REG_ID => array('%s',23))",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$operator,
+					$operator
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"It appears you've provided some totally invalid query parameters. Operator and value were:'%s', which isn't right at all",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				http_build_query($op_and_value)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the operands to be used in a BETWEEN query, eg "'2014-12-31 20:23:33' AND '2015-01-23 12:32:54'"
+	 *
+	 * @param array                      $values
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be the datatype to be used when querying, eg
+	 *                                              '%s'
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_between_value($values, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$cleaned_values = [];
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			$cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes an array or a comma-separated list of $values and cleans them
+	 * according to $data_type using $wpdb->prepare, and then makes the list a
+	 * string surrounded by ( and ). Eg, _construct_in_value(array(1,2,3),'%d') would
+	 * return '(1,2,3)'; _construct_in_value("1,2,hack",'%d') would return '(1,2,1)' (assuming
+	 * I'm right that a string, when interpreted as a digit, becomes a 1. It might become a 0)
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed                      $values    array or comma-separated string
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be a wpdb data type like '%s', or '%d'
+	 * @return string of SQL to follow an 'IN' or 'NOT IN' operator
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_in_value($values, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$prepped = [];
+		// check if the value is a CSV list
+		if (is_string($values)) {
+			// in which case, turn it into an array
+			$values = explode(',', $values);
+		}
+		// make sure we only have one of each value in the list
+		$values = array_unique($values);
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			$prepped[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		// we would just LOVE to leave $cleaned_values as an empty array, and return the value as "()",
+		// but unfortunately that's invalid SQL. So instead we return a string which we KNOW will evaluate to be the empty set
+		// which is effectively equivalent to returning "()". We don't return "(0)" because that only works for auto-incrementing columns
+		if (empty($prepped)) {
+			$all_fields  = $this->field_settings();
+			$first_field = reset($all_fields);
+			$main_table  = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$prepped[]   = "SELECT {$first_field->get_table_column()} FROM {$main_table->get_table_name()} WHERE FALSE";
+		}
+		return '(' . implode(',', $prepped) . ')';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed                      $value
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string it should be a wpdb data type like '%d'
+	 * @return false|null|string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			return $wpdb->prepare(
+				$field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(),
+				$this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
+			);
+		} //$field_obj should really just be a data type
+		if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
+					$field_obj,
+					implode(",", $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $wpdb->prepare($field_obj, $value);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes the input parameter and finds the model field that it indicates.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $query_param_name like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param_name)
+	{
+		// ok, now proceed with deducing which part is the model's name, and which is the field's name
+		// which will help us find the database table and column
+		$query_param_parts = explode(".", $query_param_name);
+		if (empty($query_param_parts)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"_extract_column_name is empty when trying to extract column and table name from %s",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$query_param_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$number_of_parts       = count($query_param_parts);
+		$last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
+		if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
+			$field_name = $last_query_param_part;
+			$model_obj  = $this;
+		} else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
+			// the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
+			$field_name = $last_query_param_part;
+			$model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
+		}
+		try {
+			return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Given a field's name (ie, a key in $this->field_settings()), uses the EE_Model_Field object to get the table's
+	 * alias and column which corresponds to it
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
+	{
+		$all_fields = $this->field_settings();
+		$field      = $all_fields[ $field_name ] ?? false;
+		if ($field) {
+			return $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"There is no field titled %s on model %s. Either the query trying to use it is bad, or you need to add it to the list of fields on the model.",
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$field_name,
+				$this->class_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * similar to \EEM_Base::_get_qualified_column_for_field() but returns an array with data for ALL fields.
+	 * Example usage:
+	 * EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
+	 *      array(),
+	 *      ARRAY_A,
+	 *      EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields()
+	 *  );
+	 * is equivalent to
+	 *  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results( array(), ARRAY_A, '*' );
+	 * and
+	 *  EEM_Event::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
+	 *      array(
+	 *          array(
+	 *              'Datetime.Ticket.TKT_ID' => array( '<', 100 ),
+	 *          ),
+	 *          ARRAY_A,
+	 *          implode(
+	 *              ', ',
+	 *              array_merge(
+	 *                  EEM_Event::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( '', false ),
+	 *                  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( 'Datetime', false )
+	 *              )
+	 *          )
+	 *      )
+	 *  );
+	 * selects rows from the database, selecting all the event and ticket columns, where the ticket ID is below 100
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_chain        the chain of models used to join between the model you want to query
+	 *                                            and the one whose fields you are selecting for example: when querying
+	 *                                            tickets model and selecting fields from the tickets model you would
+	 *                                            leave this parameter empty, because no models are needed to join
+	 *                                            between the queried model and the selected one. Likewise when
+	 *                                            querying the datetime model and selecting fields from the tickets
+	 *                                            model, it would also be left empty, because there is a direct
+	 *                                            relation from datetimes to tickets, so no model is needed to join
+	 *                                            them together. However, when querying from the event model and
+	 *                                            selecting fields from the ticket model, you should provide the string
+	 *                                            'Datetime', indicating that the event model must first join to the
+	 *                                            datetime model in order to find its relation to ticket model.
+	 *                                            Also, when querying from the venue model and selecting fields from
+	 *                                            the ticket model, you should provide the string 'Event.Datetime',
+	 *                                            indicating you need to join the venue model to the event model,
+	 *                                            to the datetime model, in order to find its relation to the ticket
+	 *                                            model. This string is used to deduce the prefix that gets added onto
+	 *                                            the models' tables qualified columns
+	 * @param bool   $return_string               if true, will return a string with qualified column names separated
+	 *                                            by ', ' if false, will simply return a numerically indexed array of
+	 *                                            qualified column names
+	 * @return array|string
+	 */
+	public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
+	{
+		$table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain)
+				? ''
+				: '__');
+		$qualified_columns = [];
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
+			$qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		return $return_string
+			? implode(', ', $qualified_columns)
+			: $qualified_columns;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constructs the select use on special limit joins
+	 * NOTE: for now this has only been tested and will work when the  table alias is for the PRIMARY table. Although
+	 * its setup so the select query will be setup on and just doing the special select join off of the primary table
+	 * (as that is typically where the limits would be set).
+	 *
+	 * @param string       $table_alias The table the select is being built for
+	 * @param mixed|string $limit       The limit for this select
+	 * @return string                The final select join element for the query.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_limit_join_select($table_alias, $limit)
+	{
+		$SQL = '';
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
+				$SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
+					? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
+					: SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
+			} elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
+					? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
+					: SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
+			}
+		}
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs the internal join if there are multiple tables, or simply the table's name and alias
+	 * Eg "wp_post AS Event" or "wp_post AS Event INNER JOIN wp_postmeta Event_Meta ON Event.ID = Event_Meta.post_id"
+	 *
+	 * @return string SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_internal_join()
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_sql();
+		$SQL .= $this->_construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($this->_get_main_table()->get_table_alias());
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs the SQL for joining all the tables on this model.
+	 * Normally $alias should be the primary table's alias, but in cases where
+	 * we have already joined to a secondary table (eg, the secondary table has a foreign key and is joined before the
+	 * primary table) then we should provide that secondary table's alias. Eg, with $alias being the primary table's
+	 * alias, this will construct SQL like:
+	 * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_secondary_table AS Secondary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
+	 * With $alias being a secondary table's alias, this will construct SQL like:
+	 * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_primary_table AS Primary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
+	 *
+	 * @param string $alias_prefixed table alias to join to (this table should already be in the FROM SQL clause)
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($alias_prefixed)
+	{
+		$SQL               = '';
+		$alias_sans_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($alias_prefixed);
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {// table is secondary table
+				if ($alias_sans_prefix === $table_obj->get_table_alias()) {
+					// so we're joining to this table, meaning the table is already in
+					// the FROM statement, BUT the primary table isn't. So we want
+					// to add the inverse join sql
+					$SQL .= $table_obj->get_inverse_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
+				} else {
+					// just add a regular JOIN to this table from the primary table
+					$SQL .= $table_obj->get_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
+				}
+			}// if it's a primary table, dont add any SQL. it should already be in the FROM statement
+		}
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array for storing all the data types on the next-to-be-executed-query.
+	 * This should be a growing array of keys being table-columns (eg 'EVT_ID' and 'Event.EVT_ID'), and values being
+	 * their data type (eg, '%s', '%d', etc)
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function _get_data_types()
+	{
+		$data_types = [];
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
+			// $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+			/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+			$data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+		}
+		return $data_types;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model object given the relation's name / model's name (eg, 'Event', 'Registration',etc. Always singular)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_name
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
+	{
+		$model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
+		if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$model_name,
+					$model_classname
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the array of EE_ModelRelations for this model.
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function relation_settings()
+	{
+		return $this->_model_relations;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all related models that this model BELONGS TO. Handy to know sometimes
+	 * because without THOSE models, this model probably doesn't have much purpose.
+	 * (Eg, without an event, datetimes have little purpose.)
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Belongs_To_Relation[]
+	 */
+	public function belongs_to_relations()
+	{
+		$belongs_to_relations = [];
+		foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
+			}
+		}
+		return $belongs_to_relations;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the specified EE_Model_Relation, or throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name name of relation, key in $this->_relatedModels
+	 * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
+	{
+		$relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
+		if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Cannot get %s related to %s. There is no model relation of that type. There is, however, %s...',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$relation_name,
+					$this->_get_class_name(),
+					implode(', ', array_keys($relatedModels))
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * A convenience method for getting a specific field's settings, instead of getting all field settings for all
+	 * fields
+	 *
+	 * @param string  $fieldName
+	 * @param boolean $include_db_only_fields
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
+	{
+		$fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
+		if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
+					$fieldName,
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if this field exists on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $fieldName a key in the model's _field_settings array
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_field($fieldName)
+	{
+		$fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
+		if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether this model has a relation to the specified model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name possibly one of the keys in the relation_settings array
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_relation($relation_name)
+	{
+		$relations = $this->relation_settings();
+		if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
+	 * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
+	 *
+	 * @param $field_obj
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj): bool
+	{
+		return $field_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
+	 * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_primary_key_field()
+	{
+		if ($this->_primary_key_field === null) {
+			foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_obj) {
+				if ($this->is_primary_key_field($field_obj)) {
+					$this->_primary_key_field = $field_obj;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_primary_key_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether not there is a primary key on this model.
+	 * Internally does some caching.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_primary_key_field()
+	{
+		if ($this->_has_primary_key_field === null) {
+			try {
+				$this->get_primary_key_field();
+				$this->_has_primary_key_field = true;
+			} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+				$this->_has_primary_key_field = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_has_primary_key_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds the first field of type $field_class_name.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_class_name class name of field that you want to find. Eg, EE_Datetime_Field,
+	 *                                 EE_Foreign_Key_Field, etc
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base or null if none is found
+	 */
+	public function get_a_field_of_type($field_class_name)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof $field_class_name) {
+				return $field;
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a foreign key field pointing to model.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_name eg Event, Registration, not EEM_Event
+	 * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
+	{
+		if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+			foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
+				if (
+					$field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
+					&& in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
+				) {
+					$this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$model_name,
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the table name (including $wpdb->prefix) for the table alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias eg Event, Event_Meta, Registration, Transaction, but maybe
+	 *                            a table alias with a model chain prefix, like 'Venue__Event_Venue___Event_Meta'.
+	 *                            Either one works
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
+	{
+		$table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix =
+			EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
+		return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a flat array of all field son this model, instead of organizing them
+	 * by table_alias as they are in the constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $include_db_only_fields flag indicating whether to include the db-only fields
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] where the keys are the field's name
+	 */
+	public function field_settings($include_db_only_fields = false)
+	{
+		if ($include_db_only_fields) {
+			if ($this->_cached_fields === null) {
+				$this->_cached_fields = [];
+				foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
+					foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+						$this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return $this->_cached_fields;
+		}
+		if ($this->_cached_fields_non_db_only === null) {
+			$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = [];
+			foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
+				foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        cycle though array of attendees and create objects out of each item
+	 *
+	 * @access        private
+	 * @param array $rows        of results of $wpdb->get_results($query,ARRAY_A)
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[] array keys are primary keys (if there is a primary key on the model. if not,
+	 *                           numerically indexed)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _create_objects($rows = [])
+	{
+		$array_of_objects = [];
+		if (empty($rows)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		$count_if_model_has_no_primary_key = 0;
+		$has_primary_key                   = $this->has_primary_key_field();
+		$primary_key_field                 = $has_primary_key
+			? $this->get_primary_key_field()
+			: null;
+		foreach ((array) $rows as $row) {
+			if (empty($row)) {
+				// wp did its weird thing where it returns an array like array(0=>null), which is totally not helpful...
+				return [];
+			}
+			// check if we've already set this object in the results array,
+			// in which case there's no need to process it further (again)
+			if ($has_primary_key) {
+				$table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+					$row,
+					$primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
+					$primary_key_field->get_table_column()
+				);
+				if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			$classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
+			if (! $classInstance) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
+						$this->get_this_model_name(),
+						http_build_query($row)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			// set the timezone on the instantiated objects
+			$classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+			// make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
+			$key                      = $has_primary_key
+				? $classInstance->ID()
+				: $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
+			$array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
+			// also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
+			// those related models
+			// (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
+			// that filtered out some fo the results, then we'd be caching an incomplete set
+			// so it requires a little more thought than just caching them immediately...)
+			foreach ($this->_model_relations as $modelName => $relation_obj) {
+				if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// check if this model's INFO is present. If so, cache it on the model
+					$other_model           = $relation_obj->get_other_model();
+					$other_model_obj_maybe = $other_model->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
+					// if we managed to make a model object from the results, cache it on the main model object
+					if ($other_model_obj_maybe) {
+						// set timezone on these other model objects if they are present
+						$other_model_obj_maybe->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+						$classInstance->cache($modelName, $other_model_obj_maybe);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// also, if this was a custom select query, let's see if there are any results for the custom select fields
+			// and add them to the object as well.  We'll convert according to the set data_type if there's any set for
+			// the field in the CustomSelects object
+			if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+				$classInstance->setCustomSelectsValues(
+					$this->getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults($row)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $array_of_objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will parse a given row of results from the db and see if any keys in the results match an alias within the
+	 * current CustomSelects object. This will be used to build an array of values indexed by those keys.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $db_results_row
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults(array $db_results_row)
+	{
+		$results = [];
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+			foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
+				if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
+					$results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
+						$db_results_row[ $alias ],
+						$this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $results;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will set the value for the given alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $value
+	 * @param string $datatype (one of %d, %s, %f)
+	 * @return int|string|float (int for %d, string for %s, float for %f)
+	 */
+	protected function convertValueToDataType($value, $datatype)
+	{
+		switch ($datatype) {
+			case '%f':
+				return (float) $value;
+			case '%d':
+				return (int) $value;
+			default:
+				return (string) $value;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * The purpose of this method is to allow us to create a model object that is not in the db that holds default
+	 * values. A typical example of where this is used is when creating a new item and the initial load of a form.  We
+	 * dont' necessarily want to test for if the object is present but just assume it is BUT load the defaults from the
+	 * object (as set in the model_field!).
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class single EE_Base_Class object with default values for the properties.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function create_default_object()
+	{
+		$this_model_fields_and_values = [];
+		// setup the row using default values;
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			$this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+		}
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_class($className, [$this_model_fields_and_values], false, false);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
+	 *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
+			$cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
+		}
+		$primary_key = null;
+		// make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
+		$this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+			$primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		// check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
+		// if not, return null
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		} elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
+			$first_column = reset($this_model_fields_n_values);
+			if (empty($first_column)) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+		// if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
+		if ($primary_key) {
+			$classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
+			if (! $classInstance) {
+				$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
+											->load_class(
+												$className,
+												[$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
+												true,
+												false
+											);
+				// add this new object to the entity map
+				$classInstance = $this->add_to_entity_map($classInstance);
+			}
+		} else {
+			$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class(
+				$className,
+				[$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
+				true,
+				false
+			);
+		}
+		return $classInstance;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model object from the  entity map if it exists
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function get_from_entity_map($id)
+	{
+		return $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] ?? null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * add_to_entity_map
+	 * Adds the object to the model's entity mappings
+	 *        Effectively tells the models "Hey, this model object is the most up-to-date representation of the data,
+	 *        and for the remainder of the request, it's even more up-to-date than what's in the database.
+	 *        So, if the database doesn't agree with what's in the entity mapper, ignore the database"
+	 *        If the database gets updated directly and you want the entity mapper to reflect that change,
+	 *        then this method should be called immediately after the update query
+	 * Note: The map is indexed by whatever the current blog id is set (via EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id).  This is
+	 * so on multisite, the entity map is specific to the query being done for a specific site.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $object
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if (! $object instanceof $className) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
+					is_object($object)
+						? get_class($object)
+						: $object,
+					$className
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (! $object->ID()) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// double check it's not already there
+		$classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($object->ID());
+		if ($classInstance) {
+			return $classInstance;
+		}
+		$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
+		return $object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * if a valid identifier is provided, then that entity is unset from the entity map,
+	 * if no identifier is provided, then the entire entity map is emptied
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
+	{
+		if (empty($id)) {
+			$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = [];
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
+			unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Public wrapper for _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values.
+	 * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
+	 * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
+	 *
+	 * @param array $cols_n_values
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values(array $cols_n_values): array
+	{
+		return $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values
+	 * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
+	 * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
+	 *
+	 * @param array|stdClass $cols_n_values
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values): array
+	{
+		if ($cols_n_values instanceof stdClass) {
+			$cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
+		}
+		$this_model_fields_n_values = [];
+		foreach ($this->get_tables() as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
+			$table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+				$cols_n_values,
+				$table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column(),
+				$table_obj->get_pk_column()
+			);
+			// there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
+			if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
+				foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						// prepare field as if its coming from db
+						$prepared_value                            =
+							$field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
+						$this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// the table's rows existed. Use their values
+				foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						$this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+							$cols_n_values,
+							$field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
+							$field_obj->get_table_column()
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $this_model_fields_n_values;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $cols_n_values
+	 * @param $qualified_column
+	 * @param $regular_column
+	 * @return null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not($cols_n_values, $qualified_column, $regular_column)
+	{
+		$value = null;
+		// ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
+		// does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
+		// or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
+		if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
+			$value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
+		} elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
+			$value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
+		} elseif (! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
+			// no PK?  ok check if there is a foreign key alias set for this table
+			// then check if that alias exists in the incoming data
+			// AND that the actual PK the $FK_alias represents matches the $qualified_column (full PK)
+			foreach ($this->foreign_key_aliases as $FK_alias => $PK_column) {
+				if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && !empty($cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ])) {
+					$value = $cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ];
+					[$pk_class] = explode('.', $PK_column);
+					$pk_model_name = "EEM_{$pk_class}";
+					/** @var EEM_Base $pk_model */
+					$pk_model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($pk_model_name);
+					if ($pk_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
+						// make sure object is pulled from db and added to entity map
+						$pk_model->get_one_by_ID($value);
+					}
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_entity_map_from_db
+	 * Makes sure the model object in the entity map at $id assumes the values
+	 * of the database (opposite of EE_base_Class::save())
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|mixed|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function refresh_entity_map_from_db($id)
+	{
+		$obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($obj_in_map) {
+			$wpdb_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results(
+				[[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id], 'limit' => 1]
+			);
+			if ($wpdb_results && is_array($wpdb_results)) {
+				$one_row = reset($wpdb_results);
+				foreach ($this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($one_row) as $field_name => $db_value) {
+					$obj_in_map->set_from_db($field_name, $db_value);
+				}
+				// clear the cache of related model objects
+				foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+					$obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
+				}
+			}
+			$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
+			return $obj_in_map;
+		}
+		return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_entity_map_with
+	 * Leaves the entry in the entity map alone, but updates it to match the provided
+	 * $replacing_model_obj (which we assume to be its equivalent but somehow NOT in the entity map).
+	 * This is useful if you have a model object you want to make authoritative over what's in the entity map currently.
+	 * Note: The old $replacing_model_obj should now be destroyed as it's now un-authoritative
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string    $id
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $replacing_model_obj
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function refresh_entity_map_with($id, $replacing_model_obj)
+	{
+		$obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($obj_in_map) {
+			if ($replacing_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				foreach ($replacing_model_obj->model_field_array() as $field_name => $value) {
+					$obj_in_map->set($field_name, $value);
+				}
+				// make the model object in the entity map's cache match the $replacing_model_obj
+				foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+					$obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
+					foreach ($replacing_model_obj->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $cache_id => $cached_obj) {
+						$obj_in_map->cache($relation_name, $cached_obj, $cache_id);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return $obj_in_map;
+		}
+		$this->add_to_entity_map($replacing_model_obj);
+		return $replacing_model_obj;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the EE class that corresponds to this model. Eg, for EEM_Answer that
+	 * would be EE_Answer.To import that class, you'd just add ".class.php" to the name, like so
+	 * require_once($this->_getClassName().".class.php");
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _get_class_name()
+	{
+		return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the name of the items this model represents, for the quantity specified. Eg,
+	 * if $quantity==1, on EEM_Event, it would 'Event' (internationalized), otherwise
+	 * it would be 'Events'.
+	 *
+	 * @param int|float|null $quantity
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function item_name($quantity = 1): string
+	{
+		$quantity = floor($quantity);
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__item_name__plural_or_singular',
+			$quantity > 1
+				? $this->plural_item
+				: $this->singular_item,
+			$quantity,
+			$this->plural_item,
+			$this->singular_item
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_TempBase.
+	 * If a method is called on a child of EE_TempBase that doesn't exist, this function is called
+	 * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments. Instead of
+	 * requiring a plugin to extend the EE_TempBase (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that
+	 * happen?) they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}' (eg,
+	 * filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function) and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function
+	 * was called, and an array of the original arguments passed to the function. Whatever their callback function
+	 * returns will be returned by this function. Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
+	 * add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3); function
+	 * my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_TempBase $object,$argsArray){
+	 * $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
+	 *        return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
+	 * }
+	 * require('EEM_Answer.model.php');
+	 * echo EEM_Answer::instance()->my_callback('monkeys',100);
+	 * // will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
+	 *
+	 * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_TempBase, but which
+	 * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
+	 * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function __call($methodName, $args)
+	{
+		$className = $this->class_name;
+		$tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
+		if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Method %1$s on model %2$s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: %4$s function my_callback(%4$s \$previousReturnValue, EEM_Base \$object\ $argsArray=NULL ){%4$s     /*function body*/%4$s      return \$whatever;%4$s }%4$s add_filter( \'%3$s\', \'my_callback\', 10, 3 );',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$methodName,
+					$className,
+					$tagName,
+					'<br />'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Ensures $base_class_obj_or_id is of the EE_Base_Class child that corresponds ot this model.
+	 * If not, assumes its an ID, and uses $this->get_one_by_ID() to get the EE_Base_Class.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|string|int $base_class_obj_or_id either:
+	 *                                                       the EE_Base_Class object that corresponds to this Model,
+	 *                                                       the object's class name
+	 *                                                       or object's ID
+	 * @param boolean                  $ensure_is_in_db      if set, we will also verify this model object
+	 *                                                       exists in the database. If it does not, we add it
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
+			$model_object = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} else {
+			$primary_key_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			if (
+				$primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
+				&& (
+					is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)
+					|| is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
+				)
+			) {
+				// assume it's an ID.
+				// either a proper integer or a string representing an integer (eg "101" instead of 101)
+				$model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			} elseif (
+				$primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
+				&& is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
+			) {
+				// assume it's a string representation of the object
+				$model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			} else {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$base_class_obj_or_id,
+						$this->_get_class_name(),
+						print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if ($ensure_is_in_db && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class && $model_object->ID() !== null) {
+			$model_object->save();
+		}
+		return $model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Similar to ensure_is_obj(), this method makes sure $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * is a value of the this model's primary key. If it's an EE_Base_Class child,
+	 * returns it ID.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * @return int|string depending on the type of this model object's ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_ID($base_class_obj_or_id)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
+			/** @var $base_class_obj_or_id EE_Base_Class */
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id->ID();
+		} elseif (is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			// assume it's an ID
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} elseif (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			// assume its a string representation of the object
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$base_class_obj_or_id,
+					$this->_get_class_name(),
+					print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether the values passed to the model (eg, values in WHERE, values in INSERT, UPDATE, etc)
+	 * have already been ran through the appropriate model field's prepare_for_use_in_db method. IE, they have
+	 * been sanitized and converted into the appropriate domain.
+	 * Usually the only place you'll want to change the default (which is to assume values have NOT been sanitized by
+	 * the model object/model field) is when making a method call from WITHIN a model object, which has direct access
+	 * to its sanitized values. Note: after changing this setting, you should set it back to its previous value (using
+	 * get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()) eg.
+	 * $EVT = EEM_Event::instance(); $old_setting =
+	 * $EVT->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
+	 * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
+	 * $EVT->update(array('foo'=>'bar'),array(array('foo'=>'monkey')));
+	 * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object($old_setting);
+	 *
+	 * @param int $values_already_prepared like one of the constants on EEM_Base
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
+		$values_already_prepared = self::not_prepared_by_model_object
+	) {
+		$this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = $values_already_prepared;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
+	{
+		return $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Index[]
+	 */
+	public function indexes()
+	{
+		return $this->_indexes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the Unique Indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Unique_Index[]
+	 */
+	public function unique_indexes()
+	{
+		$unique_indexes = [];
+		foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
+			if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
+				$unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
+			}
+		}
+		return $unique_indexes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the fields which, when combined, make the primary key.
+	 * This is usually just an array with 1 element (the primary key), but in cases
+	 * where there is no primary key, it's a combination of fields as defined
+	 * on a primary index
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] indexed by the field's name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->indexes() as $index) {
+			if ($index instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Index) {
+				return $index->fields();
+			}
+		}
+		return [$this->primary_key_name() => $this->get_primary_key_field()];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to build a primary key string (when the model has no primary key),
+	 * which can be used a unique string to identify this model object.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their values.
+	 *                               Note: if you have results from `EEM_Base::get_all_wpdb_results()`, you need to
+	 *                               run it through `EEM_Base::deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values()`
+	 *                               before passing it to this function (that will convert it from columns-n-values
+	 *                               to field-names-n-values).
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values)
+	{
+		$cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index = array_intersect_key(
+			$fields_n_values,
+			$this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+		);
+		return http_build_query($cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the field values from the primary key string
+	 *
+	 * @param string $index_primary_key_string
+	 * @return null|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see EEM_Base::get_combined_primary_key_fields() and EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string()
+	 */
+	public function parse_index_primary_key_string($index_primary_key_string)
+	{
+		$key_fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
+		// check all of them are in the $id
+		$key_vals_in_combined_pk = [];
+		parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
+		foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+		return $key_vals_in_combined_pk;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * verifies that an array of key-value pairs for model fields has a key
+	 * for each field comprising the primary key index
+	 *
+	 * @param array $key_vals
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($key_vals)
+	{
+		$keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
+		foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
+			if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all model objects in the DB that appear to be a copy of $model_object_or_attributes_array.
+	 * We consider something to be a copy if all the attributes match (except the ID, of course).
+	 *
+	 * @param array|EE_Base_Class $model_object_or_attributes_array If its an array, it's field-value pairs
+	 * @param array               $query_params                     @see
+	 *                                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[] Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically
+	 *                                                              indexed)
+	 */
+	public function get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if ($model_object_or_attributes_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array->model_field_array();
+		} elseif (is_array($model_object_or_attributes_array)) {
+			$attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"get_all_copies should be provided with either a model object or an array of field-value-pairs, but was given %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$model_object_or_attributes_array
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
+		// from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+			unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
+		}
+		if (isset($query_params[0])) {
+			$query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
+		} else {
+			$query_params[0] = $attributes_array;
+		}
+		return $this->get_all($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the first copy we find. See get_all_copies for more details
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed EE_Base_Class | array        $model_object_or_attributes_array
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$copies                = $this->get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params);
+		if (is_array($copies)) {
+			return array_shift($copies);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the item with the specified id. Ignores default query parameters because
+	 * we have specified the ID, and its assumed we KNOW what we're doing
+	 *
+	 * @param array      $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values
+	 * @param int|string $id              the value of the primary key to update
+	 * @return int number of rows updated
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update_by_ID($fields_n_values, $id)
+	{
+		$query_params = [
+			0                          => [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
+			'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
+		];
+		return $this->update($fields_n_values, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Changes an operator which was supplied to the models into one usable in SQL
+	 *
+	 * @param string $operator_supplied
+	 * @return string an operator which can be used in SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
+	{
+		$sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ] ?? null;
+		if ($sql_operator) {
+			return $sql_operator;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"The operator '%s' is not in the list of valid operators: %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$operator_supplied,
+				implode(",", array_keys($this->_valid_operators))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the valid operators
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_operators()
+	{
+		return $this->_valid_operators;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the between-style operators (take 2 arguments).
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_between_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_between_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "like"-style operators (take a single argument, but it may contain wildcards)
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_like_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_like_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "in"-style operators
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_in_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_in_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "null"-style operators (accept no arguments)
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_null_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_null_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array where keys are the primary keys and values are their 'names'
+	 * (as determined by the model object's name() function, which is often overridden)
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like get_all's
+	 * @return string[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_names($query_params = [])
+	{
+		$objs  = $this->get_all($query_params);
+		$names = [];
+		foreach ($objs as $obj) {
+			$names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
+		}
+		return $names;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of primary keys from the model objects. If you acquired the model objects
+	 * using EEM_Base::get_all() you don't need to call this (and probably shouldn't because
+	 * this is duplicated effort and reduces efficiency) you would be better to use
+	 * array_keys() on $model_objects.
+	 *
+	 * @param \EE_Base_Class[] $model_objects
+	 * @param boolean          $filter_out_empty_ids if a model object has an ID of '' or 0, don't bother including it
+	 *                                               in the returned array
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
+	{
+		if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					esc_html__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$IDs = [];
+		foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
+			$id = $model_object->ID();
+			if (! $id) {
+				if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+					EE_Error::add_error(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Called %1$s on a model object that has no ID and so probably hasn\'t been saved to the database',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						__FILE__,
+						__FUNCTION__,
+						__LINE__
+					);
+				}
+			}
+			$IDs[] = $id;
+		}
+		return $IDs;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the string used in capabilities relating to this model. If there
+	 * are no capabilities that relate to this model returns false
+	 *
+	 * @return string|false
+	 */
+	public function cap_slug()
+	{
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_slug', $this->_caps_slug, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the capability-restrictions array (@param string $context
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by associated capability
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions).
+	 *      If $context is provided (which should be set to one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts())
+	 *      only returns the cap restrictions array in that context (ie, the array
+	 *      at that key)
+	 */
+	public function cap_restrictions($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
+		// check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
+		if (
+			isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
+			&& $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
+			&& ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
+		) {
+			$this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
+				$this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
+				$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
+			);
+		}
+		// and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
+		foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
+			if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
+				$where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicating whether this model thinks its a wp core model
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_wp_core_model()
+	{
+		return $this->_wp_core_model;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the caps that are missing which impose a restriction on
+	 * queries made in this context
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::caps_ constants
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by capability name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function caps_missing($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
+	{
+		$missing_caps     = [];
+		$cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
+		foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
+			if (
+				! EE_Capabilities::instance()
+								 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
+			) {
+				$missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
+			}
+		}
+		return $missing_caps;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the mapping from capability contexts to action strings used in capability names
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are usually
+	 * one of 'read', 'edit', or 'delete'
+	 */
+	public function cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
+			$this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the action string for the specified capability context
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return string one of EEM_Base::cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() values
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function cap_action_for_context($context)
+	{
+		$mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
+		if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
+			return $mapping[ $context ];
+		}
+		if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
+			return $action;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Cannot find capability restrictions for context "%1$s", allowed values are:%2$s',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$context,
+				implode(',', array_keys($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all the capability contexts which are valid when querying models
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function valid_cap_contexts(): array
+	{
+		return (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__valid_cap_contexts',
+			[
+				self::caps_read,
+				self::caps_read_admin,
+				self::caps_edit,
+				self::caps_delete,
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all valid options for 'default_where_conditions'
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function valid_default_where_conditions(): array
+	{
+		return [
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
+		];
+	}
+
+	// public static function default_where_conditions_full
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies $context is one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), if not it throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public static function verify_is_valid_cap_context($context): bool
+	{
+		$valid_cap_contexts = EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts();
+		if (in_array($context, $valid_cap_contexts)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Context "%1$s" passed into model "%2$s" is not a valid context. They are: %3$s',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$context,
+				'EEM_Base',
+				implode(',', $valid_cap_contexts)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Clears all the models field caches. This is only useful when a sub-class
+	 * might have added a field or something and these caches might be invalidated
+	 */
+	protected function _invalidate_field_caches()
+	{
+		$this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
+		$this->_cached_fields               = null;
+		$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only   = null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the list of all the where query param keys that relate to logic instead of field names
+	 * (eg "and", "or", "not").
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function logic_query_param_keys(): array
+	{
+		return $this->_logic_query_param_keys;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether the where query param array key is for a logic query param.
+	 * Eg 'OR', 'not*', and 'and*because-i-say-so' should all return true, whereas
+	 * 'ATT_fname', 'EVT_name*not-you-or-me', and 'ORG_name' should return false
+	 *
+	 * @param $query_param_key
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	public function is_logic_query_param_key($query_param_key): bool
+	{
+		foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
+			if (
+				$query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
+				|| strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
+			) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if this model has a password field on it (regardless of whether that password field has any content)
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function hasPassword(): bool
+	{
+		// if we don't yet know if there's a password field, find out and remember it for next time.
+		if ($this->has_password_field === null) {
+			$password_field           = $this->getPasswordField();
+			$this->has_password_field = $password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field;
+		}
+		return $this->has_password_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the password field on this model, if there is one
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Password_Field|null
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function getPasswordField()
+	{
+		// if we definetely already know there is a password field or not (because has_password_field is true or false)
+		// there's no need to search for it. If we don't know yet, then find out
+		if ($this->has_password_field === null && $this->password_field === null) {
+			$this->password_field = $this->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Password_Field');
+		}
+		// don't bother setting has_password_field because that's hasPassword()'s job.
+		return $this->password_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the list of field (as EE_Model_Field_Bases) that are protected by the password
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function getPasswordProtectedFields()
+	{
+		$password_field = $this->getPasswordField();
+		$fields         = [];
+		if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
+			$field_names = $password_field->protectedFields();
+			foreach ($field_names as $field_name) {
+				$fields[ $field_name ] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+			}
+		}
+		return $fields;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the current user can perform the requested action on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param string              $cap_to_check one of the array keys from _cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|array $model_obj_or_fields_n_values
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function currentUserCan($cap_to_check, $model_obj_or_fields_n_values)
+	{
+		if ($model_obj_or_fields_n_values instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$model_obj_or_fields_n_values = $model_obj_or_fields_n_values->model_field_array();
+		}
+		if (! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
+			throw new UnexpectedEntityException(
+				$model_obj_or_fields_n_values,
+				'EE_Base_Class',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'%1$s must be passed an `EE_Base_Class or an array of fields names with their values. You passed in something different.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					__FUNCTION__
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $this->exists(
+			$this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+				$this->get_index_primary_key_string($model_obj_or_fields_n_values),
+				[
+					'default_where_conditions' => 'none',
+					'caps'                     => $cap_to_check,
+				]
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the query param where conditions key to the password affecting this model.
+	 * Eg on EEM_Event this would just be "password", on EEM_Datetime this would be "Event.password", etc.
+	 *
+	 * @return null|string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ModelConfigurationException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function modelChainAndPassword()
+	{
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_password === null) {
+			throw new ModelConfigurationException(
+				$this,
+				esc_html_x(
+				// @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
+					'Cannot exclude protected data because the model has not specified which model has the password.',
+					// @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
+					'1: model name',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_password === '') {
+			$model_with_password = $this;
+		} else {
+			if ($pos_of_period = strrpos($this->model_chain_to_password, '.')) {
+				$last_model_in_chain = substr($this->model_chain_to_password, $pos_of_period + 1);
+			} else {
+				$last_model_in_chain = $this->model_chain_to_password;
+			}
+			$model_with_password = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_in_chain);
+		}
+
+		$password_field = $model_with_password->getPasswordField();
+		if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
+			$password_field_name = $password_field->get_name();
+		} else {
+			throw new ModelConfigurationException(
+				$this,
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html_x(
+						'This model claims related model "%1$s" should have a password field on it, but none was found. The model relation chain is "%2$s"',
+						'1: model name, 2: special string',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$model_with_password->get_this_model_name(),
+					$this->model_chain_to_password
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return (
+			   $this->model_chain_to_password
+				   ? $this->model_chain_to_password . '.'
+				   : ''
+			   ) . $password_field_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if there is a password on a related model which restricts access to some of this model's rows,
+	 * or if this model itself has a password affecting access to some of its other fields.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function restrictedByRelatedModelPassword(): bool
+	{
+		return $this->model_chain_to_password !== null;
+	}
+
+
+	public function __sleep()
+	{
+		$vars = (array) $this;
+		$remove = [
+			'_custom_selections',
+			'_entity_map',
+		];
+		foreach ($vars as $key => $val)
+		{
+			// removing null properties improves serialization performance
+			if (is_null($val) || in_array($val, $remove, true)) {
+				unset($vars[$key]);
+			}
+		}
+		return array_keys($vars);
+	}
+
+	private function normalizePropertyName(string $key): string
 {
-    // protected: "\0*\0_property"
-    if (strpos($key, "\0*\0") === 0) {
-        return substr($key, 3);
-    }
-    // private: "\0ClassName\0_property"
-    if (strpos($key, "\0") === 0) {
-        $parts = explode("\0", $key, 3);
-        return $parts[2] ?? $key;
-    }
-    // public property
-    return $key;
+	// protected: "\0*\0_property"
+	if (strpos($key, "\0*\0") === 0) {
+		return substr($key, 3);
+	}
+	// private: "\0ClassName\0_property"
+	if (strpos($key, "\0") === 0) {
+		$parts = explode("\0", $key, 3);
+		return $parts[2] ?? $key;
+	}
+	// public property
+	return $key;
 }
 
 
-    public function __unserialize(array $data): void
-    {
-        $array_props = [
-            '_allowed_order_values',
-            '_allowed_query_params',
-            '_between_style_operators',
-            '_cache_foreign_key_to_fields',
-            '_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
-            '_cap_restriction_generators',
-            '_cap_restrictions',
-            '_entity_map',
-            '_fields',
-            '_in_style_operators',
-            '_indexes',
-            '_like_style_operators',
-            '_logic_query_param_keys',
-            '_model_relations',
-            '_null_style_operators',
-            '_tables',
-            '_valid_operators',
-            '_valid_wpdb_data_types',
-            'foreign_key_aliases',
-        ];
-        $nullable_array_props = [
-            '_cached_fields',
-            '_cached_fields_non_db_only',
-        ];
-        $bool_props = [
-            '_ignore_where_strategy',
-            '_wp_core_model',
-        ];
-        $nullable_bool_props = [
-            '_has_primary_key_field',
-            'has_password_field',
-        ];
-        $string_props = [
-            '_model_chain_to_wp_user',
-            '_timezone',
-            'plural_item',
-            'singular_item',
-        ];
-        $nullable_string_props = [
-            'model_chain_to_password',
-        ];
-        $remove = [
-            '_custom_selections',
-            '_entity_map',
-        ];
-        foreach ($data as $key => $val)
-        {
-            $key = $this->normalizePropertyName($key);
-            if (in_array($key, $remove, true)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
-                if (in_array($key, $array_props, true)) {
-                    $this->{$key} = (array) $val;
-                } elseif (in_array($key, $nullable_array_props, true)) {
-                    $this->{$key} = ! is_null($val) ? (array) $val : null;
-                } elseif (in_array($key, $bool_props, true)) {
-                    $this->{$key} = (bool) $val;
-                } elseif (in_array($key, $nullable_bool_props, true)) {
-                    $this->{$key} = ! is_null($val) ? (bool) $val : null;
-                } elseif (in_array($key, $string_props, true)) {
-                    $this->{$key} = (string) $val;
-                } elseif (in_array($key, $nullable_string_props, true)) {
-                    $this->{$key} = ! is_null($val) ? (string) $val : null;
-                } else {
-                    $this->{$key} = $val;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
+	public function __unserialize(array $data): void
+	{
+		$array_props = [
+			'_allowed_order_values',
+			'_allowed_query_params',
+			'_between_style_operators',
+			'_cache_foreign_key_to_fields',
+			'_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
+			'_cap_restriction_generators',
+			'_cap_restrictions',
+			'_entity_map',
+			'_fields',
+			'_in_style_operators',
+			'_indexes',
+			'_like_style_operators',
+			'_logic_query_param_keys',
+			'_model_relations',
+			'_null_style_operators',
+			'_tables',
+			'_valid_operators',
+			'_valid_wpdb_data_types',
+			'foreign_key_aliases',
+		];
+		$nullable_array_props = [
+			'_cached_fields',
+			'_cached_fields_non_db_only',
+		];
+		$bool_props = [
+			'_ignore_where_strategy',
+			'_wp_core_model',
+		];
+		$nullable_bool_props = [
+			'_has_primary_key_field',
+			'has_password_field',
+		];
+		$string_props = [
+			'_model_chain_to_wp_user',
+			'_timezone',
+			'plural_item',
+			'singular_item',
+		];
+		$nullable_string_props = [
+			'model_chain_to_password',
+		];
+		$remove = [
+			'_custom_selections',
+			'_entity_map',
+		];
+		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$key = $this->normalizePropertyName($key);
+			if (in_array($key, $remove, true)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+				if (in_array($key, $array_props, true)) {
+					$this->{$key} = (array) $val;
+				} elseif (in_array($key, $nullable_array_props, true)) {
+					$this->{$key} = ! is_null($val) ? (array) $val : null;
+				} elseif (in_array($key, $bool_props, true)) {
+					$this->{$key} = (bool) $val;
+				} elseif (in_array($key, $nullable_bool_props, true)) {
+					$this->{$key} = ! is_null($val) ? (bool) $val : null;
+				} elseif (in_array($key, $string_props, true)) {
+					$this->{$key} = (string) $val;
+				} elseif (in_array($key, $nullable_string_props, true)) {
+					$this->{$key} = ! is_null($val) ? (string) $val : null;
+				} else {
+					$this->{$key} = $val;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }

Spacing +228 added lines, -228 removed lines

@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ 
     {
         $this->class_name = get_class($this);
         // check that the model has not been loaded too soon
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
+        if ( ! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ 
         $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__fields", $this->_fields);
         $this->_invalidate_field_caches();
         foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
-            if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
+            if ( ! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -635,12 +635,12 @@ 
         }
         $this->set_timezone($timezone);
         // finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
-        if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
+        if ( ! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
             // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
             $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
         }
         $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
+        if ( ! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
             // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
             $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
         }
@@ -658,8 +658,8 @@ 
         // initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
         if (is_array($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
             foreach ($this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map as $cap_context => $action) {
-                if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
-                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
+                if ( ! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[$cap_context])) {
+                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$cap_context] = apply_filters(
                         'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
                         new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
                         $cap_context,
@@ -671,10 +671,10 @@ 
         // if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
         if (is_array($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
             foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
-                if (! $generator_object) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ 
                     );
                 }
                 $action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
-                if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
                     $generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
                 }
             }
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ 
      */
     protected static function getLoader(): LoaderInterface
     {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
+        if ( ! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
             EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
         }
         return EEM_Base::$loader;
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ 
      */
     private static function getMirror(): Mirror
     {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
+        if ( ! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
             EEM_Base::$mirror = EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(Mirror::class);
         }
         return EEM_Base::$mirror;
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ 
     public static function instance(?string $timezone = '')
     {
         // check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
+        if ( ! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
             /**
              * Set blog id for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
              */
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ 
      */
     public static function reset(?string $timezone = ''): ?EEM_Base
     {
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
+        if ( ! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
             return null;
         }
         // Let's NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ 
         foreach (EEM_Base::getMirror()->getDefaultProperties(static::class) as $property => $value) {
             // don't set instance to null like it was originally,
             // but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
-            if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($static_properties[$property])) {
                 static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
             }
         }
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ 
      */
     public function status_array($translated = false)
     {
-        if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
             return [];
         }
         $model_name   = $this->get_this_model_name();
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ 
         $stati        = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all([['STS_type' => $status_type]]);
         $status_array = [];
         foreach ($stati as $status) {
-            $status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
+            $status_array[$status->ID()] = $status->get('STS_code');
         }
         return $translated
             ? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
@@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ 
     {
         $wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
         if ($wp_user_field_name) {
-            $query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
+            $query_params[0][$wp_user_field_name] = get_current_user_id();
         }
         return $query_params;
     }
@@ -967,17 +967,17 @@ 
     public function wp_user_field_name()
     {
         try {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
+            if ( ! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
                 $models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
                 $last_model_name              = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
                 $model_with_fk_to_wp_users    = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
+                $model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user.'.';
             } else {
                 $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
                 $model_chain_to_wp_user    = '';
             }
             $wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
+            return $model_chain_to_wp_user.$wp_user_field->get_name();
         } catch (EE_Error $e) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1053,11 +1053,11 @@ 
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
             $custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
             $select_expressions .= $select_expressions
-                ? ', ' . $custom_expressions
+                ? ', '.$custom_expressions
                 : $custom_expressions;
         }
 
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions ".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', [$SQL, $output]);
     }
 
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null): ?CustomSelects
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
             return null;
         }
         $selects = $query_params['extra_selects'] ?? $columns_to_select;
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ 
         if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
             $select_sql_array = [];
             foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
-                if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
+                if ( ! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ 
                         )
                     );
                 }
-                if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
+                if ( ! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ 
                 ['default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL]
             )
         );
-        $className    = $this->_get_class_name();
+        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         if ($model_object instanceof $className) {
             // make sure valid objects get added to the entity map
             // so that the next call to this method doesn't trigger another trip to the db
@@ -1222,12 +1222,12 @@ 
      */
     public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params[0])) {
             $query_params[0] = [];
         }
         $conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
         if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
-            $query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
+            $query_params[0][$this->primary_key_name()] = $id;
         } else {
             // no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
             $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one($query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::get_one',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ 
                 return [];
             }
         }
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1468,7 +1468,7 @@ 
             $query_params = [];
         }
         // let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
-        $query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
+        $query_params[0][$field_to_order_by] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
         $query_params['limit']                 = $limit;
         // set direction
         $incoming_orderby         = isset($query_params['order_by'])
@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ 
      */
     public function set_timezone(?string $timezone = '')
     {
-        if (! $timezone) {
+        if ( ! $timezone) {
             return;
         }
         $this->_timezone = $timezone;
@@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@ 
     {
         $field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
         // if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+        if ( ! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ 
         // just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
         $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
         // load EEH_DTT_Helper
-        $timezone_string     = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
+        $timezone_string = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
         $incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($timezone_string));
         EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
         return DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
@@ -1708,7 +1708,7 @@ 
      */
     public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::update',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ 
             $wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
             // get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
             if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()];
             } else {
                 // if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
                 $main_table_pk_value = null;
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ 
                     // in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
                     if (
                         ! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
-                           && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
+                           && $wpdb_result[$this_table_pk_column])
                     ) {
                         $success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
                             $table_obj,
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ 
                             $main_table_pk_value
                         );
                         // if we died here, report the error
-                        if (! $success) {
+                        if ( ! $success) {
                             return false;
                         }
                     }
@@ -1808,10 +1808,10 @@ 
                 $model_objs_affected_ids     = [];
                 foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
                     $combined_index_key                             = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
-                    $model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
+                    $model_objs_affected_ids[$combined_index_key] = $combined_index_key;
                 }
             }
-            if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
+            if ( ! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
                 // wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
                 return 0;
             }
@@ -1840,8 +1840,8 @@ 
         $rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
             'query',
             [
-                "UPDATE " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                . " SET " . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+                "UPDATE ".$model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+                . " SET ".$this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
                 . $model_query_info->get_where_sql(),
             ]
         );
@@ -1855,7 +1855,7 @@ 
          * @param int      $rows_affected
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
-        return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
+        return $rows_affected; // how many supposedly got updated
     }
 
 
@@ -1888,7 +1888,7 @@ 
         $model_query_info   = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
         $select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
         $SQL                =
-            "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+            "SELECT $select_expressions ".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', [$SQL]);
     }
 
@@ -1907,7 +1907,7 @@ 
     {
         $query_params['limit'] = 1;
         $col                   = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
-        if (! empty($col)) {
+        if ( ! empty($col)) {
             return reset($col);
         }
         return null;
@@ -1938,7 +1938,7 @@ 
             $value_sql       = $prepared_value === null
                 ? 'NULL'
                 : $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
-            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
+            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column()."=".$value_sql;
         }
         return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
     }
@@ -2076,7 +2076,7 @@ 
                                 . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
                                 . " WHERE "
                                 . $deletion_where_query_part;
-            $rows_deleted     = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
+            $rows_deleted = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
         }
 
         // Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
@@ -2084,12 +2084,12 @@ 
         if (
             $this->has_primary_key_field()
             && $rows_deleted !== false
-            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
+            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()])
         ) {
-            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()];
             foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
-                if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-                    unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+                if (isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])) {
+                    unset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id]);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -2129,7 +2129,7 @@ 
          * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
-        return (int) $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
+        return (int) $rows_deleted; // how many supposedly got deleted
     }
 
 
@@ -2233,15 +2233,15 @@ 
                 if (
                     $block_deletes
                     && $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
+                        $item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()]
                     )
                 ) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // primary table deletes
-                if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
-                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
+                if (isset($item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()])) {
+                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()][] =
+                        $item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()];
                 }
             }
         } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
@@ -2250,8 +2250,8 @@ 
                 $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = [];
                 foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
                     if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
-                            $item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
+                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[$cpk_field->get_qualified_column()] =
+                            $item_to_delete[$cpk_field->get_qualified_column()];
                     }
                 }
                 $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
@@ -2289,7 +2289,7 @@ 
         } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
             $query = [];
             foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
-                $query[] = $column . ' IN' . $this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
+                $query[] = $column.' IN'.$this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
             }
             $query_part = ! empty($query)
                 ? implode(' AND ', $query)
@@ -2299,7 +2299,7 @@ 
             foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
                 $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = [];
                 foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
-                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
+                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column.'='.$id;
                 }
                 $ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
                                             . implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
@@ -2375,10 +2375,10 @@ 
             }
         }
         $column_to_count = $distinct
-            ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count
+            ? "DISTINCT ".$column_to_count
             : $column_to_count;
         $SQL             =
-            "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+            "SELECT COUNT(".$column_to_count.")".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
     }
 
@@ -2403,7 +2403,7 @@ 
         }
         $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
         $SQL             =
-            "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+            "SELECT SUM(".$column_to_count.")".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         $return_value    = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
         $data_type       = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
         if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
@@ -2439,7 +2439,7 @@ 
         }
         /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
         global $wpdb;
-        if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
+        if ( ! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
             throw new DomainException(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -2458,7 +2458,7 @@ 
         $this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
         if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
             $wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
-            if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
+            if ( ! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(esc_html__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
             }
             if ($result === false) {
@@ -2528,7 +2528,7 @@ 
                     // ummmm... you in trouble
                     return $result;
             }
-            if (! empty($error_message)) {
+            if ( ! empty($error_message)) {
                 EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
                 trigger_error($error_message);
             }
@@ -2609,11 +2609,11 @@ 
      */
     private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
     {
-        return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
+        return " FROM ".$model_query_info->get_full_join_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_where_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_having_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql().
                $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
     }
 
@@ -2638,7 +2638,7 @@ 
             $left = is_admin() ? '12rem' : '2rem';
             echo "
             <div class='ee-status-outline ee-status-bg--attention' style='margin: 2rem 2rem 2rem $left;'>
-                " . esc_html($sql_query) . "
+                ".esc_html($sql_query)."
             </div>";
             $this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
         }
@@ -2814,12 +2814,12 @@ 
         $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
         // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
         // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
             $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
         }
         $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
         $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+        $query_params[0][$this_model_name.".".$this_pk_field_name] = $id_or_obj;
         return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
     }
 
@@ -2840,7 +2840,7 @@ 
     public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
     {
         $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::sum_related',
                 sprintf(
@@ -2853,12 +2853,12 @@ 
         }
         // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
         // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
             $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
         }
         $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
         $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+        $query_params[0][$this_model_name.".".$this_pk_field_name] = $id_or_obj;
         return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
     }
 
@@ -2910,7 +2910,7 @@ 
                 $field_with_model_name = $field;
             }
         }
-        if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
+        if ( ! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
@@ -3049,14 +3049,14 @@ 
                 || $this->get_primary_key_field()
                    instanceof
                    EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
-            && isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
+            && isset($fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])
         ) {
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+            $query_params[0]['OR'][$this->primary_key_name()] = $fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()];
         }
         foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
             $uniqueness_where_params                              =
                 array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
+            $query_params[0]['OR']['AND*'.$unique_index_name] = $uniqueness_where_params;
         }
         // if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
         if (empty($query_params)) {
@@ -3133,16 +3133,16 @@ 
             $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
             // if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
             if ($prepared_value !== null) {
-                $insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
+                $insertion_col_n_values[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $prepared_value;
                 $format_for_insertion[]                                   = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
             }
         }
         if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
             // its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
             // so add the fk to the main table as a column
-            $insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
+            $insertion_col_n_values[$table->get_fk_on_table()] = $new_id;
             $format_for_insertion[]                              =
-                '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
+                '%d'; // yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
         }
 
         // insert the new entry
@@ -3160,7 +3160,7 @@ 
             }
             // it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
             // it must have been supplied
-            return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
+            return $fields_n_values[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()];
         }
         // we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
         // a unique string indicating this model
@@ -3182,10 +3182,10 @@ 
     {
         $field_name = $field_obj->get_name();
         // if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
-        if (! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_name ])) {
-            $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+        if ( ! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[$field_name])) {
+            $fields_n_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
         }
-        $unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] ?? null;
+        $unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[$field_name] ?? null;
         return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
     }
 
@@ -3288,7 +3288,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
     {
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] ?? null;
+        return $this->_tables[$table_alias] ?? null;
     }
 
 
@@ -3302,7 +3302,7 @@ 
         $other_tables = [];
         foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
             if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
+                $other_tables[$table_alias] = $table;
             }
         }
         return $other_tables;
@@ -3317,7 +3317,7 @@ 
      */
     public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
     {
-        return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
+        return $this->_fields[$table_alias];
     }
 
 
@@ -3346,7 +3346,7 @@ 
                     $query_info_carrier,
                     'group_by'
                 );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['group_by'],
                     $query_info_carrier,
@@ -3368,7 +3368,7 @@ 
                     $query_info_carrier,
                     'order_by'
                 );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['order_by'],
                     $query_info_carrier,
@@ -3403,7 +3403,7 @@ 
         EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
         $query_param_type
     ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+        if ( ! empty($sub_query_params)) {
             $sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
             foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
                 // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
@@ -3419,7 +3419,7 @@ 
                 $query_param_sans_stars =
                     $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
                 if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                    if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
+                    if ( ! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
                         throw new EE_Error(
                             sprintf(
                                 esc_html__(
@@ -3445,7 +3445,7 @@ 
                     // then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
                     // indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
                     // from which we should extract query parameters!
-                    if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
+                    if ( ! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
                         throw new EE_Error(
                             sprintf(
                                 esc_html__(
@@ -3485,8 +3485,8 @@ 
         EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
         $query_param_type
     ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
+        if ( ! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+            if ( ! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
@@ -3524,7 +3524,7 @@ 
      */
     public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
                 sprintf(
@@ -3555,7 +3555,7 @@ 
             // only include if related to a cpt where no password has been set
             $query_params[0]['OR*nopassword'] = [
                 $where_param_key_for_password       => '',
-                $where_param_key_for_password . '*' => ['IS_NULL'],
+                $where_param_key_for_password.'*' => ['IS_NULL'],
             ];
         }
         $query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
@@ -3609,7 +3609,7 @@ 
         // set limit
         if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
             if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
-                if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
+                if ( ! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
                     $e = sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
                             "Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
@@ -3617,12 +3617,12 @@ 
                         ),
                         http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
                     );
-                    throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
+                    throw new EE_Error($e."|".$e);
                 }
                 // they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
+                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT ".$query_params['limit'][0].",".$query_params['limit'][1]);
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
+                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT ".$query_params['limit']);
             }
         }
         // set order by
@@ -3654,10 +3654,10 @@ 
                 $order_array = [];
                 foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
                     $order         = $this->_extract_order($order);
-                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
+                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by).SP.$order;
                 }
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY ".implode(",", $order_array));
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['order_by'],
                     $query_object,
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ 
                     ? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
                     : 'DESC';
                 $query_object->set_order_by_sql(
-                    " ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
+                    " ORDER BY ".$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']).SP.$order
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -3680,7 +3680,7 @@ 
         ) {
             $pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
             $order    = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
-            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
+            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY ".$pk_field->get_qualified_column().SP.$order);
         }
         // set group by
         if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
@@ -3690,10 +3690,10 @@ 
                 foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
                     $group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
                 }
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY ".implode(", ", $group_by_array));
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
                 $query_object->set_group_by_sql(
-                    " GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
+                    " GROUP BY ".$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -3703,7 +3703,7 @@ 
         }
         // now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
         foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
-            if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
+            if ( ! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -3808,7 +3808,7 @@ 
         $where_query_params = []
     ) {
         $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
-        if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -3838,7 +3838,7 @@ 
                 // we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
                 continue;
             }
-            $overrides              = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+            $overrides = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
                 $related_model_universal_where_params,
                 $where_query_params,
                 $related_model,
@@ -3947,19 +3947,19 @@ 
     ) {
         $null_friendly_where_conditions = [];
         $none_overridden                = true;
-        $or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
+        $or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*'.get_class($model);
         foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
-            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
+            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[$key])) {
                 $none_overridden = false;
             } else {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
+                $null_friendly_where_conditions[$or_condition_key_for_defaults]['AND'][$key] = $val;
             }
         }
         if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
             if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
+                $null_friendly_where_conditions[$or_condition_key_for_defaults][$model_relation_path
                                                                                    . "."
-                                                                                   . $model->primary_key_name() ] =
+                                                                                   . $model->primary_key_name()] =
                     ['IS NULL'];
             }/*else{
                 //@todo NO PK, use other defaults
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ 
             foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
                 $qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
                                        . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
+                if ( ! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
                     $selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
                 }
             }
@@ -4222,9 +4222,9 @@ 
         $query_parameter_type
     ) {
         foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
+            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name.".") === 0) {
                 $this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
-                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
+                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name."."));
                 if ($possible_join_string === '') {
                     // nothing left to $query_param
                     // we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
@@ -4357,7 +4357,7 @@ 
     {
         $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
         if ($SQL) {
-            return " WHERE " . $SQL;
+            return " WHERE ".$SQL;
         }
         return '';
     }
@@ -4375,7 +4375,7 @@ 
     {
         $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
         if ($SQL) {
-            return " HAVING " . $SQL;
+            return " HAVING ".$SQL;
         }
         return '';
     }
@@ -4429,7 +4429,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 $field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
                 // if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
-                if (! $field_obj) {
+                if ( ! $field_obj) {
                     if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
                         $field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
                     } else {
@@ -4445,7 +4445,7 @@ 
                     }
                 }
                 $op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
-                $where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
+                $where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param).SP.$op_and_value_sql;
             }
         }
         return $where_clauses
@@ -4469,7 +4469,7 @@ 
                 $field->get_model_name(),
                 $query_param
             );
-            return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+            return $table_alias_prefix.$field->get_qualified_column();
         }
         if (
             $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
@@ -4530,10 +4530,10 @@ 
             $operator = isset($op_and_value[0])
                 ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0])
                 : null;
-            if (! $operator) {
+            if ( ! $operator) {
                 $php_array_like_string = [];
                 foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
-                    $value = is_array($value) ? '[' . implode(",", $value) . ']' : $value;
+                    $value = is_array($value) ? '['.implode(",", $value).']' : $value;
                     $php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
                 }
                 throw new EE_Error(
@@ -4551,14 +4551,14 @@ 
 
         // check to see if the value is actually another field
         if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2]) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             // in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
             // it will need to handle a little differently
             $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
             // note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+            return $operator.SP.$cleaned_value;
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             // the value should be an array with count of two.
@@ -4574,7 +4574,7 @@ 
                 );
             }
             $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+            return $operator.SP.$cleaned_value;
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
             if ($value !== null) {
@@ -4594,10 +4594,10 @@ 
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
             // if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
             // remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
         }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+        if ( ! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
@@ -4611,7 +4611,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -4650,7 +4650,7 @@ 
         foreach ($values as $value) {
             $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
         }
-        return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
+        return $cleaned_values[0]." AND ".$cleaned_values[1];
     }
 
 
@@ -4688,7 +4688,7 @@ 
             $main_table  = $this->_get_main_table();
             $prepped[]   = "SELECT {$first_field->get_table_column()} FROM {$main_table->get_table_name()} WHERE FALSE";
         }
-        return '(' . implode(',', $prepped) . ')';
+        return '('.implode(',', $prepped).')';
     }
 
 
@@ -4708,7 +4708,7 @@ 
                 $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
             );
         } //$field_obj should really just be a data type
-        if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
@@ -4745,14 +4745,14 @@ 
             );
         }
         $number_of_parts       = count($query_param_parts);
-        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
+        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[count($query_param_parts) - 1];
         if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
             $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
             $model_obj  = $this;
         } else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
             // the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
             $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
+            $model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[$number_of_parts - 2]);
         }
         try {
             return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
@@ -4773,7 +4773,7 @@ 
     public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
     {
         $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $field      = $all_fields[ $field_name ] ?? false;
+        $field      = $all_fields[$field_name] ?? false;
         if ($field) {
             return $field->get_qualified_column();
         }
@@ -4843,12 +4843,12 @@ 
      */
     public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
     {
-        $table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain)
+        $table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain).(empty($model_relation_chain)
                 ? ''
                 : '__');
         $qualified_columns = [];
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
-            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix.$field->get_qualified_column();
         }
         return $return_string
             ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns)
@@ -4875,11 +4875,11 @@ 
             if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
                 $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
                     ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
+                    : SP.$table_obj->get_table_name()." AS ".$table_obj->get_table_alias().SP;
             } elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
                 $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
                     ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
+                    : SP.$table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias).SP;
             }
         }
         return $SQL;
@@ -4950,7 +4950,7 @@ 
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
             // $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
             /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-            $data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+            $data_types[$field_obj->get_qualified_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
         }
         return $data_types;
     }
@@ -4965,8 +4965,8 @@ 
      */
     public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
     {
-        $model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
-        if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
+        $model_classname = "EEM_".$model_name;
+        if ( ! class_exists($model_classname)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -4978,7 +4978,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
+        return call_user_func($model_classname."::instance");
     }
 
 
@@ -5005,7 +5005,7 @@ 
         $belongs_to_relations = [];
         foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
             if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
+                $belongs_to_relations[$model_name] = $relation_obj;
             }
         }
         return $belongs_to_relations;
@@ -5022,7 +5022,7 @@ 
     public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
     {
         $relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -5035,7 +5035,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
+        return $relatedModels[$relation_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -5051,7 +5051,7 @@ 
     public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
     {
         $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
-        if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5060,7 +5060,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
+        return $fieldSettings[$fieldName];
     }
 
 
@@ -5073,7 +5073,7 @@ 
     public function has_field($fieldName)
     {
         $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
+        if (isset($fieldSettings[$fieldName])) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5089,7 +5089,7 @@ 
     public function has_relation($relation_name)
     {
         $relations = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+        if (isset($relations[$relation_name])) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5125,7 +5125,7 @@ 
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
+            if ( ! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5185,17 +5185,17 @@ 
      */
     public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
     {
-        if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+        if ( ! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name])) {
             foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
                 if (
                     $field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
                     && in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
                 ) {
-                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
+                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name] = $field;
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name])) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -5208,7 +5208,7 @@ 
                 );
             }
         }
-        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
+        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -5224,7 +5224,7 @@ 
     {
         $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix =
             EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
+        return $this->_tables[$table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix]->get_table_name();
     }
 
 
@@ -5242,7 +5242,7 @@ 
                 $this->_cached_fields = [];
                 foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
                     foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+                        $this->_cached_fields[$field_name] = $field_obj;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5253,8 +5253,8 @@ 
             foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
                 foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
                     /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[$field_name] = $field_obj;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5297,12 +5297,12 @@ 
                     $primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
                     $primary_key_field->get_table_column()
                 );
-                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
+                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[$table_pk_value])) {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
             $classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
+            if ( ! $classInstance) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5317,7 +5317,7 @@ 
             $key                      = $has_primary_key
                 ? $classInstance->ID()
                 : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
-            $array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
+            $array_of_objects[$key] = $classInstance;
             // also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
             // those related models
             // (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
@@ -5361,9 +5361,9 @@ 
         $results = [];
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
             foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
-                if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
-                    $results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
-                        $db_results_row[ $alias ],
+                if (isset($db_results_row[$alias])) {
+                    $results[$alias] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
+                        $db_results_row[$alias],
                         $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
                     );
                 }
@@ -5408,7 +5408,7 @@ 
         $this_model_fields_and_values = [];
         // setup the row using default values;
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            $this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+            $this_model_fields_and_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
         }
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         return EE_Registry::instance()->load_class($className, [$this_model_fields_and_values], false, false);
@@ -5424,20 +5424,20 @@ 
      */
     public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
     {
-        if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
             $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
         }
         $primary_key = null;
         // make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
         $this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
+            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()];
         }
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         // check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
         // if not, return null
         if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
                 return null;
             }
         } elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
@@ -5449,7 +5449,7 @@ 
         // if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
         if ($primary_key) {
             $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
+            if ( ! $classInstance) {
                 $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
                                             ->load_class(
                                                 $className,
@@ -5480,7 +5480,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_from_entity_map($id)
     {
-        return $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] ?? null;
+        return $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id] ?? null;
     }
 
 
@@ -5503,7 +5503,7 @@ 
     public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
     {
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if (! $object instanceof $className) {
+        if ( ! $object instanceof $className) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
@@ -5515,7 +5515,7 @@ 
             );
         }
 
-        if (! $object->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $object->ID()) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -5531,7 +5531,7 @@ 
         if ($classInstance) {
             return $classInstance;
         }
-        $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
+        $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$object->ID()] = $object;
         return $object;
     }
 
@@ -5546,11 +5546,11 @@ 
     public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
     {
         if (empty($id)) {
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = [];
+            $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id] = [];
             return true;
         }
-        if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-            unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+        if (isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])) {
+            unset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id]);
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5598,18 +5598,18 @@ 
             // there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
             if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
                 foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
                         // prepare field as if its coming from db
                         $prepared_value                            =
                             $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
+                        $this_model_fields_n_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 // the table's rows existed. Use their values
                 foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                        $this_model_fields_n_values[$field_name] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
                             $cols_n_values,
                             $field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
                             $field_obj->get_table_column()
@@ -5636,17 +5636,17 @@ 
         // ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
         // does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
         // or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
-        if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
-        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
-        } elseif (! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
+        if (isset($cols_n_values[$qualified_column])) {
+            $value = $cols_n_values[$qualified_column];
+        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[$regular_column])) {
+            $value = $cols_n_values[$regular_column];
+        } elseif ( ! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
             // no PK?  ok check if there is a foreign key alias set for this table
             // then check if that alias exists in the incoming data
             // AND that the actual PK the $FK_alias represents matches the $qualified_column (full PK)
             foreach ($this->foreign_key_aliases as $FK_alias => $PK_column) {
-                if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && !empty($cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ])) {
-                    $value = $cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ];
+                if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && ! empty($cols_n_values[$FK_alias])) {
+                    $value = $cols_n_values[$FK_alias];
                     [$pk_class] = explode('.', $PK_column);
                     $pk_model_name = "EEM_{$pk_class}";
                     /** @var EEM_Base $pk_model */
@@ -5690,7 +5690,7 @@ 
                     $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
                 }
             }
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
+            $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id] = $obj_in_map;
             return $obj_in_map;
         }
         return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
@@ -5742,7 +5742,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _get_class_name()
     {
-        return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
+        return "EE_".$this->get_this_model_name();
     }
 
 
@@ -5796,7 +5796,7 @@ 
     {
         $className = $this->class_name;
         $tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+        if ( ! has_filter($tagName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -5967,7 +5967,7 @@ 
         $unique_indexes = [];
         foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
             if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
-                $unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
+                $unique_indexes [$name] = $index;
             }
         }
         return $unique_indexes;
@@ -6031,7 +6031,7 @@ 
         $key_vals_in_combined_pk = [];
         parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
         foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[$key_field_name])) {
                 return null;
             }
         }
@@ -6051,7 +6051,7 @@ 
     {
         $keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
         foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($key_vals[$key])) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -6090,8 +6090,8 @@ 
         }
         // even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
         // from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
+        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
+            unset($attributes_array[$this->primary_key_name()]);
         }
         if (isset($query_params[0])) {
             $query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
@@ -6113,7 +6113,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
                 sprintf(
@@ -6162,7 +6162,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
     {
-        $sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ] ?? null;
+        $sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[$operator_supplied] ?? null;
         if ($sql_operator) {
             return $sql_operator;
         }
@@ -6260,7 +6260,7 @@ 
         $objs  = $this->get_all($query_params);
         $names = [];
         foreach ($objs as $obj) {
-            $names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
+            $names[$obj->ID()] = $obj->name();
         }
         return $names;
     }
@@ -6281,7 +6281,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
     {
-        if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+        if ( ! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
             if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
                 EE_Error::add_error(
                     esc_html__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -6294,7 +6294,7 @@ 
         $IDs = [];
         foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
             $id = $model_object->ID();
-            if (! $id) {
+            if ( ! $id) {
                 if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -6343,22 +6343,22 @@ 
         EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
         // check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
         if (
-            isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
-            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
-            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
+            isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context])
+            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
+            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
         ) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
-                $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
-                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
+            $this->_cap_restrictions[$context] = array_merge(
+                $this->_cap_restrictions[$context],
+                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context]->generate_restrictions()
             );
         }
         // and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
-        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
+        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[$context] as $where_conditions_obj) {
             if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
                 $where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
             }
         }
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
+        return $this->_cap_restrictions[$context];
     }
 
 
@@ -6388,9 +6388,9 @@ 
         foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
             if (
                 ! EE_Capabilities::instance()
-                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
+                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name().'_model_applying_caps')
             ) {
-                $missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
+                $missing_caps[$cap] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
             }
         }
         return $missing_caps;
@@ -6423,8 +6423,8 @@ 
     public function cap_action_for_context($context)
     {
         $mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
-        if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
-            return $mapping[ $context ];
+        if (isset($mapping[$context])) {
+            return $mapping[$context];
         }
         if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
             return $action;
@@ -6545,7 +6545,7 @@ 
         foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
             if (
                 $query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
-                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
+                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key.'*') === 0
             ) {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -6603,7 +6603,7 @@ 
         if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
             $field_names = $password_field->protectedFields();
             foreach ($field_names as $field_name) {
-                $fields[ $field_name ] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+                $fields[$field_name] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
             }
         }
         return $fields;
@@ -6629,7 +6629,7 @@ 
         if ($model_obj_or_fields_n_values instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
             $model_obj_or_fields_n_values = $model_obj_or_fields_n_values->model_field_array();
         }
-        if (! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
             throw new UnexpectedEntityException(
                 $model_obj_or_fields_n_values,
                 'EE_Base_Class',
@@ -6711,9 +6711,9 @@ 
         }
         return (
                $this->model_chain_to_password
-                   ? $this->model_chain_to_password . '.'
+                   ? $this->model_chain_to_password.'.'
                    : ''
-               ) . $password_field_name;
+               ).$password_field_name;
     }
 
 

core/db_models/EEM_Change_Log.model.php

Indentation +220 added lines, -220 removed lines

@@ -9,89 +9,89 @@ 
  */
 class EEM_Change_Log extends EEM_Base
 {
-    /**
-     * the related object was created log type
-     */
-    const type_create = 'create';
+	/**
+	 * the related object was created log type
+	 */
+	const type_create = 'create';
 
-    /**
-     * the related object was updated (changed, or soft-deleted)
-     */
-    const type_update = 'update';
+	/**
+	 * the related object was updated (changed, or soft-deleted)
+	 */
+	const type_update = 'update';
 
-    /**
-     * the related object was trashed/restored/deleted
-     */
-    const type_delete = 'delete';
+	/**
+	 * the related object was trashed/restored/deleted
+	 */
+	const type_delete = 'delete';
 
-    /**
-     * the related item had something worth noting happen on it, but
-     * only for the purposes of debugging problems
-     */
-    const type_debug = 'debug';
+	/**
+	 * the related item had something worth noting happen on it, but
+	 * only for the purposes of debugging problems
+	 */
+	const type_debug = 'debug';
 
-    /**
-     * the related item had an error occur on it
-     */
-    const type_error = 'error';
+	/**
+	 * the related item had an error occur on it
+	 */
+	const type_error = 'error';
 
-    /**
-     * the related item is regarding some gateway interaction, like an IPN
-     * or request to process a payment
-     */
-    const type_gateway = 'gateway';
+	/**
+	 * the related item is regarding some gateway interaction, like an IPN
+	 * or request to process a payment
+	 */
+	const type_gateway = 'gateway';
 
 
-    protected static ?EEM_Change_Log $_instance = null;
+	protected static ?EEM_Change_Log $_instance = null;
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        $this->singular_item       = esc_html__('Log', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->plural_item         = esc_html__('Logs', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->_tables             = [
-            'Log' => new EE_Primary_Table('esp_log', 'LOG_ID'),
-        ];
-        $models_this_can_attach_to = array_keys(EE_Registry::instance()->non_abstract_db_models);
-        $this->_fields             = [
-            'Log' => [
-                'LOG_ID'      => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field('LOG_ID', esc_html__('Log ID', 'event_espresso')),
-                'LOG_time'    => new EE_Datetime_Field(
-                    'LOG_time',
-                    esc_html__("Log Time", 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    EE_Datetime_Field::now
-                ),
-                'OBJ_ID'      => new EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field(
-                    'OBJ_ID',
-                    esc_html__("Object ID (int or string)", 'event_espresso'),
-                    true,
-                    null,
-                    $models_this_can_attach_to
-                ),
-                'OBJ_type'    => new EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field(
-                    'OBJ_type',
-                    esc_html__("Object Type", 'event_espresso'),
-                    true,
-                    null,
-                    $models_this_can_attach_to
-                ),
-                'LOG_type'    => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'LOG_type',
-                    esc_html__("Type of log entry", "event_espresso"),
-                    false,
-                    self::type_debug
-                ),
-                'LOG_message' => new EE_Maybe_Serialized_Text_Field(
-                    'LOG_message',
-                    esc_html__("Log Message (body)", 'event_espresso'),
-                    true
-                ),
-                /*
+	/**
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		$this->singular_item       = esc_html__('Log', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->plural_item         = esc_html__('Logs', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->_tables             = [
+			'Log' => new EE_Primary_Table('esp_log', 'LOG_ID'),
+		];
+		$models_this_can_attach_to = array_keys(EE_Registry::instance()->non_abstract_db_models);
+		$this->_fields             = [
+			'Log' => [
+				'LOG_ID'      => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field('LOG_ID', esc_html__('Log ID', 'event_espresso')),
+				'LOG_time'    => new EE_Datetime_Field(
+					'LOG_time',
+					esc_html__("Log Time", 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					EE_Datetime_Field::now
+				),
+				'OBJ_ID'      => new EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field(
+					'OBJ_ID',
+					esc_html__("Object ID (int or string)", 'event_espresso'),
+					true,
+					null,
+					$models_this_can_attach_to
+				),
+				'OBJ_type'    => new EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field(
+					'OBJ_type',
+					esc_html__("Object Type", 'event_espresso'),
+					true,
+					null,
+					$models_this_can_attach_to
+				),
+				'LOG_type'    => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'LOG_type',
+					esc_html__("Type of log entry", "event_espresso"),
+					false,
+					self::type_debug
+				),
+				'LOG_message' => new EE_Maybe_Serialized_Text_Field(
+					'LOG_message',
+					esc_html__("Log Message (body)", 'event_espresso'),
+					true
+				),
+				/*
                  * Note: when querying for a change log's user, the OBJ_ID and OBJ_type fields are used,
                  * not the LOG_wp_user field. E.g.,
                  * `EEM_Change_Log::instance()->get_all(array(array('WP_User.ID'=>1)))` will actually return
@@ -100,162 +100,162 @@ 
                  *  If you want the latter, you can't use the model's magic joining. E.g, you would need to do
                  * `EEM_Change_Log::instance()->get_all(array(array('LOG_wp_user' => 1)))`.
                  */
-                'LOG_wp_user' => new EE_WP_User_Field(
-                    'LOG_wp_user',
-                    esc_html__("User who was logged in while this occurred", 'event_espresso'),
-                    true
-                ),
-            ],
-        ];
-        $this->_model_relations    = [];
-        foreach ($models_this_can_attach_to as $model) {
-            if ($model != 'Change_Log') {
-                $this->_model_relations[ $model ] = new EE_Belongs_To_Any_Relation();
-            }
-        }
-        // use completely custom caps for this
-        $this->_cap_restriction_generators = null;
-        // caps-wise this is all-or-nothing: if you have the default role you can access anything, otherwise nothing
-        foreach ($this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map as $cap_context => $action) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $cap_context ][ EE_Restriction_Generator_Base::get_default_restrictions_cap() ]
-                = new EE_Return_None_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        parent::__construct($timezone);
-    }
+				'LOG_wp_user' => new EE_WP_User_Field(
+					'LOG_wp_user',
+					esc_html__("User who was logged in while this occurred", 'event_espresso'),
+					true
+				),
+			],
+		];
+		$this->_model_relations    = [];
+		foreach ($models_this_can_attach_to as $model) {
+			if ($model != 'Change_Log') {
+				$this->_model_relations[ $model ] = new EE_Belongs_To_Any_Relation();
+			}
+		}
+		// use completely custom caps for this
+		$this->_cap_restriction_generators = null;
+		// caps-wise this is all-or-nothing: if you have the default role you can access anything, otherwise nothing
+		foreach ($this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map as $cap_context => $action) {
+			$this->_cap_restrictions[ $cap_context ][ EE_Restriction_Generator_Base::get_default_restrictions_cap() ]
+				= new EE_Return_None_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		parent::__construct($timezone);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param string             $log_type !see the acceptable values of LOG_type in EEM__Change_Log::__construct
-     * @param array|string       $message  array|string of the message you want to record
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|null $related_model_obj
-     * @return EE_Change_Log
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function log(string $log_type, $message, ?EE_Base_Class $related_model_obj): EE_Change_Log
-    {
-        $obj_id   = null;
-        $obj_type = null;
-        if ($related_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $obj_id   = $related_model_obj->ID();
-            $obj_type = $related_model_obj->get_model()->get_this_model_name();
-        }
-        $log = EE_Change_Log::new_instance(
-            [
-                'LOG_type'    => $log_type,
-                'LOG_message' => $message,
-                'OBJ_ID'      => $obj_id,
-                'OBJ_type'    => $obj_type,
-            ]
-        );
-        $log->save();
-        return $log;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param string             $log_type !see the acceptable values of LOG_type in EEM__Change_Log::__construct
+	 * @param array|string       $message  array|string of the message you want to record
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|null $related_model_obj
+	 * @return EE_Change_Log
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function log(string $log_type, $message, ?EE_Base_Class $related_model_obj): EE_Change_Log
+	{
+		$obj_id   = null;
+		$obj_type = null;
+		if ($related_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$obj_id   = $related_model_obj->ID();
+			$obj_type = $related_model_obj->get_model()->get_this_model_name();
+		}
+		$log = EE_Change_Log::new_instance(
+			[
+				'LOG_type'    => $log_type,
+				'LOG_message' => $message,
+				'OBJ_ID'      => $obj_id,
+				'OBJ_type'    => $obj_type,
+			]
+		);
+		$log->save();
+		return $log;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Adds a gateway log for the specified object, given its ID and type
-     *
-     * @param array|string $message
-     * @param int|string   $related_obj_id
-     * @param string       $related_obj_type
-     * @return EE_Change_Log
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function gateway_log($message, $related_obj_id, string $related_obj_type): EE_Change_Log
-    {
-        if (! EE_Registry::instance()->is_model_name($related_obj_type)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "'%s' is not a model name. A model name must be provided when making a gateway log. Eg, 'Payment', 'Payment_Method', etc",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $related_obj_type
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $log = EE_Change_Log::new_instance(
-            [
-                'LOG_type'    => EEM_Change_Log::type_gateway,
-                'LOG_message' => $message,
-                'OBJ_ID'      => $related_obj_id,
-                'OBJ_type'    => $related_obj_type,
-            ]
-        );
-        $log->save();
-        return $log;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Adds a gateway log for the specified object, given its ID and type
+	 *
+	 * @param array|string $message
+	 * @param int|string   $related_obj_id
+	 * @param string       $related_obj_type
+	 * @return EE_Change_Log
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function gateway_log($message, $related_obj_id, string $related_obj_type): EE_Change_Log
+	{
+		if (! EE_Registry::instance()->is_model_name($related_obj_type)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"'%s' is not a model name. A model name must be provided when making a gateway log. Eg, 'Payment', 'Payment_Method', etc",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$related_obj_type
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$log = EE_Change_Log::new_instance(
+			[
+				'LOG_type'    => EEM_Change_Log::type_gateway,
+				'LOG_message' => $message,
+				'OBJ_ID'      => $related_obj_id,
+				'OBJ_type'    => $related_obj_type,
+			]
+		);
+		$log->save();
+		return $log;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Just gets the bare-bones wpdb results as an array in cases where efficiency is essential
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return array of arrays
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function get_all_efficiently(array $query_params): array
-    {
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Just gets the bare-bones wpdb results as an array in cases where efficiency is essential
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return array of arrays
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function get_all_efficiently(array $query_params): array
+	{
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Executes a database query to delete gateway logs. Does not affect model objects, so if you attempt to use
-     * models after this, they may be out-of-sync with the database
-     *
-     * @param DateTime $datetime
-     * @return false|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_gateway_logs_older_than(DateTime $datetime)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        return $wpdb->query(
-            $wpdb->prepare(
-                'DELETE FROM ' . $this->table() . ' WHERE LOG_type = %s AND LOG_time < %s',
-                EEM_Change_Log::type_gateway,
-                $datetime->format(EE_Datetime_Field::mysql_timestamp_format)
-            )
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Executes a database query to delete gateway logs. Does not affect model objects, so if you attempt to use
+	 * models after this, they may be out-of-sync with the database
+	 *
+	 * @param DateTime $datetime
+	 * @return false|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_gateway_logs_older_than(DateTime $datetime)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		return $wpdb->query(
+			$wpdb->prepare(
+				'DELETE FROM ' . $this->table() . ' WHERE LOG_type = %s AND LOG_time < %s',
+				EEM_Change_Log::type_gateway,
+				$datetime->format(EE_Datetime_Field::mysql_timestamp_format)
+			)
+		);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the map of type to pretty label for identifiers used for `LOG_type`.  Client code can register their own
-     * map vai the given filter.
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types(): array
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Change_Log__get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types',
-            [
-                self::type_create  => esc_html__("Create", "event_espresso"),
-                self::type_update  => esc_html__("Update", "event_espresso"),
-                self::type_delete  => esc_html__("Delete", "event_espresso"),
-                self::type_debug   => esc_html__("Debug", "event_espresso"),
-                self::type_error   => esc_html__("Error", "event_espresso"),
-                self::type_gateway => esc_html__("Gateway Interaction (IPN or Direct Payment)", 'event_espresso'),
-            ]
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns the map of type to pretty label for identifiers used for `LOG_type`.  Client code can register their own
+	 * map vai the given filter.
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types(): array
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Change_Log__get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types',
+			[
+				self::type_create  => esc_html__("Create", "event_espresso"),
+				self::type_update  => esc_html__("Update", "event_espresso"),
+				self::type_delete  => esc_html__("Delete", "event_espresso"),
+				self::type_debug   => esc_html__("Debug", "event_espresso"),
+				self::type_error   => esc_html__("Error", "event_espresso"),
+				self::type_gateway => esc_html__("Gateway Interaction (IPN or Direct Payment)", 'event_espresso'),
+			]
+		);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Return the pretty (localized) label for the given log type identifier.
-     *
-     * @param string $type_identifier
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public static function get_pretty_label_for_type(string $type_identifier): string
-    {
-        $type_identifier_map = self::get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types();
-        // we fall back to the incoming type identifier if there is no localized label for it.
-        return $type_identifier_map[ $type_identifier ] ?? $type_identifier;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Return the pretty (localized) label for the given log type identifier.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $type_identifier
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public static function get_pretty_label_for_type(string $type_identifier): string
+	{
+		$type_identifier_map = self::get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types();
+		// we fall back to the incoming type identifier if there is no localized label for it.
+		return $type_identifier_map[ $type_identifier ] ?? $type_identifier;
+	}
 }

Spacing +6 added lines, -6 removed lines

@@ -107,17 +107,17 @@ 
                 ),
             ],
         ];
-        $this->_model_relations    = [];
+        $this->_model_relations = [];
         foreach ($models_this_can_attach_to as $model) {
             if ($model != 'Change_Log') {
-                $this->_model_relations[ $model ] = new EE_Belongs_To_Any_Relation();
+                $this->_model_relations[$model] = new EE_Belongs_To_Any_Relation();
             }
         }
         // use completely custom caps for this
         $this->_cap_restriction_generators = null;
         // caps-wise this is all-or-nothing: if you have the default role you can access anything, otherwise nothing
         foreach ($this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map as $cap_context => $action) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $cap_context ][ EE_Restriction_Generator_Base::get_default_restrictions_cap() ]
+            $this->_cap_restrictions[$cap_context][EE_Restriction_Generator_Base::get_default_restrictions_cap()]
                 = new EE_Return_None_Where_Conditions();
         }
         parent::__construct($timezone);
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ 
      */
     public function gateway_log($message, $related_obj_id, string $related_obj_type): EE_Change_Log
     {
-        if (! EE_Registry::instance()->is_model_name($related_obj_type)) {
+        if ( ! EE_Registry::instance()->is_model_name($related_obj_type)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ 
         global $wpdb;
         return $wpdb->query(
             $wpdb->prepare(
-                'DELETE FROM ' . $this->table() . ' WHERE LOG_type = %s AND LOG_time < %s',
+                'DELETE FROM '.$this->table().' WHERE LOG_type = %s AND LOG_time < %s',
                 EEM_Change_Log::type_gateway,
                 $datetime->format(EE_Datetime_Field::mysql_timestamp_format)
             )
@@ -256,6 +256,6 @@ 
     {
         $type_identifier_map = self::get_pretty_label_map_for_registered_types();
         // we fall back to the incoming type identifier if there is no localized label for it.
-        return $type_identifier_map[ $type_identifier ] ?? $type_identifier;
+        return $type_identifier_map[$type_identifier] ?? $type_identifier;
     }
 }

core/db_models/strategies/EE_Restriction_Generator_Base.strategy.php

Indentation +217 added lines, -217 removed lines

@@ -36,247 +36,247 @@
  */
 abstract class EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
 {
-    /**
-     * One of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $_action = '';
+	/**
+	 * One of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $_action = '';
 
-    /**
-     * The restrictions generated by this object, null before any are made (previously false).
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions[]|bool|null
-     */
-    protected $_cap_restrictions_generated = null;
+	/**
+	 * The restrictions generated by this object, null before any are made (previously false).
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions[]|bool|null
+	 */
+	protected $_cap_restrictions_generated = null;
 
-    /**
-     * Model for which restrictions are generated
-     *
-     * @var EEM_Base|null
-     */
-    protected ?EEM_Base $_model = null;
+	/**
+	 * Model for which restrictions are generated
+	 *
+	 * @var EEM_Base|null
+	 */
+	protected ?EEM_Base $_model = null;
 
 
-    private static ?array $caps_for_admin = null;
+	private static ?array $caps_for_admin = null;
 
 
-    /**
-     * Puts the last necessary info onto the restriction generator class. This
-     * is usually called by EEM_Base during its constructor, so child classes
-     * don't have to always provide this info.
-     *
-     * @param EEM_Base $model
-     * @param string   $action
-     */
-    public function _construct_finalize(EEM_Base $model, string $action)
-    {
-        $this->_model  = $model;
-        $this->_action = $action;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Puts the last necessary info onto the restriction generator class. This
+	 * is usually called by EEM_Base during its constructor, so child classes
+	 * don't have to always provide this info.
+	 *
+	 * @param EEM_Base $model
+	 * @param string   $action
+	 */
+	public function _construct_finalize(EEM_Base $model, string $action)
+	{
+		$this->_model  = $model;
+		$this->_action = $action;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the model set for this restriction generator
-     *
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function model(): EEM_Base
-    {
-        if (! $this->_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Cannot generate capability restrictions because model has not yet been set on the %s. Please ensure _construct_finalize() was called',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $this->_model;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns the model set for this restriction generator
+	 *
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function model(): EEM_Base
+	{
+		if (! $this->_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Cannot generate capability restrictions because model has not yet been set on the %s. Please ensure _construct_finalize() was called',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $this->_model;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the action this restriction generator will generate restrictions
-     * for. It should be one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function action(): string
-    {
-        if (! $this->_action) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Cannot generate capability restrictions because model has not yet been set on the %s. Please ensure _construct_finalize() was called',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $this->_action;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns the action this restriction generator will generate restrictions
+	 * for. It should be one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function action(): string
+	{
+		if (! $this->_action) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Cannot generate capability restrictions because model has not yet been set on the %s. Please ensure _construct_finalize() was called',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $this->_action;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Returns whether _construct_finalize() has been called on this
-     * restriction generator object
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function construction_finalized(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->_model instanceof EEM_Base && $this->_action;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether _construct_finalize() has been called on this
+	 * restriction generator object
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function construction_finalized(): bool
+	{
+		return $this->_model instanceof EEM_Base && $this->_action;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the capability restrictions generated by this object. Caches them in
-     * case they are required for subsequent requests
-     *
-     * @return array @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions
-     */
-    public function generate_restrictions(): array
-    {
-        if ($this->_cap_restrictions_generated === null) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions_generated = apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator_Base__generate_restrictions__first_time',
-                $this->_generate_restrictions(),
-                $this
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator_Base__generate_restrictions__every_time',
-            $this->_cap_restrictions_generated,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Gets the capability restrictions generated by this object. Caches them in
+	 * case they are required for subsequent requests
+	 *
+	 * @return array @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions
+	 */
+	public function generate_restrictions(): array
+	{
+		if ($this->_cap_restrictions_generated === null) {
+			$this->_cap_restrictions_generated = apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator_Base__generate_restrictions__first_time',
+				$this->_generate_restrictions(),
+				$this
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator_Base__generate_restrictions__every_time',
+			$this->_cap_restrictions_generated,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Provided with the model, and using global knowledge about what
-     * capabilities exist, generates an array for use in one of the sub-arrays
-     * in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions, where keys are capability names, and
-     * values are children of EE_Default_Where_Conditions
-     *
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[]|EE_Return_None_Where_Conditions[]
-     * @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions
-     */
-    abstract protected function _generate_restrictions(): array;
+	/**
+	 * Provided with the model, and using global knowledge about what
+	 * capabilities exist, generates an array for use in one of the sub-arrays
+	 * in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions, where keys are capability names, and
+	 * values are children of EE_Default_Where_Conditions
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[]|EE_Return_None_Where_Conditions[]
+	 * @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _generate_restrictions(): array;
 
 
-    /**
-     * Whether this restriction generator has already done its job of
-     * making restrictions and caching them on itself in case its asked later
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_generated_cap_restrictions(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions_generated !== null;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Whether this restriction generator has already done its job of
+	 * making restrictions and caching them on itself in case its asked later
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_generated_cap_restrictions(): bool
+	{
+		return $this->_cap_restrictions_generated !== null;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Given an action like 'edit' generates the cap name based off
-     * the EEM_Base::_cap_slug, which for events would be 'events', to generate
-     * the cap name like 'ee_edit_events'. If a $qualifier is passed,
-     *
-     * @param EEM_Base $model
-     * @param string   $action
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public static function get_cap_name(EEM_Base $model, string $action): string
-    {
-        $prefix   = $model->is_wp_core_model() ? '' : 'ee_';
-        $cap_slug = $model->cap_slug();
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator__get_cap_name',
-            "$prefix{$action}_$cap_slug",
-            $model,
-            $action
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Given an action like 'edit' generates the cap name based off
+	 * the EEM_Base::_cap_slug, which for events would be 'events', to generate
+	 * the cap name like 'ee_edit_events'. If a $qualifier is passed,
+	 *
+	 * @param EEM_Base $model
+	 * @param string   $action
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public static function get_cap_name(EEM_Base $model, string $action): string
+	{
+		$prefix   = $model->is_wp_core_model() ? '' : 'ee_';
+		$cap_slug = $model->cap_slug();
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator__get_cap_name',
+			"$prefix{$action}_$cap_slug",
+			$model,
+			$action
+		);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Checks if there is a cap for this model and this action
-     *
-     * @param EEM_Base $model
-     * @param string   $action
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public static function is_cap(EEM_Base $model, string $action): bool
-    {
-        if (self::$caps_for_admin === null) {
-            self::$caps_for_admin = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->get_ee_capabilities();
-        }
-        return in_array(self::get_cap_name($model, $action), self::$caps_for_admin);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Checks if there is a cap for this model and this action
+	 *
+	 * @param EEM_Base $model
+	 * @param string   $action
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public static function is_cap(EEM_Base $model, string $action): bool
+	{
+		if (self::$caps_for_admin === null) {
+			self::$caps_for_admin = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->get_ee_capabilities();
+		}
+		return in_array(self::get_cap_name($model, $action), self::$caps_for_admin);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the default capability used to determine if the current user can
-     * access something.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public static function get_default_restrictions_cap(): string
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator_Base__default_restrictions_cap',
-            'manage_options'
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns the default capability used to determine if the current user can
+	 * access something.
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public static function get_default_restrictions_cap(): string
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Restriction_Generator_Base__default_restrictions_cap',
+			'manage_options'
+		);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Gets WHERE conditions for the query that show the post model is
-     * published, or that it's sold out and it was previously published
-     *
-     * @param array   $where_conditions
-     * @param boolean $check_if_published  if true, will add conditions like
-     *                                     status=publish if false, will add
-     *                                     conditions like status!=private
-     * @param string  $path_to_event_model including the period at the end
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function addPublishedPostConditions(
-        array $where_conditions = [],
-        bool $check_if_published = true,
-        string $path_to_event_model = ''
-    ): array {
-        if ($check_if_published) {
-            $published_value = 'publish';
-        } else {
-            $published_value = ['!=', 'private'];
-        }
-        // only add a check for the previous event status
-        // if the model is the event or it's related to the event model
-        if (
-            $this->model() instanceof EEM_Event
-            || strpos($path_to_event_model, 'Event') !== false
-        ) {
-            $where_conditions['OR*status'] = [
-                $path_to_event_model . 'status' => $published_value,
-                'AND'                           => [
-                    $path_to_event_model .
-                    'Post_Meta.meta_key'   => '_previous_event_status',
-                    $path_to_event_model .
-                    'Post_Meta.meta_value' => $published_value,
-                ],
-            ];
-        } else {
-            $where_conditions[ $path_to_event_model . 'status' ] =
-                $published_value;
-        }
-        return $where_conditions;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Gets WHERE conditions for the query that show the post model is
+	 * published, or that it's sold out and it was previously published
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $where_conditions
+	 * @param boolean $check_if_published  if true, will add conditions like
+	 *                                     status=publish if false, will add
+	 *                                     conditions like status!=private
+	 * @param string  $path_to_event_model including the period at the end
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function addPublishedPostConditions(
+		array $where_conditions = [],
+		bool $check_if_published = true,
+		string $path_to_event_model = ''
+	): array {
+		if ($check_if_published) {
+			$published_value = 'publish';
+		} else {
+			$published_value = ['!=', 'private'];
+		}
+		// only add a check for the previous event status
+		// if the model is the event or it's related to the event model
+		if (
+			$this->model() instanceof EEM_Event
+			|| strpos($path_to_event_model, 'Event') !== false
+		) {
+			$where_conditions['OR*status'] = [
+				$path_to_event_model . 'status' => $published_value,
+				'AND'                           => [
+					$path_to_event_model .
+					'Post_Meta.meta_key'   => '_previous_event_status',
+					$path_to_event_model .
+					'Post_Meta.meta_value' => $published_value,
+				],
+			];
+		} else {
+			$where_conditions[ $path_to_event_model . 'status' ] =
+				$published_value;
+		}
+		return $where_conditions;
+	}
 }

Spacing +7 added lines, -7 removed lines

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ 
     protected ?EEM_Base $_model = null;
 
 
-    private static ?array $caps_for_admin = null;
+    private static ? array $caps_for_admin = null;
 
 
     /**
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ 
      */
     public function model(): EEM_Base
     {
-        if (! $this->_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
+        if ( ! $this->_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ 
      */
     public function action(): string
     {
-        if (! $this->_action) {
+        if ( ! $this->_action) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -265,16 +265,16 @@ 
             || strpos($path_to_event_model, 'Event') !== false
         ) {
             $where_conditions['OR*status'] = [
-                $path_to_event_model . 'status' => $published_value,
+                $path_to_event_model.'status' => $published_value,
                 'AND'                           => [
-                    $path_to_event_model .
+                    $path_to_event_model.
                     'Post_Meta.meta_key'   => '_previous_event_status',
-                    $path_to_event_model .
+                    $path_to_event_model.
                     'Post_Meta.meta_value' => $published_value,
                 ],
             ];
         } else {
-            $where_conditions[ $path_to_event_model . 'status' ] =
+            $where_conditions[$path_to_event_model.'status'] =
                 $published_value;
         }
         return $where_conditions;

core/libraries/messages/EE_messenger.lib.php

Indentation +965 added lines, -965 removed lines

@@ -15,585 +15,585 @@ 
  */
 abstract class EE_messenger extends EE_Messages_Base
 {
-    /**
-     * @var EEM_Message_Template_Group|EEM_Base
-     * @since 5.0.46
-     */
-    protected EEM_Message_Template_Group $_EEM_data;
-
-    private string $class_name;
-
-    /**
-     * This property holds the default message types associated with this messenger when it is activated. The values of
-     * the array must match a valid message type. This property gets set by the _set_default_message_types() method.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_default_message_types = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * This property holds the message types that are valid for use with this messenger.
-     * It gets set by the _set_valid_message_types() method.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_valid_message_types = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * Holds the configuration for the EE_Messages_Validator class to know how to validated the different fields. Note
-     * that the Validator will match each field here with the allowed shortcodes set in the "valid_shortcodes" array
-     * for the matched message type context.  So message types don't need to set a $_validator_config property.
-     *
-     * Remember, ALL fields must be declared in this array.  However, an empty value for the field means that the field
-     * will accept all valid shortcodes set for the given context in the message type (by default).
-     *
-     * Array should be in this format:
-     *
-     * array(
-     *  'field_name(i.e.to)' => array(
-     *      'shortcodes' => array('email'), //an array of shortcode groups (correspond to EE_Shortcodes library class)
-     *      that are allowed in the field. Typically you can just include $this->_valid_shortcodes['field_name'] as the
-     *      value here (because they will match).
-     *      'specific_shortcodes' => array( array('[EVENT_AUTHOR_EMAIL]' => esc_html__('Admin Email',
-     *      'event_espresso')), //if this index is present you can further restrict the field to ONLY specific
-     *      shortcodes if an entire group isn't sufficient. Specific shortcodes need to be listed as an array with the
-     *      index the shortcode and the value = the label.
-     *      'type' => 'email' //this is the field type and should match one of the validator types (see
-     *      EE_Messages_Validator::validator() for all the possible types).  If not required you can just leave empty.,
-     *      'required' => array'[SHORTCODE]') //this is used to indicate the shortcodes that MUST be in the assembled
-     *      array of shortcodes by the validator in order for this field to be included in validation.  Otherwise the
-     *      validator will always assign shortcodes for this field (regardless of whether the field settings for the
-     *      given messenger/message_type/context use the field or not.).. please note, this does NOT mean that the
-     *      shortcodes listed here MUST be in the given field.
-     *  )
-     * )
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_validator_config = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * this property just holds an array of the various template refs.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_template_fields = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * This holds an array of the arguments used in parsing a template for the sender.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_template_args = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * This property will hold the configuration for any test settings fields that are required for the "test" button
-     * that is used to trigger an actual test of this messenger
-     *
-     * @protected
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_test_settings_fields = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will hold the EE_Messages_Template_Pack object when set on the messenger.  This is set via the validate and
-     * setup method which grabs the template pack from the incoming messages object.
-     *
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     * @var EE_Messages_Template_Pack
-     */
-    protected $_tmp_pack;
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will hold the variation to use when performing a send.  It is set via the validate and setup method which
-     * grabs the variation from the incoming messages object on the send method.
-     *
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_variation;
-
-
-    /**
-     * This property is a stdClass that holds labels for all the various supporting properties for this messenger.
-     * These labels are set via the _set_supports_labels() method in children classes. Initially this will include the
-     * label for:
-     *
-     *  - template pack
-     *  - template variation
-     *
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     * @var stdClass
-     */
-    protected $_supports_labels;
-
-
-    /**
-     * This property is set when the send_message() method is called and holds the Message Type used to generate
-     * templates with this messenger for the messages.
-     *
-     * @var EE_message_type
-     */
-    protected $_incoming_message_type;
-
-
-    /**
-     * This flag sets whether a messenger is activated by default  on installation (or reactivation) of EE core or not.
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    public $activate_on_install = false;
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        $this->class_name          = get_class($this);
-        $this->_EEM_data           = EEM_Message_Template_Group::instance();
-        $this->_messages_item_type = 'messenger';
-
-        parent::__construct();
-
-        $this->_set_test_settings_fields();
-        $this->_set_template_fields();
-        $this->_set_default_message_types();
-        $this->_set_valid_message_types();
-        $this->_set_validator_config();
-
-
-        $this->_supports_labels = new stdClass();
-        $this->_set_supports_labels();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_template_fields
-     * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @access  protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_template_fields();
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method sets the _default_message_type property (see definition in docs attached to property)
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_default_message_types();
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the _valid_message_types property (see definition in cods attached to property)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_valid_message_types();
-
-
-    /**
-     * Child classes must declare the $_validator_config property using this method.
-     * See comments for $_validator_config for details on what it is used for.
-     *
-     * NOTE:  messengers should set an array of valid shortcodes for ALL scenarios.  The corresponding validator class
-     * (validators/{messenger}) can be used to restrict only certain shortcodes per template so users cannot add
-     * certain shortcodes.
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_validator_config();
-
-
-    /**
-     * We just deliver the messages don't kill us!!  This method will need to be modified by child classes for whatever
-     * action is taken to actually send a message.
-     *
-     * @return bool|WP_Error
-     * @throw \Exception
-     */
-    abstract protected function _send_message();
-
-
-    /**
-     * We give you pretty previews of the messages!
-     *
-     * @return string HTML body for message content.
-     */
-    abstract protected function _preview();
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used by messengers (or preview) for enqueueing any scripts or styles need in message generation.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function enqueue_scripts_styles()
-    {
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is used to indicate whether a messenger must be sent immediately or not.
-     * eg. The HTML messenger will override this to return true because it should be displayed in user's browser right
-     * away.  The PDF messenger is similar.
-     *
-     * This flag thus overrides any priorities that may be set on the message type used to generate the message.
-     *
-     * Default for this is false.  So children classes must override this if they want a message to be executed
-     * immediately.
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @since  4.9.0
-     */
-    public function send_now()
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is a way for a messenger to indicate whether it allows an empty to field or not.
-     * Note: If the generated message is a for a preview, this value is ignored.
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @since 4.9.0
-     */
-    public function allow_empty_to_field()
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the defaults for the _supports_labels property.  Can be overridden by child classes.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0;
-     * @see   property definition for info on how its formatted.
-     *
-     */
-    protected function _set_supports_labels()
-    {
-        $this->_set_supports_labels_defaults();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the defaults for the _supports_labels property.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    private function _set_supports_labels_defaults()
-    {
-        $this->_supports_labels->template_pack             = esc_html__('Template Structure', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->_supports_labels->template_variation        = esc_html__('Template Style', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->_supports_labels->template_pack_description = esc_html__(
-            'Template Structure options are bundled structural changes for templates.',
-            'event_espresso'
-        );
-
-        $this->_supports_labels->template_variation_description = esc_html__(
-            'These are different styles to choose from for the selected template structure.  Usually these affect things like font style, color, borders etc.  In some cases the styles will also make minor layout changes.',
-            'event_espresso'
-        );
-
-        $this->_supports_labels = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_messenger___set_supports_labels_defaults___supports_labels',
-            $this->_supports_labels,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the _supports_labels property.
-     *
-     * @return stdClass
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function get_supports_labels()
-    {
-        if (empty($this->_supports_labels->template_pack) || empty($this->_supports_labels->template_variation)) {
-            $this->_set_supports_labels_defaults();
-        }
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_supports_labels', $this->_supports_labels, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to retrieve a variation (typically the path/url to a css file)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Messages_Template_Pack $pack              The template pack used for retrieving the variation.
-     * @param string                    $message_type_name The name property of the message type that we need the
-     *                                                     variation for.
-     * @param bool                      $url               Whether to return url (true) or path (false). Default is
-     *                                                     false.
-     * @param string                    $type              What variation type to return. Default is 'main'.
-     * @param string                    $variation         What variation for the template pack
-     * @param bool                      $skip_filters      This allows messengers to add a filter for another
-     *                                                     messengers get_variation but call skip filters on the
-     *                                                     callback so there is no recursion on apply_filters.
-     *
-     * @return string                    path or url for the requested variation.
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function get_variation(
-        EE_Messages_Template_Pack $pack,
-        $message_type_name,
-        $url = false,
-        $type = 'main',
-        $variation = 'default',
-        $skip_filters = false
-    ) {
-        $this->_tmp_pack = $pack;
-        $variation_path  = apply_filters(
-            'EE_messenger__get_variation__variation',
-            false,
-            $pack,
-            $this->name,
-            $message_type_name,
-            $url,
-            $type,
-            $variation,
-            $skip_filters
-        );
-        return ! empty($variation_path)
-            ? $variation_path
-            : $this->_tmp_pack->get_variation(
-                $this->name,
-                $message_type_name,
-                $type,
-                $variation,
-                $url,
-                '.css',
-                $skip_filters
-            );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns the default message types associated with this messenger when it is first activated.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_default_message_types()
-    {
-        // messenger specific filter
-        $default_types = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_default_message_types__default_types",
-            $this->_default_message_types,
-            $this
-        );
-
-        // all messengers filter
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_default_message_types__default_types', $default_types, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the valid message types associated with this messenger.
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function get_valid_message_types()
-    {
-        // messenger specific filter
-        $valid_types = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_valid_message_types__valid_types",
-            $this->_valid_message_types,
-            $this
-        );
-
-        // all messengers filter
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_valid_message_types__valid_types', $valid_types, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * this is just used by the custom validators (EE_Messages_Validator classes) to modify the _validator_config for
-     * certain message_type/messenger combos where a context may only use certain shortcodes etc.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param array $new_config Whatever is put in here will reset the _validator_config property
-     */
-    public function set_validator_config($new_config)
-    {
-        $this->_validator_config = $new_config;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the _validator_config property
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_validator_config()
-    {
-        $config = apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_validator_config", $this->_validator_config, $this);
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_validator_config', $config, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * this public method accepts a page slug (for an EE_admin page) and will return the response from the child class
-     * callback function if that page is registered via the `_admin_registered_page` property set by the child class.
-     *
-     * @param string $page          the slug of the EE admin page
-     * @param array  $message_types an array of active message type objects
-     * @param string $action        the page action (to allow for more specific handling - i.e. edit vs. add pages)
-     * @param array  $extra         This is just an extra argument that can be used to pass additional data for setting
-     *                              up page content.
-     * @access public
-     * @return string content for page
-     */
-    public function get_messenger_admin_page_content($page, $action = null, $extra = [], $message_types = [])
-    {
-        return $this->_get_admin_page_content($page, $action, $extra, $message_types);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param       $message_types
-     * @param array $extra
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_admin_content_events_edit($message_types, $extra)
-    {
-        // defaults
-        $template_args = [];
-        $selector_rows = '';
-
-        // we don't need message types here so we're just going to ignore. we do, however, expect the event id here. The event id is needed to provide a link to setup a custom template for this event.
-        $event_id = $extra['event'] ?? null;
-
-        $template_wrapper_path = EE_LIBRARIES . 'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_wrapper.template.php';
-        $template_row_path     = EE_LIBRARIES . 'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_row.template.php';
-
-        // array of template objects for global and custom (non-trashed) (but remember just for this messenger!)
-        $global_templates    = $this->_EEM_data->get_all(
-            [['MTP_messenger' => $this->name, 'MTP_is_global' => true, 'MTP_is_active' => true]]
-        );
-        $templates_for_event = $this->_EEM_data->get_all_custom_templates_by_event(
-            $event_id,
-            [
-                'MTP_messenger' => $this->name,
-                'MTP_is_active' => true,
-            ]
-        );
-        $templates_for_event = ! empty($templates_for_event) ? $templates_for_event : [];
-
-        // so we need to set up the rows for the selectors and we use the global mtpgs (cause those will the active message template groups)
-        foreach ($global_templates as $mtpgID => $mtpg) {
-            if ($mtpg instanceof EE_Message_Template_Group) {
-                // verify this message type is supposed to show on this page
-                $mtp_obj = $mtpg->message_type_obj();
-                if (! $mtp_obj instanceof EE_message_type) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages = (array) $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages;
-                if (! in_array('events_edit', $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                $select_values            = [];
-                $select_values[ $mtpgID ] = esc_html__('Global', 'event_espresso');
-                $default_value            = array_key_exists($mtpgID, $templates_for_event)
-                                            && ! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')
-                    ? $mtpgID
-                    : null;
-                // if the override has been set for the global template, then that means even if there are custom templates already created we ignore them because of the set override.
-                if (! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')) {
-                    // any custom templates for this message type?
-                    $custom_templates = $this->_EEM_data->get_custom_message_template_by_m_and_mt(
-                        $this->name,
-                        $mtpg->message_type()
-                    );
-                    foreach ($custom_templates as $cmtpgID => $cmtpg) {
-                        $select_values[ $cmtpgID ] = $cmtpg->name();
-                        $default_value             = array_key_exists($cmtpgID, $templates_for_event)
-                            ? $cmtpgID
-                            : $default_value;
-                    }
-                }
-                // if there is no $default_value then we set it as the global
-                $default_value             = empty($default_value) ? $mtpgID : $default_value;
-                $c_config                  = $mtpg->contexts_config();
-                $edit_context              = key(array_slice($c_config, -1));
-                $edit_url_query_args       = [
-                    'page'    => 'espresso_messages',
-                    'action'  => 'edit_message_template',
-                    'id'      => $default_value,
-                    'evt_id'  => $event_id,
-                    'context' => $edit_context,
-                ];
-                $edit_url                  = EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-                    $edit_url_query_args,
-                    admin_url('admin.php')
-                );
-                $create_url_query_args     = [
-                    'page'         => 'espresso_messages',
-                    'action'       => 'add_new_message_template',
-                    'GRP_ID'       => $default_value,
-                    'message_type' => $mtpg->message_type(),
-                    'messenger'    => $this->name,
-                ];
-                $mt_slug                   = $mtpg->message_type();
-                $create_url                = EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-                    $create_url_query_args,
-                    admin_url('admin.php')
-                );
-                $st_args['mtpgID']         = $mtpgID;
-                $st_args['mt_name']        = ucwords($mtp_obj->label['singular']);
-                $st_args['mt_slug']        = $mt_slug;
-                $st_args['messenger_slug'] = $this->name;
-                $st_args['selector']       = EEH_Form_Fields::select_input(
-                    'event_message_templates_relation[' . $mtpgID . ']',
-                    $select_values,
-                    $default_value,
-                    'data-messenger="' . $this->name . '" data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"',
-                    'message-template-selector ee-input-size--small'
-                );
-                $new_template_name         = sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('Custom %1$s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $st_args['mt_name'] ?: esc_html__('Template', 'event_espresso')
-                );
-                // note that  message template group that has override_all_custom set will remove the ability to set a custom message template based off of the global (and that also in turn overrides any other custom templates).
-                $st_args['create_button'] = $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')
-                    ? ''
-                    : '
+	/**
+	 * @var EEM_Message_Template_Group|EEM_Base
+	 * @since 5.0.46
+	 */
+	protected EEM_Message_Template_Group $_EEM_data;
+
+	private string $class_name;
+
+	/**
+	 * This property holds the default message types associated with this messenger when it is activated. The values of
+	 * the array must match a valid message type. This property gets set by the _set_default_message_types() method.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_default_message_types = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This property holds the message types that are valid for use with this messenger.
+	 * It gets set by the _set_valid_message_types() method.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_valid_message_types = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Holds the configuration for the EE_Messages_Validator class to know how to validated the different fields. Note
+	 * that the Validator will match each field here with the allowed shortcodes set in the "valid_shortcodes" array
+	 * for the matched message type context.  So message types don't need to set a $_validator_config property.
+	 *
+	 * Remember, ALL fields must be declared in this array.  However, an empty value for the field means that the field
+	 * will accept all valid shortcodes set for the given context in the message type (by default).
+	 *
+	 * Array should be in this format:
+	 *
+	 * array(
+	 *  'field_name(i.e.to)' => array(
+	 *      'shortcodes' => array('email'), //an array of shortcode groups (correspond to EE_Shortcodes library class)
+	 *      that are allowed in the field. Typically you can just include $this->_valid_shortcodes['field_name'] as the
+	 *      value here (because they will match).
+	 *      'specific_shortcodes' => array( array('[EVENT_AUTHOR_EMAIL]' => esc_html__('Admin Email',
+	 *      'event_espresso')), //if this index is present you can further restrict the field to ONLY specific
+	 *      shortcodes if an entire group isn't sufficient. Specific shortcodes need to be listed as an array with the
+	 *      index the shortcode and the value = the label.
+	 *      'type' => 'email' //this is the field type and should match one of the validator types (see
+	 *      EE_Messages_Validator::validator() for all the possible types).  If not required you can just leave empty.,
+	 *      'required' => array'[SHORTCODE]') //this is used to indicate the shortcodes that MUST be in the assembled
+	 *      array of shortcodes by the validator in order for this field to be included in validation.  Otherwise the
+	 *      validator will always assign shortcodes for this field (regardless of whether the field settings for the
+	 *      given messenger/message_type/context use the field or not.).. please note, this does NOT mean that the
+	 *      shortcodes listed here MUST be in the given field.
+	 *  )
+	 * )
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_validator_config = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this property just holds an array of the various template refs.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_template_fields = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This holds an array of the arguments used in parsing a template for the sender.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_template_args = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This property will hold the configuration for any test settings fields that are required for the "test" button
+	 * that is used to trigger an actual test of this messenger
+	 *
+	 * @protected
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_test_settings_fields = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will hold the EE_Messages_Template_Pack object when set on the messenger.  This is set via the validate and
+	 * setup method which grabs the template pack from the incoming messages object.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Messages_Template_Pack
+	 */
+	protected $_tmp_pack;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will hold the variation to use when performing a send.  It is set via the validate and setup method which
+	 * grabs the variation from the incoming messages object on the send method.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_variation;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This property is a stdClass that holds labels for all the various supporting properties for this messenger.
+	 * These labels are set via the _set_supports_labels() method in children classes. Initially this will include the
+	 * label for:
+	 *
+	 *  - template pack
+	 *  - template variation
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 * @var stdClass
+	 */
+	protected $_supports_labels;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This property is set when the send_message() method is called and holds the Message Type used to generate
+	 * templates with this messenger for the messages.
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_message_type
+	 */
+	protected $_incoming_message_type;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This flag sets whether a messenger is activated by default  on installation (or reactivation) of EE core or not.
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $activate_on_install = false;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$this->class_name          = get_class($this);
+		$this->_EEM_data           = EEM_Message_Template_Group::instance();
+		$this->_messages_item_type = 'messenger';
+
+		parent::__construct();
+
+		$this->_set_test_settings_fields();
+		$this->_set_template_fields();
+		$this->_set_default_message_types();
+		$this->_set_valid_message_types();
+		$this->_set_validator_config();
+
+
+		$this->_supports_labels = new stdClass();
+		$this->_set_supports_labels();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_template_fields
+	 * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @access  protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_template_fields();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method sets the _default_message_type property (see definition in docs attached to property)
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_default_message_types();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the _valid_message_types property (see definition in cods attached to property)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_valid_message_types();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Child classes must declare the $_validator_config property using this method.
+	 * See comments for $_validator_config for details on what it is used for.
+	 *
+	 * NOTE:  messengers should set an array of valid shortcodes for ALL scenarios.  The corresponding validator class
+	 * (validators/{messenger}) can be used to restrict only certain shortcodes per template so users cannot add
+	 * certain shortcodes.
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_validator_config();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * We just deliver the messages don't kill us!!  This method will need to be modified by child classes for whatever
+	 * action is taken to actually send a message.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool|WP_Error
+	 * @throw \Exception
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _send_message();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * We give you pretty previews of the messages!
+	 *
+	 * @return string HTML body for message content.
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _preview();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used by messengers (or preview) for enqueueing any scripts or styles need in message generation.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function enqueue_scripts_styles()
+	{
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is used to indicate whether a messenger must be sent immediately or not.
+	 * eg. The HTML messenger will override this to return true because it should be displayed in user's browser right
+	 * away.  The PDF messenger is similar.
+	 *
+	 * This flag thus overrides any priorities that may be set on the message type used to generate the message.
+	 *
+	 * Default for this is false.  So children classes must override this if they want a message to be executed
+	 * immediately.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @since  4.9.0
+	 */
+	public function send_now()
+	{
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a way for a messenger to indicate whether it allows an empty to field or not.
+	 * Note: If the generated message is a for a preview, this value is ignored.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @since 4.9.0
+	 */
+	public function allow_empty_to_field()
+	{
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the defaults for the _supports_labels property.  Can be overridden by child classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0;
+	 * @see   property definition for info on how its formatted.
+	 *
+	 */
+	protected function _set_supports_labels()
+	{
+		$this->_set_supports_labels_defaults();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the defaults for the _supports_labels property.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	private function _set_supports_labels_defaults()
+	{
+		$this->_supports_labels->template_pack             = esc_html__('Template Structure', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->_supports_labels->template_variation        = esc_html__('Template Style', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->_supports_labels->template_pack_description = esc_html__(
+			'Template Structure options are bundled structural changes for templates.',
+			'event_espresso'
+		);
+
+		$this->_supports_labels->template_variation_description = esc_html__(
+			'These are different styles to choose from for the selected template structure.  Usually these affect things like font style, color, borders etc.  In some cases the styles will also make minor layout changes.',
+			'event_espresso'
+		);
+
+		$this->_supports_labels = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_messenger___set_supports_labels_defaults___supports_labels',
+			$this->_supports_labels,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the _supports_labels property.
+	 *
+	 * @return stdClass
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function get_supports_labels()
+	{
+		if (empty($this->_supports_labels->template_pack) || empty($this->_supports_labels->template_variation)) {
+			$this->_set_supports_labels_defaults();
+		}
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_supports_labels', $this->_supports_labels, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to retrieve a variation (typically the path/url to a css file)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Messages_Template_Pack $pack              The template pack used for retrieving the variation.
+	 * @param string                    $message_type_name The name property of the message type that we need the
+	 *                                                     variation for.
+	 * @param bool                      $url               Whether to return url (true) or path (false). Default is
+	 *                                                     false.
+	 * @param string                    $type              What variation type to return. Default is 'main'.
+	 * @param string                    $variation         What variation for the template pack
+	 * @param bool                      $skip_filters      This allows messengers to add a filter for another
+	 *                                                     messengers get_variation but call skip filters on the
+	 *                                                     callback so there is no recursion on apply_filters.
+	 *
+	 * @return string                    path or url for the requested variation.
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function get_variation(
+		EE_Messages_Template_Pack $pack,
+		$message_type_name,
+		$url = false,
+		$type = 'main',
+		$variation = 'default',
+		$skip_filters = false
+	) {
+		$this->_tmp_pack = $pack;
+		$variation_path  = apply_filters(
+			'EE_messenger__get_variation__variation',
+			false,
+			$pack,
+			$this->name,
+			$message_type_name,
+			$url,
+			$type,
+			$variation,
+			$skip_filters
+		);
+		return ! empty($variation_path)
+			? $variation_path
+			: $this->_tmp_pack->get_variation(
+				$this->name,
+				$message_type_name,
+				$type,
+				$variation,
+				$url,
+				'.css',
+				$skip_filters
+			);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns the default message types associated with this messenger when it is first activated.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_default_message_types()
+	{
+		// messenger specific filter
+		$default_types = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_default_message_types__default_types",
+			$this->_default_message_types,
+			$this
+		);
+
+		// all messengers filter
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_default_message_types__default_types', $default_types, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the valid message types associated with this messenger.
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function get_valid_message_types()
+	{
+		// messenger specific filter
+		$valid_types = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_valid_message_types__valid_types",
+			$this->_valid_message_types,
+			$this
+		);
+
+		// all messengers filter
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_valid_message_types__valid_types', $valid_types, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this is just used by the custom validators (EE_Messages_Validator classes) to modify the _validator_config for
+	 * certain message_type/messenger combos where a context may only use certain shortcodes etc.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param array $new_config Whatever is put in here will reset the _validator_config property
+	 */
+	public function set_validator_config($new_config)
+	{
+		$this->_validator_config = $new_config;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the _validator_config property
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_validator_config()
+	{
+		$config = apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_validator_config", $this->_validator_config, $this);
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_validator_config', $config, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this public method accepts a page slug (for an EE_admin page) and will return the response from the child class
+	 * callback function if that page is registered via the `_admin_registered_page` property set by the child class.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $page          the slug of the EE admin page
+	 * @param array  $message_types an array of active message type objects
+	 * @param string $action        the page action (to allow for more specific handling - i.e. edit vs. add pages)
+	 * @param array  $extra         This is just an extra argument that can be used to pass additional data for setting
+	 *                              up page content.
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return string content for page
+	 */
+	public function get_messenger_admin_page_content($page, $action = null, $extra = [], $message_types = [])
+	{
+		return $this->_get_admin_page_content($page, $action, $extra, $message_types);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param       $message_types
+	 * @param array $extra
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_admin_content_events_edit($message_types, $extra)
+	{
+		// defaults
+		$template_args = [];
+		$selector_rows = '';
+
+		// we don't need message types here so we're just going to ignore. we do, however, expect the event id here. The event id is needed to provide a link to setup a custom template for this event.
+		$event_id = $extra['event'] ?? null;
+
+		$template_wrapper_path = EE_LIBRARIES . 'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_wrapper.template.php';
+		$template_row_path     = EE_LIBRARIES . 'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_row.template.php';
+
+		// array of template objects for global and custom (non-trashed) (but remember just for this messenger!)
+		$global_templates    = $this->_EEM_data->get_all(
+			[['MTP_messenger' => $this->name, 'MTP_is_global' => true, 'MTP_is_active' => true]]
+		);
+		$templates_for_event = $this->_EEM_data->get_all_custom_templates_by_event(
+			$event_id,
+			[
+				'MTP_messenger' => $this->name,
+				'MTP_is_active' => true,
+			]
+		);
+		$templates_for_event = ! empty($templates_for_event) ? $templates_for_event : [];
+
+		// so we need to set up the rows for the selectors and we use the global mtpgs (cause those will the active message template groups)
+		foreach ($global_templates as $mtpgID => $mtpg) {
+			if ($mtpg instanceof EE_Message_Template_Group) {
+				// verify this message type is supposed to show on this page
+				$mtp_obj = $mtpg->message_type_obj();
+				if (! $mtp_obj instanceof EE_message_type) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				$mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages = (array) $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages;
+				if (! in_array('events_edit', $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages)) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				$select_values            = [];
+				$select_values[ $mtpgID ] = esc_html__('Global', 'event_espresso');
+				$default_value            = array_key_exists($mtpgID, $templates_for_event)
+											&& ! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')
+					? $mtpgID
+					: null;
+				// if the override has been set for the global template, then that means even if there are custom templates already created we ignore them because of the set override.
+				if (! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')) {
+					// any custom templates for this message type?
+					$custom_templates = $this->_EEM_data->get_custom_message_template_by_m_and_mt(
+						$this->name,
+						$mtpg->message_type()
+					);
+					foreach ($custom_templates as $cmtpgID => $cmtpg) {
+						$select_values[ $cmtpgID ] = $cmtpg->name();
+						$default_value             = array_key_exists($cmtpgID, $templates_for_event)
+							? $cmtpgID
+							: $default_value;
+					}
+				}
+				// if there is no $default_value then we set it as the global
+				$default_value             = empty($default_value) ? $mtpgID : $default_value;
+				$c_config                  = $mtpg->contexts_config();
+				$edit_context              = key(array_slice($c_config, -1));
+				$edit_url_query_args       = [
+					'page'    => 'espresso_messages',
+					'action'  => 'edit_message_template',
+					'id'      => $default_value,
+					'evt_id'  => $event_id,
+					'context' => $edit_context,
+				];
+				$edit_url                  = EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+					$edit_url_query_args,
+					admin_url('admin.php')
+				);
+				$create_url_query_args     = [
+					'page'         => 'espresso_messages',
+					'action'       => 'add_new_message_template',
+					'GRP_ID'       => $default_value,
+					'message_type' => $mtpg->message_type(),
+					'messenger'    => $this->name,
+				];
+				$mt_slug                   = $mtpg->message_type();
+				$create_url                = EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+					$create_url_query_args,
+					admin_url('admin.php')
+				);
+				$st_args['mtpgID']         = $mtpgID;
+				$st_args['mt_name']        = ucwords($mtp_obj->label['singular']);
+				$st_args['mt_slug']        = $mt_slug;
+				$st_args['messenger_slug'] = $this->name;
+				$st_args['selector']       = EEH_Form_Fields::select_input(
+					'event_message_templates_relation[' . $mtpgID . ']',
+					$select_values,
+					$default_value,
+					'data-messenger="' . $this->name . '" data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"',
+					'message-template-selector ee-input-size--small'
+				);
+				$new_template_name         = sprintf(
+					esc_html__('Custom %1$s', 'event_espresso'),
+					$st_args['mt_name'] ?: esc_html__('Template', 'event_espresso')
+				);
+				// note that  message template group that has override_all_custom set will remove the ability to set a custom message template based off of the global (and that also in turn overrides any other custom templates).
+				$st_args['create_button'] = $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')
+					? ''
+					: '
                     <a data-messenger="' . $this->name . '"
                        data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"
                        data-new_template_name="' . $new_template_name . '"
@@ -604,18 +604,18 @@ 
                     >
                         ' . esc_html__('Create New Custom', 'event_espresso') . '
                     </a>';
-                $st_args['create_button'] = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                    'ee_edit_messages',
-                    'espresso_messages_add_new_message_template'
-                )
-                    ? $st_args['create_button']
-                    : '';
-                $st_args['edit_button']   = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                    'ee_edit_message',
-                    'espresso_messages_edit_message_template',
-                    $mtpgID
-                )
-                    ? '
+				$st_args['create_button'] = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+					'ee_edit_messages',
+					'espresso_messages_add_new_message_template'
+				)
+					? $st_args['create_button']
+					: '';
+				$st_args['edit_button']   = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+					'ee_edit_message',
+					'espresso_messages_edit_message_template',
+					$mtpgID
+				)
+					? '
                     <a data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"
                        data-grpid="' . $default_value . '"
                        target="_blank"
@@ -624,378 +624,378 @@ 
                     >
                         ' . esc_html__('Edit', 'event_espresso') . '
                     </a>'
-                    : '';
-                $selector_rows            .= EEH_Template::display_template($template_row_path, $st_args, true);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // if no selectors present then get out.
-        if (empty($selector_rows)) {
-            return '';
-        }
-
-        $template_args['selector_rows'] = $selector_rows;
-        return EEH_Template::display_template($template_wrapper_path, $template_args, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_template_fields
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array $this->_template_fields
-     */
-    public function get_template_fields()
-    {
-        $template_fields = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_template_fields",
-            $this->_template_fields,
-            $this
-        );
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_template_fields', $template_fields, $this);
-    }
-
-
-
-
-    /** SETUP METHODS **/
-    /**
-     * The following method doesn't NEED to be used by child classes but might be modified by the specific messenger
-     *
-     * @param string $item
-     * @param mixed  $value
-     */
-    protected function _set_template_value($item, $value)
-    {
-        if (array_key_exists($item, $this->_template_fields)) {
-            $prop          = '_' . $item;
-            $this->{$prop} = $value;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets up the message for sending.
-     *
-     * @param EE_message      $message      the message object that contains details about the message.
-     * @param EE_message_type $message_type The message type object used in combination with this messenger to generate
-     *                                      the provided message.
-     *
-     * @return bool Very important that all messengers return bool for successful send or not.  Error messages can be
-     *              added to EE_Error.
-     *              true = message sent successfully
-     *              false = message not sent but can be retried (i.e. the failure might be just due to communication
-     *              issues at the time of send). Throwing a SendMessageException means the message failed sending and
-     *              cannot be retried.
-     *
-     * @throws SendMessageException
-     */
-    final public function send_message($message, EE_message_type $message_type)
-    {
-        try {
-            $this->_validate_and_setup($message);
-            $this->_incoming_message_type = $message_type;
-            $response                     = $this->_send_message();
-            if ($response instanceof WP_Error) {
-                EE_Error::add_error($response->get_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-                $response = false;
-            }
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
-            // convert to an instance of SendMessageException
-            throw new SendMessageException($e->getMessage());
-        }
-        return $response;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets up and returns message preview
-     *
-     * @param EE_Message      $message      incoming message object
-     * @param EE_message_type $message_type This is whatever message type was used in combination with this messenger
-     *                                      to generate the message.
-     * @param bool            $send         true we will actually use the _send method (for test sends). FALSE we just
-     *                                      return preview
-     * @return string          return the message HTML content
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_preview(EE_Message $message, EE_message_type $message_type, $send = false)
-    {
-        $this->_validate_and_setup($message);
-
-        $this->_incoming_message_type = $message_type;
-
-        if ($send) {
-            // are we overriding any existing template fields?
-            $settings = apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_messenger__get_preview__messenger_test_settings',
-                $this->get_existing_test_settings(),
-                $this,
-                $send,
-                $message,
-                $message_type
-            );
-            if (! empty($settings)) {
-                foreach ($settings as $field => $value) {
-                    $this->_set_template_value($field, $value);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // enqueue preview js so that any links/buttons on the page are disabled.
-        if (! $send) {
-            // the below may seem like duplication.  However, typically if a messenger enqueues scripts/styles,
-            // it deregisters all existing wp scripts and styles first.  So the second hook ensures our previewer still gets setup.
-            add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
-            add_action('wp_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
-            add_action('AHEE__EE_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
-        }
-
-        return $send ? $this->_send_message() : $this->_preview();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Callback for enqueue_scripts so that we set up the preview script for all previews.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function add_preview_script()
-    {
-        // error message
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['links_disabled'] = wp_strip_all_tags(
-            __(
-                'All the links on this page have been disabled because this is a generated preview message for the purpose of ensuring layout, style, and content setup.  To test generated links, you must trigger an actual message notification.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            )
-        );
-        wp_register_script(
-            'ee-messages-preview-js',
-            EE_LIBRARIES_URL . 'messages/messenger/assets/js/ee-messages-preview.js',
-            ['jquery'],
-            EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION,
-            true
-        );
-        wp_localize_script('ee-messages-preview-js', 'eei18n', EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings);
-        wp_enqueue_script('ee-messages-preview-js');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * simply validates the incoming message object and then sets up the properties for the messenger
-     *
-     * @param EE_Message $message
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _validate_and_setup(EE_Message $message)
-    {
-        $template_pack = $message->get_template_pack();
-        $variation     = $message->get_template_pack_variation();
-
-        // verify we have the required template pack value on the $message object.
-        if (! $template_pack instanceof EE_Messages_Template_Pack) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Incoming $message object must have an EE_Messages_Template_Pack object available.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-
-        $this->_tmp_pack = $template_pack;
-
-        $this->_variation = $variation ?: 'default';
-
-        $template_fields = $this->get_template_fields();
-
-        foreach ($template_fields as $template => $value) {
-            if ($template !== 'extra') {
-                $column_value           = $message->get_field_or_extra_meta('MSG_' . $template);
-                $message_template_value = $column_value ?: null;
-                $this->_set_template_value($template, $message_template_value);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Utility method for child classes to get the contents of a template file and return
-     *
-     * We're assuming the child messenger class has already setup template args!
-     *
-     * @param bool $preview if true we use the preview wrapper otherwise we use main wrapper.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_main_template($preview = false)
-    {
-        $type = $preview ? 'preview' : 'main';
-
-        $wrapper_template = $this->_tmp_pack->get_wrapper($this->name, $type);
-
-        // check file exists and is readable
-        if (! is_readable($wrapper_template)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Unable to access the template file for the %s messenger main content wrapper.  The location being attempted is %s.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    ucwords($this->label['singular']),
-                    $wrapper_template
-                )
-            );
-        }
-
-        // add message type to template args
-        $this->_template_args['message_type'] = $this->_incoming_message_type;
-
-        return EEH_Template::display_template($wrapper_template, $this->_template_args, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * set the _test_settings_fields property
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_test_settings_fields()
-    {
-        $this->_test_settings_fields = [];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * return the _test_settings_fields property
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_test_settings_fields()
-    {
-        return $this->_test_settings_fields;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns any existing test settings that might be saved in the database
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_existing_test_settings()
-    {
-        /** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
-        $Message_Resource_Manager = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
-        $settings                 = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
-        return $settings[ $this->name ]['test_settings'] ?? [];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * All this does is set the existing test settings (in the db) for the messenger
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param $settings
-     * @return bool success/fail
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set_existing_test_settings($settings)
-    {
-        /** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
-        $Message_Resource_Manager                 = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
-        $existing                                 = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
-        $existing[ $this->name ]['test_settings'] = $settings;
-        return $Message_Resource_Manager->update_active_messengers_option($existing);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns the field label for a given field setup in the _template_fields property.
-     *
-     * @param string $field The field to retrieve the label for
-     * @return string             The label
-     * @since   4.3.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function get_field_label($field)
-    {
-        // first let's see if the field requests is in the top level array.
-        if (! empty($this->_template_fields[ $field ]['label'])) {
-            return $this->_template_fields[ $field ]['label'];
-        }
-
-        // nope so let's look in the extra array to see if it's there HOWEVER if the field exists as a top level index in the extra array then we know the label is in the 'main' index.
-        if (! empty($this->_template_fields['extra'][ $field ]['main']['label'])) {
-            return $this->_template_fields['extra'][ $field ]['main']['label'];
-        }
-
-        // now it's possible this field may just be existing in any of the extra array items.
-        if (! empty($this->_template_fields['extra']) && is_array($this->_template_fields['extra'])) {
-            foreach ($this->_template_fields['extra'] as $subfields) {
-                if (! empty($subfields[ $field ]['label'])) {
-                    return $subfields[ $field ]['label'];
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // if we made it here then there's no label set so let's just return the $field.
-        return $field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is a method called from EE_messages when this messenger is a generating messenger and the sending messenger
-     * is a different messenger.  Child messengers can set hooks for the sending messenger to callback on if necessary
-     * (i.e. swap out css files or something else).
-     *
-     * @param string $sending_messenger_name the name of the sending messenger so we only set the hooks needed.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     *
-     */
-    public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
-    {
-        return;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return string[]
-     * @since 5.0.46
-     */
-    public function __sleep()
-    {
-        $vars   = (array) $this;
-        $remove = [
-            '_EEM_data',
-        ];
-        foreach ($vars as $key => $val) {
-            // removing null properties improves serialization performance
-            if (is_null($val) || in_array($val, $remove, true)) {
-                unset($vars[ $key ]);
-            }
-        }
-        return array_keys($vars);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 5.0.46
-     */
-    public function __wakeup()
-    {
-        $this->_EEM_data = EEM_Message_Template_Group::instance();
-    }
+					: '';
+				$selector_rows            .= EEH_Template::display_template($template_row_path, $st_args, true);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// if no selectors present then get out.
+		if (empty($selector_rows)) {
+			return '';
+		}
+
+		$template_args['selector_rows'] = $selector_rows;
+		return EEH_Template::display_template($template_wrapper_path, $template_args, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_template_fields
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array $this->_template_fields
+	 */
+	public function get_template_fields()
+	{
+		$template_fields = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__{$this->class_name}__get_template_fields",
+			$this->_template_fields,
+			$this
+		);
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_messenger__get_template_fields', $template_fields, $this);
+	}
+
+
+
+
+	/** SETUP METHODS **/
+	/**
+	 * The following method doesn't NEED to be used by child classes but might be modified by the specific messenger
+	 *
+	 * @param string $item
+	 * @param mixed  $value
+	 */
+	protected function _set_template_value($item, $value)
+	{
+		if (array_key_exists($item, $this->_template_fields)) {
+			$prop          = '_' . $item;
+			$this->{$prop} = $value;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets up the message for sending.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_message      $message      the message object that contains details about the message.
+	 * @param EE_message_type $message_type The message type object used in combination with this messenger to generate
+	 *                                      the provided message.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool Very important that all messengers return bool for successful send or not.  Error messages can be
+	 *              added to EE_Error.
+	 *              true = message sent successfully
+	 *              false = message not sent but can be retried (i.e. the failure might be just due to communication
+	 *              issues at the time of send). Throwing a SendMessageException means the message failed sending and
+	 *              cannot be retried.
+	 *
+	 * @throws SendMessageException
+	 */
+	final public function send_message($message, EE_message_type $message_type)
+	{
+		try {
+			$this->_validate_and_setup($message);
+			$this->_incoming_message_type = $message_type;
+			$response                     = $this->_send_message();
+			if ($response instanceof WP_Error) {
+				EE_Error::add_error($response->get_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+				$response = false;
+			}
+		} catch (Exception $e) {
+			// convert to an instance of SendMessageException
+			throw new SendMessageException($e->getMessage());
+		}
+		return $response;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets up and returns message preview
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Message      $message      incoming message object
+	 * @param EE_message_type $message_type This is whatever message type was used in combination with this messenger
+	 *                                      to generate the message.
+	 * @param bool            $send         true we will actually use the _send method (for test sends). FALSE we just
+	 *                                      return preview
+	 * @return string          return the message HTML content
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_preview(EE_Message $message, EE_message_type $message_type, $send = false)
+	{
+		$this->_validate_and_setup($message);
+
+		$this->_incoming_message_type = $message_type;
+
+		if ($send) {
+			// are we overriding any existing template fields?
+			$settings = apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_messenger__get_preview__messenger_test_settings',
+				$this->get_existing_test_settings(),
+				$this,
+				$send,
+				$message,
+				$message_type
+			);
+			if (! empty($settings)) {
+				foreach ($settings as $field => $value) {
+					$this->_set_template_value($field, $value);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// enqueue preview js so that any links/buttons on the page are disabled.
+		if (! $send) {
+			// the below may seem like duplication.  However, typically if a messenger enqueues scripts/styles,
+			// it deregisters all existing wp scripts and styles first.  So the second hook ensures our previewer still gets setup.
+			add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
+			add_action('wp_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
+			add_action('AHEE__EE_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
+		}
+
+		return $send ? $this->_send_message() : $this->_preview();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for enqueue_scripts so that we set up the preview script for all previews.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function add_preview_script()
+	{
+		// error message
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['links_disabled'] = wp_strip_all_tags(
+			__(
+				'All the links on this page have been disabled because this is a generated preview message for the purpose of ensuring layout, style, and content setup.  To test generated links, you must trigger an actual message notification.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			)
+		);
+		wp_register_script(
+			'ee-messages-preview-js',
+			EE_LIBRARIES_URL . 'messages/messenger/assets/js/ee-messages-preview.js',
+			['jquery'],
+			EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION,
+			true
+		);
+		wp_localize_script('ee-messages-preview-js', 'eei18n', EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings);
+		wp_enqueue_script('ee-messages-preview-js');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * simply validates the incoming message object and then sets up the properties for the messenger
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Message $message
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_and_setup(EE_Message $message)
+	{
+		$template_pack = $message->get_template_pack();
+		$variation     = $message->get_template_pack_variation();
+
+		// verify we have the required template pack value on the $message object.
+		if (! $template_pack instanceof EE_Messages_Template_Pack) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Incoming $message object must have an EE_Messages_Template_Pack object available.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		$this->_tmp_pack = $template_pack;
+
+		$this->_variation = $variation ?: 'default';
+
+		$template_fields = $this->get_template_fields();
+
+		foreach ($template_fields as $template => $value) {
+			if ($template !== 'extra') {
+				$column_value           = $message->get_field_or_extra_meta('MSG_' . $template);
+				$message_template_value = $column_value ?: null;
+				$this->_set_template_value($template, $message_template_value);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Utility method for child classes to get the contents of a template file and return
+	 *
+	 * We're assuming the child messenger class has already setup template args!
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $preview if true we use the preview wrapper otherwise we use main wrapper.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_main_template($preview = false)
+	{
+		$type = $preview ? 'preview' : 'main';
+
+		$wrapper_template = $this->_tmp_pack->get_wrapper($this->name, $type);
+
+		// check file exists and is readable
+		if (! is_readable($wrapper_template)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Unable to access the template file for the %s messenger main content wrapper.  The location being attempted is %s.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					ucwords($this->label['singular']),
+					$wrapper_template
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		// add message type to template args
+		$this->_template_args['message_type'] = $this->_incoming_message_type;
+
+		return EEH_Template::display_template($wrapper_template, $this->_template_args, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * set the _test_settings_fields property
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_test_settings_fields()
+	{
+		$this->_test_settings_fields = [];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * return the _test_settings_fields property
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_test_settings_fields()
+	{
+		return $this->_test_settings_fields;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns any existing test settings that might be saved in the database
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_existing_test_settings()
+	{
+		/** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
+		$Message_Resource_Manager = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
+		$settings                 = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
+		return $settings[ $this->name ]['test_settings'] ?? [];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * All this does is set the existing test settings (in the db) for the messenger
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param $settings
+	 * @return bool success/fail
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set_existing_test_settings($settings)
+	{
+		/** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
+		$Message_Resource_Manager                 = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
+		$existing                                 = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
+		$existing[ $this->name ]['test_settings'] = $settings;
+		return $Message_Resource_Manager->update_active_messengers_option($existing);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns the field label for a given field setup in the _template_fields property.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field The field to retrieve the label for
+	 * @return string             The label
+	 * @since   4.3.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function get_field_label($field)
+	{
+		// first let's see if the field requests is in the top level array.
+		if (! empty($this->_template_fields[ $field ]['label'])) {
+			return $this->_template_fields[ $field ]['label'];
+		}
+
+		// nope so let's look in the extra array to see if it's there HOWEVER if the field exists as a top level index in the extra array then we know the label is in the 'main' index.
+		if (! empty($this->_template_fields['extra'][ $field ]['main']['label'])) {
+			return $this->_template_fields['extra'][ $field ]['main']['label'];
+		}
+
+		// now it's possible this field may just be existing in any of the extra array items.
+		if (! empty($this->_template_fields['extra']) && is_array($this->_template_fields['extra'])) {
+			foreach ($this->_template_fields['extra'] as $subfields) {
+				if (! empty($subfields[ $field ]['label'])) {
+					return $subfields[ $field ]['label'];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// if we made it here then there's no label set so let's just return the $field.
+		return $field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a method called from EE_messages when this messenger is a generating messenger and the sending messenger
+	 * is a different messenger.  Child messengers can set hooks for the sending messenger to callback on if necessary
+	 * (i.e. swap out css files or something else).
+	 *
+	 * @param string $sending_messenger_name the name of the sending messenger so we only set the hooks needed.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 *
+	 */
+	public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return string[]
+	 * @since 5.0.46
+	 */
+	public function __sleep()
+	{
+		$vars   = (array) $this;
+		$remove = [
+			'_EEM_data',
+		];
+		foreach ($vars as $key => $val) {
+			// removing null properties improves serialization performance
+			if (is_null($val) || in_array($val, $remove, true)) {
+				unset($vars[ $key ]);
+			}
+		}
+		return array_keys($vars);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 5.0.46
+	 */
+	public function __wakeup()
+	{
+		$this->_EEM_data = EEM_Message_Template_Group::instance();
+	}
 }

Spacing +41 added lines, -41 removed lines

@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ 
         // we don't need message types here so we're just going to ignore. we do, however, expect the event id here. The event id is needed to provide a link to setup a custom template for this event.
         $event_id = $extra['event'] ?? null;
 
-        $template_wrapper_path = EE_LIBRARIES . 'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_wrapper.template.php';
-        $template_row_path     = EE_LIBRARIES . 'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_row.template.php';
+        $template_wrapper_path = EE_LIBRARIES.'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_wrapper.template.php';
+        $template_row_path     = EE_LIBRARIES.'messages/messenger/admin_templates/event_switcher_row.template.php';
 
         // array of template objects for global and custom (non-trashed) (but remember just for this messenger!)
         $global_templates    = $this->_EEM_data->get_all(
@@ -521,28 +521,28 @@ 
             if ($mtpg instanceof EE_Message_Template_Group) {
                 // verify this message type is supposed to show on this page
                 $mtp_obj = $mtpg->message_type_obj();
-                if (! $mtp_obj instanceof EE_message_type) {
+                if ( ! $mtp_obj instanceof EE_message_type) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages = (array) $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages;
-                if (! in_array('events_edit', $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages)) {
+                if ( ! in_array('events_edit', $mtp_obj->admin_registered_pages)) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 $select_values            = [];
-                $select_values[ $mtpgID ] = esc_html__('Global', 'event_espresso');
+                $select_values[$mtpgID] = esc_html__('Global', 'event_espresso');
                 $default_value            = array_key_exists($mtpgID, $templates_for_event)
                                             && ! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')
                     ? $mtpgID
                     : null;
                 // if the override has been set for the global template, then that means even if there are custom templates already created we ignore them because of the set override.
-                if (! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')) {
+                if ( ! $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')) {
                     // any custom templates for this message type?
                     $custom_templates = $this->_EEM_data->get_custom_message_template_by_m_and_mt(
                         $this->name,
                         $mtpg->message_type()
                     );
                     foreach ($custom_templates as $cmtpgID => $cmtpg) {
-                        $select_values[ $cmtpgID ] = $cmtpg->name();
+                        $select_values[$cmtpgID] = $cmtpg->name();
                         $default_value             = array_key_exists($cmtpgID, $templates_for_event)
                             ? $cmtpgID
                             : $default_value;
@@ -559,11 +559,11 @@ 
                     'evt_id'  => $event_id,
                     'context' => $edit_context,
                 ];
-                $edit_url                  = EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+                $edit_url = EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
                     $edit_url_query_args,
                     admin_url('admin.php')
                 );
-                $create_url_query_args     = [
+                $create_url_query_args = [
                     'page'         => 'espresso_messages',
                     'action'       => 'add_new_message_template',
                     'GRP_ID'       => $default_value,
@@ -580,13 +580,13 @@ 
                 $st_args['mt_slug']        = $mt_slug;
                 $st_args['messenger_slug'] = $this->name;
                 $st_args['selector']       = EEH_Form_Fields::select_input(
-                    'event_message_templates_relation[' . $mtpgID . ']',
+                    'event_message_templates_relation['.$mtpgID.']',
                     $select_values,
                     $default_value,
-                    'data-messenger="' . $this->name . '" data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"',
+                    'data-messenger="'.$this->name.'" data-messagetype="'.$mt_slug.'"',
                     'message-template-selector ee-input-size--small'
                 );
-                $new_template_name         = sprintf(
+                $new_template_name = sprintf(
                     esc_html__('Custom %1$s', 'event_espresso'),
                     $st_args['mt_name'] ?: esc_html__('Template', 'event_espresso')
                 );
@@ -594,15 +594,15 @@ 
                 $st_args['create_button'] = $mtpg->get('MTP_is_override')
                     ? ''
                     : '
-                    <a data-messenger="' . $this->name . '"
-                       data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"
-                       data-new_template_name="' . $new_template_name . '"
-                       data-grpid="' . $default_value . '"
+                    <a data-messenger="' . $this->name.'"
+                       data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug.'"
+                       data-new_template_name="' . $new_template_name.'"
+                       data-grpid="' . $default_value.'"
                        target="_blank"
-                       href="' . $create_url . '"
+                       href="' . $create_url.'"
                        class="button button--secondary button--small create-mtpg-button"
                     >
-                        ' . esc_html__('Create New Custom', 'event_espresso') . '
+                        ' . esc_html__('Create New Custom', 'event_espresso').'
                     </a>';
                 $st_args['create_button'] = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
                     'ee_edit_messages',
@@ -610,22 +610,22 @@ 
                 )
                     ? $st_args['create_button']
                     : '';
-                $st_args['edit_button']   = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+                $st_args['edit_button'] = EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
                     'ee_edit_message',
                     'espresso_messages_edit_message_template',
                     $mtpgID
                 )
                     ? '
-                    <a data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug . '"
-                       data-grpid="' . $default_value . '"
+                    <a data-messagetype="' . $mt_slug.'"
+                       data-grpid="' . $default_value.'"
                        target="_blank"
-                       href="' . $edit_url . '"
+                       href="' . $edit_url.'"
                        class="button button--secondary button--small edit-mtpg-button"
                     >
-                        ' . esc_html__('Edit', 'event_espresso') . '
+                        ' . esc_html__('Edit', 'event_espresso').'
                     </a>'
                     : '';
-                $selector_rows            .= EEH_Template::display_template($template_row_path, $st_args, true);
+                $selector_rows .= EEH_Template::display_template($template_row_path, $st_args, true);
             }
         }
 
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ 
     protected function _set_template_value($item, $value)
     {
         if (array_key_exists($item, $this->_template_fields)) {
-            $prop          = '_' . $item;
+            $prop          = '_'.$item;
             $this->{$prop} = $value;
         }
     }
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ 
                 $message,
                 $message_type
             );
-            if (! empty($settings)) {
+            if ( ! empty($settings)) {
                 foreach ($settings as $field => $value) {
                     $this->_set_template_value($field, $value);
                 }
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ 
         }
 
         // enqueue preview js so that any links/buttons on the page are disabled.
-        if (! $send) {
+        if ( ! $send) {
             // the below may seem like duplication.  However, typically if a messenger enqueues scripts/styles,
             // it deregisters all existing wp scripts and styles first.  So the second hook ensures our previewer still gets setup.
             add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'add_preview_script'], 10);
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ 
         );
         wp_register_script(
             'ee-messages-preview-js',
-            EE_LIBRARIES_URL . 'messages/messenger/assets/js/ee-messages-preview.js',
+            EE_LIBRARIES_URL.'messages/messenger/assets/js/ee-messages-preview.js',
             ['jquery'],
             EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION,
             true
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ 
         $variation     = $message->get_template_pack_variation();
 
         // verify we have the required template pack value on the $message object.
-        if (! $template_pack instanceof EE_Messages_Template_Pack) {
+        if ( ! $template_pack instanceof EE_Messages_Template_Pack) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 esc_html__(
                     'Incoming $message object must have an EE_Messages_Template_Pack object available.',
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ 
 
         foreach ($template_fields as $template => $value) {
             if ($template !== 'extra') {
-                $column_value           = $message->get_field_or_extra_meta('MSG_' . $template);
+                $column_value           = $message->get_field_or_extra_meta('MSG_'.$template);
                 $message_template_value = $column_value ?: null;
                 $this->_set_template_value($template, $message_template_value);
             }
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ 
         $wrapper_template = $this->_tmp_pack->get_wrapper($this->name, $type);
 
         // check file exists and is readable
-        if (! is_readable($wrapper_template)) {
+        if ( ! is_readable($wrapper_template)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ 
         /** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
         $Message_Resource_Manager = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
         $settings                 = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
-        return $settings[ $this->name ]['test_settings'] ?? [];
+        return $settings[$this->name]['test_settings'] ?? [];
     }
 
 
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ 
         /** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
         $Message_Resource_Manager                 = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
         $existing                                 = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
-        $existing[ $this->name ]['test_settings'] = $settings;
+        $existing[$this->name]['test_settings'] = $settings;
         return $Message_Resource_Manager->update_active_messengers_option($existing);
     }
 
@@ -928,20 +928,20 @@ 
     public function get_field_label($field)
     {
         // first let's see if the field requests is in the top level array.
-        if (! empty($this->_template_fields[ $field ]['label'])) {
-            return $this->_template_fields[ $field ]['label'];
+        if ( ! empty($this->_template_fields[$field]['label'])) {
+            return $this->_template_fields[$field]['label'];
         }
 
         // nope so let's look in the extra array to see if it's there HOWEVER if the field exists as a top level index in the extra array then we know the label is in the 'main' index.
-        if (! empty($this->_template_fields['extra'][ $field ]['main']['label'])) {
-            return $this->_template_fields['extra'][ $field ]['main']['label'];
+        if ( ! empty($this->_template_fields['extra'][$field]['main']['label'])) {
+            return $this->_template_fields['extra'][$field]['main']['label'];
         }
 
         // now it's possible this field may just be existing in any of the extra array items.
-        if (! empty($this->_template_fields['extra']) && is_array($this->_template_fields['extra'])) {
+        if ( ! empty($this->_template_fields['extra']) && is_array($this->_template_fields['extra'])) {
             foreach ($this->_template_fields['extra'] as $subfields) {
-                if (! empty($subfields[ $field ]['label'])) {
-                    return $subfields[ $field ]['label'];
+                if ( ! empty($subfields[$field]['label'])) {
+                    return $subfields[$field]['label'];
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ 
         foreach ($vars as $key => $val) {
             // removing null properties improves serialization performance
             if (is_null($val) || in_array($val, $remove, true)) {
-                unset($vars[ $key ]);
+                unset($vars[$key]);
             }
         }
         return array_keys($vars);

core/libraries/messages/EE_Messages_Base.lib.php

Indentation +275 added lines, -275 removed lines

@@ -11,279 +11,279 @@
  */
 abstract class EE_Messages_Base extends EE_Base
 {
-    /** DETAILS PROPERTIES **/
-    /**
-     * The following are used to hold details on the type for reference (i.e. on admin screens)
-     * and also used by the EE_message_type object to figure out where to get template data.
-     */
-    public $name;
-
-    public $description;
-
-    protected $_messages_item_type; // messenger OR message_type?
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is an array describing the ui facing labels
-     * that will be used whenever the messenger is referenced in the ui
-     *
-     * array(
-     *  'singular' => esc_html__('something'),
-     *  'plural' => esc_html__('somethings')
-     * )
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    public $label;
-
-
-    /**
-     * This property when set will hold the slugs of all EE admin pages that we will need to retrieve fields for
-     * (and used to determine which callback method to call from the child class)
-     *
-     * structure should be
-     * array(
-     * 'page_action' => true
-     * )
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    public $admin_registered_pages = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * this property holds any specific fields for holding any settings related to a messenger (if any needed)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_admin_settings_fields = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * this property will hold any existing settings that may have been set in the admin.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_existing_admin_settings = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * this property will hold an array of valid shortcodes for this message type and messengers.
-     * #For Message Types:
-     * This is an array of strings that correspond to defined EE_Shortcode libraries and per context.
-     * For example:
-     * array( 'admin' => array('transaction', 'event', 'attendee') )
-     * corresponds to 'EE_Transaction_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Event_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Attendee_Shortcodes.lib.php'
-     * for the admin context;
-     *
-     *
-     * #For Messengers:
-     * For example:
-     * array('subject' => array('transaction', 'event', 'attendee'))
-     * corresponds to 'EE_Transaction_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Event_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Attendee_Shortcodes.lib.php'
-     * for the 'subject' field;
-     * NOTE:  by default, with messengers, if the valid shortcodes for a field is left blank,
-     * that field will inherit whatever are set as valid shortcodes by message_type.
-     * This is so messenger can set specific valid codes for fields and leave other
-     * valid shortcodes up to the message type matched with the messenger.
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_valid_shortcodes = [];
-
-
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        $this->_set_admin_settings_fields();
-        $this->_set_valid_shortcodes();
-        $this->_set_admin_pages();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * sets the _admin_settings_fields property which needs to be defined by child classes.
-     * You will want to set the _admin_settings_fields properties as a multi-dimensional array with the following format
-     * array(
-     *      {field_name - also used for setting index} => array(
-     *          'field_type' => {type of field: 'text', 'textarea', 'checkbox'},
-     *          'value_type' => {type of value: 'string', 'int', 'array', 'bool'},
-     *          'required' => {bool, required or not},
-     *          'validation' => {bool, true if we want validation, false if not},
-     *          'format' => {%d, or %s},
-     *          'label' => {label for the field, make sure it's localized},
-     *          'default' => {default value for the setting}
-     *      ),
-     * );
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_admin_settings_fields();
-
-
-    /**
-     * sets any properties on whether a message type or messenger interface shows up on a ee administration page.
-     * Child classes have to define this method but don't necessarily have to set the flags
-     * as they will be set to false by default.
-     *
-     * Child classes use this method to set the `_admin_registered_page` property.
-     * That property is to indicate what EE admin pages we have a corresponding callback for in the child class
-     * so Message Type/messenger fields/content is included on that admin page.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_admin_pages();
-
-
-    /**
-     * Child classes must declare the $_valid_shortcodes property using this method.
-     * See comments for $_valid_shortcodes property for details on what it is used for.
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_valid_shortcodes();
-
-
-    /**
-     * sets the _existing_admin_settings property can be overridden by child classes.
-     * We do this so we only do database calls if needed.
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @param string $messenger
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _set_existing_admin_settings($messenger = '')
-    {
-        /** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
-        $Message_Resource_Manager = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
-        $active_messengers        = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
-        $settings_to_use          = $active_messengers;
-
-        /**
-         * This determines what will be used for the getting the settings.
-         */
-        if (
-            ! empty($messenger)
-            && $Message_Resource_Manager->is_message_type_active_for_messenger($messenger, $this->name)
-        ) {
-            $settings_to_use = $active_messengers[ $messenger ]['settings'][ $messenger . '-message_types' ];
-        }
-
-        $this->_existing_admin_settings = $settings_to_use[ $this->name ]['settings'] ?? null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_existing_admin_settings
-     * (if needed) sets and returns the _existing_admin_settings property.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param string $messenger
-     * @return array          settings
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_existing_admin_settings($messenger = '')
-    {
-        // if admin_settings property empty lets try setting it.
-        if (method_exists($this, '_set_existing_admin_settings') && empty($this->_existing_admin_settings)) {
-            $this->_set_existing_admin_settings($messenger);
-        }
-        return property_exists($this, '_existing_admin_settings')
-            ? $this->_existing_admin_settings
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the array of valid shortcodes for a message type or messenger as set by the child in the
-     * $_valid_shortcode property.
-     *
-     * @return array   an array of valid shortcodes.
-     */
-    public function get_valid_shortcodes()
-    {
-        $valid_shortcodes = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__get_valid_shortcodes',
-            $this->_valid_shortcodes,
-            $this
-        );
-        // The below filter applies to ALL messengers and message types so use with care!
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Messages_Base__get_valid_shortcodes', $valid_shortcodes, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * getter that returns the protected admin_settings_fields property
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array admin settings fields
-     */
-    public function get_admin_settings_fields()
-    {
-        return $this->_admin_settings_fields;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * this public method accepts a page slug (for an EE_admin page)
-     * and will return the response from the child class callback function
-     * if that page is registered via the `_admin_registered_page` property set by the child class.
-     *
-     * @param string $page    the slug of the EE admin page
-     * @param array  $actives an array of active message type (or messenger) objects.
-     * @param string $action  the page action (to allow for more specific handling - i.e. edit vs. add pages)
-     * @param array  $extra   This is just an extra argument that can be used
-     *                        to pass additional data for setting up page content.
-     * @access protected
-     * @return string $content for page.
-     */
-    protected function _get_admin_page_content($page, $action, $extra, $actives)
-    {
-        // we can also further refine the context by action (if present).
-        if (! empty($action)) {
-            $page = $page . '_' . $action;
-        }
-
-        if (! isset($this->admin_registered_pages[ $page ])) {
-            // todo: a place to throw an exception?
-            // We need to indicate there is no registered page so this function is not being called correctly.
-            return false;
-        }
-        // k made it here so let's call the method
-        $content = call_user_func_array(
-            [$this, '_get_admin_content_' . $page],
-            [$actives, $extra]
-        );
-        if ($content === false) {
-            // todo this needs to be an exception once we've got exceptions in place.
-            return false;
-        }
-        return $content;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Allows a message type to specifically exclude template fields for the provided messenger.
-     * Filtered so this can be programmatically altered as well.
-     *
-     * @param string $messenger_name name of messenger
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function excludedFieldsForMessenger($messenger_name)
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Messages_Base__excludedFieldForMessenger',
-            [],
-            $messenger_name,
-            $this->name,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
+	/** DETAILS PROPERTIES **/
+	/**
+	 * The following are used to hold details on the type for reference (i.e. on admin screens)
+	 * and also used by the EE_message_type object to figure out where to get template data.
+	 */
+	public $name;
+
+	public $description;
+
+	protected $_messages_item_type; // messenger OR message_type?
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is an array describing the ui facing labels
+	 * that will be used whenever the messenger is referenced in the ui
+	 *
+	 * array(
+	 *  'singular' => esc_html__('something'),
+	 *  'plural' => esc_html__('somethings')
+	 * )
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $label;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This property when set will hold the slugs of all EE admin pages that we will need to retrieve fields for
+	 * (and used to determine which callback method to call from the child class)
+	 *
+	 * structure should be
+	 * array(
+	 * 'page_action' => true
+	 * )
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $admin_registered_pages = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this property holds any specific fields for holding any settings related to a messenger (if any needed)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_admin_settings_fields = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this property will hold any existing settings that may have been set in the admin.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_existing_admin_settings = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this property will hold an array of valid shortcodes for this message type and messengers.
+	 * #For Message Types:
+	 * This is an array of strings that correspond to defined EE_Shortcode libraries and per context.
+	 * For example:
+	 * array( 'admin' => array('transaction', 'event', 'attendee') )
+	 * corresponds to 'EE_Transaction_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Event_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Attendee_Shortcodes.lib.php'
+	 * for the admin context;
+	 *
+	 *
+	 * #For Messengers:
+	 * For example:
+	 * array('subject' => array('transaction', 'event', 'attendee'))
+	 * corresponds to 'EE_Transaction_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Event_Shortcodes.lib.php, EE_Attendee_Shortcodes.lib.php'
+	 * for the 'subject' field;
+	 * NOTE:  by default, with messengers, if the valid shortcodes for a field is left blank,
+	 * that field will inherit whatever are set as valid shortcodes by message_type.
+	 * This is so messenger can set specific valid codes for fields and leave other
+	 * valid shortcodes up to the message type matched with the messenger.
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_valid_shortcodes = [];
+
+
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$this->_set_admin_settings_fields();
+		$this->_set_valid_shortcodes();
+		$this->_set_admin_pages();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * sets the _admin_settings_fields property which needs to be defined by child classes.
+	 * You will want to set the _admin_settings_fields properties as a multi-dimensional array with the following format
+	 * array(
+	 *      {field_name - also used for setting index} => array(
+	 *          'field_type' => {type of field: 'text', 'textarea', 'checkbox'},
+	 *          'value_type' => {type of value: 'string', 'int', 'array', 'bool'},
+	 *          'required' => {bool, required or not},
+	 *          'validation' => {bool, true if we want validation, false if not},
+	 *          'format' => {%d, or %s},
+	 *          'label' => {label for the field, make sure it's localized},
+	 *          'default' => {default value for the setting}
+	 *      ),
+	 * );
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_admin_settings_fields();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * sets any properties on whether a message type or messenger interface shows up on a ee administration page.
+	 * Child classes have to define this method but don't necessarily have to set the flags
+	 * as they will be set to false by default.
+	 *
+	 * Child classes use this method to set the `_admin_registered_page` property.
+	 * That property is to indicate what EE admin pages we have a corresponding callback for in the child class
+	 * so Message Type/messenger fields/content is included on that admin page.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_admin_pages();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Child classes must declare the $_valid_shortcodes property using this method.
+	 * See comments for $_valid_shortcodes property for details on what it is used for.
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_valid_shortcodes();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * sets the _existing_admin_settings property can be overridden by child classes.
+	 * We do this so we only do database calls if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param string $messenger
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _set_existing_admin_settings($messenger = '')
+	{
+		/** @var EE_Message_Resource_Manager $Message_Resource_Manager */
+		$Message_Resource_Manager = EE_Registry::instance()->load_lib('Message_Resource_Manager');
+		$active_messengers        = $Message_Resource_Manager->get_active_messengers_option();
+		$settings_to_use          = $active_messengers;
+
+		/**
+		 * This determines what will be used for the getting the settings.
+		 */
+		if (
+			! empty($messenger)
+			&& $Message_Resource_Manager->is_message_type_active_for_messenger($messenger, $this->name)
+		) {
+			$settings_to_use = $active_messengers[ $messenger ]['settings'][ $messenger . '-message_types' ];
+		}
+
+		$this->_existing_admin_settings = $settings_to_use[ $this->name ]['settings'] ?? null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_existing_admin_settings
+	 * (if needed) sets and returns the _existing_admin_settings property.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param string $messenger
+	 * @return array          settings
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_existing_admin_settings($messenger = '')
+	{
+		// if admin_settings property empty lets try setting it.
+		if (method_exists($this, '_set_existing_admin_settings') && empty($this->_existing_admin_settings)) {
+			$this->_set_existing_admin_settings($messenger);
+		}
+		return property_exists($this, '_existing_admin_settings')
+			? $this->_existing_admin_settings
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the array of valid shortcodes for a message type or messenger as set by the child in the
+	 * $_valid_shortcode property.
+	 *
+	 * @return array   an array of valid shortcodes.
+	 */
+	public function get_valid_shortcodes()
+	{
+		$valid_shortcodes = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__get_valid_shortcodes',
+			$this->_valid_shortcodes,
+			$this
+		);
+		// The below filter applies to ALL messengers and message types so use with care!
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Messages_Base__get_valid_shortcodes', $valid_shortcodes, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * getter that returns the protected admin_settings_fields property
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array admin settings fields
+	 */
+	public function get_admin_settings_fields()
+	{
+		return $this->_admin_settings_fields;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this public method accepts a page slug (for an EE_admin page)
+	 * and will return the response from the child class callback function
+	 * if that page is registered via the `_admin_registered_page` property set by the child class.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $page    the slug of the EE admin page
+	 * @param array  $actives an array of active message type (or messenger) objects.
+	 * @param string $action  the page action (to allow for more specific handling - i.e. edit vs. add pages)
+	 * @param array  $extra   This is just an extra argument that can be used
+	 *                        to pass additional data for setting up page content.
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return string $content for page.
+	 */
+	protected function _get_admin_page_content($page, $action, $extra, $actives)
+	{
+		// we can also further refine the context by action (if present).
+		if (! empty($action)) {
+			$page = $page . '_' . $action;
+		}
+
+		if (! isset($this->admin_registered_pages[ $page ])) {
+			// todo: a place to throw an exception?
+			// We need to indicate there is no registered page so this function is not being called correctly.
+			return false;
+		}
+		// k made it here so let's call the method
+		$content = call_user_func_array(
+			[$this, '_get_admin_content_' . $page],
+			[$actives, $extra]
+		);
+		if ($content === false) {
+			// todo this needs to be an exception once we've got exceptions in place.
+			return false;
+		}
+		return $content;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Allows a message type to specifically exclude template fields for the provided messenger.
+	 * Filtered so this can be programmatically altered as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $messenger_name name of messenger
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function excludedFieldsForMessenger($messenger_name)
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Messages_Base__excludedFieldForMessenger',
+			[],
+			$messenger_name,
+			$this->name,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
 }

Spacing +7 added lines, -7 removed lines

@@ -172,10 +172,10 @@ 
             ! empty($messenger)
             && $Message_Resource_Manager->is_message_type_active_for_messenger($messenger, $this->name)
         ) {
-            $settings_to_use = $active_messengers[ $messenger ]['settings'][ $messenger . '-message_types' ];
+            $settings_to_use = $active_messengers[$messenger]['settings'][$messenger.'-message_types'];
         }
 
-        $this->_existing_admin_settings = $settings_to_use[ $this->name ]['settings'] ?? null;
+        $this->_existing_admin_settings = $settings_to_use[$this->name]['settings'] ?? null;
     }
 
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ 
     public function get_valid_shortcodes()
     {
         $valid_shortcodes = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__get_valid_shortcodes',
+            'FHEE__'.get_class($this).'__get_valid_shortcodes',
             $this->_valid_shortcodes,
             $this
         );
@@ -247,18 +247,18 @@ 
     protected function _get_admin_page_content($page, $action, $extra, $actives)
     {
         // we can also further refine the context by action (if present).
-        if (! empty($action)) {
-            $page = $page . '_' . $action;
+        if ( ! empty($action)) {
+            $page = $page.'_'.$action;
         }
 
-        if (! isset($this->admin_registered_pages[ $page ])) {
+        if ( ! isset($this->admin_registered_pages[$page])) {
             // todo: a place to throw an exception?
             // We need to indicate there is no registered page so this function is not being called correctly.
             return false;
         }
         // k made it here so let's call the method
         $content = call_user_func_array(
-            [$this, '_get_admin_content_' . $page],
+            [$this, '_get_admin_content_'.$page],
             [$actives, $extra]
         );
         if ($content === false) {

core/libraries/messages/messenger/EE_Html_messenger.class.php

Indentation +547 added lines, -547 removed lines

@@ -10,551 +10,551 @@
  */
 class EE_Html_messenger extends EE_messenger
 {
-    /**
-     * The following are the properties that this messenger requires for displaying the html
-     */
-    /**
-     * This is the html body generated by the template via the message type.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_content = '';
-
-    /**
-     * This is for the page title that gets displayed.  (Why use "subject"?  Because the "title" tag in html is
-     * equivalent to the "subject" of the page.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_subject = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        // set properties
-        $this->name                = 'html';
-        $this->description         = esc_html__(
-            'This messenger outputs a message to a browser for display.',
-            'event_espresso'
-        );
-        $this->label               = [
-            'singular' => esc_html__('html', 'event_espresso'),
-            'plural'   => esc_html__('html', 'event_espresso'),
-        ];
-        $this->activate_on_install = true;
-        // add the "powered by EE" credit link to the HTML receipt and invoice
-        add_filter(
-            'FHEE__EE_Html_messenger___send_message__main_body',
-            [$this, 'add_powered_by_credit_link_to_receipt_and_invoice'],
-            10,
-            3
-        );
-        parent::__construct();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * HTML Messenger desires execution immediately.
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @since  4.9.0
-     * @see    parent::send_now() for documentation.
-     */
-    public function send_now(): bool
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * HTML Messenger allows an empty to field.
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @since  4.9.0
-     * @see    parent::allow_empty_to_field() for documentation
-     */
-    public function allow_empty_to_field(): bool
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see abstract declaration in EE_messenger for details.
-     */
-    protected function _set_admin_pages()
-    {
-        $this->admin_registered_pages = ['events_edit' => true];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see abstract declaration in EE_messenger for details.
-     */
-    protected function _set_valid_shortcodes()
-    {
-        $this->_valid_shortcodes = [];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see abstract declaration in EE_messenger for details.
-     */
-    protected function _set_validator_config()
-    {
-        $this->_validator_config = [
-            'subject'                       => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['organization', 'primary_registration_details', 'email', 'transaction'],
-            ],
-            'content'                       => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'organization',
-                    'primary_registration_list',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'email',
-                    'transaction',
-                    'event_list',
-                    'payment_list',
-                    'venue',
-                    'line_item_list',
-                    'messenger',
-                    'ticket_list',
-                ],
-            ],
-            'event_list'                    => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'event',
-                    'ticket_list',
-                    'venue',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'primary_registration_list',
-                    'event_author',
-                ],
-                'required'   => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'ticket_list'                   => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket',
-                    'datetime_list',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'line_item_list',
-                    'venue',
-                ],
-                'required'   => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'ticket_line_item_no_pms'       => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['line_item', 'ticket'],
-                'required'   => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'ticket_line_item_pms'          => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['line_item', 'ticket', 'line_item_list'],
-                'required'   => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'price_modifier_line_item_list' => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['line_item'],
-                'required'   => ['[PRICE_MODIFIER_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'datetime_list'                 => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['datetime'],
-                'required'   => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'attendee_list'                 => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['attendee'],
-                'required'   => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'tax_line_item_list'            => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['line_item'],
-                'required'   => ['[TAX_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'additional_line_item_list'     => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['line_item'],
-                'required'   => ['[ADDITIONAL_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'payment_list'                  => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['payment'],
-                'required'   => ['[PAYMENT_LIST_*]'],
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is a method called from EE_messages when this messenger is a generating messenger and the sending messenger
-     * is a different messenger.  Child messengers can set hooks for the sending messenger to callback on if necessary
-     * (i.e. swap out css files or something else).
-     *
-     * @param string $sending_messenger_name the name of the sending messenger so we only set the hooks needed.
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
-    {
-        if ($sending_messenger_name === 'pdf') {
-            add_filter('EE_messenger__get_variation__variation', [$this, 'add_html_css'], 10, 8);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param                            $variation_path
-     * @param EE_Messages_Template_Pack  $template_pack
-     * @param                            $messenger_name
-     * @param                            $message_type_name
-     * @param                            $url
-     * @param                            $type
-     * @param                            $variation
-     * @param                            $skip_filters
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function add_html_css(
-        $variation_path,
-        EE_Messages_Template_Pack $template_pack,
-        $messenger_name,
-        $message_type_name,
-        $url,
-        $type,
-        $variation,
-        $skip_filters
-    ): string {
-        return $template_pack->get_variation(
-            $this->name,
-            $message_type_name,
-            $type,
-            $variation,
-            $url,
-            '.css',
-            $skip_filters
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes care of enqueuing any necessary scripts or styles for the page.  A do_action() so message types using this
-     * messenger can add their own js.
-     *
-     * @return void.
-     */
-    public function enqueue_scripts_styles()
-    {
-        parent::enqueue_scripts_styles();
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Html_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_template_fields
-     * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
-     *
-     * @access  protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_template_fields()
-    {
-        // any extra template fields that are NOT used by the messenger
-        // but will get used by a messenger field for shortcode replacement
-        // get added to the 'extra' key in an associated array
-        // indexed by the messenger field they relate to.
-        // This is important for the Messages_admin to know what fields to display to the user.
-        // Also, notice that the "values" are equal to the field type
-        // that messages admin will use to know what kind of field to display.
-        // The values ALSO have one index labeled "shortcode".
-        // The values in that array indicate which ACTUAL SHORTCODE (i.e. [SHORTCODE])
-        // is required in order for this extra field to be displayed.
-        //  If the required shortcode isn't part of the shortcodes array
-        // then the field is not needed and will not be displayed/parsed.
-        $this->_template_fields = [
-            'subject' => [
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html__('Page Title', 'event_espresso'),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => true,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ],
-            'content' => '',
-            // left empty b/c it is in the "extra array" but messenger still needs to know this is a field.
-            'extra'   => [
-                'content' => [
-                    'main'                          => [
-                        'input'      => 'wp_editor',
-                        'label'      => esc_html__('Main Content', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'type'       => 'string',
-                        'required'   => false,
-                        'validation' => true,
-                        'format'     => '%s',
-                        'rows'       => '15',
-                    ],
-                    'event_list'                    => [
-                        'input'               => 'wp_editor',
-                        'label'               => '[EVENT_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'rows'                => '15',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'ticket_list'                   => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '10',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'ticket_line_item_no_pms'       => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>' . esc_html__(
-                                'Ticket Line Item List with no Price Modifiers',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'ticket_line_item_pms'          => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>' . esc_html__(
-                                'Ticket Line Item List with Price Modifiers',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'price_modifier_line_item_list' => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[PRICE_MODIFIER_LINE_ITEM_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[PRICE_MODIFIER_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'datetime_list'                 => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[DATETIME_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'attendee_list'                 => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[ATTENDEE_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'tax_line_item_list'            => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TAX_LINE_ITEM_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[TAX_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'additional_line_item_list'     => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[ADDITIONAL_LINE_ITEM_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[ADDITIONAL_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'payment_list'                  => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[PAYMENT_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[PAYMENT_LIST_*]'],
-                    ],
-                ],
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see   definition of this method in parent
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _set_default_message_types()
-    {
-        $this->_default_message_types = ['receipt', 'invoice'];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see   definition of this method in parent
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _set_valid_message_types()
-    {
-        $this->_valid_message_types = ['receipt', 'invoice'];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Displays the message in the browser.
-     *
-     * @return void.
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _send_message()
-    {
-        $this->_template_args = [
-            'page_title' => $this->_subject,
-            'base_css'   => $this->get_variation(
-                $this->_tmp_pack,
-                $this->_incoming_message_type->name,
-                true,
-                'base',
-                $this->_variation
-            ),
-            'print_css'  => $this->get_variation(
-                $this->_tmp_pack,
-                $this->_incoming_message_type->name,
-                true,
-                'print',
-                $this->_variation
-            ),
-            'main_css'   => $this->get_variation(
-                $this->_tmp_pack,
-                $this->_incoming_message_type->name,
-                true,
-                'main',
-                $this->_variation
-            ),
-            'main_body'  => wpautop(
-                apply_filters(
-                    'FHEE__EE_Html_messenger___send_message__main_body',
-                    (string) $this->_content,
-                    (string) $this->_content,
-                    $this->_incoming_message_type
-                ),
-                false
-            ),
-        ];
-        $this->_deregister_wp_hooks();
-        add_action('wp_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'enqueue_scripts_styles']);
-        echo($this->_get_main_template());
-        exit();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * The purpose of this function is to de register all actions hooked into wp_head and wp_footer so that it doesn't
-     * interfere with our templates.  If users want to add any custom styles or scripts they must use the
-     * AHEE__EE_Html_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles hook.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _deregister_wp_hooks()
-    {
-        remove_all_actions('wp_head');
-        remove_all_actions('wp_footer');
-        remove_all_actions('wp_print_footer_scripts');
-        remove_all_actions('wp_enqueue_scripts');
-        global $wp_scripts, $wp_styles;
-        $wp_scripts = $wp_styles = [];
-        // just add back in wp_enqueue_scripts and wp_print_footer_scripts cause that's all we want to load.
-        add_action('wp_footer', 'wp_print_footer_scripts');
-        add_action('wp_print_footer_scripts', '_wp_footer_scripts');
-        add_action('wp_head', 'wp_enqueue_scripts');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overwrite parent _get_main_template for display_html purposes.
-     *
-     * @param bool $preview
-     * @return string
-     * @since  4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _get_main_template($preview = false): string
-    {
-        $wrapper_template = $this->_tmp_pack->get_wrapper($this->name);
-        // include message type as a template arg
-        $this->_template_args['message_type'] = $this->_incoming_message_type;
-        return EEH_Template::display_template($wrapper_template, $this->_template_args, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _preview()
-    {
-        $this->_send_message();
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _set_admin_settings_fields()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * add the "powered by EE" credit link to the HTML receipt and invoice
-     *
-     * @param string|null     $content
-     * @param string|null     $content_again
-     * @param EE_message_type $incoming_message_type
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function add_powered_by_credit_link_to_receipt_and_invoice(
-        ?string $content,
-        ?string $content_again,
-        EE_message_type $incoming_message_type
-    ): string {
-        if (
-            ($incoming_message_type->name === 'invoice' || $incoming_message_type->name === 'receipt')
-            && apply_filters('FHEE_EE_Html_messenger__add_powered_by_credit_link_to_receipt_and_invoice', true)
-        ) {
-            $content .= EEH_Template::powered_by_event_espresso(
-                    'aln-cntr',
-                    '',
-                    ['utm_content' => 'messages_system']
-                ) . EEH_HTML::div(EEH_HTML::p('&nbsp;'));
-        }
-        return $content;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * The following are the properties that this messenger requires for displaying the html
+	 */
+	/**
+	 * This is the html body generated by the template via the message type.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_content = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * This is for the page title that gets displayed.  (Why use "subject"?  Because the "title" tag in html is
+	 * equivalent to the "subject" of the page.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_subject = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		// set properties
+		$this->name                = 'html';
+		$this->description         = esc_html__(
+			'This messenger outputs a message to a browser for display.',
+			'event_espresso'
+		);
+		$this->label               = [
+			'singular' => esc_html__('html', 'event_espresso'),
+			'plural'   => esc_html__('html', 'event_espresso'),
+		];
+		$this->activate_on_install = true;
+		// add the "powered by EE" credit link to the HTML receipt and invoice
+		add_filter(
+			'FHEE__EE_Html_messenger___send_message__main_body',
+			[$this, 'add_powered_by_credit_link_to_receipt_and_invoice'],
+			10,
+			3
+		);
+		parent::__construct();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * HTML Messenger desires execution immediately.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @since  4.9.0
+	 * @see    parent::send_now() for documentation.
+	 */
+	public function send_now(): bool
+	{
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * HTML Messenger allows an empty to field.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @since  4.9.0
+	 * @see    parent::allow_empty_to_field() for documentation
+	 */
+	public function allow_empty_to_field(): bool
+	{
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see abstract declaration in EE_messenger for details.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_admin_pages()
+	{
+		$this->admin_registered_pages = ['events_edit' => true];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see abstract declaration in EE_messenger for details.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_valid_shortcodes()
+	{
+		$this->_valid_shortcodes = [];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see abstract declaration in EE_messenger for details.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_validator_config()
+	{
+		$this->_validator_config = [
+			'subject'                       => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['organization', 'primary_registration_details', 'email', 'transaction'],
+			],
+			'content'                       => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'organization',
+					'primary_registration_list',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'email',
+					'transaction',
+					'event_list',
+					'payment_list',
+					'venue',
+					'line_item_list',
+					'messenger',
+					'ticket_list',
+				],
+			],
+			'event_list'                    => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'event',
+					'ticket_list',
+					'venue',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'primary_registration_list',
+					'event_author',
+				],
+				'required'   => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'ticket_list'                   => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket',
+					'datetime_list',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'line_item_list',
+					'venue',
+				],
+				'required'   => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'ticket_line_item_no_pms'       => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['line_item', 'ticket'],
+				'required'   => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'ticket_line_item_pms'          => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['line_item', 'ticket', 'line_item_list'],
+				'required'   => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'price_modifier_line_item_list' => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['line_item'],
+				'required'   => ['[PRICE_MODIFIER_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'datetime_list'                 => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['datetime'],
+				'required'   => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'attendee_list'                 => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['attendee'],
+				'required'   => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'tax_line_item_list'            => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['line_item'],
+				'required'   => ['[TAX_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'additional_line_item_list'     => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['line_item'],
+				'required'   => ['[ADDITIONAL_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'payment_list'                  => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['payment'],
+				'required'   => ['[PAYMENT_LIST_*]'],
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a method called from EE_messages when this messenger is a generating messenger and the sending messenger
+	 * is a different messenger.  Child messengers can set hooks for the sending messenger to callback on if necessary
+	 * (i.e. swap out css files or something else).
+	 *
+	 * @param string $sending_messenger_name the name of the sending messenger so we only set the hooks needed.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
+	{
+		if ($sending_messenger_name === 'pdf') {
+			add_filter('EE_messenger__get_variation__variation', [$this, 'add_html_css'], 10, 8);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param                            $variation_path
+	 * @param EE_Messages_Template_Pack  $template_pack
+	 * @param                            $messenger_name
+	 * @param                            $message_type_name
+	 * @param                            $url
+	 * @param                            $type
+	 * @param                            $variation
+	 * @param                            $skip_filters
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function add_html_css(
+		$variation_path,
+		EE_Messages_Template_Pack $template_pack,
+		$messenger_name,
+		$message_type_name,
+		$url,
+		$type,
+		$variation,
+		$skip_filters
+	): string {
+		return $template_pack->get_variation(
+			$this->name,
+			$message_type_name,
+			$type,
+			$variation,
+			$url,
+			'.css',
+			$skip_filters
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes care of enqueuing any necessary scripts or styles for the page.  A do_action() so message types using this
+	 * messenger can add their own js.
+	 *
+	 * @return void.
+	 */
+	public function enqueue_scripts_styles()
+	{
+		parent::enqueue_scripts_styles();
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Html_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_template_fields
+	 * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
+	 *
+	 * @access  protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_template_fields()
+	{
+		// any extra template fields that are NOT used by the messenger
+		// but will get used by a messenger field for shortcode replacement
+		// get added to the 'extra' key in an associated array
+		// indexed by the messenger field they relate to.
+		// This is important for the Messages_admin to know what fields to display to the user.
+		// Also, notice that the "values" are equal to the field type
+		// that messages admin will use to know what kind of field to display.
+		// The values ALSO have one index labeled "shortcode".
+		// The values in that array indicate which ACTUAL SHORTCODE (i.e. [SHORTCODE])
+		// is required in order for this extra field to be displayed.
+		//  If the required shortcode isn't part of the shortcodes array
+		// then the field is not needed and will not be displayed/parsed.
+		$this->_template_fields = [
+			'subject' => [
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html__('Page Title', 'event_espresso'),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => true,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			],
+			'content' => '',
+			// left empty b/c it is in the "extra array" but messenger still needs to know this is a field.
+			'extra'   => [
+				'content' => [
+					'main'                          => [
+						'input'      => 'wp_editor',
+						'label'      => esc_html__('Main Content', 'event_espresso'),
+						'type'       => 'string',
+						'required'   => false,
+						'validation' => true,
+						'format'     => '%s',
+						'rows'       => '15',
+					],
+					'event_list'                    => [
+						'input'               => 'wp_editor',
+						'label'               => '[EVENT_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'rows'                => '15',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'ticket_list'                   => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[TICKET_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '10',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'ticket_line_item_no_pms'       => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>' . esc_html__(
+								'Ticket Line Item List with no Price Modifiers',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'ticket_line_item_pms'          => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>' . esc_html__(
+								'Ticket Line Item List with Price Modifiers',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'price_modifier_line_item_list' => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[PRICE_MODIFIER_LINE_ITEM_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[PRICE_MODIFIER_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'datetime_list'                 => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[DATETIME_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'attendee_list'                 => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[ATTENDEE_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'tax_line_item_list'            => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[TAX_LINE_ITEM_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[TAX_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'additional_line_item_list'     => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[ADDITIONAL_LINE_ITEM_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[ADDITIONAL_LINE_ITEM_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'payment_list'                  => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[PAYMENT_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[PAYMENT_LIST_*]'],
+					],
+				],
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see   definition of this method in parent
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _set_default_message_types()
+	{
+		$this->_default_message_types = ['receipt', 'invoice'];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see   definition of this method in parent
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _set_valid_message_types()
+	{
+		$this->_valid_message_types = ['receipt', 'invoice'];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Displays the message in the browser.
+	 *
+	 * @return void.
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _send_message()
+	{
+		$this->_template_args = [
+			'page_title' => $this->_subject,
+			'base_css'   => $this->get_variation(
+				$this->_tmp_pack,
+				$this->_incoming_message_type->name,
+				true,
+				'base',
+				$this->_variation
+			),
+			'print_css'  => $this->get_variation(
+				$this->_tmp_pack,
+				$this->_incoming_message_type->name,
+				true,
+				'print',
+				$this->_variation
+			),
+			'main_css'   => $this->get_variation(
+				$this->_tmp_pack,
+				$this->_incoming_message_type->name,
+				true,
+				'main',
+				$this->_variation
+			),
+			'main_body'  => wpautop(
+				apply_filters(
+					'FHEE__EE_Html_messenger___send_message__main_body',
+					(string) $this->_content,
+					(string) $this->_content,
+					$this->_incoming_message_type
+				),
+				false
+			),
+		];
+		$this->_deregister_wp_hooks();
+		add_action('wp_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'enqueue_scripts_styles']);
+		echo($this->_get_main_template());
+		exit();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * The purpose of this function is to de register all actions hooked into wp_head and wp_footer so that it doesn't
+	 * interfere with our templates.  If users want to add any custom styles or scripts they must use the
+	 * AHEE__EE_Html_messenger__enqueue_scripts_styles hook.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _deregister_wp_hooks()
+	{
+		remove_all_actions('wp_head');
+		remove_all_actions('wp_footer');
+		remove_all_actions('wp_print_footer_scripts');
+		remove_all_actions('wp_enqueue_scripts');
+		global $wp_scripts, $wp_styles;
+		$wp_scripts = $wp_styles = [];
+		// just add back in wp_enqueue_scripts and wp_print_footer_scripts cause that's all we want to load.
+		add_action('wp_footer', 'wp_print_footer_scripts');
+		add_action('wp_print_footer_scripts', '_wp_footer_scripts');
+		add_action('wp_head', 'wp_enqueue_scripts');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overwrite parent _get_main_template for display_html purposes.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $preview
+	 * @return string
+	 * @since  4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _get_main_template($preview = false): string
+	{
+		$wrapper_template = $this->_tmp_pack->get_wrapper($this->name);
+		// include message type as a template arg
+		$this->_template_args['message_type'] = $this->_incoming_message_type;
+		return EEH_Template::display_template($wrapper_template, $this->_template_args, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _preview()
+	{
+		$this->_send_message();
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _set_admin_settings_fields()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * add the "powered by EE" credit link to the HTML receipt and invoice
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null     $content
+	 * @param string|null     $content_again
+	 * @param EE_message_type $incoming_message_type
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function add_powered_by_credit_link_to_receipt_and_invoice(
+		?string $content,
+		?string $content_again,
+		EE_message_type $incoming_message_type
+	): string {
+		if (
+			($incoming_message_type->name === 'invoice' || $incoming_message_type->name === 'receipt')
+			&& apply_filters('FHEE_EE_Html_messenger__add_powered_by_credit_link_to_receipt_and_invoice', true)
+		) {
+			$content .= EEH_Template::powered_by_event_espresso(
+					'aln-cntr',
+					'',
+					['utm_content' => 'messages_system']
+				) . EEH_HTML::div(EEH_HTML::p('&nbsp;'));
+		}
+		return $content;
+	}
 }

Spacing +4 added lines, -4 removed lines

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ 
             'This messenger outputs a message to a browser for display.',
             'event_espresso'
         );
-        $this->label               = [
+        $this->label = [
             'singular' => esc_html__('html', 'event_espresso'),
             'plural'   => esc_html__('html', 'event_espresso'),
         ];
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ 
                     ],
                     'ticket_line_item_no_pms'       => [
                         'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>' . esc_html__(
+                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>'.esc_html__(
                                 'Ticket Line Item List with no Price Modifiers',
                                 'event_espresso'
                             ),
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ 
                     ],
                     'ticket_line_item_pms'          => [
                         'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>' . esc_html__(
+                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LINE_ITEM_LIST] <br>'.esc_html__(
                                 'Ticket Line Item List with Price Modifiers',
                                 'event_espresso'
                             ),
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ 
                     'aln-cntr',
                     '',
                     ['utm_content' => 'messages_system']
-                ) . EEH_HTML::div(EEH_HTML::p('&nbsp;'));
+                ).EEH_HTML::div(EEH_HTML::p('&nbsp;'));
         }
         return $content;
     }

core/libraries/messages/messenger/EE_Email_messenger.class.php

Indentation +643 added lines, -643 removed lines

@@ -5,647 +5,647 @@
  */
 class EE_Email_messenger extends EE_messenger
 {
-    /**
-     * To field for email
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_to = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * CC field for email.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_cc = '';
-
-    /**
-     * From field for email
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_from = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * Subject field for email
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_subject = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * Content field for email
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_content = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        // set name and description properties
-        $this->name                = 'email';
-        $this->description         = sprintf(
-            esc_html__(
-                'This messenger delivers messages via email using the built-in %s function included with WordPress',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            '<code>wp_mail</code>'
-        );
-        $this->label               = [
-            'singular' => esc_html__('email', 'event_espresso'),
-            'plural'   => esc_html__('emails', 'event_espresso'),
-        ];
-        $this->activate_on_install = true;
-
-        // we're using defaults so let's call parent constructor that will take care of setting up all the other
-        // properties
-        parent::__construct();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see abstract declaration in parent class for details.
-     */
-    protected function _set_admin_pages()
-    {
-        $this->admin_registered_pages = [
-            'events_edit' => true,
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
-     */
-    protected function _set_valid_shortcodes()
-    {
-        // remember by leaving the other fields not set, those fields will inherit the valid shortcodes from the
-        // message type.
-        $this->_valid_shortcodes = [
-            'to'   => ['email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'],
-            'cc'   => ['email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'],
-            'from' => ['email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_validator_config()
-    {
-        $valid_shortcodes = $this->get_valid_shortcodes();
-
-        $this->_validator_config = [
-            'to'            => [
-                'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
-                'type'       => 'email',
-            ],
-            'cc'            => [
-                'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
-                'type'       => 'email',
-            ],
-            'from'          => [
-                'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['from'],
-                'type'       => 'email',
-            ],
-            'subject'       => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'organization',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'event_author',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                ],
-            ],
-            'content'       => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'event_list',
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket_list',
-                    'organization',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'primary_registration_list',
-                    'event_author',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                    'recipient_list',
-                    'transaction',
-                    'messenger',
-                ],
-            ],
-            'attendee_list' => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['attendee', 'event_list', 'ticket_list'],
-                'required'   => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'event_list'    => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'event',
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket_list',
-                    'venue',
-                    'datetime_list',
-                    'attendee',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'primary_registration_list',
-                    'event_author',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                    'recipient_list',
-                ],
-                'required'   => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'ticket_list'   => [
-                'shortcodes' => [
-                    'event_list',
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket',
-                    'datetime_list',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                ],
-                'required'   => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
-            ],
-            'datetime_list' => [
-                'shortcodes' => ['datetime'],
-                'required'   => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see   parent EE_messenger class for docs
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
-    {
-        if ($sending_messenger_name === 'html') {
-            add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', [$this, 'add_email_css'], 10, 8);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    public function add_email_css(
-        $variation_path,
-        $messenger,
-        $message_type,
-        $type,
-        $variation,
-        $file_extension,
-        $url,
-        EE_Messages_Template_Pack $template_pack
-    ) {
-        // prevent recursion on this callback.
-        remove_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', [$this, 'add_email_css'], 10);
-        $variation = $this->get_variation($template_pack, $message_type, $url, 'main', $variation, false);
-
-        add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', [$this, 'add_email_css'], 10, 8);
-        return $variation;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * See parent for details
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_test_settings_fields()
-    {
-        $this->_test_settings_fields = [
-            'to'      => [
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html__('Send a test email to', 'event_espresso'),
-                'type'       => 'email',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'ee-input-width--big',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-                'default'    => get_bloginfo('admin_email'),
-            ],
-            'subject' => [
-                'input'      => 'hidden',
-                'label'      => '',
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => false,
-                'format'     => '%s',
-                'value'      => sprintf(esc_html__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name')),
-                'default'    => '',
-                'css_class'  => '',
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_template_fields
-     * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
-     *
-     * @access  protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_template_fields()
-    {
-        // any extra template fields that are NOT used by the messenger but will get used by a messenger field for
-        // shortcode replacement get added to the 'extra' key in an associated array indexed by the messenger field
-        // they relate to.  This is important for the Messages_admin to know what fields to display to the user.
-        //  Also, notice that the "values" are equal to the field type that messages admin will use to know what
-        // kind of field to display. The values ALSO have one index labeled "shortcode".  the values in that array
-        // indicate which ACTUAL SHORTCODE (i.e. [SHORTCODE]) is required in order for this extra field to be
-        // displayed.  If the required shortcode isn't part of the shortcodes array then the field is not needed and
-        // will not be displayed/parsed.
-        $this->_template_fields = [
-            'to'      => [
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'To',
-                    'Label for the "To" field for email addresses',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ],
-            'cc'      => [
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'CC',
-                    'Label for the "Carbon Copy" field used for additional email addresses',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ],
-            'from'    => [
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'From',
-                    'Label for the "From" field for email addresses.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ],
-            'subject' => [
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'Subject',
-                    'Label for the "Subject" field (short description of contents) for emails.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => true,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ],
-            'content' => '',
-            // left empty b/c it is in the "extra array" but messenger still needs needs to know this is a field.
-            'extra'   => [
-                'content' => [
-                    'main'          => [
-                        'input'      => 'wp_editor',
-                        'label'      => esc_html__('Main Content', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'type'       => 'string',
-                        'required'   => false,
-                        'validation' => true,
-                        'format'     => '%s',
-                        'rows'       => '15',
-                    ],
-                    'event_list'    => [
-                        'input'               => 'wp_editor',
-                        'label'               => '[EVENT_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'rows'                => '15',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'attendee_list' => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[ATTENDEE_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'ticket_list'   => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '10',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                    'datetime_list' => [
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[DATETIME_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => false,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '10',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
-                    ],
-                ],
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * See definition of this class in parent
-     */
-    protected function _set_default_message_types()
-    {
-        $this->_default_message_types = [
-            'payment',
-            'payment_refund',
-            'registration',
-            'not_approved_registration',
-            'pending_approval',
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see   definition of this class in parent
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _set_valid_message_types()
-    {
-        $this->_valid_message_types = [
-            'payment',
-            'registration',
-            'not_approved_registration',
-            'declined_registration',
-            'cancelled_registration',
-            'pending_approval',
-            'registration_summary',
-            'payment_reminder',
-            'payment_declined',
-            'payment_refund',
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * setting up admin_settings_fields for messenger.
-     */
-    protected function _set_admin_settings_fields()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * We just deliver the messages don't kill us!!
-     *
-     * @return bool|WP_Error true if message delivered, false if it didn't deliver OR bubble up any error object if
-     *              present.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    protected function _send_message()
-    {
-        $success = wp_mail(
-            $this->_to,
-            // some old values for subject may be expecting HTML entities to be decoded in the subject
-            // and subjects aren't interpreted as HTML, so there should be no HTML in them
-            wp_strip_all_tags(wp_specialchars_decode($this->_subject, ENT_QUOTES)),
-            $this->_body(),
-            $this->_headers()
-        );
-        if (! $success) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The email did not send successfully.%3$sThe WordPress wp_mail function is used for sending mails but does not give any useful information when an email fails to send.%3$sIt is possible the "to" address (%1$s) or "from" address (%2$s) is invalid.%3$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $this->_to,
-                    $this->_from,
-                    '<br />'
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        return $success;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see parent for definition
-     *
-     * @return string html body of the message content and the related css.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    protected function _preview()
-    {
-        return $this->_body(true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Setup headers for email
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return string formatted header for email
-     */
-    protected function _headers()
-    {
-        $this->_ensure_has_from_email_address();
-        $from    = $this->_from;
-        $headers = [
-            'From:' . $from,
-            'Reply-To:' . $from,
-            'Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8',
-        ];
-
-        /**
-         * Second condition added as a result of https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/11416 to
-         * cover back compat where there may be users who have saved cc values in their db for the newsletter message
-         * type which they are no longer able to change.
-         */
-        if (! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
-            $headers[] = 'cc: ' . $this->_cc;
-        }
-
-        // but wait!  Header's for the from is NOT reliable because some plugins don't respect From: as set in the
-        // header.
-        add_filter('wp_mail_from', [$this, 'set_from_address'], 100);
-        add_filter('wp_mail_from_name', [$this, 'set_from_name'], 100);
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger___headers', $headers, $this->_incoming_message_type, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply ensures that the from address is not empty.  If it is, then we use whatever is set as the site email
-     * address for the from address to avoid problems with sending emails.
-     */
-    protected function _ensure_has_from_email_address()
-    {
-        if (empty($this->_from)) {
-            $this->_from = get_bloginfo('admin_email');
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply parses whatever is set as the $_from address and determines if it is in the format {name} <{email}>
-     * or just {email} and returns an array with the "from_name" and "from_email" as the values. Note from_name *MAY*
-     * be empty
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @since 4.3.1
-     */
-    private function _parse_from()
-    {
-        if (strpos($this->_from, '<') !== false) {
-            $from_name = substr($this->_from, 0, strpos($this->_from, '<') - 1);
-            $from_name = str_replace('"', '', $from_name);
-            $from_name = trim($from_name);
-
-            $from_email = substr($this->_from, strpos($this->_from, '<') + 1);
-            $from_email = str_replace('>', '', $from_email);
-            $from_email = trim($from_email);
-        } elseif (trim($this->_from) !== '') {
-            $from_name  = '';
-            $from_email = trim($this->_from);
-        } else {
-            $from_name = $from_email = '';
-        }
-        return [$from_name, $from_email];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Callback for the wp_mail_from filter.
-     *
-     * @param string $from_email What the original from_email is.
-     * @return string
-     * @since 4.3.1
-     */
-    public function set_from_address($from_email)
-    {
-        $parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
-        // includes fallback if the parsing failed.
-        return is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[1])
-            ? $parsed_from[1]
-            : get_bloginfo('admin_email');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Callback for the wp_mail_from_name filter.
-     *
-     * @param string $from_name The original from_name.
-     * @return string
-     * @since 4.3.1
-     */
-    public function set_from_name($from_name)
-    {
-        $parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
-        if (is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[0])) {
-            $from_name = $parsed_from[0];
-        }
-
-        // if from name is "WordPress" let's sub in the site name instead (more friendly!)
-        // but realize the default name is HTML entity-encoded
-        return $from_name == 'WordPress' ? wp_specialchars_decode(get_bloginfo(), ENT_QUOTES) : $from_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * setup body for email
-     *
-     * @param bool $preview will determine whether this is preview template or not.
-     * @return string formatted body for email.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    protected function _body($preview = false)
-    {
-        // setup template args!
-        $this->_template_args = [
-            'subject'   => $this->_subject,
-            'from'      => $this->_from,
-            'main_body' => wpautop($this->_content),
-        ];
-        $body                 = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
-
-        /**
-         * This filter allows one to bypass the CSSToInlineStyles tool and leave the body untouched.
-         *
-         * @type    bool $preview Indicates whether a preview is being generated or not.
-         * @return  bool    true  indicates to use the inliner, false bypasses it.
-         */
-        if (apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger__apply_CSSInliner ', true, $preview)) {
-            // now if this isn't a preview, let's set up the body so it has inline styles
-            if (! $preview || (defined('DOING_AJAX') && DOING_AJAX)) {
-                $style = file_get_contents(
-                    $this->get_variation(
-                        $this->_tmp_pack,
-                        $this->_incoming_message_type->name,
-                        false,
-                        'main',
-                        $this->_variation
-                    ),
-                    true
-                );
-                $CSS   = new TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\CssToInlineStyles();
-                $body  = $CSS->convert($body, $style);
-            }
-        }
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns any existing test settings that might be saved in the database
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_existing_test_settings()
-    {
-        $settings = parent::get_existing_test_settings();
-        // override subject if present because we always want it to be fresh.
-        if (is_array($settings) && ! empty($settings['subject'])) {
-            $settings['subject'] =
-                sprintf(esc_html__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name'));
-        }
-        return $settings;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * To field for email
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_to = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * CC field for email.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_cc = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * From field for email
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_from = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Subject field for email
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_subject = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Content field for email
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_content = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		// set name and description properties
+		$this->name                = 'email';
+		$this->description         = sprintf(
+			esc_html__(
+				'This messenger delivers messages via email using the built-in %s function included with WordPress',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			'<code>wp_mail</code>'
+		);
+		$this->label               = [
+			'singular' => esc_html__('email', 'event_espresso'),
+			'plural'   => esc_html__('emails', 'event_espresso'),
+		];
+		$this->activate_on_install = true;
+
+		// we're using defaults so let's call parent constructor that will take care of setting up all the other
+		// properties
+		parent::__construct();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see abstract declaration in parent class for details.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_admin_pages()
+	{
+		$this->admin_registered_pages = [
+			'events_edit' => true,
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
+	 */
+	protected function _set_valid_shortcodes()
+	{
+		// remember by leaving the other fields not set, those fields will inherit the valid shortcodes from the
+		// message type.
+		$this->_valid_shortcodes = [
+			'to'   => ['email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'],
+			'cc'   => ['email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'],
+			'from' => ['email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_validator_config()
+	{
+		$valid_shortcodes = $this->get_valid_shortcodes();
+
+		$this->_validator_config = [
+			'to'            => [
+				'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
+				'type'       => 'email',
+			],
+			'cc'            => [
+				'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
+				'type'       => 'email',
+			],
+			'from'          => [
+				'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['from'],
+				'type'       => 'email',
+			],
+			'subject'       => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'organization',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'event_author',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'recipient_details',
+				],
+			],
+			'content'       => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'event_list',
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket_list',
+					'organization',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'primary_registration_list',
+					'event_author',
+					'recipient_details',
+					'recipient_list',
+					'transaction',
+					'messenger',
+				],
+			],
+			'attendee_list' => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['attendee', 'event_list', 'ticket_list'],
+				'required'   => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'event_list'    => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'event',
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket_list',
+					'venue',
+					'datetime_list',
+					'attendee',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'primary_registration_list',
+					'event_author',
+					'recipient_details',
+					'recipient_list',
+				],
+				'required'   => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'ticket_list'   => [
+				'shortcodes' => [
+					'event_list',
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket',
+					'datetime_list',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'recipient_details',
+				],
+				'required'   => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
+			],
+			'datetime_list' => [
+				'shortcodes' => ['datetime'],
+				'required'   => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see   parent EE_messenger class for docs
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
+	{
+		if ($sending_messenger_name === 'html') {
+			add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', [$this, 'add_email_css'], 10, 8);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	public function add_email_css(
+		$variation_path,
+		$messenger,
+		$message_type,
+		$type,
+		$variation,
+		$file_extension,
+		$url,
+		EE_Messages_Template_Pack $template_pack
+	) {
+		// prevent recursion on this callback.
+		remove_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', [$this, 'add_email_css'], 10);
+		$variation = $this->get_variation($template_pack, $message_type, $url, 'main', $variation, false);
+
+		add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', [$this, 'add_email_css'], 10, 8);
+		return $variation;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * See parent for details
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_test_settings_fields()
+	{
+		$this->_test_settings_fields = [
+			'to'      => [
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html__('Send a test email to', 'event_espresso'),
+				'type'       => 'email',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'ee-input-width--big',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+				'default'    => get_bloginfo('admin_email'),
+			],
+			'subject' => [
+				'input'      => 'hidden',
+				'label'      => '',
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => false,
+				'format'     => '%s',
+				'value'      => sprintf(esc_html__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name')),
+				'default'    => '',
+				'css_class'  => '',
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_template_fields
+	 * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
+	 *
+	 * @access  protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_template_fields()
+	{
+		// any extra template fields that are NOT used by the messenger but will get used by a messenger field for
+		// shortcode replacement get added to the 'extra' key in an associated array indexed by the messenger field
+		// they relate to.  This is important for the Messages_admin to know what fields to display to the user.
+		//  Also, notice that the "values" are equal to the field type that messages admin will use to know what
+		// kind of field to display. The values ALSO have one index labeled "shortcode".  the values in that array
+		// indicate which ACTUAL SHORTCODE (i.e. [SHORTCODE]) is required in order for this extra field to be
+		// displayed.  If the required shortcode isn't part of the shortcodes array then the field is not needed and
+		// will not be displayed/parsed.
+		$this->_template_fields = [
+			'to'      => [
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'To',
+					'Label for the "To" field for email addresses',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			],
+			'cc'      => [
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'CC',
+					'Label for the "Carbon Copy" field used for additional email addresses',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			],
+			'from'    => [
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'From',
+					'Label for the "From" field for email addresses.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			],
+			'subject' => [
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'Subject',
+					'Label for the "Subject" field (short description of contents) for emails.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => true,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			],
+			'content' => '',
+			// left empty b/c it is in the "extra array" but messenger still needs needs to know this is a field.
+			'extra'   => [
+				'content' => [
+					'main'          => [
+						'input'      => 'wp_editor',
+						'label'      => esc_html__('Main Content', 'event_espresso'),
+						'type'       => 'string',
+						'required'   => false,
+						'validation' => true,
+						'format'     => '%s',
+						'rows'       => '15',
+					],
+					'event_list'    => [
+						'input'               => 'wp_editor',
+						'label'               => '[EVENT_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'rows'                => '15',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[EVENT_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'attendee_list' => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[ATTENDEE_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[ATTENDEE_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'ticket_list'   => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[TICKET_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '10',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[TICKET_LIST]'],
+					],
+					'datetime_list' => [
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[DATETIME_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => false,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '10',
+						'shortcodes_required' => ['[DATETIME_LIST]'],
+					],
+				],
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * See definition of this class in parent
+	 */
+	protected function _set_default_message_types()
+	{
+		$this->_default_message_types = [
+			'payment',
+			'payment_refund',
+			'registration',
+			'not_approved_registration',
+			'pending_approval',
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see   definition of this class in parent
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _set_valid_message_types()
+	{
+		$this->_valid_message_types = [
+			'payment',
+			'registration',
+			'not_approved_registration',
+			'declined_registration',
+			'cancelled_registration',
+			'pending_approval',
+			'registration_summary',
+			'payment_reminder',
+			'payment_declined',
+			'payment_refund',
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * setting up admin_settings_fields for messenger.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_admin_settings_fields()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * We just deliver the messages don't kill us!!
+	 *
+	 * @return bool|WP_Error true if message delivered, false if it didn't deliver OR bubble up any error object if
+	 *              present.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	protected function _send_message()
+	{
+		$success = wp_mail(
+			$this->_to,
+			// some old values for subject may be expecting HTML entities to be decoded in the subject
+			// and subjects aren't interpreted as HTML, so there should be no HTML in them
+			wp_strip_all_tags(wp_specialchars_decode($this->_subject, ENT_QUOTES)),
+			$this->_body(),
+			$this->_headers()
+		);
+		if (! $success) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The email did not send successfully.%3$sThe WordPress wp_mail function is used for sending mails but does not give any useful information when an email fails to send.%3$sIt is possible the "to" address (%1$s) or "from" address (%2$s) is invalid.%3$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$this->_to,
+					$this->_from,
+					'<br />'
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		return $success;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see parent for definition
+	 *
+	 * @return string html body of the message content and the related css.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	protected function _preview()
+	{
+		return $this->_body(true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Setup headers for email
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return string formatted header for email
+	 */
+	protected function _headers()
+	{
+		$this->_ensure_has_from_email_address();
+		$from    = $this->_from;
+		$headers = [
+			'From:' . $from,
+			'Reply-To:' . $from,
+			'Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8',
+		];
+
+		/**
+		 * Second condition added as a result of https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/11416 to
+		 * cover back compat where there may be users who have saved cc values in their db for the newsletter message
+		 * type which they are no longer able to change.
+		 */
+		if (! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
+			$headers[] = 'cc: ' . $this->_cc;
+		}
+
+		// but wait!  Header's for the from is NOT reliable because some plugins don't respect From: as set in the
+		// header.
+		add_filter('wp_mail_from', [$this, 'set_from_address'], 100);
+		add_filter('wp_mail_from_name', [$this, 'set_from_name'], 100);
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger___headers', $headers, $this->_incoming_message_type, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply ensures that the from address is not empty.  If it is, then we use whatever is set as the site email
+	 * address for the from address to avoid problems with sending emails.
+	 */
+	protected function _ensure_has_from_email_address()
+	{
+		if (empty($this->_from)) {
+			$this->_from = get_bloginfo('admin_email');
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply parses whatever is set as the $_from address and determines if it is in the format {name} <{email}>
+	 * or just {email} and returns an array with the "from_name" and "from_email" as the values. Note from_name *MAY*
+	 * be empty
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @since 4.3.1
+	 */
+	private function _parse_from()
+	{
+		if (strpos($this->_from, '<') !== false) {
+			$from_name = substr($this->_from, 0, strpos($this->_from, '<') - 1);
+			$from_name = str_replace('"', '', $from_name);
+			$from_name = trim($from_name);
+
+			$from_email = substr($this->_from, strpos($this->_from, '<') + 1);
+			$from_email = str_replace('>', '', $from_email);
+			$from_email = trim($from_email);
+		} elseif (trim($this->_from) !== '') {
+			$from_name  = '';
+			$from_email = trim($this->_from);
+		} else {
+			$from_name = $from_email = '';
+		}
+		return [$from_name, $from_email];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for the wp_mail_from filter.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $from_email What the original from_email is.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @since 4.3.1
+	 */
+	public function set_from_address($from_email)
+	{
+		$parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
+		// includes fallback if the parsing failed.
+		return is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[1])
+			? $parsed_from[1]
+			: get_bloginfo('admin_email');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for the wp_mail_from_name filter.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $from_name The original from_name.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @since 4.3.1
+	 */
+	public function set_from_name($from_name)
+	{
+		$parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
+		if (is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[0])) {
+			$from_name = $parsed_from[0];
+		}
+
+		// if from name is "WordPress" let's sub in the site name instead (more friendly!)
+		// but realize the default name is HTML entity-encoded
+		return $from_name == 'WordPress' ? wp_specialchars_decode(get_bloginfo(), ENT_QUOTES) : $from_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * setup body for email
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $preview will determine whether this is preview template or not.
+	 * @return string formatted body for email.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	protected function _body($preview = false)
+	{
+		// setup template args!
+		$this->_template_args = [
+			'subject'   => $this->_subject,
+			'from'      => $this->_from,
+			'main_body' => wpautop($this->_content),
+		];
+		$body                 = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
+
+		/**
+		 * This filter allows one to bypass the CSSToInlineStyles tool and leave the body untouched.
+		 *
+		 * @type    bool $preview Indicates whether a preview is being generated or not.
+		 * @return  bool    true  indicates to use the inliner, false bypasses it.
+		 */
+		if (apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger__apply_CSSInliner ', true, $preview)) {
+			// now if this isn't a preview, let's set up the body so it has inline styles
+			if (! $preview || (defined('DOING_AJAX') && DOING_AJAX)) {
+				$style = file_get_contents(
+					$this->get_variation(
+						$this->_tmp_pack,
+						$this->_incoming_message_type->name,
+						false,
+						'main',
+						$this->_variation
+					),
+					true
+				);
+				$CSS   = new TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\CssToInlineStyles();
+				$body  = $CSS->convert($body, $style);
+			}
+		}
+		return $body;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns any existing test settings that might be saved in the database
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_existing_test_settings()
+	{
+		$settings = parent::get_existing_test_settings();
+		// override subject if present because we always want it to be fresh.
+		if (is_array($settings) && ! empty($settings['subject'])) {
+			$settings['subject'] =
+				sprintf(esc_html__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name'));
+		}
+		return $settings;
+	}
 }

Spacing +8 added lines, -8 removed lines

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ 
             ),
             '<code>wp_mail</code>'
         );
-        $this->label               = [
+        $this->label = [
             'singular' => esc_html__('email', 'event_espresso'),
             'plural'   => esc_html__('emails', 'event_espresso'),
         ];
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ 
             $this->_body(),
             $this->_headers()
         );
-        if (! $success) {
+        if ( ! $success) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ 
         $this->_ensure_has_from_email_address();
         $from    = $this->_from;
         $headers = [
-            'From:' . $from,
-            'Reply-To:' . $from,
+            'From:'.$from,
+            'Reply-To:'.$from,
             'Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8',
         ];
 
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ 
          * cover back compat where there may be users who have saved cc values in their db for the newsletter message
          * type which they are no longer able to change.
          */
-        if (! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
-            $headers[] = 'cc: ' . $this->_cc;
+        if ( ! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
+            $headers[] = 'cc: '.$this->_cc;
         }
 
         // but wait!  Header's for the from is NOT reliable because some plugins don't respect From: as set in the
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ 
             'from'      => $this->_from,
             'main_body' => wpautop($this->_content),
         ];
-        $body                 = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
+        $body = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
 
         /**
          * This filter allows one to bypass the CSSToInlineStyles tool and leave the body untouched.
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ 
          */
         if (apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger__apply_CSSInliner ', true, $preview)) {
             // now if this isn't a preview, let's set up the body so it has inline styles
-            if (! $preview || (defined('DOING_AJAX') && DOING_AJAX)) {
+            if ( ! $preview || (defined('DOING_AJAX') && DOING_AJAX)) {
                 $style = file_get_contents(
                     $this->get_variation(
                         $this->_tmp_pack,