eventespresso / event-espresso-core

core/db_classes/EE_Base_Class.class.php

Doc Comments +9 added lines, -9 removed lines

@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ 
      * If a model name is provided (eg Registration), gets the model classname for that model.
      * Also works if a model class's classname is provided (eg EE_Registration).
      *
-     * @param null $model_name
+     * @param string $model_name
      * @return string like EEM_Attendee
      */
     private static function _get_model_classname($model_name = null)
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ 
      *
      * @param EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field
      * @param bool              $pretty
-     * @param null              $date_or_time
+     * @param string|null              $date_or_time
      * @return void
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@ 
      *
      * @param bool $full           if true (default), then return the full format.  Otherwise will return an array
      *                             where the first value is the date format and the second value is the time format.
-     * @return mixed string|array
+     * @return string string|array
      */
     public function get_format($full = true)
     {
@@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@ 
      *
      * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
      * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+     * @param string  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
      *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
      * @return array|EE_Base_Class
      * @throws ReflectionException
@@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ 
      *
      * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
      * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an EE_Base_Class object is returned, otherwise
+     * @param string  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an EE_Base_Class object is returned, otherwise
      *                                  you can indicate just the column you want returned
      * @return array|EE_Base_Class
      * @throws ReflectionException
@@ -2144,7 +2144,7 @@ 
      * Deletes this model object permanently from db
      * (but keep in mind related models may block the delete and return an error)
      *
-     * @return bool | int
+     * @return integer | int
      * @throws ReflectionException
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
@@ -2576,7 +2576,7 @@ 
      * @param string $field_to_sum  name of field to count by.
      *                              By default, uses primary key
      *                              (which doesn't make much sense, so you should probably change it)
-     * @return int
+     * @return double
      * @throws ReflectionException
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
      * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
@@ -3211,7 +3211,7 @@ 
     /**
      * sets the time on a datetime property
      *
-     * @param string|Datetime $time       a valid time string for php datetime functions (or DateTime object)
+     * @param string $time       a valid time string for php datetime functions (or DateTime object)
      * @param string          $field_name the name of the field the time is being set on (must match a
      *                                    EE_Datetime_Field)
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException
@@ -3304,7 +3304,7 @@ 
     /**
      * sets the date on a datetime property
      *
-     * @param string|DateTime $date       a valid date string for php datetime functions ( or DateTime object)
+     * @param string $date       a valid date string for php datetime functions ( or DateTime object)
      * @param string          $field_name the name of the field the date is being set on (must match a
      *                                    EE_Datetime_Field)
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException

Indentation +3326 added lines, -3326 removed lines

@@ -13,3341 +13,3341 @@
 abstract class EE_Base_Class
 {
 
-    /**
-     * @var boolean indicating whether or not this model object is intended to ever be saved
-     * For example, we might create model objects intended to only be used for the duration
-     * of this request and to be thrown away, and if they were accidentally saved
-     * it would be a bug.
-     */
-    protected $_allow_persist = true;
-
-    /**
-     * This property is for holding a cached array of object properties indexed by property name as the key.
-     * The purpose of this is for setting a cache on properties that may have calculated values after a
-     * prepare_for_get.  That way the cache can be checked first and the calculated property returned instead of having
-     * to recalculate. Used by _set_cached_property() and _get_cached_property() methods.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_cached_properties = [];
-
-    /**
-     * This is a cache of results from custom selections done on a query that constructs this entity. The only purpose
-     * for these values is for retrieval of the results, they are not further queryable and they are not persisted to
-     * the db.  They also do not automatically update if there are any changes to the data that produced their results.
-     * The format is a simple array of field_alias => field_value.  So for instance if a custom select was something
-     * like,  "Select COUNT(Registration.REG_ID) as Registration_Count ...", then the resulting value will be in this
-     * array as:
-     * array(
-     *  'Registration_Count' => 24
-     * );
-     * Note: if the custom select configuration for the query included a data type, the value will be in the data type
-     * provided for the query (@see EventEspresso\core\domain\values\model\CustomSelects::__construct phpdocs for more
-     * info)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $custom_selection_results = [];
-
-    /**
-     * date format
-     * pattern or format for displaying dates
-     *
-     * @var string $_dt_frmt
-     */
-    protected $_dt_frmt;
-
-    /**
-     * Array where keys are field names (see the model's _fields property) and values are their values. To see what
-     * their types should be, look at what that field object returns on its prepare_for_get and prepare_for_set methods)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_fields = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var boolean indicating whether or not this model object's properties have changed since construction
-     */
-    protected $_has_changes = false;
-
-    /**
-     * @var EEM_Base
-     */
-    protected $_model;
-
-
-    /**
-     * An array containing keys of the related model, and values are either an array of related mode objects or a
-     * single
-     * related model object. see the model's _model_relations. The keys should match those specified. And if the
-     * relation is of type EE_Belongs_To (or one of its children), then there should only be ONE related model object,
-     * all others have an array)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_model_relations = [];
-
-    /**
-     * This is an array of the original properties and values provided during construction
-     * of this model object. (keys are model field names, values are their values).
-     * This list is important to remember so that when we are merging data from the db, we know
-     * which values to override and which to not override.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor;
-
-    /**
-     * Timezone
-     * This gets set by the "set_timezone()" method so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in.
-     * This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming out of the object to be in.  NOT
-     * all EE_Base_Class child classes use this property but any that use a EE_Datetime_Field data type will have
-     * access to it.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_timezone = '';
-
-    /**
-     * time format
-     * pattern or format for displaying time
-     *
-     * @var string $_tm_frmt
-     */
-    protected $_tm_frmt;
-
-
-    /**
-     * basic constructor for Event Espresso classes, performs any necessary initialization, and verifies it's children
-     * play nice
-     *
-     * @param array   $field_values                            where each key is a field (ie, array key in the 2nd
-     *                                                         layer of the model's _fields array, (eg, EVT_ID,
-     *                                                         TXN_amount, QST_name, etc) and values are their values
-     * @param boolean $set_from_db                             a flag for setting if the class is instantiated by the
-     *                                                         corresponding db model or not.
-     * @param string  $timezone                                indicate what timezone you want any datetime fields to
-     *                                                         be in when instantiating a EE_Base_Class object.
-     * @param array   $date_formats                            An array of date formats to set on construct where first
-     *                                                         value is the date_format and second value is the time
-     *                                                         format.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function __construct($field_values = [], $set_from_db = false, $timezone = '', $date_formats = [])
-    {
-        // ensure $fieldValues is an array
-        $field_values = is_array($field_values) ? $field_values : [$field_values];
-        $className    = get_class($this);
-        do_action("AHEE__{$className}__construct", $this, $field_values);
-        // remember what values were passed to this constructor
-        $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $field_values;
-        $this->setDateAndTimeFormats($date_formats);
-        $this->_model = $this->get_model($timezone);
-        $model_fields = $this->_model->field_settings();
-        $this->validateFieldValues($model_fields, $field_values);
-        $this->setFieldValues($model_fields, $set_from_db);
-        // remember in entity mapper
-        if (! $set_from_db && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
-            $this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
-        }
-        // setup all the relations
-        foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = $relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation
-                ? null
-                : [];
-        }
-        /**
-         * Action done at the end of each model object construction
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $this the model object just created
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__construct__finished', $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * for getting a model while instantiated.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base | EEM_CPT_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_model($timezone = '')
-    {
-        if (! $this->_model) {
-            $timezone     = $timezone ? $timezone : $this->_timezone;
-            $modelName    = self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this));
-            $this->_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
-            $this->set_timezone($timezone);
-        }
-        return $this->_model;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
-     * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param mixed  $field_value_from_db
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function set_from_db($field_name, $field_value_from_db)
-    {
-        $field_obj = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            // you would think the DB has no NULLs for non-null label fields right? wrong!
-            // eg, a CPT model object could have an entry in the posts table, but no
-            // entry in the meta table. Meaning that all its columns in the meta table
-            // are null! yikes! so when we find one like that, use defaults for its meta columns
-            if ($field_value_from_db === null) {
-                if ($field_obj->is_nullable()) {
-                    // if the field allows nulls, then let it be null
-                    $field_value = null;
-                } else {
-                    $field_value = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-                }
-            } else {
-                $field_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set_from_db($field_value_from_db);
-            }
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_value;
-            $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
-     * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param mixed  $field_value
-     * @param bool   $use_default
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set($field_name, $field_value, $use_default = false)
-    {
-        // if not using default and nothing has changed, and object has already been setup (has ID),
-        // then don't do anything
-        if (
-            ! $use_default
-            && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] === $field_value
-            && $this->ID()
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_has_changes = true;
-        $field_obj          = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                $field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                $field_obj->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
-                $field_obj->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
-            }
-            $holder_of_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_value);
-            // should the value be null?
-            if (($field_value === null || $holder_of_value === null || $holder_of_value === '') && $use_default) {
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-                /**
-                 * To save having to refactor all the models, if a default value is used for a
-                 * EE_Datetime_Field, and that value is not null nor is it a DateTime
-                 * object.  Then let's do a set again to ensure that it becomes a DateTime
-                 * object.
-                 *
-                 * @since 4.6.10+
-                 */
-                if (
-                    $field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field
-                    && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] !== null
-                    && ! $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-                ) {
-                    empty($this->_fields[ $field_name ])
-                        ? $this->set($field_name, time())
-                        : $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
-                }
-            } else {
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $holder_of_value;
-            }
-            // if we're not in the constructor...
-            // now check if what we set was a primary key
-            if (
-                // note: props_n_values_provided_in_constructor is only set at the END of the constructor
-                $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
-                && $field_value
-                && $field_name === $this->_model->primary_key_name()
-            ) {
-                // if so, we want all this object's fields to be filled either with
-                // what we've explicitly set on this model
-                // or what we have in the db
-                // echo "setting primary key!";
-                $fields_on_model = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->field_settings();
-                $obj_in_db       = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->get_one_by_ID($field_value);
-                foreach ($fields_on_model as $field_obj) {
-                    if (
-                        ! array_key_exists($field_obj->get_name(), $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor)
-                        && $field_obj->get_name() !== $field_name
-                    ) {
-                        $this->set($field_obj->get_name(), $obj_in_db->get($field_obj->get_name()));
-                    }
-                }
-                // oh this model object has an ID? well make sure its in the entity mapper
-                $this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
-            }
-            // let's unset any cache for this field_name from the $_cached_properties property.
-            $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'A valid EE_Model_Field_Base could not be found for the given field name: %s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $field_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the value of the primary key.
-     * If the object hasn't yet been saved, it should be whatever the model field's default was
-     * (eg, if this were the EE_Event class, look at the primary key field on EEM_Event and see what its default value
-     * is. Usually defaults for integer primary keys are 0; string primary keys are usually NULL).
-     *
-     * @return mixed, if the primary key is of type INT it'll be an int. Otherwise it could be a string
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function ID()
-    {
-        // now that we know the name of the variable, use a variable variable to get its value and return its
-        if ($this->_model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            return $this->_fields[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        return $this->_model->get_index_primary_key_string($this->_fields);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * If a model name is provided (eg Registration), gets the model classname for that model.
-     * Also works if a model class's classname is provided (eg EE_Registration).
-     *
-     * @param null $model_name
-     * @return string like EEM_Attendee
-     */
-    private static function _get_model_classname($model_name = null)
-    {
-        return strpos($model_name, 'EE_') === 0
-            ? str_replace('EE_', 'EEM_', $model_name)
-            : 'EEM_' . $model_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model instance (eg instance of EEM_Attendee) given its classname (eg EE_Attendee)
-     *
-     * @param string $model_classname
-     * @param |null   $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected static function _get_model_instance_with_name($model_classname, $timezone = '')
-    {
-        $model_classname = str_replace('EEM_', '', $model_classname);
-        $model           = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($model_classname);
-        $model->set_timezone($timezone);
-        return $model;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just clears out ONE property if it exists in the cache
-     *
-     * @param string $property_name the property to remove if it exists (from the _cached_properties array)
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _clear_cached_property($property_name)
-    {
-        unset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the EEM_*_Model for this class
-     *
-     * @param string      $classname
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected static function _get_model($classname, $timezone = '')
-    {
-        // find model for this class
-        if (! $classname) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'What were you thinking calling _get_model(%s)?? You need to specify the class name',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $classname
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $modelName = self::_get_model_classname($classname);
-        return self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * verifies that the specified field is of the correct type
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, false, $extra_cache_ref);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the value cached property if it exists OR the actual property value if the cache doesn't exist.
-     * This also SETS the cache if we return the actual property!
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name       the name of the property we're trying to retrieve
-     * @param bool   $pretty
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref  This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                 (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                 - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     *                                 It can also accept certain pre-defined "schema" strings
-     *                                 to define how to output the property.
-     *                                 see the field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing for what strings can be used
-     * @return mixed                   whatever the value for the property is we're retrieving
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_cached_property($field_name, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        // verify the field exists
-        $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        $cache_type = $pretty ? 'pretty' : 'standard';
-        $cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_' . $extra_cache_ref : '';
-        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ])) {
-            return $this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ];
-        }
-        $value = $this->_get_fresh_property($field_name, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
-        $this->_set_cached_property($field_name, $value, $cache_type);
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * If the cache didn't fetch the needed item, this fetches it.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param bool   $pretty
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_fresh_property($field_name, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        $field_obj = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        // If this is an EE_Datetime_Field we need to make sure timezone, formats, and output are correct
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            $this->_prepare_datetime_field($field_obj, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
-        }
-        if (! isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ])) {
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = null;
-        }
-        return $pretty
-            ? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[ $field_name ], $extra_cache_ref)
-            : $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For adding an item to the cached_properties property.
-     *
-     * @param string      $field_name the property item the corresponding value is for.
-     * @param mixed       $value      The value we are caching.
-     * @param string|null $cache_type
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_cached_property($field_name, $value, $cache_type = null)
-    {
-        // first make sure this property exists
-        $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        $cache_type = empty($cache_type) ? 'standard' : $cache_type;
-        $this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ] = $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * set timezone, formats, and output for EE_Datetime_Field objects
-     *
-     * @param EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field
-     * @param bool              $pretty
-     * @param null              $date_or_time
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     */
-    protected function _prepare_datetime_field(
-        EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field,
-        $pretty = false,
-        $date_or_time = null
-    ) {
-        $datetime_field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-        $datetime_field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt, $pretty);
-        $datetime_field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt, $pretty);
-        // set the output returned
-        switch ($date_or_time) {
-            case 'D':
-                $datetime_field->set_date_time_output('date');
-                break;
-            case 'T':
-                $datetime_field->set_date_time_output('time');
-                break;
-            default:
-                $datetime_field->set_date_time_output();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $props_n_values
-     * @param $classname
-     * @return mixed bool|EE_Base_Class|EEM_CPT_Base
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected static function _get_object_from_entity_mapper($props_n_values, $classname)
-    {
-        // TODO: will not work for Term_Relationships because they have no PK!
-        $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
-        if (
-            array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-            && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
-        ) {
-            $id = $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ];
-            return self::_get_model($classname)->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * returns the name of the primary key attribute
-     *
-     * @param null $classname
-     * @return string
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected static function _get_primary_key_name($classname = null)
-    {
-        if (! $classname) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('What were you thinking calling _get_primary_key_name(%s)', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $classname
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return self::_get_model($classname)->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is called by child static "new_instance" method and we'll check to see if there is an existing db entry for
-     * the primary key (if present in incoming values). If there is a key in the incoming array that matches the
-     * primary key for the model AND it is not null, then we check the db. If there's a an object we return it.  If not
-     * we return false.
-     *
-     * @param array       $props_n_values      incoming array of properties and their values
-     * @param string      $classname           the classname of the child class
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @param array       $date_formats        incoming date_formats in an array where the first value is the
-     *                                         date_format and the second value is the time format
-     * @return mixed (EE_Base_Class|bool)
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected static function _check_for_object($props_n_values, $classname, $timezone = '', $date_formats = [])
-    {
-        $existing = null;
-        $model    = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone);
-        if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
-            if (
-                array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-                && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
-            ) {
-                $existing = $model->get_one_by_ID($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ]);
-            }
-        } elseif ($model->has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($props_n_values)) {
-            // no primary key on this model, but there's still a matching item in the DB
-            $existing = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)->get_one_by_ID(
-                self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)->get_index_primary_key_string($props_n_values)
-            );
-        }
-        if ($existing) {
-            $has_date_formats = ! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)
-                                && isset($date_formats[0], $date_formats[1]);
-            $date_format      = $has_date_formats ? $date_formats[0] : (string) get_option('date_format', 'Y-m-d');
-            $time_format      = $has_date_formats ? $date_formats[1] : (string) get_option('time_format', 'g:i a');
-            // set date formats before setting values
-            $existing->set_date_format($date_format);
-            $existing->set_time_format($time_format);
-            foreach ($props_n_values as $property => $field_value) {
-                $existing->set($property, $field_value);
-            }
-            return $existing;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the internal date format to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the class
-     * internally instead of wp set date format options
-     *
-     * @param string $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
-     * @since 4.6
-     */
-    public function set_date_format($format)
-    {
-        if ($format !== $this->_dt_frmt) {
-            $this->_dt_frmt = $format;
-            // clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
-            $this->_clear_cached_properties();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the internal time format string to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the
-     * class internally instead of wp set time format options.
-     *
-     * @param string $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
-     * @since 4.6
-     */
-    public function set_time_format($format)
-    {
-        if ($format !== $this->_tm_frmt) {
-            $this->_tm_frmt = $format;
-            // clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
-            $this->_clear_cached_properties();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just takes care of clearing out the cached_properties
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _clear_cached_properties()
-    {
-        $this->_cached_properties = [];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets whether or not this model object should be allowed to be saved to the DB.
-     * Normally once this is set to FALSE you wouldn't set it back to TRUE, unless
-     * you got new information that somehow made you change your mind.
-     *
-     * @param boolean $allow_persist
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function set_allow_persist($allow_persist)
-    {
-        return $this->_allow_persist = $allow_persist;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the field's original value when this object was constructed during this request.
-     * This can be helpful when determining if a model object has changed or not
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return mixed|null
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_original($field_name)
-    {
-        if (
-            isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ])
-            && $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name)
-        ) {
-            return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ]);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $obj
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_class($obj)
-    {
-        return get_class($obj);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set custom select values for model.
-     *
-     * @param array $custom_select_values
-     */
-    public function setCustomSelectsValues(array $custom_select_values)
-    {
-        $this->custom_selection_results = $custom_select_values;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the custom select value for the provided alias if its set.
-     * If not set, returns null.
-     *
-     * @param string $alias
-     * @return string|int|float|null
-     */
-    public function getCustomSelect($alias)
-    {
-        return isset($this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ])
-            ? $this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ]
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the field value on the db column if it exists for the given $column_name or
-     * saves it to EE_Extra_Meta if the given $column_name does not match a db column.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name  Must be the exact column name.
-     * @param mixed  $field_value The value to set.
-     * @return int|bool @see EE_Base_Class::update_extra_meta() for return docs.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see EE_message::get_column_value for related documentation on the necessity of this method.
-     */
-    public function set_field_or_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value)
-    {
-        if ($this->_model->has_field($field_name)) {
-            $this->set($field_name, $field_value);
-            return true;
-        }
-        // ensure this object is saved first so that extra meta can be properly related.
-        $this->save();
-        return $this->update_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Saves this object to the database. An array may be supplied to set some values on this
-     * object just before saving.
-     *
-     * @param array $set_cols_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values,
-     *                                 if provided during the save() method
-     *                                 (often client code will change the fields' values before calling save)
-     * @return int                     1 on a successful update or the ID of the new entry on insert;
-     *                                 0 on failure or if the model object isn't allowed to persist
-     *                                 (as determined by EE_Base_Class::allow_persist())
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function save($set_cols_n_values = [])
-    {
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields we're about to save on the model object
-         *
-         * @param array         $set_cols_n_values
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object
-         */
-        $set_cols_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__set_cols_n_values',
-            $set_cols_n_values,
-            $this
-        );
-        // set attributes as provided in $set_cols_n_values
-        foreach ($set_cols_n_values as $column => $value) {
-            $this->set($column, $value);
-        }
-        // no changes ? then don't do anything
-        if (! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        /**
-         * Saving a model object.
-         * Before we perform a save, this action is fired.
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object the model object about to be saved.
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__begin', $this);
-        if (! $this->allow_persist()) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        // now get current attribute values
-        $save_cols_n_values = $this->_fields;
-        // if the object already has an ID, update it. Otherwise, insert it
-        // also: change the assumption about values passed to the model NOT being prepare dby the model object.
-        // They have been
-        $old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation = $this->_model
-            ->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
-        $this->_model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
-        // does this model have an autoincrement PK?
-        if ($this->_model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if ($this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-                // ok check if it's set, if so: update; if not, insert
-                if (! empty($save_cols_n_values[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ])) {
-                    $results = $this->_model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
-                } else {
-                    unset($save_cols_n_values[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ]);
-                    $results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
-                    if ($results) {
-                        // if successful, set the primary key
-                        // but don't use the normal SET method, because it will check if
-                        // an item with the same ID exists in the mapper & db, then
-                        // will find it in the db (because we just added it) and THAT object
-                        // will get added to the mapper before we can add this one!
-                        // but if we just avoid using the SET method, all that headache can be avoided
-                        $pk_field_name                   = $this->_model->primary_key_name();
-                        $this->_fields[ $pk_field_name ] = $results;
-                        $this->_clear_cached_property($pk_field_name);
-                        $this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
-                        $this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // PK is NOT auto-increment
-                // so check if one like it already exists in the db
-                if ($this->_model->exists_by_ID($this->ID())) {
-                    if (WP_DEBUG && ! $this->in_entity_map()) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    'Using a model object %1$s that is NOT in the entity map, can lead to unexpected errors. You should either: %4$s 1. Put it in the entity mapper by calling %2$s %4$s 2. Discard this model object and use what is in the entity mapper %4$s 3. Fetch from the database using %3$s',
-                                    'event_espresso'
-                                ),
-                                get_class($this),
-                                get_class($this->_model) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                                get_class($this->_model) . '::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
-                                '<br />'
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $results = $this->_model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
-                } else {
-                    $results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
-                    $this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // there is NO primary key
-            $already_in_db = false;
-            foreach ($this->_model->unique_indexes() as $index) {
-                $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($save_cols_n_values, $index->fields());
-                if ($this->_model->exists([$uniqueness_where_params])) {
-                    $already_in_db = true;
-                }
-            }
-            if ($already_in_db) {
-                $combined_pk_fields_n_values = array_intersect_key(
-                    $save_cols_n_values,
-                    $this->_model->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-                );
-                $results                     = $this->_model->update(
-                    $save_cols_n_values,
-                    $combined_pk_fields_n_values
-                );
-            } else {
-                $results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
-            }
-        }
-        // restore the old assumption about values being prepared by the model object
-        $this->_model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
-            $old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation
-        );
-        /**
-         * After saving the model object this action is called
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object which was just saved
-         * @param boolean|int   $results      if it were updated, TRUE or FALSE; if it were newly inserted
-         *                                    the new ID (or 0 if an error occurred and it wasn't updated)
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__end', $this, $results);
-        $this->_has_changes = false;
-        return $results;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to insert_post_meta, adds a record in the Extra_Meta model's table with the given key and value.
-     * A $previous_value can be specified in case there are many meta rows with the same key
-     *
-     * @param string $meta_key
-     * @param mixed  $meta_value
-     * @param mixed  $previous_value
-     * @return bool|int # of records updated (or BOOLEAN if we actually ended up inserting the extra meta row)
-     *                  NOTE: if the values haven't changed, returns 0
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value, $previous_value = null)
-    {
-        $query_params = [
-            [
-                'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
-                'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
-                'EXM_type' => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-            ],
-        ];
-        if ($previous_value !== null) {
-            $query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
-        }
-        $existing_rows_like_that = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_all($query_params);
-        if (! $existing_rows_like_that) {
-            return $this->add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value);
-        }
-        foreach ($existing_rows_like_that as $existing_row) {
-            $existing_row->save(['EXM_value' => $meta_value]);
-        }
-        return count($existing_rows_like_that);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets whether or not this model object is allowed to persist/be saved to the database.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function allow_persist()
-    {
-        return $this->_allow_persist;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the foreign key on related models objects pointing to this to have this model object's ID
-     * as their foreign key.  If the cached related model objects already exist in the db, saves them (so that the DB
-     * is consistent) Especially useful in case we JUST added this model object ot the database and we want to let its
-     * cached relations with foreign keys to it know about that change. Eg: we've created a transaction but haven't
-     * saved it to the db. We also create a registration and don't save it to the DB, but we DO cache it on the
-     * transaction. Now, when we save the transaction, the registration's TXN_ID will be automatically updated, whether
-     * or not they exist in the DB (if they do, their DB records will be automatically updated)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _update_cached_related_model_objs_fks()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Has_Many_Relation) {
-                foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $related_model_obj_in_cache) {
-                    $fk_to_this = $related_model_obj_in_cache->get_model()->get_foreign_key_to(
-                        $this->_model->get_this_model_name()
-                    );
-                    $related_model_obj_in_cache->set($fk_to_this->get_name(), $this->ID());
-                    if ($related_model_obj_in_cache->ID()) {
-                        $related_model_obj_in_cache->save();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * in_entity_map
-     * Checks if this model object has been proven to already be in the entity map
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function in_entity_map()
-    {
-        // well, if we looked, did we find it in the entity map?
-        return $this->ID() && $this->_model->get_from_entity_map($this->ID()) === $this;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a new extra meta record. If $unique is set to TRUE, we'll first double-check
-     * no other extra meta for this model object have the same key. Returns TRUE if the
-     * extra meta row was entered, false if not
-     *
-     * @param string  $meta_key
-     * @param mixed   $meta_value
-     * @param boolean $unique
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false)
-    {
-        if ($unique) {
-            $existing_extra_meta = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_one(
-                [
-                    [
-                        'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
-                        'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
-                        'EXM_type' => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-                    ],
-                ]
-            );
-            if ($existing_extra_meta) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        $new_extra_meta = EE_Extra_Meta::new_instance(
-            [
-                'EXM_key'   => $meta_key,
-                'EXM_value' => $meta_value,
-                'OBJ_ID'    => $this->ID(),
-                'EXM_type'  => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-            ]
-        );
-        $new_extra_meta->save();
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
-     * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[] NOT necessarily indexed by primary keys
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_from_cache($relationName)
-    {
-        $objects = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] : [];
-        // if the result is not an array, but exists, make it an array
-        $objects = is_array($objects) ? $objects : [$objects];
-        // bugfix for https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/7143
-        // basically, if this model object was stored in the session, and these cached model objects
-        // already have IDs, let's make sure they're in their model's entity mapper
-        // otherwise we will have duplicates next time we call
-        // EE_Registry::instance()->load_model( $relationName )->get_one_by_ID( $result->ID() );
-        $related_model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($relationName);
-        foreach ($objects as $model_object) {
-            if ($related_model instanceof EEM_Base && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                // ensure its in the map if it has an ID; otherwise it will be added to the map when its saved
-                if ($model_object->ID()) {
-                    $related_model->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
-                }
-            } else {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Error retrieving related model objects. Either $1%s is not a model or $2%s is not a model object',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $relationName,
-                        gettype($model_object)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This retrieves the value of the db column set on this class or if that's not present
-     * it will attempt to retrieve from extra_meta if found.
-     * Example Usage:
-     * Via EE_Message child class:
-     * Due to the dynamic nature of the EE_messages system, EE_messengers will always have a "to",
-     * "from", "subject", and "content" field (as represented in the EE_Message schema), however they may
-     * also have additional main fields specific to the messenger.  The system accommodates those extra
-     * fields through the EE_Extra_Meta table.  This method allows for EE_messengers to retrieve the
-     * value for those extra fields dynamically via the EE_message object.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name expecting the fully qualified field name.
-     * @return mixed|null  value for the field if found.  null if not found.
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_or_extra_meta($field_name)
-    {
-        // if this isn't a column in the main table, then see if it is in the extra meta.
-        return $this->_model->has_field($field_name)
-            ? $this->get($field_name)
-            : $this->get_extra_meta($field_name, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the extra meta with the given meta key. If you specify "single" we just return 1, otherwise
-     * an array of everything found. Requires that this model actually have a relation of type EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation.
-     * You can specify $default is case you haven't found the extra meta
-     *
-     * @param string  $meta_key
-     * @param boolean $single
-     * @param mixed   $default if we don't find anything, what should we return?
-     * @return mixed single value if $single; array if ! $single
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_extra_meta($meta_key, $single = false, $default = null)
-    {
-        if ($single) {
-            $result = $this->get_first_related(
-                'Extra_Meta',
-                [['EXM_key' => $meta_key]]
-            );
-            if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                return $result->value();
-            }
-        } else {
-            $results = $this->get_many_related(
-                'Extra_Meta',
-                [['EXM_key' => $meta_key]]
-            );
-            if ($results) {
-                $values = [];
-                foreach ($results as $result) {
-                    if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                        $values[ $result->ID() ] = $result->value();
-                    }
-                }
-                return $values;
-            }
-        }
-        // if nothing discovered yet return default.
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__get_extra_meta__default_value',
-            $default,
-            $meta_key,
-            $single,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the first (ie, one) related model object of the specified type.
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class (not an array, a single object)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_first_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_relation = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB,
-            // but maybe the relation type is "belongs to" and the related object might
-            if ($model_relation instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                return $this->_model->get_first_related(
-                    $this,
-                    $relationName,
-                    $query_params
-                );
-            }
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB and apparently the thing it belongs to doesn't either,
-            // just get what's cached on this object
-            return $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
-        }
-        // this exists in the DB, get from the cache OR the DB
-        // if they've provided some query parameters, don't bother trying to cache the result
-        // also make sure we're not caching the result of get_first_related
-        // on a relation which should have an array of objects (because the cache might have an array of objects)
-        if (
-            $query_params
-            || ! $model_relation instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation
-        ) {
-            return $this->_model->get_first_related(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $query_params
-            );
-        }
-        // check if we've already cached the result of this query
-        $cached_result = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
-        if ($cached_result) {
-            return $cached_result;
-        }
-        $related_model_object = $this->_model->get_first_related(
-            $this,
-            $relationName,
-            $query_params
-        );
-        $this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
-        return $related_model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the related model objects of the specified type. Eg, if the current class if
-     * EE_Event, you could call $this->get_many_related('Registration') to get an array of all the
-     * EE_Registration objects which related to this event. Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
-     * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]     Results not necessarily indexed by IDs, because some results might not have primary
-     *                             keys or might not be saved yet. Consider using EEM_Base::get_IDs() on these
-     *                             results if you want IDs
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_many_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB, so just get the related things from the cache
-            return $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
-        }
-        // this exists in the DB, so get the related things from either the cache or the DB
-        // if there are query parameters, forget about caching the related model objects.
-        if ($query_params) {
-            return $this->_model->get_all_related(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $query_params
-            );
-        }
-        // did we already cache the result of this query?
-        $cached_results = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
-        if ($cached_results) {
-            return $cached_results;
-        }
-        $related_model_objects = $this->_model->get_all_related(
-            $this,
-            $relationName,
-            $query_params
-        );
-        // if no query parameters were passed, then we got all the related model objects
-        // for that relation. We can cache them then.
-        foreach ($related_model_objects as $related_model_object) {
-            $this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
-        }
-        return $related_model_objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
-     * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function get_one_from_cache($relationName)
-    {
-        $cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-            ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
-            : null;
-        if (is_array($cached_array_or_object)) {
-            return array_shift($cached_array_or_object);
-        }
-        return $cached_array_or_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * cache
-     * stores the passed model object on the current model object.
-     * In certain circumstances, we can use this cached model object instead of querying for another one entirely.
-     *
-     * @param string        $relationName    one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model. Eg
-     *                                       'Registration' associated with this model object
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $object_to_cache that has a relation to this model object. (Eg, if this is a Transaction,
-     *                                       that could be a payment or a registration)
-     * @param null          $cache_id        a string or number that will be used as the key for any Belongs_To_Many
-     *                                       items which will be stored in an array on this object
-     * @return mixed    index into cache, or just TRUE if the relation is of type Belongs_To (because there's only one
-     *                                       related thing, no array)
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function cache($relationName = '', $object_to_cache = null, $cache_id = null)
-    {
-        // its entirely possible that there IS no related object yet in which case there is nothing to cache.
-        if (! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // also get "how" the object is related, or throw an error
-        if (! $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot cache it', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $relationName,
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // how many things are related ?
-        if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            // if it's a "belongs to" relationship, then there's only one related model object
-            // eg, if this is a registration, there's only 1 attendee for it
-            // so for these model objects just set it to be cached
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $object_to_cache;
-            return true;
-        }
-        // otherwise, this is the "many" side of a one to many relationship,
-        // so we'll add the object to the array of related objects for that type.
-        // eg: if this is an event, there are many registrations for that event,
-        // so we cache the registrations in an array
-        if (! is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])) {
-            // if for some reason, the cached item is a model object,
-            // then stick that in the array, otherwise start with an empty array
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] instanceof EE_Base_Class
-                ? [$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]]
-                : [];
-        }
-        // first check for a cache_id which is normally empty
-        if (! empty($cache_id)) {
-            // if the cache_id exists, then it means we are purposely trying to cache this
-            // with a known key that can then be used to retrieve the object later on
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $cache_id ] = $object_to_cache;
-            return $cache_id;
-        }
-        if ($object_to_cache->ID()) {
-            // OR the cached object originally came from the db, so let's just use it's PK for an ID
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $object_to_cache->ID() ] = $object_to_cache;
-            return $object_to_cache->ID();
-        }
-        // OR it's a new object with no ID, so just throw it in the array with an auto-incremented ID
-        $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][] = $object_to_cache;
-        // move the internal pointer to the end of the array
-        end($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
-        // and grab the key so that we can return it
-        return key($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
-     *
-     * @return string timezone string
-     */
-    public function get_timezone()
-    {
-        return $this->_timezone;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * See $_timezone property for description of what the timezone property is for.  This SETS the timezone internally
-     * for being able to reference what timezone we are running conversions on when converting TO the internal timezone
-     * (UTC Unix Timestamp) for the object OR when converting FROM the internal timezone (UTC Unix Timestamp). This is
-     * available to all child classes that may be using the EE_Datetime_Field for a field data type.
-     *
-     * @param string $timezone A valid timezone string as described by @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function set_timezone($timezone = '')
-    {
-        // don't set the timezone if the incoming value is the same
-        if (! empty($timezone) && $timezone === $this->_timezone) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
-        // make sure we clear all cached properties because they won't be relevant now
-        $this->_clear_cached_properties();
-        // make sure we update field settings and the date for all EE_Datetime_Fields
-        $model_fields = $this->_model->field_settings();
-        foreach ($model_fields as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                $field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                if (isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime) {
-                    EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[ $field_name ], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the current internal set format for the date and time formats.
-     *
-     * @param bool $full           if true (default), then return the full format.  Otherwise will return an array
-     *                             where the first value is the date format and the second value is the time format.
-     * @return mixed string|array
-     */
-    public function get_format($full = true)
-    {
-        return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : [$this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * update_cache_after_object_save
-     * Allows a cached item to have it's cache ID (within the array of cached items) reset using the new ID it has
-     * obtained after being saved to the db
-     *
-     * @param string        $relationName       - the type of object that is cached
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object - the newly saved object to be re-cached
-     * @param string        $current_cache_id   - the ID that was used when originally caching the object
-     * @return boolean TRUE on success, FALSE on fail
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function update_cache_after_object_save(
-        $relationName,
-        EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object,
-        $current_cache_id = ''
-    ) {
-        // verify that incoming object is of the correct type
-        $obj_class = 'EE_' . $relationName;
-        if (! $newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        /* @type EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object */
-        // now get the type of relation
-        $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        // if this is a 1:1 relationship
-        if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            // then just replace the cached object with the newly saved object
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $newly_saved_object;
-            return true;
-        }
-        // or if it's some kind of sordid feral polyamorous relationship...
-        if (
-            is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-            && isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ])
-        ) {
-            // then remove the current cached item
-            unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ]);
-            // and cache the newly saved object using it's new ID
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $newly_saved_object->ID() ] = $newly_saved_object;
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function next_x($field_to_order_by = null, $limit = 1, $query_params = [], $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_model->next_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function previous_x(
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_model->previous_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function next($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = [], $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_model->next($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an EE_Base_Class object is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the column you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function previous($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = [], $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_model->previous($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is used to return the internal DateTime object used for a field that is a
-     * EE_Datetime_Field.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name               The field name retrieving the DateTime object.
-     * @return mixed null | false | DateTime  If the requested field is NOT a EE_Datetime_Field then
-     * @throws EE_Error an error is set and false returned.  If the field IS an
-     *                                         EE_Datetime_Field and but the field value is null, then
-     *                                         just null is returned (because that indicates that likely
-     *                                         this field is nullable).
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function get_DateTime_object($field_name)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The field %s is not an EE_Datetime_Field field.  There is no DateTime object stored on this field type.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $field_name
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? clone $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * NOTE ABOUT BELOW:
-     * These convenience date and time setters are for setting date and time independently.  In other words you might
-     * want to change the time on a datetime_field but leave the date the same (or vice versa). IF on the other hand
-     * you want to set both date and time at the same time, you can just use the models default set($field_name,$value)
-     * method and make sure you send the entire datetime value for setting.
-     */
-
-
-    /**
-     * Exactly like e(), echoes out the field, but sets its schema to 'form_input', so that it
-     * can be easily used as the value of form input.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function f($field_name)
-    {
-        $this->e($field_name, 'form_input');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * To be used in template to immediately echo out the value, and format it for output.
-     * Eg, should call stripslashes and whatnot before echoing
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name      the name of the field as it appears in the DB
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        echo $this->get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a pretty view of the field's value. $extra_cache_ref can specify different formats for this.
-     * The $extra_cache_ref will be passed to the model field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing, so consult the field's class
-     * to see what options are available.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, true, $extra_cache_ref);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Same as `f()` but just returns the value instead of echoing it
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return string
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_f($field_name)
-    {
-        return (string) $this->get_pretty($field_name, 'form_input');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the date
-     * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
-     * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
-     * @param string $format     format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
-     * @return string            datetime value formatted
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_date($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply returns the datetime for the given field name
-     * Note: this protected function is called by the wrapper get_date or get_time or get_datetime functions
-     * (and the equivalent e_date, e_time, e_datetime).
-     *
-     * @param string  $field_name    Field on the instantiated EE_Base_Class child object
-     * @param string  $date_format   valid datetime format used for date
-     *                               (if '' then we just use the default on the field,
-     *                               if NULL we use the last-used format)
-     * @param string  $time_format   Same as above except this is for time format
-     * @param string  $date_or_time  if NULL then both are returned, otherwise "D" = only date and "T" = only time.
-     * @param boolean $echo          Whether the dtt is echoing using pretty echoing or just returned using vanilla get
-     * @return string|bool|EE_Error string on success, FALSE on fail, or EE_Error Exception is thrown
-     *                               if field is not a valid dtt field, or void if echoing
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_datetime(
-        $field_name,
-        $date_format = '',
-        $time_format = '',
-        $date_or_time = '',
-        $echo = false
-    ) {
-        // clear cached property
-        $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-        // reset format properties because they are used in get()
-        $this->_dt_frmt = $date_format !== '' ? $date_format : $this->_dt_frmt;
-        $this->_tm_frmt = $time_format !== '' ? $time_format : $this->_tm_frmt;
-        if ($echo) {
-            $this->e($field_name, $date_or_time);
-            return '';
-        }
-        return $this->get($field_name, $date_or_time);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param        $field_name
-     * @param string $format
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_date($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D', true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the time
-     * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
-     * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
-     * @param string $format     format for the time returned ( if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
-     * @return string             datetime value formatted
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_time($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param        $field_name
-     * @param string $format
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_time($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        $this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T', true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for returning the date AND
-     * time portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
-     * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name  name of model object datetime field holding the value
-     * @param string $date_format format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
-     * @param string $time_format format for the time returned (if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
-     * @return string             datetime value formatted
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param string $date_format
-     * @param string $time_format
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
-    {
-        $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format, null, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the i8ln value for a date using the WordPress
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name The EE_Datetime_Field reference for the date being retrieved.
-     * @param string $format     PHP valid date/time string format.
-     *                           If none is provided then the internal set format on the object will be used.
-     * @return string Date and time string in set locale or false if no field exists for the given
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     *                           field name.
-     * @see date_i18n function.
-     */
-    public function get_i18n_datetime($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        $format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : $format;
-        return date_i18n(
-            $format,
-            EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timestamp_with_offset(
-                $this->get_raw($field_name),
-                $this->_timezone
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method simply returns the RAW unprocessed value for the given property in this class
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name A valid field name
-     * @return mixed              Whatever the raw value stored on the property is.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error if fieldSettings is misconfigured or the field doesn't exist.
-     */
-    public function get_raw($field_name)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? $this->_fields[ $field_name ]->format('U')
-            : $this->_fields[ $field_name ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will return a timestamp for the website timezone
-     * but ONLY when the current website timezone is different
-     * than the timezone set for the website.
-     * NOTE, this currently only works well with methods that return values.
-     * If you use it with methods that echo values
-     * the $_timestamp property may not get reset to its original value
-     * and that could lead to some unexpected results!
-     *
-     * @param string       $field_name  This is the name of the field on the object that contains the date/time
-     *                                  value being returned.
-     * @param string       $callback    must match a valid method in this class (defaults to get_datetime)
-     * @param array|string $args        This is the arguments that will be passed to the callback.
-     * @param string       $prepend     You can include something to prepend on the timestamp
-     * @param string       $append      You can include something to append on the timestamp
-     * @return string timestamp
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function display_in_my_timezone(
-        $field_name,
-        $callback = 'get_datetime',
-        $args = null,
-        $prepend = '',
-        $append = ''
-    ) {
-        $timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
-        if ($timezone === $this->_timezone) {
-            return '';
-        }
-        $original_timezone = $this->_timezone;
-        $this->set_timezone($timezone);
-        $fn   = (array) $field_name;
-        $args = array_merge($fn, (array) $args);
-        if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The method named "%s" given as the callback param in "display_in_my_timezone" does not exist.  Please check your spelling',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $callback
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $args   = (array) $args;
-        $return = $prepend . call_user_func_array([$this, $callback], $args) . $append;
-        $this->set_timezone($original_timezone);
-        return $return;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes this model object.
-     * This calls the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method.  Child classes wishing to change default behaviour should
-     * override
-     * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` NOT this class.
-     *
-     * @return boolean | int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete()
-    {
-        /**
-         * Called just before the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
-         * Note:
-         * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
-         * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
-         * For example, `EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class::_delete`
-         * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__before', $this);
-        $result = $this->_delete();
-        /**
-         * Called just after the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
-         * Note:
-         * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
-         * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
-         * For example `EE_Soft_Base_Class::_delete`
-         * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
-         * @param boolean       $result
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__end', $this, $result);
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Calls the specific delete method for the instantiated class.
-     * This method is called by the public `EE_Base_Class::delete` method.  Any child classes desiring to override
-     * default functionality for "delete" (which is to call `permanently_delete`) should override this method NOT
-     * `EE_Base_Class::delete`
-     *
-     * @return bool|int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _delete()
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes this model object permanently from db
-     * (but keep in mind related models may block the delete and return an error)
-     *
-     * @return bool | int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently()
-    {
-        /**
-         * Called just before HARD deleting a model object
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__before', $this);
-        $result = $this->_model->delete_permanently_by_ID($this->ID());
-        $this->refresh_cache_of_related_objects();
-        /**
-         * Called just after HARD deleting a model object
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
-         * @param boolean       $result
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__end', $this, $result);
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * When this model object is deleted, it may still be cached on related model objects. This clears the cache of
-     * related model objects
-     *
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function refresh_cache_of_related_objects()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-                $related_objects = $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ];
-                if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // this relation only stores a single model object, not an array
-                    // but let's make it consistent
-                    $related_objects = [$related_objects];
-                }
-                foreach ($related_objects as $related_object) {
-                    // only refresh their cache if they're in memory
-                    if ($related_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                        $related_object->clear_cache(
-                            $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-                            $this
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Forgets the cached model of the given relation Name. So the next time we request it,
-     * we will fetch it again from the database. (Handy if you know it's changed somehow).
-     * If a specific object is supplied, and the relationship to it is either a HasMany or HABTM,
-     * then only remove that one object from our cached array. Otherwise, clear the entire list
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName                         one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model.
-     *                                                     Eg 'Registration'
-     * @param mixed  $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array or an index into the array of cached things, or NULL
-     *                                                     if you intend to use $clear_all = TRUE, or the relation only
-     *                                                     has 1 object anyways (ie, it's a BelongsToRelation)
-     * @param bool   $clear_all                            This flags clearing the entire cache relation property if
-     *                                                     this is HasMany or HABTM.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class | boolean from which was cleared from the cache, or true if we requested to remove a
-     *                                                     relation from all
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function clear_cache($relationName, $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array = null, $clear_all = false)
-    {
-        $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        $index_in_cache        = '';
-        if (! $relationship_to_model) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot clear that cache', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $relationName,
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if ($clear_all) {
-            $obj_removed                             = true;
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
-        } elseif ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            $obj_removed                             = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
-        } else {
-            if (
-                $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class
-                && $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
-            ) {
-                $index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID();
-                if (
-                    is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-                    && ! isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])
-                ) {
-                    $index_found_at = null;
-                    // find this object in the array even though it has a different key
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $index => $obj) {
-                        /** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
-                        if (
-                            $obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
-                            && (
-                                $obj == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array
-                                || $obj->ID() === $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
-                            )
-                        ) {
-                            $index_found_at = $index;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if ($index_found_at) {
-                        $index_in_cache = $index_found_at;
-                    } else {
-                        // it wasn't found. huh. well obviously it doesn't need to be removed from teh cache
-                        // if it wasn't in it to begin with. So we're done
-                        return $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
-                    }
-                }
-            } elseif ($object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                // so they provided a model object, but it's not yet saved to the DB... so let's go hunting for it!
-                foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName) as $index => $potentially_obj_we_want) {
-                    /** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
-                    if ($potentially_obj_we_want == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array) {
-                        $index_in_cache = $index;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                $index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
-            }
-            // supposedly we've found it. But it could just be that the client code
-            // provided a bad index/object
-            if (isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])) {
-                $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ];
-                unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ]);
-            } else {
-                // that thing was never cached anyways.
-                $obj_removed = null;
-            }
-        }
-        return $obj_removed;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Saves this model object and its NEW cached relations to the database.
-     * (Meaning, for now, IT DOES NOT WORK if the cached items already exist in the DB.
-     * In order for that to work, we would need to mark model objects as dirty/clean...
-     * because otherwise, there's a potential for infinite looping of saving
-     * Saves the cached related model objects, and ensures the relation between them
-     * and this object and properly setup
-     *
-     * @return int ID of new model object on save; 0 on failure+
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function save_new_cached_related_model_objs()
-    {
-        // make sure this has been saved
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
-            $id = $this->save();
-        } else {
-            $id = $this->ID();
-        }
-        // now save all the NEW cached model objects  (ie they don't exist in the DB)
-        foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relationName => $relationObj) {
-            if ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) {
-                // is this a relation where we should expect just ONE related object (ie, EE_Belongs_To_relation)
-                // or MANY related objects (ie, EE_HABTM_Relation or EE_Has_Many_Relation)?
-                /* @var $related_model_obj EE_Base_Class */
-                if ($relationObj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
-                    // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
-                    $related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
-                    // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
-                    $this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
-                    $related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
-                    // }
-                } else {
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $related_model_obj) {
-                        // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
-                        // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
-                        // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
-                        $this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
-                        $related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
-                        // }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationship's name. Eg, if the current
-     * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Event', and should be a key in the EE
-     * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just caches the related thing
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID       EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object
-     * @param string $relationName                     eg 'Events','Question',etc.
-     *                                                 an attendee to a group, you also want to specify which role they
-     *                                                 will have in that group. So you would use this parameter to
-     *                                                 specify array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
-     * @param array  $extra_join_model_fields_n_values You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that
-     *                                                 allow you to further constrict the relation to being added.
-     *                                                 However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a
-     *                                                 column on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models
-     *                                                 accept these additional conditions.  Also remember that if an
-     *                                                 exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then a
-     *                                                 NEW row is created in the join table.
-     * @param null   $cache_id
-     * @return EE_Base_Class the object the relation was added to
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _add_relation_to(
-        $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-        $relationName,
-        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values = [],
-        $cache_id = null
-    ) {
-        // if this thing exists in the DB, save the relation to the DB
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            $otherObject = $this->_model->add_relationship_to(
-                $this,
-                $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-                $relationName,
-                $extra_join_model_fields_n_values
-            );
-            // clear cache so future get_many_related and get_first_related() return new results.
-            $this->clear_cache($relationName, $otherObject, true);
-            if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                $otherObject->clear_cache($this->_model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
-            }
-        } else {
-            // this thing doesn't exist in the DB,  so just cache it
-            if (! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Before a model object is saved to the database, calls to _add_relation_to must be passed an actual object, not just an ID. You provided %s as the model object to a %s',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-                        get_class($this)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $otherObject = $otherObjectModelObjectOrID;
-            $this->cache($relationName, $otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $cache_id);
-        }
-        if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            // fix the reciprocal relation too
-            if ($otherObject->ID()) {
-                // its saved so assumed relations exist in the DB, so we can just
-                // clear the cache so future queries use the updated info in the DB
-                $otherObject->clear_cache(
-                    $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-                    null,
-                    true
-                );
-            } else {
-                // it's not saved, so it caches relations like this
-                $otherObject->cache($this->_model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
-            }
-        }
-        return $otherObject;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationships' name. Eg, if the current
-     * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Events', and should be a key in the EE
-     * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just removes the related thing
-     * from the cache
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID
-     *                EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object, OR an array key into the cache if this isn't saved
-     *                to the DB yet
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $where_query
-     *                You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that allow you to further constrict the
-     *                relation to being added. However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a column
-     *                on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models accept these additional conditions. Also
-     *                remember that if an exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then no row is
-     *                deleted.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class the relation was removed from
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _remove_relation_to($otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $relationName, $where_query = [])
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            // if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
-            $otherObject = $this->_model->remove_relationship_to(
-                $this,
-                $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-                $relationName,
-                $where_query
-            );
-            $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                $otherObject
-            );
-        } else {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
-            $otherObject = $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                $otherObjectModelObjectOrID
-            );
-        }
-        if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $otherObject->clear_cache(
-                $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-                $this
-            );
-        }
-        return $otherObject;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes ALL the related things for the $relationName.
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $where_query_params
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     */
-    public function _remove_relations($relationName, $where_query_params = [])
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            // if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
-            $otherObjects = $this->_model->remove_relations(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $where_query_params
-            );
-            $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                null,
-                true
-            );
-        } else {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
-            $otherObjects = $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                null,
-                true
-            );
-        }
-        if (is_array($otherObjects)) {
-            foreach ($otherObjects as $otherObject) {
-                $otherObject->clear_cache(
-                    $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $this
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $otherObjects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
-     * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name  model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @param string $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
-     *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function count_related($relation_name, $query_params = [], $field_to_count = null, $distinct = false)
-    {
-        return $this->_model->count_related(
-            $this,
-            $relation_name,
-            $query_params,
-            $field_to_count,
-            $distinct
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
-     * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @param string $field_to_sum  name of field to count by.
-     *                              By default, uses primary key
-     *                              (which doesn't make much sense, so you should probably change it)
-     * @return int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function sum_related($relation_name, $query_params = [], $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_model->sum_related(
-            $this,
-            $relation_name,
-            $query_params,
-            $field_to_sum
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Does a delete on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
-     * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
-     * of blocking related model objects) does nothing. If the related model objects are
-     * soft-deletable, they will be soft-deleted regardless of related blocking model objects.
-     * If this model object doesn't exist yet in the DB, just removes its related things
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function delete_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            $count = $this->_model->delete_related(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $query_params
-            );
-        } else {
-            $count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
-            $this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
-        }
-        return $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Does a hard delete (ie, removes the DB row) on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
-     * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
-     * of blocking related model objects) just does a soft delete on it instead, if possible.
-     * If the related thing isn't a soft-deletable model object, this function is identical
-     * to delete_related(). If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just remove its related things
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted (including those soft deleted)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function delete_related_permanently($relationName, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            $count = $this->_model->delete_related_permanently(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $query_params
-            );
-        } else {
-            $count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
-        }
-        $this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
-        return $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * is_set
-     * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property exists
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name property to check
-     * @return bool              TRUE if existing, FALSE if not.
-     */
-    public function is_set($field_name)
-    {
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_Base_Class.
-     * If a method is called on a child of EE_Base_Class that doesn't exist, this function is called
-     * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments.
-     * Instead of requiring a plugin to extend the EE_Base_Class
-     * (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that happen?)
-     * they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}'
-     * (eg, filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function)
-     * and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function was called,
-     * and an array of the original arguments passed to the function.
-     * Whatever their callback function returns will be returned by this function.
-     * Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
-     *      add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3);
-     *      function my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class $object,$argsArray){
-     *          $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
-     *          return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
-     *      }
-     * require('EE_Answer.class.php');
-     * $answer= EE_Answer::new_instance(array('REG_ID' => 2,'QST_ID' => 3,'ANS_value' => The answer is 42'));
-     * echo $answer->my_callback('monkeys',100);
-     * //will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
-     *
-     * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_Base_Class, but which
-     * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
-     * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function __call($methodName, $args)
-    {
-        $className = get_class($this);
-        $tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Method %s on class %s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: add_filter('%s','my_callback',10,3);function my_callback(\$previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class \$object, \$argsArray){/*function body*/return \$whatever;}",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $methodName,
-                    $className,
-                    $tagName
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes all the extra meta rows for this record as specified by key. If $meta_value
-     * is specified, only deletes extra meta records with that value.
-     *
-     * @param string $meta_key
-     * @param mixed  $meta_value
-     * @return int number of extra meta rows deleted
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value = null)
-    {
-        $query_params = [
-            [
-                'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
-                'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
-                'EXM_type' => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
-            ],
-        ];
-        if ($meta_value !== null) {
-            $query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
-        }
-        return EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a simple array of all the extra meta associated with this model object.
-     * If $one_of_each_key is true (Default), it will be an array of simple key-value pairs, keys being the
-     * extra meta's key, and teh value being its value. However, if there are duplicate extra meta rows with
-     * the same key, only one will be used. (eg array('foo'=>'bar','monkey'=>123))
-     * If $one_of_each_key is false, it will return an array with the top-level keys being
-     * the extra meta keys, but their values are also arrays, which have the extra-meta's ID as their sub-key, and
-     * finally the extra meta's value as each sub-value. (eg
-     * array('foo'=>array(1=>'bar',2=>'bill'),'monkey'=>array(3=>123)))
-     *
-     * @param boolean $one_of_each_key
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function all_extra_meta_array($one_of_each_key = true)
-    {
-        $return_array = [];
-        if ($one_of_each_key) {
-            $extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related(
-                'Extra_Meta',
-                ['group_by' => 'EXM_key']
-            );
-            foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
-                if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            $extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta');
-            foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
-                if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    if (! isset($return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ])) {
-                        $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = [];
-                    }
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ][ $extra_meta_obj->ID() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $return_array;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_from_db
-     * Makes sure the fields and values on this model object are in-sync with what's in the database.
-     *
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error if this model object isn't in the entity mapper (because then you should
-     * just use what's in the entity mapper and refresh it) and WP_DEBUG is TRUE
-     */
-    public function refresh_from_db()
-    {
-        if ($this->ID() && $this->in_entity_map()) {
-            $this->_model->refresh_entity_map_from_db($this->ID());
-        } else {
-            // if it doesn't have ID, you shouldn't be asking to refresh it from teh database (because its not in the database)
-            // if it has an ID but it's not in the map, and you're asking me to refresh it
-            // that's kinda dangerous. You should just use what's in the entity map, or add this to the entity map if there's
-            // absolutely nothing in it for this ID
-            if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Trying to refresh a model object with ID "%1$s" that\'s not in the entity map? First off: you should put it in the entity map by calling %2$s. Second off, if you want what\'s in the database right now, you should just call %3$s yourself and discard this model object.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $this->ID(),
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Nudges $field_name's value by $quantity, without any conditionals (in comparison to bumpConditionally()).
-     * Does not allow negative values, however.
-     *
-     * @param array $fields_n_quantities keys are the field names, and values are the amount by which to bump them
-     *                                   (positive or negative). One important gotcha: all these values must be
-     *                                   on the same table (eg don't pass in one field for the posts table and
-     *                                   another for the event meta table.)
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.9.80.p
-     */
-    public function adjustNumericFieldsInDb(array $fields_n_quantities)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (empty($fields_n_quantities)) {
-            // No fields to update? Well sure, we updated them to that value just fine.
-            return true;
-        }
-        $fields             = [];
-        $set_sql_statements = [];
-        foreach ($fields_n_quantities as $field_name => $quantity) {
-            $field       = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-            $fields[]    = $field;
-            $column_name = $field->get_table_column();
-
-            $abs_qty = absint($quantity);
-            if ($quantity > 0) {
-                // don't let the value be negative as often these fields are unsigned
-                $set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
-                    "`{$column_name}` = `{$column_name}` + %d",
-                    $abs_qty
-                );
-            } else {
-                $set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
-                    "`{$column_name}` = CASE
+	/**
+	 * @var boolean indicating whether or not this model object is intended to ever be saved
+	 * For example, we might create model objects intended to only be used for the duration
+	 * of this request and to be thrown away, and if they were accidentally saved
+	 * it would be a bug.
+	 */
+	protected $_allow_persist = true;
+
+	/**
+	 * This property is for holding a cached array of object properties indexed by property name as the key.
+	 * The purpose of this is for setting a cache on properties that may have calculated values after a
+	 * prepare_for_get.  That way the cache can be checked first and the calculated property returned instead of having
+	 * to recalculate. Used by _set_cached_property() and _get_cached_property() methods.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_cached_properties = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a cache of results from custom selections done on a query that constructs this entity. The only purpose
+	 * for these values is for retrieval of the results, they are not further queryable and they are not persisted to
+	 * the db.  They also do not automatically update if there are any changes to the data that produced their results.
+	 * The format is a simple array of field_alias => field_value.  So for instance if a custom select was something
+	 * like,  "Select COUNT(Registration.REG_ID) as Registration_Count ...", then the resulting value will be in this
+	 * array as:
+	 * array(
+	 *  'Registration_Count' => 24
+	 * );
+	 * Note: if the custom select configuration for the query included a data type, the value will be in the data type
+	 * provided for the query (@see EventEspresso\core\domain\values\model\CustomSelects::__construct phpdocs for more
+	 * info)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $custom_selection_results = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * date format
+	 * pattern or format for displaying dates
+	 *
+	 * @var string $_dt_frmt
+	 */
+	protected $_dt_frmt;
+
+	/**
+	 * Array where keys are field names (see the model's _fields property) and values are their values. To see what
+	 * their types should be, look at what that field object returns on its prepare_for_get and prepare_for_set methods)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_fields = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var boolean indicating whether or not this model object's properties have changed since construction
+	 */
+	protected $_has_changes = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EEM_Base
+	 */
+	protected $_model;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * An array containing keys of the related model, and values are either an array of related mode objects or a
+	 * single
+	 * related model object. see the model's _model_relations. The keys should match those specified. And if the
+	 * relation is of type EE_Belongs_To (or one of its children), then there should only be ONE related model object,
+	 * all others have an array)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_model_relations = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * This is an array of the original properties and values provided during construction
+	 * of this model object. (keys are model field names, values are their values).
+	 * This list is important to remember so that when we are merging data from the db, we know
+	 * which values to override and which to not override.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor;
+
+	/**
+	 * Timezone
+	 * This gets set by the "set_timezone()" method so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in.
+	 * This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming out of the object to be in.  NOT
+	 * all EE_Base_Class child classes use this property but any that use a EE_Datetime_Field data type will have
+	 * access to it.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_timezone = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * time format
+	 * pattern or format for displaying time
+	 *
+	 * @var string $_tm_frmt
+	 */
+	protected $_tm_frmt;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * basic constructor for Event Espresso classes, performs any necessary initialization, and verifies it's children
+	 * play nice
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $field_values                            where each key is a field (ie, array key in the 2nd
+	 *                                                         layer of the model's _fields array, (eg, EVT_ID,
+	 *                                                         TXN_amount, QST_name, etc) and values are their values
+	 * @param boolean $set_from_db                             a flag for setting if the class is instantiated by the
+	 *                                                         corresponding db model or not.
+	 * @param string  $timezone                                indicate what timezone you want any datetime fields to
+	 *                                                         be in when instantiating a EE_Base_Class object.
+	 * @param array   $date_formats                            An array of date formats to set on construct where first
+	 *                                                         value is the date_format and second value is the time
+	 *                                                         format.
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function __construct($field_values = [], $set_from_db = false, $timezone = '', $date_formats = [])
+	{
+		// ensure $fieldValues is an array
+		$field_values = is_array($field_values) ? $field_values : [$field_values];
+		$className    = get_class($this);
+		do_action("AHEE__{$className}__construct", $this, $field_values);
+		// remember what values were passed to this constructor
+		$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $field_values;
+		$this->setDateAndTimeFormats($date_formats);
+		$this->_model = $this->get_model($timezone);
+		$model_fields = $this->_model->field_settings();
+		$this->validateFieldValues($model_fields, $field_values);
+		$this->setFieldValues($model_fields, $set_from_db);
+		// remember in entity mapper
+		if (! $set_from_db && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
+			$this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
+		}
+		// setup all the relations
+		foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = $relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation
+				? null
+				: [];
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Action done at the end of each model object construction
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $this the model object just created
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__construct__finished', $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * for getting a model while instantiated.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base | EEM_CPT_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_model($timezone = '')
+	{
+		if (! $this->_model) {
+			$timezone     = $timezone ? $timezone : $this->_timezone;
+			$modelName    = self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this));
+			$this->_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
+			$this->set_timezone($timezone);
+		}
+		return $this->_model;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
+	 * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value_from_db
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function set_from_db($field_name, $field_value_from_db)
+	{
+		$field_obj = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			// you would think the DB has no NULLs for non-null label fields right? wrong!
+			// eg, a CPT model object could have an entry in the posts table, but no
+			// entry in the meta table. Meaning that all its columns in the meta table
+			// are null! yikes! so when we find one like that, use defaults for its meta columns
+			if ($field_value_from_db === null) {
+				if ($field_obj->is_nullable()) {
+					// if the field allows nulls, then let it be null
+					$field_value = null;
+				} else {
+					$field_value = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+				}
+			} else {
+				$field_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set_from_db($field_value_from_db);
+			}
+			$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_value;
+			$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
+	 * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value
+	 * @param bool   $use_default
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set($field_name, $field_value, $use_default = false)
+	{
+		// if not using default and nothing has changed, and object has already been setup (has ID),
+		// then don't do anything
+		if (
+			! $use_default
+			&& $this->_fields[ $field_name ] === $field_value
+			&& $this->ID()
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_has_changes = true;
+		$field_obj          = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+				$field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+				$field_obj->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
+				$field_obj->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
+			}
+			$holder_of_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_value);
+			// should the value be null?
+			if (($field_value === null || $holder_of_value === null || $holder_of_value === '') && $use_default) {
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+				/**
+				 * To save having to refactor all the models, if a default value is used for a
+				 * EE_Datetime_Field, and that value is not null nor is it a DateTime
+				 * object.  Then let's do a set again to ensure that it becomes a DateTime
+				 * object.
+				 *
+				 * @since 4.6.10+
+				 */
+				if (
+					$field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field
+					&& $this->_fields[ $field_name ] !== null
+					&& ! $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+				) {
+					empty($this->_fields[ $field_name ])
+						? $this->set($field_name, time())
+						: $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+				}
+			} else {
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $holder_of_value;
+			}
+			// if we're not in the constructor...
+			// now check if what we set was a primary key
+			if (
+				// note: props_n_values_provided_in_constructor is only set at the END of the constructor
+				$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
+				&& $field_value
+				&& $field_name === $this->_model->primary_key_name()
+			) {
+				// if so, we want all this object's fields to be filled either with
+				// what we've explicitly set on this model
+				// or what we have in the db
+				// echo "setting primary key!";
+				$fields_on_model = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->field_settings();
+				$obj_in_db       = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->get_one_by_ID($field_value);
+				foreach ($fields_on_model as $field_obj) {
+					if (
+						! array_key_exists($field_obj->get_name(), $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor)
+						&& $field_obj->get_name() !== $field_name
+					) {
+						$this->set($field_obj->get_name(), $obj_in_db->get($field_obj->get_name()));
+					}
+				}
+				// oh this model object has an ID? well make sure its in the entity mapper
+				$this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
+			}
+			// let's unset any cache for this field_name from the $_cached_properties property.
+			$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'A valid EE_Model_Field_Base could not be found for the given field name: %s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$field_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the value of the primary key.
+	 * If the object hasn't yet been saved, it should be whatever the model field's default was
+	 * (eg, if this were the EE_Event class, look at the primary key field on EEM_Event and see what its default value
+	 * is. Usually defaults for integer primary keys are 0; string primary keys are usually NULL).
+	 *
+	 * @return mixed, if the primary key is of type INT it'll be an int. Otherwise it could be a string
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function ID()
+	{
+		// now that we know the name of the variable, use a variable variable to get its value and return its
+		if ($this->_model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			return $this->_fields[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		return $this->_model->get_index_primary_key_string($this->_fields);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * If a model name is provided (eg Registration), gets the model classname for that model.
+	 * Also works if a model class's classname is provided (eg EE_Registration).
+	 *
+	 * @param null $model_name
+	 * @return string like EEM_Attendee
+	 */
+	private static function _get_model_classname($model_name = null)
+	{
+		return strpos($model_name, 'EE_') === 0
+			? str_replace('EE_', 'EEM_', $model_name)
+			: 'EEM_' . $model_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model instance (eg instance of EEM_Attendee) given its classname (eg EE_Attendee)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_classname
+	 * @param |null   $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_model_instance_with_name($model_classname, $timezone = '')
+	{
+		$model_classname = str_replace('EEM_', '', $model_classname);
+		$model           = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($model_classname);
+		$model->set_timezone($timezone);
+		return $model;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just clears out ONE property if it exists in the cache
+	 *
+	 * @param string $property_name the property to remove if it exists (from the _cached_properties array)
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _clear_cached_property($property_name)
+	{
+		unset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the EEM_*_Model for this class
+	 *
+	 * @param string      $classname
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_model($classname, $timezone = '')
+	{
+		// find model for this class
+		if (! $classname) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'What were you thinking calling _get_model(%s)?? You need to specify the class name',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$classname
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$modelName = self::_get_model_classname($classname);
+		return self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * verifies that the specified field is of the correct type
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, false, $extra_cache_ref);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the value cached property if it exists OR the actual property value if the cache doesn't exist.
+	 * This also SETS the cache if we return the actual property!
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name       the name of the property we're trying to retrieve
+	 * @param bool   $pretty
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref  This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                 (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                 - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 *                                 It can also accept certain pre-defined "schema" strings
+	 *                                 to define how to output the property.
+	 *                                 see the field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing for what strings can be used
+	 * @return mixed                   whatever the value for the property is we're retrieving
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_cached_property($field_name, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		// verify the field exists
+		$this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		$cache_type = $pretty ? 'pretty' : 'standard';
+		$cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_' . $extra_cache_ref : '';
+		if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ])) {
+			return $this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ];
+		}
+		$value = $this->_get_fresh_property($field_name, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
+		$this->_set_cached_property($field_name, $value, $cache_type);
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * If the cache didn't fetch the needed item, this fetches it.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param bool   $pretty
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_fresh_property($field_name, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		$field_obj = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		// If this is an EE_Datetime_Field we need to make sure timezone, formats, and output are correct
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			$this->_prepare_datetime_field($field_obj, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
+		}
+		if (! isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ])) {
+			$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = null;
+		}
+		return $pretty
+			? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[ $field_name ], $extra_cache_ref)
+			: $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For adding an item to the cached_properties property.
+	 *
+	 * @param string      $field_name the property item the corresponding value is for.
+	 * @param mixed       $value      The value we are caching.
+	 * @param string|null $cache_type
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_cached_property($field_name, $value, $cache_type = null)
+	{
+		// first make sure this property exists
+		$this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		$cache_type = empty($cache_type) ? 'standard' : $cache_type;
+		$this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ] = $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * set timezone, formats, and output for EE_Datetime_Field objects
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field
+	 * @param bool              $pretty
+	 * @param null              $date_or_time
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 */
+	protected function _prepare_datetime_field(
+		EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field,
+		$pretty = false,
+		$date_or_time = null
+	) {
+		$datetime_field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+		$datetime_field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt, $pretty);
+		$datetime_field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt, $pretty);
+		// set the output returned
+		switch ($date_or_time) {
+			case 'D':
+				$datetime_field->set_date_time_output('date');
+				break;
+			case 'T':
+				$datetime_field->set_date_time_output('time');
+				break;
+			default:
+				$datetime_field->set_date_time_output();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $props_n_values
+	 * @param $classname
+	 * @return mixed bool|EE_Base_Class|EEM_CPT_Base
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_object_from_entity_mapper($props_n_values, $classname)
+	{
+		// TODO: will not work for Term_Relationships because they have no PK!
+		$primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
+		if (
+			array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
+			&& ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+		) {
+			$id = $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ];
+			return self::_get_model($classname)->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * returns the name of the primary key attribute
+	 *
+	 * @param null $classname
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_primary_key_name($classname = null)
+	{
+		if (! $classname) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('What were you thinking calling _get_primary_key_name(%s)', 'event_espresso'),
+					$classname
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return self::_get_model($classname)->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is called by child static "new_instance" method and we'll check to see if there is an existing db entry for
+	 * the primary key (if present in incoming values). If there is a key in the incoming array that matches the
+	 * primary key for the model AND it is not null, then we check the db. If there's a an object we return it.  If not
+	 * we return false.
+	 *
+	 * @param array       $props_n_values      incoming array of properties and their values
+	 * @param string      $classname           the classname of the child class
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @param array       $date_formats        incoming date_formats in an array where the first value is the
+	 *                                         date_format and the second value is the time format
+	 * @return mixed (EE_Base_Class|bool)
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected static function _check_for_object($props_n_values, $classname, $timezone = '', $date_formats = [])
+	{
+		$existing = null;
+		$model    = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone);
+		if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
+			if (
+				array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
+				&& ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+			) {
+				$existing = $model->get_one_by_ID($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ]);
+			}
+		} elseif ($model->has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($props_n_values)) {
+			// no primary key on this model, but there's still a matching item in the DB
+			$existing = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)->get_one_by_ID(
+				self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)->get_index_primary_key_string($props_n_values)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($existing) {
+			$has_date_formats = ! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)
+								&& isset($date_formats[0], $date_formats[1]);
+			$date_format      = $has_date_formats ? $date_formats[0] : (string) get_option('date_format', 'Y-m-d');
+			$time_format      = $has_date_formats ? $date_formats[1] : (string) get_option('time_format', 'g:i a');
+			// set date formats before setting values
+			$existing->set_date_format($date_format);
+			$existing->set_time_format($time_format);
+			foreach ($props_n_values as $property => $field_value) {
+				$existing->set($property, $field_value);
+			}
+			return $existing;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the internal date format to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the class
+	 * internally instead of wp set date format options
+	 *
+	 * @param string $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
+	 * @since 4.6
+	 */
+	public function set_date_format($format)
+	{
+		if ($format !== $this->_dt_frmt) {
+			$this->_dt_frmt = $format;
+			// clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
+			$this->_clear_cached_properties();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the internal time format string to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the
+	 * class internally instead of wp set time format options.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
+	 * @since 4.6
+	 */
+	public function set_time_format($format)
+	{
+		if ($format !== $this->_tm_frmt) {
+			$this->_tm_frmt = $format;
+			// clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
+			$this->_clear_cached_properties();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just takes care of clearing out the cached_properties
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _clear_cached_properties()
+	{
+		$this->_cached_properties = [];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether or not this model object should be allowed to be saved to the DB.
+	 * Normally once this is set to FALSE you wouldn't set it back to TRUE, unless
+	 * you got new information that somehow made you change your mind.
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $allow_persist
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function set_allow_persist($allow_persist)
+	{
+		return $this->_allow_persist = $allow_persist;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the field's original value when this object was constructed during this request.
+	 * This can be helpful when determining if a model object has changed or not
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return mixed|null
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_original($field_name)
+	{
+		if (
+			isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ])
+			&& $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name)
+		) {
+			return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ]);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $obj
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_class($obj)
+	{
+		return get_class($obj);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set custom select values for model.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $custom_select_values
+	 */
+	public function setCustomSelectsValues(array $custom_select_values)
+	{
+		$this->custom_selection_results = $custom_select_values;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the custom select value for the provided alias if its set.
+	 * If not set, returns null.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $alias
+	 * @return string|int|float|null
+	 */
+	public function getCustomSelect($alias)
+	{
+		return isset($this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ])
+			? $this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ]
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the field value on the db column if it exists for the given $column_name or
+	 * saves it to EE_Extra_Meta if the given $column_name does not match a db column.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name  Must be the exact column name.
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value The value to set.
+	 * @return int|bool @see EE_Base_Class::update_extra_meta() for return docs.
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see EE_message::get_column_value for related documentation on the necessity of this method.
+	 */
+	public function set_field_or_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value)
+	{
+		if ($this->_model->has_field($field_name)) {
+			$this->set($field_name, $field_value);
+			return true;
+		}
+		// ensure this object is saved first so that extra meta can be properly related.
+		$this->save();
+		return $this->update_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Saves this object to the database. An array may be supplied to set some values on this
+	 * object just before saving.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $set_cols_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values,
+	 *                                 if provided during the save() method
+	 *                                 (often client code will change the fields' values before calling save)
+	 * @return int                     1 on a successful update or the ID of the new entry on insert;
+	 *                                 0 on failure or if the model object isn't allowed to persist
+	 *                                 (as determined by EE_Base_Class::allow_persist())
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function save($set_cols_n_values = [])
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields we're about to save on the model object
+		 *
+		 * @param array         $set_cols_n_values
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object
+		 */
+		$set_cols_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__set_cols_n_values',
+			$set_cols_n_values,
+			$this
+		);
+		// set attributes as provided in $set_cols_n_values
+		foreach ($set_cols_n_values as $column => $value) {
+			$this->set($column, $value);
+		}
+		// no changes ? then don't do anything
+		if (! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Saving a model object.
+		 * Before we perform a save, this action is fired.
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object the model object about to be saved.
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__begin', $this);
+		if (! $this->allow_persist()) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		// now get current attribute values
+		$save_cols_n_values = $this->_fields;
+		// if the object already has an ID, update it. Otherwise, insert it
+		// also: change the assumption about values passed to the model NOT being prepare dby the model object.
+		// They have been
+		$old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation = $this->_model
+			->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
+		$this->_model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
+		// does this model have an autoincrement PK?
+		if ($this->_model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if ($this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+				// ok check if it's set, if so: update; if not, insert
+				if (! empty($save_cols_n_values[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ])) {
+					$results = $this->_model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
+				} else {
+					unset($save_cols_n_values[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ]);
+					$results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
+					if ($results) {
+						// if successful, set the primary key
+						// but don't use the normal SET method, because it will check if
+						// an item with the same ID exists in the mapper & db, then
+						// will find it in the db (because we just added it) and THAT object
+						// will get added to the mapper before we can add this one!
+						// but if we just avoid using the SET method, all that headache can be avoided
+						$pk_field_name                   = $this->_model->primary_key_name();
+						$this->_fields[ $pk_field_name ] = $results;
+						$this->_clear_cached_property($pk_field_name);
+						$this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
+						$this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// PK is NOT auto-increment
+				// so check if one like it already exists in the db
+				if ($this->_model->exists_by_ID($this->ID())) {
+					if (WP_DEBUG && ! $this->in_entity_map()) {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									'Using a model object %1$s that is NOT in the entity map, can lead to unexpected errors. You should either: %4$s 1. Put it in the entity mapper by calling %2$s %4$s 2. Discard this model object and use what is in the entity mapper %4$s 3. Fetch from the database using %3$s',
+									'event_espresso'
+								),
+								get_class($this),
+								get_class($this->_model) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+								get_class($this->_model) . '::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
+								'<br />'
+							)
+						);
+					}
+					$results = $this->_model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
+				} else {
+					$results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
+					$this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			// there is NO primary key
+			$already_in_db = false;
+			foreach ($this->_model->unique_indexes() as $index) {
+				$uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($save_cols_n_values, $index->fields());
+				if ($this->_model->exists([$uniqueness_where_params])) {
+					$already_in_db = true;
+				}
+			}
+			if ($already_in_db) {
+				$combined_pk_fields_n_values = array_intersect_key(
+					$save_cols_n_values,
+					$this->_model->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+				);
+				$results                     = $this->_model->update(
+					$save_cols_n_values,
+					$combined_pk_fields_n_values
+				);
+			} else {
+				$results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
+			}
+		}
+		// restore the old assumption about values being prepared by the model object
+		$this->_model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
+			$old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation
+		);
+		/**
+		 * After saving the model object this action is called
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object which was just saved
+		 * @param boolean|int   $results      if it were updated, TRUE or FALSE; if it were newly inserted
+		 *                                    the new ID (or 0 if an error occurred and it wasn't updated)
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__end', $this, $results);
+		$this->_has_changes = false;
+		return $results;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Similar to insert_post_meta, adds a record in the Extra_Meta model's table with the given key and value.
+	 * A $previous_value can be specified in case there are many meta rows with the same key
+	 *
+	 * @param string $meta_key
+	 * @param mixed  $meta_value
+	 * @param mixed  $previous_value
+	 * @return bool|int # of records updated (or BOOLEAN if we actually ended up inserting the extra meta row)
+	 *                  NOTE: if the values haven't changed, returns 0
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value, $previous_value = null)
+	{
+		$query_params = [
+			[
+				'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
+				'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
+				'EXM_type' => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+			],
+		];
+		if ($previous_value !== null) {
+			$query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
+		}
+		$existing_rows_like_that = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_all($query_params);
+		if (! $existing_rows_like_that) {
+			return $this->add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value);
+		}
+		foreach ($existing_rows_like_that as $existing_row) {
+			$existing_row->save(['EXM_value' => $meta_value]);
+		}
+		return count($existing_rows_like_that);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets whether or not this model object is allowed to persist/be saved to the database.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function allow_persist()
+	{
+		return $this->_allow_persist;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the foreign key on related models objects pointing to this to have this model object's ID
+	 * as their foreign key.  If the cached related model objects already exist in the db, saves them (so that the DB
+	 * is consistent) Especially useful in case we JUST added this model object ot the database and we want to let its
+	 * cached relations with foreign keys to it know about that change. Eg: we've created a transaction but haven't
+	 * saved it to the db. We also create a registration and don't save it to the DB, but we DO cache it on the
+	 * transaction. Now, when we save the transaction, the registration's TXN_ID will be automatically updated, whether
+	 * or not they exist in the DB (if they do, their DB records will be automatically updated)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _update_cached_related_model_objs_fks()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Has_Many_Relation) {
+				foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $related_model_obj_in_cache) {
+					$fk_to_this = $related_model_obj_in_cache->get_model()->get_foreign_key_to(
+						$this->_model->get_this_model_name()
+					);
+					$related_model_obj_in_cache->set($fk_to_this->get_name(), $this->ID());
+					if ($related_model_obj_in_cache->ID()) {
+						$related_model_obj_in_cache->save();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * in_entity_map
+	 * Checks if this model object has been proven to already be in the entity map
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function in_entity_map()
+	{
+		// well, if we looked, did we find it in the entity map?
+		return $this->ID() && $this->_model->get_from_entity_map($this->ID()) === $this;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a new extra meta record. If $unique is set to TRUE, we'll first double-check
+	 * no other extra meta for this model object have the same key. Returns TRUE if the
+	 * extra meta row was entered, false if not
+	 *
+	 * @param string  $meta_key
+	 * @param mixed   $meta_value
+	 * @param boolean $unique
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false)
+	{
+		if ($unique) {
+			$existing_extra_meta = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_one(
+				[
+					[
+						'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
+						'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
+						'EXM_type' => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+					],
+				]
+			);
+			if ($existing_extra_meta) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		$new_extra_meta = EE_Extra_Meta::new_instance(
+			[
+				'EXM_key'   => $meta_key,
+				'EXM_value' => $meta_value,
+				'OBJ_ID'    => $this->ID(),
+				'EXM_type'  => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+			]
+		);
+		$new_extra_meta->save();
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
+	 * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[] NOT necessarily indexed by primary keys
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_from_cache($relationName)
+	{
+		$objects = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] : [];
+		// if the result is not an array, but exists, make it an array
+		$objects = is_array($objects) ? $objects : [$objects];
+		// bugfix for https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/7143
+		// basically, if this model object was stored in the session, and these cached model objects
+		// already have IDs, let's make sure they're in their model's entity mapper
+		// otherwise we will have duplicates next time we call
+		// EE_Registry::instance()->load_model( $relationName )->get_one_by_ID( $result->ID() );
+		$related_model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($relationName);
+		foreach ($objects as $model_object) {
+			if ($related_model instanceof EEM_Base && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				// ensure its in the map if it has an ID; otherwise it will be added to the map when its saved
+				if ($model_object->ID()) {
+					$related_model->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
+				}
+			} else {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Error retrieving related model objects. Either $1%s is not a model or $2%s is not a model object',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$relationName,
+						gettype($model_object)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This retrieves the value of the db column set on this class or if that's not present
+	 * it will attempt to retrieve from extra_meta if found.
+	 * Example Usage:
+	 * Via EE_Message child class:
+	 * Due to the dynamic nature of the EE_messages system, EE_messengers will always have a "to",
+	 * "from", "subject", and "content" field (as represented in the EE_Message schema), however they may
+	 * also have additional main fields specific to the messenger.  The system accommodates those extra
+	 * fields through the EE_Extra_Meta table.  This method allows for EE_messengers to retrieve the
+	 * value for those extra fields dynamically via the EE_message object.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name expecting the fully qualified field name.
+	 * @return mixed|null  value for the field if found.  null if not found.
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_or_extra_meta($field_name)
+	{
+		// if this isn't a column in the main table, then see if it is in the extra meta.
+		return $this->_model->has_field($field_name)
+			? $this->get($field_name)
+			: $this->get_extra_meta($field_name, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the extra meta with the given meta key. If you specify "single" we just return 1, otherwise
+	 * an array of everything found. Requires that this model actually have a relation of type EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation.
+	 * You can specify $default is case you haven't found the extra meta
+	 *
+	 * @param string  $meta_key
+	 * @param boolean $single
+	 * @param mixed   $default if we don't find anything, what should we return?
+	 * @return mixed single value if $single; array if ! $single
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_extra_meta($meta_key, $single = false, $default = null)
+	{
+		if ($single) {
+			$result = $this->get_first_related(
+				'Extra_Meta',
+				[['EXM_key' => $meta_key]]
+			);
+			if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+				return $result->value();
+			}
+		} else {
+			$results = $this->get_many_related(
+				'Extra_Meta',
+				[['EXM_key' => $meta_key]]
+			);
+			if ($results) {
+				$values = [];
+				foreach ($results as $result) {
+					if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+						$values[ $result->ID() ] = $result->value();
+					}
+				}
+				return $values;
+			}
+		}
+		// if nothing discovered yet return default.
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__get_extra_meta__default_value',
+			$default,
+			$meta_key,
+			$single,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the first (ie, one) related model object of the specified type.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class (not an array, a single object)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_first_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_relation = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		if (! $this->ID()) {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB,
+			// but maybe the relation type is "belongs to" and the related object might
+			if ($model_relation instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				return $this->_model->get_first_related(
+					$this,
+					$relationName,
+					$query_params
+				);
+			}
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB and apparently the thing it belongs to doesn't either,
+			// just get what's cached on this object
+			return $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
+		}
+		// this exists in the DB, get from the cache OR the DB
+		// if they've provided some query parameters, don't bother trying to cache the result
+		// also make sure we're not caching the result of get_first_related
+		// on a relation which should have an array of objects (because the cache might have an array of objects)
+		if (
+			$query_params
+			|| ! $model_relation instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation
+		) {
+			return $this->_model->get_first_related(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$query_params
+			);
+		}
+		// check if we've already cached the result of this query
+		$cached_result = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
+		if ($cached_result) {
+			return $cached_result;
+		}
+		$related_model_object = $this->_model->get_first_related(
+			$this,
+			$relationName,
+			$query_params
+		);
+		$this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
+		return $related_model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the related model objects of the specified type. Eg, if the current class if
+	 * EE_Event, you could call $this->get_many_related('Registration') to get an array of all the
+	 * EE_Registration objects which related to this event. Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
+	 * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]     Results not necessarily indexed by IDs, because some results might not have primary
+	 *                             keys or might not be saved yet. Consider using EEM_Base::get_IDs() on these
+	 *                             results if you want IDs
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_many_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! $this->ID()) {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB, so just get the related things from the cache
+			return $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
+		}
+		// this exists in the DB, so get the related things from either the cache or the DB
+		// if there are query parameters, forget about caching the related model objects.
+		if ($query_params) {
+			return $this->_model->get_all_related(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$query_params
+			);
+		}
+		// did we already cache the result of this query?
+		$cached_results = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
+		if ($cached_results) {
+			return $cached_results;
+		}
+		$related_model_objects = $this->_model->get_all_related(
+			$this,
+			$relationName,
+			$query_params
+		);
+		// if no query parameters were passed, then we got all the related model objects
+		// for that relation. We can cache them then.
+		foreach ($related_model_objects as $related_model_object) {
+			$this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
+		}
+		return $related_model_objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
+	 * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function get_one_from_cache($relationName)
+	{
+		$cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
+			? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
+			: null;
+		if (is_array($cached_array_or_object)) {
+			return array_shift($cached_array_or_object);
+		}
+		return $cached_array_or_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * cache
+	 * stores the passed model object on the current model object.
+	 * In certain circumstances, we can use this cached model object instead of querying for another one entirely.
+	 *
+	 * @param string        $relationName    one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model. Eg
+	 *                                       'Registration' associated with this model object
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $object_to_cache that has a relation to this model object. (Eg, if this is a Transaction,
+	 *                                       that could be a payment or a registration)
+	 * @param null          $cache_id        a string or number that will be used as the key for any Belongs_To_Many
+	 *                                       items which will be stored in an array on this object
+	 * @return mixed    index into cache, or just TRUE if the relation is of type Belongs_To (because there's only one
+	 *                                       related thing, no array)
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function cache($relationName = '', $object_to_cache = null, $cache_id = null)
+	{
+		// its entirely possible that there IS no related object yet in which case there is nothing to cache.
+		if (! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// also get "how" the object is related, or throw an error
+		if (! $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot cache it', 'event_espresso'),
+					$relationName,
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// how many things are related ?
+		if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+			// if it's a "belongs to" relationship, then there's only one related model object
+			// eg, if this is a registration, there's only 1 attendee for it
+			// so for these model objects just set it to be cached
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $object_to_cache;
+			return true;
+		}
+		// otherwise, this is the "many" side of a one to many relationship,
+		// so we'll add the object to the array of related objects for that type.
+		// eg: if this is an event, there are many registrations for that event,
+		// so we cache the registrations in an array
+		if (! is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])) {
+			// if for some reason, the cached item is a model object,
+			// then stick that in the array, otherwise start with an empty array
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] instanceof EE_Base_Class
+				? [$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]]
+				: [];
+		}
+		// first check for a cache_id which is normally empty
+		if (! empty($cache_id)) {
+			// if the cache_id exists, then it means we are purposely trying to cache this
+			// with a known key that can then be used to retrieve the object later on
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $cache_id ] = $object_to_cache;
+			return $cache_id;
+		}
+		if ($object_to_cache->ID()) {
+			// OR the cached object originally came from the db, so let's just use it's PK for an ID
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $object_to_cache->ID() ] = $object_to_cache;
+			return $object_to_cache->ID();
+		}
+		// OR it's a new object with no ID, so just throw it in the array with an auto-incremented ID
+		$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][] = $object_to_cache;
+		// move the internal pointer to the end of the array
+		end($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+		// and grab the key so that we can return it
+		return key($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
+	 *
+	 * @return string timezone string
+	 */
+	public function get_timezone()
+	{
+		return $this->_timezone;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * See $_timezone property for description of what the timezone property is for.  This SETS the timezone internally
+	 * for being able to reference what timezone we are running conversions on when converting TO the internal timezone
+	 * (UTC Unix Timestamp) for the object OR when converting FROM the internal timezone (UTC Unix Timestamp). This is
+	 * available to all child classes that may be using the EE_Datetime_Field for a field data type.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $timezone A valid timezone string as described by @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function set_timezone($timezone = '')
+	{
+		// don't set the timezone if the incoming value is the same
+		if (! empty($timezone) && $timezone === $this->_timezone) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
+		// make sure we clear all cached properties because they won't be relevant now
+		$this->_clear_cached_properties();
+		// make sure we update field settings and the date for all EE_Datetime_Fields
+		$model_fields = $this->_model->field_settings();
+		foreach ($model_fields as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+				$field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+				if (isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime) {
+					EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[ $field_name ], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the current internal set format for the date and time formats.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $full           if true (default), then return the full format.  Otherwise will return an array
+	 *                             where the first value is the date format and the second value is the time format.
+	 * @return mixed string|array
+	 */
+	public function get_format($full = true)
+	{
+		return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : [$this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * update_cache_after_object_save
+	 * Allows a cached item to have it's cache ID (within the array of cached items) reset using the new ID it has
+	 * obtained after being saved to the db
+	 *
+	 * @param string        $relationName       - the type of object that is cached
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object - the newly saved object to be re-cached
+	 * @param string        $current_cache_id   - the ID that was used when originally caching the object
+	 * @return boolean TRUE on success, FALSE on fail
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function update_cache_after_object_save(
+		$relationName,
+		EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object,
+		$current_cache_id = ''
+	) {
+		// verify that incoming object is of the correct type
+		$obj_class = 'EE_' . $relationName;
+		if (! $newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		/* @type EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object */
+		// now get the type of relation
+		$relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		// if this is a 1:1 relationship
+		if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+			// then just replace the cached object with the newly saved object
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $newly_saved_object;
+			return true;
+		}
+		// or if it's some kind of sordid feral polyamorous relationship...
+		if (
+			is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
+			&& isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ])
+		) {
+			// then remove the current cached item
+			unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ]);
+			// and cache the newly saved object using it's new ID
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $newly_saved_object->ID() ] = $newly_saved_object;
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function next_x($field_to_order_by = null, $limit = 1, $query_params = [], $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_model->next_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function previous_x(
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_model->previous_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function next($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = [], $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_model->next($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an EE_Base_Class object is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the column you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function previous($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = [], $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$field         = empty($field_to_order_by) && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_model->previous($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is used to return the internal DateTime object used for a field that is a
+	 * EE_Datetime_Field.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name               The field name retrieving the DateTime object.
+	 * @return mixed null | false | DateTime  If the requested field is NOT a EE_Datetime_Field then
+	 * @throws EE_Error an error is set and false returned.  If the field IS an
+	 *                                         EE_Datetime_Field and but the field value is null, then
+	 *                                         just null is returned (because that indicates that likely
+	 *                                         this field is nullable).
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function get_DateTime_object($field_name)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The field %s is not an EE_Datetime_Field field.  There is no DateTime object stored on this field type.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$field_name
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+			? clone $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * NOTE ABOUT BELOW:
+	 * These convenience date and time setters are for setting date and time independently.  In other words you might
+	 * want to change the time on a datetime_field but leave the date the same (or vice versa). IF on the other hand
+	 * you want to set both date and time at the same time, you can just use the models default set($field_name,$value)
+	 * method and make sure you send the entire datetime value for setting.
+	 */
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Exactly like e(), echoes out the field, but sets its schema to 'form_input', so that it
+	 * can be easily used as the value of form input.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function f($field_name)
+	{
+		$this->e($field_name, 'form_input');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * To be used in template to immediately echo out the value, and format it for output.
+	 * Eg, should call stripslashes and whatnot before echoing
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name      the name of the field as it appears in the DB
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		echo $this->get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a pretty view of the field's value. $extra_cache_ref can specify different formats for this.
+	 * The $extra_cache_ref will be passed to the model field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing, so consult the field's class
+	 * to see what options are available.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, true, $extra_cache_ref);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Same as `f()` but just returns the value instead of echoing it
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_f($field_name)
+	{
+		return (string) $this->get_pretty($field_name, 'form_input');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the date
+	 * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
+	 * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
+	 * @param string $format     format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
+	 * @return string            datetime value formatted
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_date($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply returns the datetime for the given field name
+	 * Note: this protected function is called by the wrapper get_date or get_time or get_datetime functions
+	 * (and the equivalent e_date, e_time, e_datetime).
+	 *
+	 * @param string  $field_name    Field on the instantiated EE_Base_Class child object
+	 * @param string  $date_format   valid datetime format used for date
+	 *                               (if '' then we just use the default on the field,
+	 *                               if NULL we use the last-used format)
+	 * @param string  $time_format   Same as above except this is for time format
+	 * @param string  $date_or_time  if NULL then both are returned, otherwise "D" = only date and "T" = only time.
+	 * @param boolean $echo          Whether the dtt is echoing using pretty echoing or just returned using vanilla get
+	 * @return string|bool|EE_Error string on success, FALSE on fail, or EE_Error Exception is thrown
+	 *                               if field is not a valid dtt field, or void if echoing
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_datetime(
+		$field_name,
+		$date_format = '',
+		$time_format = '',
+		$date_or_time = '',
+		$echo = false
+	) {
+		// clear cached property
+		$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+		// reset format properties because they are used in get()
+		$this->_dt_frmt = $date_format !== '' ? $date_format : $this->_dt_frmt;
+		$this->_tm_frmt = $time_format !== '' ? $time_format : $this->_tm_frmt;
+		if ($echo) {
+			$this->e($field_name, $date_or_time);
+			return '';
+		}
+		return $this->get($field_name, $date_or_time);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param        $field_name
+	 * @param string $format
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_date($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		$this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D', true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the time
+	 * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
+	 * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
+	 * @param string $format     format for the time returned ( if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
+	 * @return string             datetime value formatted
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_time($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param        $field_name
+	 * @param string $format
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_time($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		$this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T', true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for returning the date AND
+	 * time portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
+	 * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name  name of model object datetime field holding the value
+	 * @param string $date_format format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
+	 * @param string $time_format format for the time returned (if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
+	 * @return string             datetime value formatted
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param string $date_format
+	 * @param string $time_format
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
+	{
+		$this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format, null, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the i8ln value for a date using the WordPress
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name The EE_Datetime_Field reference for the date being retrieved.
+	 * @param string $format     PHP valid date/time string format.
+	 *                           If none is provided then the internal set format on the object will be used.
+	 * @return string Date and time string in set locale or false if no field exists for the given
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 *                           field name.
+	 * @see date_i18n function.
+	 */
+	public function get_i18n_datetime($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		$format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : $format;
+		return date_i18n(
+			$format,
+			EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timestamp_with_offset(
+				$this->get_raw($field_name),
+				$this->_timezone
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method simply returns the RAW unprocessed value for the given property in this class
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name A valid field name
+	 * @return mixed              Whatever the raw value stored on the property is.
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error if fieldSettings is misconfigured or the field doesn't exist.
+	 */
+	public function get_raw($field_name)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+			? $this->_fields[ $field_name ]->format('U')
+			: $this->_fields[ $field_name ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will return a timestamp for the website timezone
+	 * but ONLY when the current website timezone is different
+	 * than the timezone set for the website.
+	 * NOTE, this currently only works well with methods that return values.
+	 * If you use it with methods that echo values
+	 * the $_timestamp property may not get reset to its original value
+	 * and that could lead to some unexpected results!
+	 *
+	 * @param string       $field_name  This is the name of the field on the object that contains the date/time
+	 *                                  value being returned.
+	 * @param string       $callback    must match a valid method in this class (defaults to get_datetime)
+	 * @param array|string $args        This is the arguments that will be passed to the callback.
+	 * @param string       $prepend     You can include something to prepend on the timestamp
+	 * @param string       $append      You can include something to append on the timestamp
+	 * @return string timestamp
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function display_in_my_timezone(
+		$field_name,
+		$callback = 'get_datetime',
+		$args = null,
+		$prepend = '',
+		$append = ''
+	) {
+		$timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
+		if ($timezone === $this->_timezone) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		$original_timezone = $this->_timezone;
+		$this->set_timezone($timezone);
+		$fn   = (array) $field_name;
+		$args = array_merge($fn, (array) $args);
+		if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The method named "%s" given as the callback param in "display_in_my_timezone" does not exist.  Please check your spelling',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$callback
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$args   = (array) $args;
+		$return = $prepend . call_user_func_array([$this, $callback], $args) . $append;
+		$this->set_timezone($original_timezone);
+		return $return;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes this model object.
+	 * This calls the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method.  Child classes wishing to change default behaviour should
+	 * override
+	 * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` NOT this class.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean | int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete()
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Called just before the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
+		 * Note:
+		 * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
+		 * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
+		 * For example, `EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class::_delete`
+		 * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__before', $this);
+		$result = $this->_delete();
+		/**
+		 * Called just after the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
+		 * Note:
+		 * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
+		 * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
+		 * For example `EE_Soft_Base_Class::_delete`
+		 * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
+		 * @param boolean       $result
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__end', $this, $result);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls the specific delete method for the instantiated class.
+	 * This method is called by the public `EE_Base_Class::delete` method.  Any child classes desiring to override
+	 * default functionality for "delete" (which is to call `permanently_delete`) should override this method NOT
+	 * `EE_Base_Class::delete`
+	 *
+	 * @return bool|int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _delete()
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes this model object permanently from db
+	 * (but keep in mind related models may block the delete and return an error)
+	 *
+	 * @return bool | int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently()
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Called just before HARD deleting a model object
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__before', $this);
+		$result = $this->_model->delete_permanently_by_ID($this->ID());
+		$this->refresh_cache_of_related_objects();
+		/**
+		 * Called just after HARD deleting a model object
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
+		 * @param boolean       $result
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__end', $this, $result);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * When this model object is deleted, it may still be cached on related model objects. This clears the cache of
+	 * related model objects
+	 *
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function refresh_cache_of_related_objects()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if (! empty($this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+				$related_objects = $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ];
+				if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// this relation only stores a single model object, not an array
+					// but let's make it consistent
+					$related_objects = [$related_objects];
+				}
+				foreach ($related_objects as $related_object) {
+					// only refresh their cache if they're in memory
+					if ($related_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+						$related_object->clear_cache(
+							$this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+							$this
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Forgets the cached model of the given relation Name. So the next time we request it,
+	 * we will fetch it again from the database. (Handy if you know it's changed somehow).
+	 * If a specific object is supplied, and the relationship to it is either a HasMany or HABTM,
+	 * then only remove that one object from our cached array. Otherwise, clear the entire list
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName                         one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model.
+	 *                                                     Eg 'Registration'
+	 * @param mixed  $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array or an index into the array of cached things, or NULL
+	 *                                                     if you intend to use $clear_all = TRUE, or the relation only
+	 *                                                     has 1 object anyways (ie, it's a BelongsToRelation)
+	 * @param bool   $clear_all                            This flags clearing the entire cache relation property if
+	 *                                                     this is HasMany or HABTM.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class | boolean from which was cleared from the cache, or true if we requested to remove a
+	 *                                                     relation from all
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function clear_cache($relationName, $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array = null, $clear_all = false)
+	{
+		$relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		$index_in_cache        = '';
+		if (! $relationship_to_model) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot clear that cache', 'event_espresso'),
+					$relationName,
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($clear_all) {
+			$obj_removed                             = true;
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+		} elseif ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+			$obj_removed                             = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+		} else {
+			if (
+				$object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class
+				&& $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
+			) {
+				$index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID();
+				if (
+					is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
+					&& ! isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])
+				) {
+					$index_found_at = null;
+					// find this object in the array even though it has a different key
+					foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $index => $obj) {
+						/** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
+						if (
+							$obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
+							&& (
+								$obj == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array
+								|| $obj->ID() === $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
+							)
+						) {
+							$index_found_at = $index;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					if ($index_found_at) {
+						$index_in_cache = $index_found_at;
+					} else {
+						// it wasn't found. huh. well obviously it doesn't need to be removed from teh cache
+						// if it wasn't in it to begin with. So we're done
+						return $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
+					}
+				}
+			} elseif ($object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				// so they provided a model object, but it's not yet saved to the DB... so let's go hunting for it!
+				foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName) as $index => $potentially_obj_we_want) {
+					/** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
+					if ($potentially_obj_we_want == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array) {
+						$index_in_cache = $index;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				$index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
+			}
+			// supposedly we've found it. But it could just be that the client code
+			// provided a bad index/object
+			if (isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])) {
+				$obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ];
+				unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ]);
+			} else {
+				// that thing was never cached anyways.
+				$obj_removed = null;
+			}
+		}
+		return $obj_removed;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Saves this model object and its NEW cached relations to the database.
+	 * (Meaning, for now, IT DOES NOT WORK if the cached items already exist in the DB.
+	 * In order for that to work, we would need to mark model objects as dirty/clean...
+	 * because otherwise, there's a potential for infinite looping of saving
+	 * Saves the cached related model objects, and ensures the relation between them
+	 * and this object and properly setup
+	 *
+	 * @return int ID of new model object on save; 0 on failure+
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function save_new_cached_related_model_objs()
+	{
+		// make sure this has been saved
+		if (! $this->ID()) {
+			$id = $this->save();
+		} else {
+			$id = $this->ID();
+		}
+		// now save all the NEW cached model objects  (ie they don't exist in the DB)
+		foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relationName => $relationObj) {
+			if ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) {
+				// is this a relation where we should expect just ONE related object (ie, EE_Belongs_To_relation)
+				// or MANY related objects (ie, EE_HABTM_Relation or EE_Has_Many_Relation)?
+				/* @var $related_model_obj EE_Base_Class */
+				if ($relationObj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
+					// but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
+					$related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
+					// if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
+					$this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
+					$related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
+					// }
+				} else {
+					foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $related_model_obj) {
+						// add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
+						// but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
+						// if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
+						$this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
+						$related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
+						// }
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationship's name. Eg, if the current
+	 * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Event', and should be a key in the EE
+	 * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just caches the related thing
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID       EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object
+	 * @param string $relationName                     eg 'Events','Question',etc.
+	 *                                                 an attendee to a group, you also want to specify which role they
+	 *                                                 will have in that group. So you would use this parameter to
+	 *                                                 specify array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
+	 * @param array  $extra_join_model_fields_n_values You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that
+	 *                                                 allow you to further constrict the relation to being added.
+	 *                                                 However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a
+	 *                                                 column on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models
+	 *                                                 accept these additional conditions.  Also remember that if an
+	 *                                                 exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then a
+	 *                                                 NEW row is created in the join table.
+	 * @param null   $cache_id
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class the object the relation was added to
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _add_relation_to(
+		$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+		$relationName,
+		$extra_join_model_fields_n_values = [],
+		$cache_id = null
+	) {
+		// if this thing exists in the DB, save the relation to the DB
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			$otherObject = $this->_model->add_relationship_to(
+				$this,
+				$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+				$relationName,
+				$extra_join_model_fields_n_values
+			);
+			// clear cache so future get_many_related and get_first_related() return new results.
+			$this->clear_cache($relationName, $otherObject, true);
+			if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				$otherObject->clear_cache($this->_model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
+			}
+		} else {
+			// this thing doesn't exist in the DB,  so just cache it
+			if (! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Before a model object is saved to the database, calls to _add_relation_to must be passed an actual object, not just an ID. You provided %s as the model object to a %s',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+						get_class($this)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$otherObject = $otherObjectModelObjectOrID;
+			$this->cache($relationName, $otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $cache_id);
+		}
+		if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			// fix the reciprocal relation too
+			if ($otherObject->ID()) {
+				// its saved so assumed relations exist in the DB, so we can just
+				// clear the cache so future queries use the updated info in the DB
+				$otherObject->clear_cache(
+					$this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+					null,
+					true
+				);
+			} else {
+				// it's not saved, so it caches relations like this
+				$otherObject->cache($this->_model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
+			}
+		}
+		return $otherObject;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationships' name. Eg, if the current
+	 * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Events', and should be a key in the EE
+	 * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just removes the related thing
+	 * from the cache
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID
+	 *                EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object, OR an array key into the cache if this isn't saved
+	 *                to the DB yet
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $where_query
+	 *                You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that allow you to further constrict the
+	 *                relation to being added. However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a column
+	 *                on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models accept these additional conditions. Also
+	 *                remember that if an exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then no row is
+	 *                deleted.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class the relation was removed from
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _remove_relation_to($otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $relationName, $where_query = [])
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			// if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
+			$otherObject = $this->_model->remove_relationship_to(
+				$this,
+				$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+				$relationName,
+				$where_query
+			);
+			$this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				$otherObject
+			);
+		} else {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
+			$otherObject = $this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				$otherObjectModelObjectOrID
+			);
+		}
+		if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$otherObject->clear_cache(
+				$this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+				$this
+			);
+		}
+		return $otherObject;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes ALL the related things for the $relationName.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $where_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 */
+	public function _remove_relations($relationName, $where_query_params = [])
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			// if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
+			$otherObjects = $this->_model->remove_relations(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$where_query_params
+			);
+			$this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				null,
+				true
+			);
+		} else {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
+			$otherObjects = $this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				null,
+				true
+			);
+		}
+		if (is_array($otherObjects)) {
+			foreach ($otherObjects as $otherObject) {
+				$otherObject->clear_cache(
+					$this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+					$this
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $otherObjects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
+	 * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name  model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @param string $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
+	 *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function count_related($relation_name, $query_params = [], $field_to_count = null, $distinct = false)
+	{
+		return $this->_model->count_related(
+			$this,
+			$relation_name,
+			$query_params,
+			$field_to_count,
+			$distinct
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
+	 * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @param string $field_to_sum  name of field to count by.
+	 *                              By default, uses primary key
+	 *                              (which doesn't make much sense, so you should probably change it)
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function sum_related($relation_name, $query_params = [], $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_model->sum_related(
+			$this,
+			$relation_name,
+			$query_params,
+			$field_to_sum
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Does a delete on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
+	 * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
+	 * of blocking related model objects) does nothing. If the related model objects are
+	 * soft-deletable, they will be soft-deleted regardless of related blocking model objects.
+	 * If this model object doesn't exist yet in the DB, just removes its related things
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function delete_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			$count = $this->_model->delete_related(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$query_params
+			);
+		} else {
+			$count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
+			$this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
+		}
+		return $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Does a hard delete (ie, removes the DB row) on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
+	 * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
+	 * of blocking related model objects) just does a soft delete on it instead, if possible.
+	 * If the related thing isn't a soft-deletable model object, this function is identical
+	 * to delete_related(). If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just remove its related things
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted (including those soft deleted)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function delete_related_permanently($relationName, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			$count = $this->_model->delete_related_permanently(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$query_params
+			);
+		} else {
+			$count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
+		}
+		$this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
+		return $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * is_set
+	 * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property exists
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name property to check
+	 * @return bool              TRUE if existing, FALSE if not.
+	 */
+	public function is_set($field_name)
+	{
+		return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_Base_Class.
+	 * If a method is called on a child of EE_Base_Class that doesn't exist, this function is called
+	 * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments.
+	 * Instead of requiring a plugin to extend the EE_Base_Class
+	 * (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that happen?)
+	 * they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}'
+	 * (eg, filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function)
+	 * and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function was called,
+	 * and an array of the original arguments passed to the function.
+	 * Whatever their callback function returns will be returned by this function.
+	 * Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
+	 *      add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3);
+	 *      function my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class $object,$argsArray){
+	 *          $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
+	 *          return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
+	 *      }
+	 * require('EE_Answer.class.php');
+	 * $answer= EE_Answer::new_instance(array('REG_ID' => 2,'QST_ID' => 3,'ANS_value' => The answer is 42'));
+	 * echo $answer->my_callback('monkeys',100);
+	 * //will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
+	 *
+	 * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_Base_Class, but which
+	 * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
+	 * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function __call($methodName, $args)
+	{
+		$className = get_class($this);
+		$tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
+		if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Method %s on class %s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: add_filter('%s','my_callback',10,3);function my_callback(\$previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class \$object, \$argsArray){/*function body*/return \$whatever;}",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$methodName,
+					$className,
+					$tagName
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes all the extra meta rows for this record as specified by key. If $meta_value
+	 * is specified, only deletes extra meta records with that value.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $meta_key
+	 * @param mixed  $meta_value
+	 * @return int number of extra meta rows deleted
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value = null)
+	{
+		$query_params = [
+			[
+				'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
+				'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
+				'EXM_type' => $this->_model->get_this_model_name(),
+			],
+		];
+		if ($meta_value !== null) {
+			$query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
+		}
+		return EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a simple array of all the extra meta associated with this model object.
+	 * If $one_of_each_key is true (Default), it will be an array of simple key-value pairs, keys being the
+	 * extra meta's key, and teh value being its value. However, if there are duplicate extra meta rows with
+	 * the same key, only one will be used. (eg array('foo'=>'bar','monkey'=>123))
+	 * If $one_of_each_key is false, it will return an array with the top-level keys being
+	 * the extra meta keys, but their values are also arrays, which have the extra-meta's ID as their sub-key, and
+	 * finally the extra meta's value as each sub-value. (eg
+	 * array('foo'=>array(1=>'bar',2=>'bill'),'monkey'=>array(3=>123)))
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $one_of_each_key
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function all_extra_meta_array($one_of_each_key = true)
+	{
+		$return_array = [];
+		if ($one_of_each_key) {
+			$extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related(
+				'Extra_Meta',
+				['group_by' => 'EXM_key']
+			);
+			foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
+				if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+					$return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			$extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta');
+			foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
+				if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+					if (! isset($return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ])) {
+						$return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = [];
+					}
+					$return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ][ $extra_meta_obj->ID() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $return_array;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_from_db
+	 * Makes sure the fields and values on this model object are in-sync with what's in the database.
+	 *
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error if this model object isn't in the entity mapper (because then you should
+	 * just use what's in the entity mapper and refresh it) and WP_DEBUG is TRUE
+	 */
+	public function refresh_from_db()
+	{
+		if ($this->ID() && $this->in_entity_map()) {
+			$this->_model->refresh_entity_map_from_db($this->ID());
+		} else {
+			// if it doesn't have ID, you shouldn't be asking to refresh it from teh database (because its not in the database)
+			// if it has an ID but it's not in the map, and you're asking me to refresh it
+			// that's kinda dangerous. You should just use what's in the entity map, or add this to the entity map if there's
+			// absolutely nothing in it for this ID
+			if (WP_DEBUG) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Trying to refresh a model object with ID "%1$s" that\'s not in the entity map? First off: you should put it in the entity map by calling %2$s. Second off, if you want what\'s in the database right now, you should just call %3$s yourself and discard this model object.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$this->ID(),
+						get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+						get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Nudges $field_name's value by $quantity, without any conditionals (in comparison to bumpConditionally()).
+	 * Does not allow negative values, however.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $fields_n_quantities keys are the field names, and values are the amount by which to bump them
+	 *                                   (positive or negative). One important gotcha: all these values must be
+	 *                                   on the same table (eg don't pass in one field for the posts table and
+	 *                                   another for the event meta table.)
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.9.80.p
+	 */
+	public function adjustNumericFieldsInDb(array $fields_n_quantities)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (empty($fields_n_quantities)) {
+			// No fields to update? Well sure, we updated them to that value just fine.
+			return true;
+		}
+		$fields             = [];
+		$set_sql_statements = [];
+		foreach ($fields_n_quantities as $field_name => $quantity) {
+			$field       = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+			$fields[]    = $field;
+			$column_name = $field->get_table_column();
+
+			$abs_qty = absint($quantity);
+			if ($quantity > 0) {
+				// don't let the value be negative as often these fields are unsigned
+				$set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
+					"`{$column_name}` = `{$column_name}` + %d",
+					$abs_qty
+				);
+			} else {
+				$set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
+					"`{$column_name}` = CASE
                        WHEN (`{$column_name}` >= %d)
                        THEN `{$column_name}` - %d
                        ELSE 0
                     END",
-                    $abs_qty,
-                    $abs_qty
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
-            $fields,
-            implode(', ', $set_sql_statements)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Change $fields' values to $new_value_sql (which is a string of raw SQL)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $fields
-     * @param string                $new_value_sql
-     *          example: 'column_name=123',
-     *          or 'column_name=column_name+1',
-     *          or 'column_name= CASE
-     *          WHEN (`column_name` + `other_column` + 5) <= `yet_another_column`
-     *          THEN `column_name` + 5
-     *          ELSE `column_name`
-     *          END'
-     *          Also updates $field on this model object with the latest value from the database.
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.9.80.p
-     */
-    protected function updateFieldsInDB($fields, $new_value_sql)
-    {
-        // First make sure this model object actually exists in the DB. It would be silly to try to update it in the DB
-        // if it wasn't even there to start off.
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
-            $this->save();
-        }
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (empty($fields)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed an empty array of fields.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $first_field = reset($fields);
-        $table_alias = $first_field->get_table_alias();
-        foreach ($fields as $field) {
-            if ($table_alias !== $field->get_table_alias()) {
-                throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                        // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
-                            'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed fields for different tables ("%1$s" and "%2$s"), which is not supported. Instead, please call the method multiple times.',
-                            // @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $table_alias,
-                        $field->get_table_alias()
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // Ok the fields are now known to all be for the same table. Proceed with creating the SQL to update it.
-        $table_obj      = $this->_model->get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias);
-        $table_pk_value = $this->ID();
-        $table_name     = $table_obj->get_table_name();
-        if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-            $table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_fk_on_table();
-        } else {
-            $table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_pk_column();
-        }
-
-        $query  =
-            "UPDATE `{$table_name}`
+					$abs_qty,
+					$abs_qty
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
+			$fields,
+			implode(', ', $set_sql_statements)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Change $fields' values to $new_value_sql (which is a string of raw SQL)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $fields
+	 * @param string                $new_value_sql
+	 *          example: 'column_name=123',
+	 *          or 'column_name=column_name+1',
+	 *          or 'column_name= CASE
+	 *          WHEN (`column_name` + `other_column` + 5) <= `yet_another_column`
+	 *          THEN `column_name` + 5
+	 *          ELSE `column_name`
+	 *          END'
+	 *          Also updates $field on this model object with the latest value from the database.
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.9.80.p
+	 */
+	protected function updateFieldsInDB($fields, $new_value_sql)
+	{
+		// First make sure this model object actually exists in the DB. It would be silly to try to update it in the DB
+		// if it wasn't even there to start off.
+		if (! $this->ID()) {
+			$this->save();
+		}
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (empty($fields)) {
+			throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+				esc_html__(
+					'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed an empty array of fields.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$first_field = reset($fields);
+		$table_alias = $first_field->get_table_alias();
+		foreach ($fields as $field) {
+			if ($table_alias !== $field->get_table_alias()) {
+				throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+						// @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
+							'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed fields for different tables ("%1$s" and "%2$s"), which is not supported. Instead, please call the method multiple times.',
+							// @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$table_alias,
+						$field->get_table_alias()
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// Ok the fields are now known to all be for the same table. Proceed with creating the SQL to update it.
+		$table_obj      = $this->_model->get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias);
+		$table_pk_value = $this->ID();
+		$table_name     = $table_obj->get_table_name();
+		if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+			$table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_fk_on_table();
+		} else {
+			$table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_pk_column();
+		}
+
+		$query  =
+			"UPDATE `{$table_name}`
             SET "
-            . $new_value_sql
-            . $wpdb->prepare(
-                "
+			. $new_value_sql
+			. $wpdb->prepare(
+				"
             WHERE `{$table_pk_field_name}` = %d;",
-                $table_pk_value
-            );
-        $result = $wpdb->query($query);
-        foreach ($fields as $field) {
-            // If it was successful, we'd like to know the new value.
-            // If it failed, we'd also like to know the new value.
-            $new_value = $this->_model->get_var(
-                $this->_model->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                    $this->_model->get_index_primary_key_string(
-                        $this->model_field_array()
-                    ),
-                    [
-                        'default_where_conditions' => 'minimum',
-                    ]
-                ),
-                $field->get_name()
-            );
-            $this->set_from_db(
-                $field->get_name(),
-                $new_value
-            );
-        }
-        return (bool) $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply returns an array of model fields for this object
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function model_field_array()
-    {
-        $fields     = $this->_model->field_settings();
-        $properties = [];
-        // remove prepended underscore
-        foreach ($fields as $field_name => $settings) {
-            $properties[ $field_name ] = $this->get($field_name);
-        }
-        return $properties;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Increases the value of the field $field_name_to_bump by $quantity, but only if the values of
-     * $field_name_to_bump plus $field_name_affecting_total and $quantity won't exceed $limit_field_name's value.
-     * For example, this is useful when bumping the value of TKT_reserved, TKT_sold, DTT_reserved or DTT_sold.
-     * Returns true if the value was successfully bumped, and updates the value on this model object.
-     * Otherwise returns false.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name_to_bump
-     * @param string $field_name_affecting_total
-     * @param string $limit_field_name
-     * @param int    $quantity
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.9.80.p
-     */
-    public function incrementFieldConditionallyInDb(
-        $field_name_to_bump,
-        $field_name_affecting_total,
-        $limit_field_name,
-        $quantity
-    ) {
-        global $wpdb;
-        $field       = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name_to_bump);
-        $column_name = $field->get_table_column();
-
-        $field_affecting_total  = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name_affecting_total);
-        $column_affecting_total = $field_affecting_total->get_table_column();
-
-        $limiting_field  = $this->_model->field_settings_for($limit_field_name);
-        $limiting_column = $limiting_field->get_table_column();
-        return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
-            [$field],
-            $wpdb->prepare(
-                "`{$column_name}` =
+				$table_pk_value
+			);
+		$result = $wpdb->query($query);
+		foreach ($fields as $field) {
+			// If it was successful, we'd like to know the new value.
+			// If it failed, we'd also like to know the new value.
+			$new_value = $this->_model->get_var(
+				$this->_model->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+					$this->_model->get_index_primary_key_string(
+						$this->model_field_array()
+					),
+					[
+						'default_where_conditions' => 'minimum',
+					]
+				),
+				$field->get_name()
+			);
+			$this->set_from_db(
+				$field->get_name(),
+				$new_value
+			);
+		}
+		return (bool) $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply returns an array of model fields for this object
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function model_field_array()
+	{
+		$fields     = $this->_model->field_settings();
+		$properties = [];
+		// remove prepended underscore
+		foreach ($fields as $field_name => $settings) {
+			$properties[ $field_name ] = $this->get($field_name);
+		}
+		return $properties;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Increases the value of the field $field_name_to_bump by $quantity, but only if the values of
+	 * $field_name_to_bump plus $field_name_affecting_total and $quantity won't exceed $limit_field_name's value.
+	 * For example, this is useful when bumping the value of TKT_reserved, TKT_sold, DTT_reserved or DTT_sold.
+	 * Returns true if the value was successfully bumped, and updates the value on this model object.
+	 * Otherwise returns false.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name_to_bump
+	 * @param string $field_name_affecting_total
+	 * @param string $limit_field_name
+	 * @param int    $quantity
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.9.80.p
+	 */
+	public function incrementFieldConditionallyInDb(
+		$field_name_to_bump,
+		$field_name_affecting_total,
+		$limit_field_name,
+		$quantity
+	) {
+		global $wpdb;
+		$field       = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name_to_bump);
+		$column_name = $field->get_table_column();
+
+		$field_affecting_total  = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name_affecting_total);
+		$column_affecting_total = $field_affecting_total->get_table_column();
+
+		$limiting_field  = $this->_model->field_settings_for($limit_field_name);
+		$limiting_column = $limiting_field->get_table_column();
+		return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
+			[$field],
+			$wpdb->prepare(
+				"`{$column_name}` =
             CASE
                WHEN ((`{$column_name}` + `{$column_affecting_total}` + %d) <= `{$limiting_column}`) OR `{$limiting_column}` = %d
                THEN `{$column_name}` + %d
                ELSE `{$column_name}`
             END",
-                $quantity,
-                EE_INF_IN_DB,
-                $quantity
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Because some other plugins, like Advanced Cron Manager, expect all objects to have this method
-     * (probably a bad assumption they have made, oh well)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function __toString()
-    {
-        try {
-            return sprintf('%s (%s)', $this->name(), $this->ID());
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
-            EE_Error::add_error($e->getMessage(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-            return '';
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a pretty nice displayable nice for this model object. Often overridden
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function name()
-    {
-        // find a field that's not a text field
-        $field_we_can_use = $this->_model->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Text_Field_Base');
-        if ($field_we_can_use) {
-            return $this->get($field_we_can_use->get_name());
-        }
-        $first_few_properties = $this->model_field_array();
-        $first_few_properties = array_slice($first_few_properties, 0, 3);
-        $name_parts           = [];
-        foreach ($first_few_properties as $name => $value) {
-            $name_parts[] = "$name:$value";
-        }
-        return implode(',', $name_parts);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Clear related model objects if they're already in the DB, because otherwise when we
-     * UN-serialize this model object we'll need to be careful to add them to the entity map.
-     * This means if we have made changes to those related model objects, and want to unserialize
-     * the this model object on a subsequent request, changes to those related model objects will be lost.
-     * Instead, those related model objects should be directly serialized and stored.
-     * Eg, the following won't work:
-     * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
-     * $att = $reg->attendee();
-     * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
-     * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
-     * //END REQUEST
-     * //START NEXT REQUEST
-     * $reg = get_option( 'my_option' );
-     * $reg->attendee()->save();
-     * And would need to be replace with:
-     * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
-     * $att = $reg->attendee();
-     * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
-     * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
-     * //END REQUEST
-     * //START NEXT REQUEST
-     * $att = get_option( 'my_option' );
-     * $att->save();
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function __sleep()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $classname = 'EE_' . $this->_model->get_this_model_name();
-                if (
-                    $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name) instanceof $classname
-                    && $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
-                ) {
-                    $this->clear_cache(
-                        $relation_name,
-                        $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = [];
-        $properties_to_serialize                       = get_object_vars($this);
-        // don't serialize the model. It's big and that risks recursion
-        unset($properties_to_serialize['_model']);
-        return array_keys($properties_to_serialize);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * restore _props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
-     * PLZ NOTE: this will reset the array to whatever fields values were present prior to serialization,
-     * and therefore should NOT be used to determine if state change has occurred since initial construction.
-     * At best, you would only be able to detect if state change has occurred during THIS request.
-     */
-    public function __wakeup()
-    {
-        $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $this->_fields;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Usage of this magic method is to ensure any internally cached references to object instances that must remain
-     * distinct with the clone host instance are also cloned.
-     */
-    public function __clone()
-    {
-        // handle DateTimes (this is handled in here because there's no one specific child class that uses datetimes).
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $field => $value) {
-            if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
-                $this->_fields[ $field ] = clone $value;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Ensures that this related thing is a model object.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $object_or_id EE_base_Class/int/string either a related model object, or its ID
-     * @param string $model_name   name of the related thing, eg 'Attendee',
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function ensure_related_thing_is_model_obj($object_or_id, $model_name)
-    {
-        $other_model_instance = self::_get_model_instance_with_name(
-            self::_get_model_classname($model_name),
-            $this->_timezone
-        );
-        return $other_model_instance->ensure_is_obj($object_or_id);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * sets the time on a datetime property
-     *
-     * @param string|Datetime $time       a valid time string for php datetime functions (or DateTime object)
-     * @param string          $field_name the name of the field the time is being set on (must match a
-     *                                    EE_Datetime_Field)
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_time_for($time, $field_name)
-    {
-        $this->_set_date_time('T', $time, $field_name);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This takes care of setting a date or time independently on a given model object property. This method also
-     * verifies that the given field name matches a model object property and is for a EE_Datetime_Field field
-     *
-     * @param string          $what           "T" for time, 'B' for both, 'D' for Date.
-     * @param string|DateTime $datetime_value A valid Date or Time string (or DateTime object)
-     * @param string          $field_name     the name of the field the date OR time is being set on (must match a
-     *                                        EE_Datetime_Field property)
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_date_time($what, $datetime_value, $field_name)
-    {
-        $field = $this->_get_dtt_field_settings($field_name);
-        $field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-        $field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
-        $field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
-        $what = in_array($what, ['T', 'D', 'B']) ? $what : 'T';
-        switch ($what) {
-            case 'T':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
-                    $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
-                );
-                $this->_has_changes           = true;
-                break;
-            case 'D':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
-                    $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
-                );
-                $this->_has_changes           = true;
-                break;
-            case 'B':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
-                $this->_has_changes           = true;
-                break;
-        }
-        $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method validates whether the given field name is a valid field on the model object as well as it is of a
-     * type EE_Datetime_Field.  On success there will be returned the field settings.  On fail an EE_Error exception is
-     * thrown.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name The field name being checked
-     * @return EE_Datetime_Field
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_dtt_field_settings($field_name)
-    {
-        $field = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        // check if field is dtt
-        if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            return $field;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'The field name "%s" has been requested for the EE_Base_Class datetime functions and it is not a valid EE_Datetime_Field.  Please check the spelling of the field and make sure it has been setup as a EE_Datetime_Field in the %s model constructor',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $field_name,
-                self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * sets the date on a datetime property
-     *
-     * @param string|DateTime $date       a valid date string for php datetime functions ( or DateTime object)
-     * @param string          $field_name the name of the field the date is being set on (must match a
-     *                                    EE_Datetime_Field)
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_date_for($date, $field_name)
-    {
-        $this->_set_date_time('D', $date, $field_name);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property (or properties) exists and throwing an
-     * EE_Error exception if they don't
-     *
-     * @param mixed (string|array) $properties properties to check
-     * @return bool                              TRUE if existing, throw EE_Error if not.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _property_exists($properties)
-    {
-        foreach ((array) $properties as $property_name) {
-            // first make sure this property exists
-            if (! $this->_fields[ $property_name ]) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Trying to retrieve a non-existent property (%s).  Double check the spelling please',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $property_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $date_formats
-     * @since $VID:$
-     */
-    private function setDateAndTimeFormats(array $date_formats)
-    {
-        if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
-            list($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt) = $date_formats;
-        } else {
-            // set default formats for date and time
-            $this->_dt_frmt = (string) get_option('date_format', 'Y-m-d');
-            $this->_tm_frmt = (string) get_option('time_format', 'g:i a');
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $model_fields
-     * @param array $fieldValues
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @since $VID:$
-     */
-    private function validateFieldValues(array $model_fields, array $fieldValues)
-    {
-        // verify client code has not passed any invalid field names
-        foreach ($fieldValues as $field_name => $field_value) {
-            if (! isset($model_fields[ $field_name ])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Invalid field (%s) passed to constructor of %s. Allowed fields are :%s',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $field_name,
-                        get_class($this),
-                        implode(', ', array_keys($model_fields))
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $model_fields
-     * @param bool  $set_from_db
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since $VID:$
-     */
-    private function setFieldValues(array $model_fields, $set_from_db)
-    {
-        foreach ($model_fields as $fieldName => $field) {
-            // if db model is instantiating
-            if ($set_from_db) {
-                // client code has indicated these field values are from the database
-                $this->set_from_db(
-                    $fieldName,
-                    isset($fieldValues[ $fieldName ]) ? $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] : null
-                );
-            } else {
-                // we're constructing a brand new instance of the model object.
-                // Generally, this means we'll need to do more field validation
-                $this->set(
-                    $fieldName,
-                    isset($fieldValues[ $fieldName ]) ? $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] : null,
-                    true
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
+				$quantity,
+				EE_INF_IN_DB,
+				$quantity
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Because some other plugins, like Advanced Cron Manager, expect all objects to have this method
+	 * (probably a bad assumption they have made, oh well)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function __toString()
+	{
+		try {
+			return sprintf('%s (%s)', $this->name(), $this->ID());
+		} catch (Exception $e) {
+			EE_Error::add_error($e->getMessage(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+			return '';
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a pretty nice displayable nice for this model object. Often overridden
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function name()
+	{
+		// find a field that's not a text field
+		$field_we_can_use = $this->_model->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Text_Field_Base');
+		if ($field_we_can_use) {
+			return $this->get($field_we_can_use->get_name());
+		}
+		$first_few_properties = $this->model_field_array();
+		$first_few_properties = array_slice($first_few_properties, 0, 3);
+		$name_parts           = [];
+		foreach ($first_few_properties as $name => $value) {
+			$name_parts[] = "$name:$value";
+		}
+		return implode(',', $name_parts);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Clear related model objects if they're already in the DB, because otherwise when we
+	 * UN-serialize this model object we'll need to be careful to add them to the entity map.
+	 * This means if we have made changes to those related model objects, and want to unserialize
+	 * the this model object on a subsequent request, changes to those related model objects will be lost.
+	 * Instead, those related model objects should be directly serialized and stored.
+	 * Eg, the following won't work:
+	 * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
+	 * $att = $reg->attendee();
+	 * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
+	 * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
+	 * //END REQUEST
+	 * //START NEXT REQUEST
+	 * $reg = get_option( 'my_option' );
+	 * $reg->attendee()->save();
+	 * And would need to be replace with:
+	 * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
+	 * $att = $reg->attendee();
+	 * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
+	 * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
+	 * //END REQUEST
+	 * //START NEXT REQUEST
+	 * $att = get_option( 'my_option' );
+	 * $att->save();
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function __sleep()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$classname = 'EE_' . $this->_model->get_this_model_name();
+				if (
+					$this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name) instanceof $classname
+					&& $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
+				) {
+					$this->clear_cache(
+						$relation_name,
+						$this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = [];
+		$properties_to_serialize                       = get_object_vars($this);
+		// don't serialize the model. It's big and that risks recursion
+		unset($properties_to_serialize['_model']);
+		return array_keys($properties_to_serialize);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * restore _props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
+	 * PLZ NOTE: this will reset the array to whatever fields values were present prior to serialization,
+	 * and therefore should NOT be used to determine if state change has occurred since initial construction.
+	 * At best, you would only be able to detect if state change has occurred during THIS request.
+	 */
+	public function __wakeup()
+	{
+		$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $this->_fields;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Usage of this magic method is to ensure any internally cached references to object instances that must remain
+	 * distinct with the clone host instance are also cloned.
+	 */
+	public function __clone()
+	{
+		// handle DateTimes (this is handled in here because there's no one specific child class that uses datetimes).
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $field => $value) {
+			if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
+				$this->_fields[ $field ] = clone $value;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Ensures that this related thing is a model object.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $object_or_id EE_base_Class/int/string either a related model object, or its ID
+	 * @param string $model_name   name of the related thing, eg 'Attendee',
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function ensure_related_thing_is_model_obj($object_or_id, $model_name)
+	{
+		$other_model_instance = self::_get_model_instance_with_name(
+			self::_get_model_classname($model_name),
+			$this->_timezone
+		);
+		return $other_model_instance->ensure_is_obj($object_or_id);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * sets the time on a datetime property
+	 *
+	 * @param string|Datetime $time       a valid time string for php datetime functions (or DateTime object)
+	 * @param string          $field_name the name of the field the time is being set on (must match a
+	 *                                    EE_Datetime_Field)
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_time_for($time, $field_name)
+	{
+		$this->_set_date_time('T', $time, $field_name);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This takes care of setting a date or time independently on a given model object property. This method also
+	 * verifies that the given field name matches a model object property and is for a EE_Datetime_Field field
+	 *
+	 * @param string          $what           "T" for time, 'B' for both, 'D' for Date.
+	 * @param string|DateTime $datetime_value A valid Date or Time string (or DateTime object)
+	 * @param string          $field_name     the name of the field the date OR time is being set on (must match a
+	 *                                        EE_Datetime_Field property)
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_date_time($what, $datetime_value, $field_name)
+	{
+		$field = $this->_get_dtt_field_settings($field_name);
+		$field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+		$field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
+		$field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
+		$what = in_array($what, ['T', 'D', 'B']) ? $what : 'T';
+		switch ($what) {
+			case 'T':
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
+					$datetime_value,
+					$this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+				);
+				$this->_has_changes           = true;
+				break;
+			case 'D':
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
+					$datetime_value,
+					$this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+				);
+				$this->_has_changes           = true;
+				break;
+			case 'B':
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
+				$this->_has_changes           = true;
+				break;
+		}
+		$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method validates whether the given field name is a valid field on the model object as well as it is of a
+	 * type EE_Datetime_Field.  On success there will be returned the field settings.  On fail an EE_Error exception is
+	 * thrown.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name The field name being checked
+	 * @return EE_Datetime_Field
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_dtt_field_settings($field_name)
+	{
+		$field = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		// check if field is dtt
+		if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			return $field;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'The field name "%s" has been requested for the EE_Base_Class datetime functions and it is not a valid EE_Datetime_Field.  Please check the spelling of the field and make sure it has been setup as a EE_Datetime_Field in the %s model constructor',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$field_name,
+				self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * sets the date on a datetime property
+	 *
+	 * @param string|DateTime $date       a valid date string for php datetime functions ( or DateTime object)
+	 * @param string          $field_name the name of the field the date is being set on (must match a
+	 *                                    EE_Datetime_Field)
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_date_for($date, $field_name)
+	{
+		$this->_set_date_time('D', $date, $field_name);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property (or properties) exists and throwing an
+	 * EE_Error exception if they don't
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed (string|array) $properties properties to check
+	 * @return bool                              TRUE if existing, throw EE_Error if not.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _property_exists($properties)
+	{
+		foreach ((array) $properties as $property_name) {
+			// first make sure this property exists
+			if (! $this->_fields[ $property_name ]) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Trying to retrieve a non-existent property (%s).  Double check the spelling please',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$property_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $date_formats
+	 * @since $VID:$
+	 */
+	private function setDateAndTimeFormats(array $date_formats)
+	{
+		if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
+			list($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt) = $date_formats;
+		} else {
+			// set default formats for date and time
+			$this->_dt_frmt = (string) get_option('date_format', 'Y-m-d');
+			$this->_tm_frmt = (string) get_option('time_format', 'g:i a');
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $model_fields
+	 * @param array $fieldValues
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @since $VID:$
+	 */
+	private function validateFieldValues(array $model_fields, array $fieldValues)
+	{
+		// verify client code has not passed any invalid field names
+		foreach ($fieldValues as $field_name => $field_value) {
+			if (! isset($model_fields[ $field_name ])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Invalid field (%s) passed to constructor of %s. Allowed fields are :%s',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$field_name,
+						get_class($this),
+						implode(', ', array_keys($model_fields))
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $model_fields
+	 * @param bool  $set_from_db
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since $VID:$
+	 */
+	private function setFieldValues(array $model_fields, $set_from_db)
+	{
+		foreach ($model_fields as $fieldName => $field) {
+			// if db model is instantiating
+			if ($set_from_db) {
+				// client code has indicated these field values are from the database
+				$this->set_from_db(
+					$fieldName,
+					isset($fieldValues[ $fieldName ]) ? $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] : null
+				);
+			} else {
+				// we're constructing a brand new instance of the model object.
+				// Generally, this means we'll need to do more field validation
+				$this->set(
+					$fieldName,
+					isset($fieldValues[ $fieldName ]) ? $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] : null,
+					true
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }

Spacing +119 added lines, -119 removed lines

@@ -151,12 +151,12 @@ 
         $this->validateFieldValues($model_fields, $field_values);
         $this->setFieldValues($model_fields, $set_from_db);
         // remember in entity mapper
-        if (! $set_from_db && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $set_from_db && $this->_model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
             $this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
         }
         // setup all the relations
         foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = $relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation
+            $this->_model_relations[$relation_name] = $relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation
                 ? null
                 : [];
         }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_model($timezone = '')
     {
-        if (! $this->_model) {
+        if ( ! $this->_model) {
             $timezone     = $timezone ? $timezone : $this->_timezone;
             $modelName    = self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this));
             $this->_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 $field_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set_from_db($field_value_from_db);
             }
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_value;
+            $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field_value;
             $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
         }
     }
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ 
         // then don't do anything
         if (
             ! $use_default
-            && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] === $field_value
+            && $this->_fields[$field_name] === $field_value
             && $this->ID()
         ) {
             return;
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ 
             $holder_of_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_value);
             // should the value be null?
             if (($field_value === null || $holder_of_value === null || $holder_of_value === '') && $use_default) {
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
                 /**
                  * To save having to refactor all the models, if a default value is used for a
                  * EE_Datetime_Field, and that value is not null nor is it a DateTime
@@ -272,15 +272,15 @@ 
                  */
                 if (
                     $field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field
-                    && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] !== null
-                    && ! $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+                    && $this->_fields[$field_name] !== null
+                    && ! $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime
                 ) {
-                    empty($this->_fields[ $field_name ])
+                    empty($this->_fields[$field_name])
                         ? $this->set($field_name, time())
-                        : $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+                        : $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[$field_name]);
                 }
             } else {
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $holder_of_value;
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $holder_of_value;
             }
             // if we're not in the constructor...
             // now check if what we set was a primary key
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ 
     {
         // now that we know the name of the variable, use a variable variable to get its value and return its
         if ($this->_model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            return $this->_fields[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ];
+            return $this->_fields[$this->_model->primary_key_name()];
         }
         return $this->_model->get_index_primary_key_string($this->_fields);
     }
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ 
     {
         return strpos($model_name, 'EE_') === 0
             ? str_replace('EE_', 'EEM_', $model_name)
-            : 'EEM_' . $model_name;
+            : 'EEM_'.$model_name;
     }
 
 
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function _clear_cached_property($property_name)
     {
-        unset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ]);
+        unset($this->_cached_properties[$property_name]);
     }
 
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ 
     protected static function _get_model($classname, $timezone = '')
     {
         // find model for this class
-        if (! $classname) {
+        if ( ! $classname) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ 
         // verify the field exists
         $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
         $cache_type = $pretty ? 'pretty' : 'standard';
-        $cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_' . $extra_cache_ref : '';
-        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ])) {
-            return $this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ];
+        $cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_'.$extra_cache_ref : '';
+        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[$field_name][$cache_type])) {
+            return $this->_cached_properties[$field_name][$cache_type];
         }
         $value = $this->_get_fresh_property($field_name, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
         $this->_set_cached_property($field_name, $value, $cache_type);
@@ -495,12 +495,12 @@ 
         if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             $this->_prepare_datetime_field($field_obj, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
         }
-        if (! isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ])) {
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = null;
+        if ( ! isset($this->_fields[$field_name])) {
+            $this->_fields[$field_name] = null;
         }
         return $pretty
-            ? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[ $field_name ], $extra_cache_ref)
-            : $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+            ? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[$field_name], $extra_cache_ref)
+            : $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[$field_name]);
     }
 
 
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ 
         // first make sure this property exists
         $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
         $cache_type = empty($cache_type) ? 'standard' : $cache_type;
-        $this->_cached_properties[ $field_name ][ $cache_type ] = $value;
+        $this->_cached_properties[$field_name][$cache_type] = $value;
     }
 
 
@@ -575,9 +575,9 @@ 
         $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
         if (
             array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-            && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+            && ! empty($props_n_values[$primary_id_ref])
         ) {
-            $id = $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ];
+            $id = $props_n_values[$primary_id_ref];
             return self::_get_model($classname)->get_from_entity_map($id);
         }
         return false;
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ 
      */
     protected static function _get_primary_key_name($classname = null)
     {
-        if (! $classname) {
+        if ( ! $classname) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__('What were you thinking calling _get_primary_key_name(%s)', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -639,9 +639,9 @@ 
             $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
             if (
                 array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-                && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+                && ! empty($props_n_values[$primary_id_ref])
             ) {
-                $existing = $model->get_one_by_ID($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ]);
+                $existing = $model->get_one_by_ID($props_n_values[$primary_id_ref]);
             }
         } elseif ($model->has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($props_n_values)) {
             // no primary key on this model, but there's still a matching item in the DB
@@ -739,10 +739,10 @@ 
     public function get_original($field_name)
     {
         if (
-            isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ])
+            isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[$field_name])
             && $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name)
         ) {
-            return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ]);
+            return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[$field_name]);
         }
         return null;
     }
@@ -778,8 +778,8 @@ 
      */
     public function getCustomSelect($alias)
     {
-        return isset($this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ])
-            ? $this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ]
+        return isset($this->custom_selection_results[$alias])
+            ? $this->custom_selection_results[$alias]
             : null;
     }
 
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ 
             $this->set($column, $value);
         }
         // no changes ? then don't do anything
-        if (! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+        if ( ! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
             return 0;
         }
         /**
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ 
          * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object the model object about to be saved.
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__begin', $this);
-        if (! $this->allow_persist()) {
+        if ( ! $this->allow_persist()) {
             return 0;
         }
         // now get current attribute values
@@ -871,10 +871,10 @@ 
         if ($this->_model->has_primary_key_field()) {
             if ($this->_model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
                 // ok check if it's set, if so: update; if not, insert
-                if (! empty($save_cols_n_values[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ])) {
+                if ( ! empty($save_cols_n_values[$this->_model->primary_key_name()])) {
                     $results = $this->_model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
                 } else {
-                    unset($save_cols_n_values[ $this->_model->primary_key_name() ]);
+                    unset($save_cols_n_values[$this->_model->primary_key_name()]);
                     $results = $this->_model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
                     if ($results) {
                         // if successful, set the primary key
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ 
                         // will get added to the mapper before we can add this one!
                         // but if we just avoid using the SET method, all that headache can be avoided
                         $pk_field_name                   = $this->_model->primary_key_name();
-                        $this->_fields[ $pk_field_name ] = $results;
+                        $this->_fields[$pk_field_name] = $results;
                         $this->_clear_cached_property($pk_field_name);
                         $this->_model->add_to_entity_map($this);
                         $this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
@@ -902,8 +902,8 @@ 
                                     'event_espresso'
                                 ),
                                 get_class($this),
-                                get_class($this->_model) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                                get_class($this->_model) . '::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
+                                get_class($this->_model).'::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+                                get_class($this->_model).'::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
                                 '<br />'
                             )
                         );
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ 
                     $save_cols_n_values,
                     $this->_model->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
                 );
-                $results                     = $this->_model->update(
+                $results = $this->_model->update(
                     $save_cols_n_values,
                     $combined_pk_fields_n_values
                 );
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ 
             $query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
         }
         $existing_rows_like_that = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_all($query_params);
-        if (! $existing_rows_like_that) {
+        if ( ! $existing_rows_like_that) {
             return $this->add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value);
         }
         foreach ($existing_rows_like_that as $existing_row) {
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_all_from_cache($relationName)
     {
-        $objects = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] : [];
+        $objects = isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName]) ? $this->_model_relations[$relationName] : [];
         // if the result is not an array, but exists, make it an array
         $objects = is_array($objects) ? $objects : [$objects];
         // bugfix for https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/7143
@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ 
                 $values = [];
                 foreach ($results as $result) {
                     if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                        $values[ $result->ID() ] = $result->value();
+                        $values[$result->ID()] = $result->value();
                     }
                 }
                 return $values;
@@ -1239,7 +1239,7 @@ 
     public function get_first_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
     {
         $model_relation = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $this->ID()) {
             // this doesn't exist in the DB,
             // but maybe the relation type is "belongs to" and the related object might
             if ($model_relation instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
@@ -1302,7 +1302,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_many_related($relationName, $query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $this->ID()) {
             // this doesn't exist in the DB, so just get the related things from the cache
             return $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
         }
@@ -1343,8 +1343,8 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one_from_cache($relationName)
     {
-        $cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-            ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
+        $cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName])
+            ? $this->_model_relations[$relationName]
             : null;
         if (is_array($cached_array_or_object)) {
             return array_shift($cached_array_or_object);
@@ -1374,11 +1374,11 @@ 
     public function cache($relationName = '', $object_to_cache = null, $cache_id = null)
     {
         // its entirely possible that there IS no related object yet in which case there is nothing to cache.
-        if (! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+        if ( ! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
             return false;
         }
         // also get "how" the object is related, or throw an error
-        if (! $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
+        if ( ! $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot cache it', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -1392,38 +1392,38 @@ 
             // if it's a "belongs to" relationship, then there's only one related model object
             // eg, if this is a registration, there's only 1 attendee for it
             // so for these model objects just set it to be cached
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $object_to_cache;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = $object_to_cache;
             return true;
         }
         // otherwise, this is the "many" side of a one to many relationship,
         // so we'll add the object to the array of related objects for that type.
         // eg: if this is an event, there are many registrations for that event,
         // so we cache the registrations in an array
-        if (! is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])) {
+        if ( ! is_array($this->_model_relations[$relationName])) {
             // if for some reason, the cached item is a model object,
             // then stick that in the array, otherwise start with an empty array
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] instanceof EE_Base_Class
-                ? [$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]]
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = $this->_model_relations[$relationName] instanceof EE_Base_Class
+                ? [$this->_model_relations[$relationName]]
                 : [];
         }
         // first check for a cache_id which is normally empty
-        if (! empty($cache_id)) {
+        if ( ! empty($cache_id)) {
             // if the cache_id exists, then it means we are purposely trying to cache this
             // with a known key that can then be used to retrieve the object later on
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $cache_id ] = $object_to_cache;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$cache_id] = $object_to_cache;
             return $cache_id;
         }
         if ($object_to_cache->ID()) {
             // OR the cached object originally came from the db, so let's just use it's PK for an ID
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $object_to_cache->ID() ] = $object_to_cache;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$object_to_cache->ID()] = $object_to_cache;
             return $object_to_cache->ID();
         }
         // OR it's a new object with no ID, so just throw it in the array with an auto-incremented ID
-        $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][] = $object_to_cache;
+        $this->_model_relations[$relationName][] = $object_to_cache;
         // move the internal pointer to the end of the array
-        end($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+        end($this->_model_relations[$relationName]);
         // and grab the key so that we can return it
-        return key($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+        return key($this->_model_relations[$relationName]);
     }
 
 
@@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ 
     public function set_timezone($timezone = '')
     {
         // don't set the timezone if the incoming value is the same
-        if (! empty($timezone) && $timezone === $this->_timezone) {
+        if ( ! empty($timezone) && $timezone === $this->_timezone) {
             return;
         }
         $this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
@@ -1461,8 +1461,8 @@ 
         foreach ($model_fields as $field_name => $field_obj) {
             if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
                 $field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                if (isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime) {
-                    EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[ $field_name ], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+                if (isset($this->_fields[$field_name]) && $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime) {
+                    EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[$field_name], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1478,7 +1478,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_format($full = true)
     {
-        return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : [$this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt];
+        return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt.' '.$this->_tm_frmt : [$this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt];
     }
 
 
@@ -1502,8 +1502,8 @@ 
         $current_cache_id = ''
     ) {
         // verify that incoming object is of the correct type
-        $obj_class = 'EE_' . $relationName;
-        if (! $newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
+        $obj_class = 'EE_'.$relationName;
+        if ( ! $newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
             return false;
         }
         /* @type EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object */
@@ -1512,18 +1512,18 @@ 
         // if this is a 1:1 relationship
         if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
             // then just replace the cached object with the newly saved object
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $newly_saved_object;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = $newly_saved_object;
             return true;
         }
         // or if it's some kind of sordid feral polyamorous relationship...
         if (
-            is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-            && isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ])
+            is_array($this->_model_relations[$relationName])
+            && isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$current_cache_id])
         ) {
             // then remove the current cached item
-            unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ]);
+            unset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$current_cache_id]);
             // and cache the newly saved object using it's new ID
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $newly_saved_object->ID() ] = $newly_saved_object;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$newly_saved_object->ID()] = $newly_saved_object;
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@ 
     public function get_DateTime_object($field_name)
     {
         $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+        if ( ! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1680,8 +1680,8 @@ 
             );
             return false;
         }
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? clone $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+        return isset($this->_fields[$field_name]) && $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime
+            ? clone $this->_fields[$field_name]
             : null;
     }
 
@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_i18n_datetime($field_name, $format = '')
     {
-        $format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : $format;
+        $format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt.' '.$this->_tm_frmt : $format;
         return date_i18n(
             $format,
             EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timestamp_with_offset(
@@ -1951,9 +1951,9 @@ 
     public function get_raw($field_name)
     {
         $field_settings = $this->_model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? $this->_fields[ $field_name ]->format('U')
-            : $this->_fields[ $field_name ];
+        return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime
+            ? $this->_fields[$field_name]->format('U')
+            : $this->_fields[$field_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -1993,7 +1993,7 @@ 
         $this->set_timezone($timezone);
         $fn   = (array) $field_name;
         $args = array_merge($fn, (array) $args);
-        if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
+        if ( ! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -2005,7 +2005,7 @@ 
             );
         }
         $args   = (array) $args;
-        $return = $prepend . call_user_func_array([$this, $callback], $args) . $append;
+        $return = $prepend.call_user_func_array([$this, $callback], $args).$append;
         $this->set_timezone($original_timezone);
         return $return;
     }
@@ -2118,8 +2118,8 @@ 
     public function refresh_cache_of_related_objects()
     {
         foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-                $related_objects = $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ];
+            if ( ! empty($this->_model_relations[$relation_name])) {
+                $related_objects = $this->_model_relations[$relation_name];
                 if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
                     // this relation only stores a single model object, not an array
                     // but let's make it consistent
@@ -2164,7 +2164,7 @@ 
     {
         $relationship_to_model = $this->_model->related_settings_for($relationName);
         $index_in_cache        = '';
-        if (! $relationship_to_model) {
+        if ( ! $relationship_to_model) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot clear that cache', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -2175,10 +2175,10 @@ 
         }
         if ($clear_all) {
             $obj_removed                             = true;
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = null;
         } elseif ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            $obj_removed                             = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+            $obj_removed                             = $this->_model_relations[$relationName];
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = null;
         } else {
             if (
                 $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class
@@ -2186,12 +2186,12 @@ 
             ) {
                 $index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID();
                 if (
-                    is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-                    && ! isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])
+                    is_array($this->_model_relations[$relationName])
+                    && ! isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache])
                 ) {
                     $index_found_at = null;
                     // find this object in the array even though it has a different key
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $index => $obj) {
+                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[$relationName] as $index => $obj) {
                         /** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
                         if (
                             $obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
@@ -2225,9 +2225,9 @@ 
             }
             // supposedly we've found it. But it could just be that the client code
             // provided a bad index/object
-            if (isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])) {
-                $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ];
-                unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ]);
+            if (isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache])) {
+                $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache];
+                unset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache]);
             } else {
                 // that thing was never cached anyways.
                 $obj_removed = null;
@@ -2255,27 +2255,27 @@ 
     public function save_new_cached_related_model_objs()
     {
         // make sure this has been saved
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $this->ID()) {
             $id = $this->save();
         } else {
             $id = $this->ID();
         }
         // now save all the NEW cached model objects  (ie they don't exist in the DB)
         foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relationName => $relationObj) {
-            if ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) {
+            if ($this->_model_relations[$relationName]) {
                 // is this a relation where we should expect just ONE related object (ie, EE_Belongs_To_relation)
                 // or MANY related objects (ie, EE_HABTM_Relation or EE_Has_Many_Relation)?
                 /* @var $related_model_obj EE_Base_Class */
                 if ($relationObj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
                     // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
                     // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
-                    $related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
+                    $related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[$relationName];
                     // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
                     $this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
                     $related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
                     // }
                 } else {
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $related_model_obj) {
+                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[$relationName] as $related_model_obj) {
                         // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
                         // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
                         // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
@@ -2336,7 +2336,7 @@ 
             }
         } else {
             // this thing doesn't exist in the DB,  so just cache it
-            if (! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+            if ( ! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -2603,7 +2603,7 @@ 
      */
     public function is_set($field_name)
     {
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+        return isset($this->_fields[$field_name]);
     }
 
 
@@ -2638,7 +2638,7 @@ 
     {
         $className = get_class($this);
         $tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+        if ( ! has_filter($tagName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -2712,17 +2712,17 @@ 
             );
             foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
                 if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+                    $return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
                 }
             }
         } else {
             $extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta');
             foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
                 if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    if (! isset($return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ])) {
-                        $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = [];
+                    if ( ! isset($return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()])) {
+                        $return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()] = [];
                     }
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ][ $extra_meta_obj->ID() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+                    $return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()][$extra_meta_obj->ID()] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2758,8 +2758,8 @@ 
                             'event_espresso'
                         ),
                         $this->ID(),
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
+                        get_class($this->get_model()).'::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+                        get_class($this->get_model()).'::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
                     )
                 );
             }
@@ -2848,7 +2848,7 @@ 
     {
         // First make sure this model object actually exists in the DB. It would be silly to try to update it in the DB
         // if it wasn't even there to start off.
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $this->ID()) {
             $this->save();
         }
         global $wpdb;
@@ -2888,7 +2888,7 @@ 
             $table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_pk_column();
         }
 
-        $query  =
+        $query =
             "UPDATE `{$table_name}`
             SET "
             . $new_value_sql
@@ -2936,7 +2936,7 @@ 
         $properties = [];
         // remove prepended underscore
         foreach ($fields as $field_name => $settings) {
-            $properties[ $field_name ] = $this->get($field_name);
+            $properties[$field_name] = $this->get($field_name);
         }
         return $properties;
     }
@@ -3072,7 +3072,7 @@ 
     {
         foreach ($this->_model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
             if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $classname = 'EE_' . $this->_model->get_this_model_name();
+                $classname = 'EE_'.$this->_model->get_this_model_name();
                 if (
                     $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name) instanceof $classname
                     && $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
@@ -3113,7 +3113,7 @@ 
         // handle DateTimes (this is handled in here because there's no one specific child class that uses datetimes).
         foreach ($this->_fields as $field => $value) {
             if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
-                $this->_fields[ $field ] = clone $value;
+                $this->_fields[$field] = clone $value;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -3180,21 +3180,21 @@ 
         $what = in_array($what, ['T', 'D', 'B']) ? $what : 'T';
         switch ($what) {
             case 'T':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
                     $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+                    $this->_fields[$field_name]
                 );
                 $this->_has_changes           = true;
                 break;
             case 'D':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
                     $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+                    $this->_fields[$field_name]
                 );
                 $this->_has_changes           = true;
                 break;
             case 'B':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
                 $this->_has_changes           = true;
                 break;
         }
@@ -3263,7 +3263,7 @@ 
     {
         foreach ((array) $properties as $property_name) {
             // first make sure this property exists
-            if (! $this->_fields[ $property_name ]) {
+            if ( ! $this->_fields[$property_name]) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -3285,7 +3285,7 @@ 
      */
     private function setDateAndTimeFormats(array $date_formats)
     {
-        if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
+        if ( ! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
             list($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt) = $date_formats;
         } else {
             // set default formats for date and time
@@ -3305,7 +3305,7 @@ 
     {
         // verify client code has not passed any invalid field names
         foreach ($fieldValues as $field_name => $field_value) {
-            if (! isset($model_fields[ $field_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($model_fields[$field_name])) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -3337,14 +3337,14 @@ 
                 // client code has indicated these field values are from the database
                 $this->set_from_db(
                     $fieldName,
-                    isset($fieldValues[ $fieldName ]) ? $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] : null
+                    isset($fieldValues[$fieldName]) ? $fieldValues[$fieldName] : null
                 );
             } else {
                 // we're constructing a brand new instance of the model object.
                 // Generally, this means we'll need to do more field validation
                 $this->set(
                     $fieldName,
-                    isset($fieldValues[ $fieldName ]) ? $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] : null,
+                    isset($fieldValues[$fieldName]) ? $fieldValues[$fieldName] : null,
                     true
                 );
             }