eventespresso / event-espresso-core

espresso.php

Indentation +97 added lines, -97 removed lines

@@ -37,124 +37,124 @@
  * @since           4.0
  */
 if (function_exists('espresso_version')) {
-    if (! function_exists('espresso_duplicate_plugin_error')) {
-        /**
-         *    espresso_duplicate_plugin_error
-         *    displays if more than one version of EE is activated at the same time.
-         */
-        function espresso_duplicate_plugin_error()
-        {
-            ?>
+	if (! function_exists('espresso_duplicate_plugin_error')) {
+		/**
+		 *    espresso_duplicate_plugin_error
+		 *    displays if more than one version of EE is activated at the same time.
+		 */
+		function espresso_duplicate_plugin_error()
+		{
+			?>
 <div class="error">
 	<p>
 		<?php
-                    echo esc_html__(
-                        'Can not run multiple versions of Event Espresso! One version has been automatically deactivated. Please verify that you have the correct version you want still active.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ); ?>
+					echo esc_html__(
+						'Can not run multiple versions of Event Espresso! One version has been automatically deactivated. Please verify that you have the correct version you want still active.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					); ?>
 	</p>
 </div>
 <?php
-            espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
-        }
-    }
-    add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_duplicate_plugin_error', 1);
+			espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
+		}
+	}
+	add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_duplicate_plugin_error', 1);
 } else {
-    define('EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED', '7.4.0');
-    if (! version_compare(PHP_VERSION, EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED, '>=')) {
-        /**
-         * espresso_minimum_php_version_error
-         *
-         * @return void
-         */
-        function espresso_minimum_php_version_error()
-        {
-            ?>
+	define('EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED', '7.4.0');
+	if (! version_compare(PHP_VERSION, EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED, '>=')) {
+		/**
+		 * espresso_minimum_php_version_error
+		 *
+		 * @return void
+		 */
+		function espresso_minimum_php_version_error()
+		{
+			?>
 <div class="error">
 	<p>
 		<?php
-                    printf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'We\'re sorry, but Event Espresso requires PHP version %1$s or greater in order to operate. You are currently running version %2$s.%3$sIn order to update your version of PHP, you will need to contact your current hosting provider.%3$sFor information on stable PHP versions, please go to %4$s.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED,
-                        PHP_VERSION,
-                        '<br/>',
-                        '<a href="http://php.net/downloads.php">http://php.net/downloads.php</a>'
-                    );
-                    ?>
+					printf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'We\'re sorry, but Event Espresso requires PHP version %1$s or greater in order to operate. You are currently running version %2$s.%3$sIn order to update your version of PHP, you will need to contact your current hosting provider.%3$sFor information on stable PHP versions, please go to %4$s.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						EE_MIN_PHP_VER_REQUIRED,
+						PHP_VERSION,
+						'<br/>',
+						'<a href="http://php.net/downloads.php">http://php.net/downloads.php</a>'
+					);
+					?>
 	</p>
 </div>
 <?php
-            espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
-        }
+			espresso_deactivate_plugin(plugin_basename(__FILE__));
+		}
 
-        add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_minimum_php_version_error', 1);
-    } else {
-        define('EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE', __FILE__);
+		add_action('admin_notices', 'espresso_minimum_php_version_error', 1);
+	} else {
+		define('EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE', __FILE__);
 
-        require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
-        require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/wp-graphql/wp-graphql/wp-graphql.php';
+		require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
+		require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/wp-graphql/wp-graphql/wp-graphql.php';
 
-        /**
-         * espresso_version
-         * Returns the plugin version
-         *
-         * @return string
-         */
-        function espresso_version()
-        {
-            return apply_filters('FHEE__espresso__espresso_version', '5.0.8.rc.000');
-        }
+		/**
+		 * espresso_version
+		 * Returns the plugin version
+		 *
+		 * @return string
+		 */
+		function espresso_version()
+		{
+			return apply_filters('FHEE__espresso__espresso_version', '5.0.8.rc.000');
+		}
 
-        /**
-         * espresso_plugin_activation
-         * adds a wp-option to indicate that EE has been activated via the WP admin plugins page
-         */
-        function espresso_plugin_activation()
-        {
-            update_option('ee_espresso_activation', true);
-            update_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking', 'no');
-            update_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice', 'hide');
-            // Run WP GraphQL activation callback
-            graphql_activation_callback();
-        }
+		/**
+		 * espresso_plugin_activation
+		 * adds a wp-option to indicate that EE has been activated via the WP admin plugins page
+		 */
+		function espresso_plugin_activation()
+		{
+			update_option('ee_espresso_activation', true);
+			update_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking', 'no');
+			update_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice', 'hide');
+			// Run WP GraphQL activation callback
+			graphql_activation_callback();
+		}
 
-        register_activation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_activation');
+		register_activation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_activation');
 
-        /**
-         * espresso_plugin_deactivation
-         */
-        function espresso_plugin_deactivation()
-        {
-            // Run WP GraphQL deactivation callback
-            graphql_deactivation_callback();
-            delete_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking');
-            delete_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice');
-        }
-        register_deactivation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_deactivation');
+		/**
+		 * espresso_plugin_deactivation
+		 */
+		function espresso_plugin_deactivation()
+		{
+			// Run WP GraphQL deactivation callback
+			graphql_deactivation_callback();
+			delete_option('event-espresso-core_allow_tracking');
+			delete_option('event-espresso-core_tracking_notice');
+		}
+		register_deactivation_hook(EVENT_ESPRESSO_MAIN_FILE, 'espresso_plugin_deactivation');
 
-        require_once __DIR__ . '/core/bootstrap_espresso.php';
-        bootstrap_espresso();
-    }
+		require_once __DIR__ . '/core/bootstrap_espresso.php';
+		bootstrap_espresso();
+	}
 }
 
 if (! function_exists('espresso_deactivate_plugin')) {
-    /**
-     *    deactivate_plugin
-     * usage:  espresso_deactivate_plugin( plugin_basename( __FILE__ ));
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param string $plugin_basename - the results of plugin_basename( __FILE__ ) for the plugin's main file
-     * @return    void
-     */
-    function espresso_deactivate_plugin($plugin_basename = '')
-    {
-        if (! function_exists('deactivate_plugins')) {
-            require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/plugin.php';
-        }
-        unset($_GET['activate'], $_REQUEST['activate']);
-        deactivate_plugins($plugin_basename);
-    }
+	/**
+	 *    deactivate_plugin
+	 * usage:  espresso_deactivate_plugin( plugin_basename( __FILE__ ));
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param string $plugin_basename - the results of plugin_basename( __FILE__ ) for the plugin's main file
+	 * @return    void
+	 */
+	function espresso_deactivate_plugin($plugin_basename = '')
+	{
+		if (! function_exists('deactivate_plugins')) {
+			require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/plugin.php';
+		}
+		unset($_GET['activate'], $_REQUEST['activate']);
+		deactivate_plugins($plugin_basename);
+	}
 }

core/domain/values/BaseFormat.php

Indentation +40 added lines, -40 removed lines

@@ -4,44 +4,44 @@
 
 abstract class BaseFormat
 {
-    protected string $format;
-
-    public function __construct(?string $format)
-    {
-        if (static::$wordpress_format === null) {
-            static::$wordpress_format = get_option(static::WORDPRESS_FORMAT_OPTION_NAME);
-        }
-        $this->format = $this->sanitizeDateFormat($format ?: static::$wordpress_format);
-    }
-
-
-    protected function sanitizeDateFormat(string $format): string
-    {
-        $sanitized_format = '';
-        for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($format); $i++) {
-            $char = substr($format, $i, 1);
-            // first check if the previous character was a backslash
-            if (substr($format, $i-1, 1) === '\\') {
-                // escaped characters are allowed
-                $sanitized_format .= "\\$char";
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (in_array($char, static::$allowed_chars)) {
-                $sanitized_format .= $char;
-            }
-        }
-        return $sanitized_format;
-    }
-
-
-    public function format(): string
-    {
-        return $this->format;
-    }
-
-
-    public function __toString(): string
-    {
-        return $this->format();
-    }
+	protected string $format;
+
+	public function __construct(?string $format)
+	{
+		if (static::$wordpress_format === null) {
+			static::$wordpress_format = get_option(static::WORDPRESS_FORMAT_OPTION_NAME);
+		}
+		$this->format = $this->sanitizeDateFormat($format ?: static::$wordpress_format);
+	}
+
+
+	protected function sanitizeDateFormat(string $format): string
+	{
+		$sanitized_format = '';
+		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($format); $i++) {
+			$char = substr($format, $i, 1);
+			// first check if the previous character was a backslash
+			if (substr($format, $i-1, 1) === '\\') {
+				// escaped characters are allowed
+				$sanitized_format .= "\\$char";
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (in_array($char, static::$allowed_chars)) {
+				$sanitized_format .= $char;
+			}
+		}
+		return $sanitized_format;
+	}
+
+
+	public function format(): string
+	{
+		return $this->format;
+	}
+
+
+	public function __toString(): string
+	{
+		return $this->format();
+	}
 }

Spacing +1 added lines, -1 removed lines

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($format); $i++) {
             $char = substr($format, $i, 1);
             // first check if the previous character was a backslash
-            if (substr($format, $i-1, 1) === '\\') {
+            if (substr($format, $i - 1, 1) === '\\') {
                 // escaped characters are allowed
                 $sanitized_format .= "\\$char";
                 continue;

core/db_classes/EE_Base_Class.class.php

Indentation +3358 added lines, -3358 removed lines

@@ -15,3374 +15,3374 @@
  */
 abstract class EE_Base_Class
 {
-    /**
-     * @var EEM_Base|null
-     */
-    protected $_model = null;
-
-    /**
-     * This is an array of the original properties and values provided during construction
-     * of this model object. (keys are model field names, values are their values).
-     * This list is important to remember so that when we are merging data from the db, we know
-     * which values to override and which to not override.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected ?array $_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Timezone
-     * This gets set by the "set_timezone()" method so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in.
-     * This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming out of the object to be in.  NOT
-     * all EE_Base_Class child classes use this property but any that use a EE_Datetime_Field data type will have
-     * access to it.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $_timezone = '';
-
-    /**
-     * date format
-     * pattern or format for displaying dates
-     *
-     * @var string $_dt_frmt
-     */
-    protected string $_dt_frmt = '';
-
-    /**
-     * time format
-     * pattern or format for displaying time
-     *
-     * @var string $_tm_frmt
-     */
-    protected string $_tm_frmt = '';
-
-    /**
-     * This property is for holding a cached array of object properties indexed by property name as the key.
-     * The purpose of this is for setting a cache on properties that may have calculated values after a
-     * prepare_for_get.  That way the cache can be checked first and the calculated property returned instead of having
-     * to recalculate. Used by _set_cached_property() and _get_cached_property() methods.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_cached_properties = [];
-
-    /**
-     * An array containing keys of the related model, and values are either an array of related mode objects or a
-     * single
-     * related model object. see the model's _model_relations. The keys should match those specified. And if the
-     * relation is of type EE_Belongs_To (or one of its children), then there should only be ONE related model object,
-     * all others have an array)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_model_relations = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Array where keys are field names (see the model's _fields property) and values are their values. To see what
-     * their types should be, look at what that field object returns on its prepare_for_get and prepare_for_set methods)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_fields = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var bool indicating whether or not this model object is intended to ever be saved
-     * For example, we might create model objects intended to only be used for the duration
-     * of this request and to be thrown away, and if they were accidentally saved
-     * it would be a bug.
-     */
-    protected bool $_allow_persist = true;
-
-    /**
-     * @var bool indicating whether or not this model object's properties have changed since construction
-     */
-    protected bool $_has_changes = false;
-
-    /**
-     * This is a cache of results from custom selections done on a query that constructs this entity. The only purpose
-     * for these values is for retrieval of the results, they are not further queryable and they are not persisted to
-     * the db.  They also do not automatically update if there are any changes to the data that produced their results.
-     * The format is a simple array of field_alias => field_value.  So for instance if a custom select was something
-     * like,  "Select COUNT(Registration.REG_ID) as Registration_Count ...", then the resulting value will be in this
-     * array as:
-     * array(
-     *  'Registration_Count' => 24
-     * );
-     * Note: if the custom select configuration for the query included a data type, the value will be in the data type
-     * provided for the query (@see EventEspresso\core\domain\values\model\CustomSelects::__construct phpdocs for more
-     * info)
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $custom_selection_results = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * basic constructor for Event Espresso classes, performs any necessary initialization, and verifies it's children
-     * play nice
-     *
-     * @param array   $fieldValues                             where each key is a field (ie, array key in the 2nd
-     *                                                         layer of the model's _fields array, (eg, EVT_ID,
-     *                                                         TXN_amount, QST_name, etc) and values are their values
-     * @param boolean $bydb                                    a flag for setting if the class is instantiated by the
-     *                                                         corresponding db model or not.
-     * @param string  $timezone                                indicate what timezone you want any datetime fields to
-     *                                                         be in when instantiating a EE_Base_Class object.
-     * @param array   $date_formats                            An array of date formats to set on construct where first
-     *                                                         value is the date_format and second value is the time
-     *                                                         format.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function __construct($fieldValues = array(), $bydb = false, $timezone = '', $date_formats = array())
-    {
-        $className = get_class($this);
-        do_action("AHEE__{$className}__construct", $this, $fieldValues);
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $model_fields = $model->field_settings(false);
-        // ensure $fieldValues is an array
-        $fieldValues = is_array($fieldValues) ? $fieldValues : array($fieldValues);
-        // verify client code has not passed any invalid field names
-        foreach ($fieldValues as $field_name => $field_value) {
-            if (! isset($model_fields[ $field_name ])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Invalid field (%s) passed to constructor of %s. Allowed fields are :%s',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $field_name,
-                        get_class($this),
-                        implode(', ', array_keys($model_fields))
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        $date_format = null;
-        $time_format = null;
-        $this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
-        if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
-            [$date_format, $time_format] = $date_formats;
-        }
-        $this->set_date_format($date_format);
-        $this->set_time_format($time_format);
-        // if db model is instantiating
-        foreach ($model_fields as $fieldName => $field) {
-            if ($bydb) {
-                // client code has indicated these field values are from the database
-                    $this->set_from_db(
-                        $fieldName,
-                        $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] ?? null
-                    );
-            } else {
-                // we're constructing a brand new instance of the model object.
-                // Generally, this means we'll need to do more field validation
-                    $this->set(
-                    $fieldName,
-                    $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] ?? null,
-                    true
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // remember what values were passed to this constructor
-        $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $fieldValues;
-        // remember in entity mapper
-        if (! $bydb && $model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
-            $model->add_to_entity_map($this);
-        }
-        // setup all the relations
-        foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = null;
-            } else {
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = array();
-            }
-        }
-        /**
-         * Action done at the end of each model object construction
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $this the model object just created
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__construct__finished', $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets whether or not this model object is allowed to persist/be saved to the database.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function allow_persist()
-    {
-        return $this->_allow_persist;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets whether or not this model object should be allowed to be saved to the DB.
-     * Normally once this is set to FALSE you wouldn't set it back to TRUE, unless
-     * you got new information that somehow made you change your mind.
-     *
-     * @param boolean $allow_persist
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function set_allow_persist($allow_persist)
-    {
-        return $this->_allow_persist = $allow_persist;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the field's original value when this object was constructed during this request.
-     * This can be helpful when determining if a model object has changed or not
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return mixed|null
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_original($field_name)
-    {
-        if (
-            isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ])
-            && $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name)
-        ) {
-            return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ]);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $obj
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_class($obj)
-    {
-        return get_class($obj);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
-     * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param mixed  $field_value
-     * @param bool   $use_default
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set(string $field_name, $field_value, bool $use_default = false)
-    {
-        // if not using default and nothing has changed, and object has already been setup (has ID),
-        // then don't do anything
-        if (
-            ! $use_default
-            && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] === $field_value
-            && $this->ID()
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $this->_has_changes = true;
-        $field_obj = $model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if (! $field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'A valid EE_Model_Field_Base could not be found for the given field name: %s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $field_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // if ( method_exists( $field_obj, 'set_timezone' )) {
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            $field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-            $field_obj->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
-            $field_obj->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
-        }
-        $holder_of_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_value);
-        // should the value be null?
-        if (($field_value === null || $holder_of_value === null || $holder_of_value === '') && $use_default) {
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-            /**
-             * To save having to refactor all the models, if a default value is used for a
-             * EE_Datetime_Field, and that value is not null nor is it a DateTime
-             * object.  Then let's do a set again to ensure that it becomes a DateTime
-             * object.
-             *
-             * @since 4.6.10+
-             */
-            if (
-                $field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field
-                && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] !== null
-                && ! $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ) {
-                empty($this->_fields[ $field_name ])
-                    ? $this->set($field_name, time())
-                    : $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
-            }
-        } else {
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $holder_of_value;
-        }
-        // if we're not in the constructor...
-        // now check if what we set was a primary key
-        if (
+	/**
+	 * @var EEM_Base|null
+	 */
+	protected $_model = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * This is an array of the original properties and values provided during construction
+	 * of this model object. (keys are model field names, values are their values).
+	 * This list is important to remember so that when we are merging data from the db, we know
+	 * which values to override and which to not override.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected ?array $_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Timezone
+	 * This gets set by the "set_timezone()" method so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in.
+	 * This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming out of the object to be in.  NOT
+	 * all EE_Base_Class child classes use this property but any that use a EE_Datetime_Field data type will have
+	 * access to it.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $_timezone = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * date format
+	 * pattern or format for displaying dates
+	 *
+	 * @var string $_dt_frmt
+	 */
+	protected string $_dt_frmt = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * time format
+	 * pattern or format for displaying time
+	 *
+	 * @var string $_tm_frmt
+	 */
+	protected string $_tm_frmt = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * This property is for holding a cached array of object properties indexed by property name as the key.
+	 * The purpose of this is for setting a cache on properties that may have calculated values after a
+	 * prepare_for_get.  That way the cache can be checked first and the calculated property returned instead of having
+	 * to recalculate. Used by _set_cached_property() and _get_cached_property() methods.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_cached_properties = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * An array containing keys of the related model, and values are either an array of related mode objects or a
+	 * single
+	 * related model object. see the model's _model_relations. The keys should match those specified. And if the
+	 * relation is of type EE_Belongs_To (or one of its children), then there should only be ONE related model object,
+	 * all others have an array)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_model_relations = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Array where keys are field names (see the model's _fields property) and values are their values. To see what
+	 * their types should be, look at what that field object returns on its prepare_for_get and prepare_for_set methods)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_fields = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var bool indicating whether or not this model object is intended to ever be saved
+	 * For example, we might create model objects intended to only be used for the duration
+	 * of this request and to be thrown away, and if they were accidentally saved
+	 * it would be a bug.
+	 */
+	protected bool $_allow_persist = true;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var bool indicating whether or not this model object's properties have changed since construction
+	 */
+	protected bool $_has_changes = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a cache of results from custom selections done on a query that constructs this entity. The only purpose
+	 * for these values is for retrieval of the results, they are not further queryable and they are not persisted to
+	 * the db.  They also do not automatically update if there are any changes to the data that produced their results.
+	 * The format is a simple array of field_alias => field_value.  So for instance if a custom select was something
+	 * like,  "Select COUNT(Registration.REG_ID) as Registration_Count ...", then the resulting value will be in this
+	 * array as:
+	 * array(
+	 *  'Registration_Count' => 24
+	 * );
+	 * Note: if the custom select configuration for the query included a data type, the value will be in the data type
+	 * provided for the query (@see EventEspresso\core\domain\values\model\CustomSelects::__construct phpdocs for more
+	 * info)
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $custom_selection_results = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * basic constructor for Event Espresso classes, performs any necessary initialization, and verifies it's children
+	 * play nice
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $fieldValues                             where each key is a field (ie, array key in the 2nd
+	 *                                                         layer of the model's _fields array, (eg, EVT_ID,
+	 *                                                         TXN_amount, QST_name, etc) and values are their values
+	 * @param boolean $bydb                                    a flag for setting if the class is instantiated by the
+	 *                                                         corresponding db model or not.
+	 * @param string  $timezone                                indicate what timezone you want any datetime fields to
+	 *                                                         be in when instantiating a EE_Base_Class object.
+	 * @param array   $date_formats                            An array of date formats to set on construct where first
+	 *                                                         value is the date_format and second value is the time
+	 *                                                         format.
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function __construct($fieldValues = array(), $bydb = false, $timezone = '', $date_formats = array())
+	{
+		$className = get_class($this);
+		do_action("AHEE__{$className}__construct", $this, $fieldValues);
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$model_fields = $model->field_settings(false);
+		// ensure $fieldValues is an array
+		$fieldValues = is_array($fieldValues) ? $fieldValues : array($fieldValues);
+		// verify client code has not passed any invalid field names
+		foreach ($fieldValues as $field_name => $field_value) {
+			if (! isset($model_fields[ $field_name ])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Invalid field (%s) passed to constructor of %s. Allowed fields are :%s',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$field_name,
+						get_class($this),
+						implode(', ', array_keys($model_fields))
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		$date_format = null;
+		$time_format = null;
+		$this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
+		if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
+			[$date_format, $time_format] = $date_formats;
+		}
+		$this->set_date_format($date_format);
+		$this->set_time_format($time_format);
+		// if db model is instantiating
+		foreach ($model_fields as $fieldName => $field) {
+			if ($bydb) {
+				// client code has indicated these field values are from the database
+					$this->set_from_db(
+						$fieldName,
+						$fieldValues[ $fieldName ] ?? null
+					);
+			} else {
+				// we're constructing a brand new instance of the model object.
+				// Generally, this means we'll need to do more field validation
+					$this->set(
+					$fieldName,
+					$fieldValues[ $fieldName ] ?? null,
+					true
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// remember what values were passed to this constructor
+		$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $fieldValues;
+		// remember in entity mapper
+		if (! $bydb && $model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
+			$model->add_to_entity_map($this);
+		}
+		// setup all the relations
+		foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = null;
+			} else {
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = array();
+			}
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Action done at the end of each model object construction
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $this the model object just created
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__construct__finished', $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets whether or not this model object is allowed to persist/be saved to the database.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function allow_persist()
+	{
+		return $this->_allow_persist;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether or not this model object should be allowed to be saved to the DB.
+	 * Normally once this is set to FALSE you wouldn't set it back to TRUE, unless
+	 * you got new information that somehow made you change your mind.
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $allow_persist
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function set_allow_persist($allow_persist)
+	{
+		return $this->_allow_persist = $allow_persist;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the field's original value when this object was constructed during this request.
+	 * This can be helpful when determining if a model object has changed or not
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return mixed|null
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_original($field_name)
+	{
+		if (
+			isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ])
+			&& $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name)
+		) {
+			return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ]);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $obj
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_class($obj)
+	{
+		return get_class($obj);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
+	 * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value
+	 * @param bool   $use_default
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set(string $field_name, $field_value, bool $use_default = false)
+	{
+		// if not using default and nothing has changed, and object has already been setup (has ID),
+		// then don't do anything
+		if (
+			! $use_default
+			&& $this->_fields[ $field_name ] === $field_value
+			&& $this->ID()
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$this->_has_changes = true;
+		$field_obj = $model->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		if (! $field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'A valid EE_Model_Field_Base could not be found for the given field name: %s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$field_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// if ( method_exists( $field_obj, 'set_timezone' )) {
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			$field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+			$field_obj->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
+			$field_obj->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
+		}
+		$holder_of_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_value);
+		// should the value be null?
+		if (($field_value === null || $holder_of_value === null || $holder_of_value === '') && $use_default) {
+			$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+			/**
+			 * To save having to refactor all the models, if a default value is used for a
+			 * EE_Datetime_Field, and that value is not null nor is it a DateTime
+			 * object.  Then let's do a set again to ensure that it becomes a DateTime
+			 * object.
+			 *
+			 * @since 4.6.10+
+			 */
+			if (
+				$field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field
+				&& $this->_fields[ $field_name ] !== null
+				&& ! $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+			) {
+				empty($this->_fields[ $field_name ])
+					? $this->set($field_name, time())
+					: $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+			}
+		} else {
+			$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $holder_of_value;
+		}
+		// if we're not in the constructor...
+		// now check if what we set was a primary key
+		if (
 // note: props_n_values_provided_in_constructor is only set at the END of the constructor
-            $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
-            && $field_value
-            && $field_name === $model->primary_key_name()
-        ) {
-            // if so, we want all this object's fields to be filled either with
-            // what we've explicitly set on this model
-            // or what we have in the db
-            // echo "setting primary key!";
-            $fields_on_model = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->field_settings();
-            $obj_in_db = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->get_one_by_ID($field_value);
-            foreach ($fields_on_model as $field_obj) {
-                if (
-                    ! array_key_exists($field_obj->get_name(), $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor)
-                    && $field_obj->get_name() !== $field_name
-                ) {
-                    $this->set($field_obj->get_name(), $obj_in_db->get($field_obj->get_name()));
-                }
-            }
-            // oh this model object has an ID? well make sure its in the entity mapper
-            $model->add_to_entity_map($this);
-        }
-        // let's unset any cache for this field_name from the $_cached_properties property.
-        $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
-     * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param mixed  $field_value_from_db
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function set_from_db(string $field_name, $field_value_from_db)
-    {
-        $field_obj = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            // you would think the DB has no NULLs for non-null label fields right? wrong!
-            // eg, a CPT model object could have an entry in the posts table, but no
-            // entry in the meta table. Meaning that all its columns in the meta table
-            // are null! yikes! so when we find one like that, use defaults for its meta columns
-            if ($field_value_from_db === null) {
-                if ($field_obj->is_nullable()) {
-                    // if the field allows nulls, then let it be null
-                    $field_value = null;
-                } else {
-                    $field_value = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-                }
-            } else {
-                $field_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set_from_db($field_value_from_db);
-            }
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_value;
-            $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set custom select values for model.
-     *
-     * @param array $custom_select_values
-     */
-    public function setCustomSelectsValues(array $custom_select_values)
-    {
-        $this->custom_selection_results = $custom_select_values;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the custom select value for the provided alias if its set.
-     * If not set, returns null.
-     *
-     * @param string $alias
-     * @return string|int|float|null
-     */
-    public function getCustomSelect($alias)
-    {
-        return isset($this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ])
-            ? $this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ]
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the field value on the db column if it exists for the given $column_name or
-     * saves it to EE_Extra_Meta if the given $column_name does not match a db column.
-     *
-     * @see EE_message::get_column_value for related documentation on the necessity of this method.
-     * @param string $field_name  Must be the exact column name.
-     * @param mixed  $field_value The value to set.
-     * @return int|bool @see EE_Base_Class::update_extra_meta() for return docs.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set_field_or_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value)
-    {
-        if ($this->get_model()->has_field($field_name)) {
-            $this->set($field_name, $field_value);
-            return true;
-        }
-        // ensure this object is saved first so that extra meta can be properly related.
-        $this->save();
-        return $this->update_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This retrieves the value of the db column set on this class or if that's not present
-     * it will attempt to retrieve from extra_meta if found.
-     * Example Usage:
-     * Via EE_Message child class:
-     * Due to the dynamic nature of the EE_messages system, EE_messengers will always have a "to",
-     * "from", "subject", and "content" field (as represented in the EE_Message schema), however they may
-     * also have additional main fields specific to the messenger.  The system accommodates those extra
-     * fields through the EE_Extra_Meta table.  This method allows for EE_messengers to retrieve the
-     * value for those extra fields dynamically via the EE_message object.
-     *
-     * @param  string $field_name expecting the fully qualified field name.
-     * @return mixed|null  value for the field if found.  null if not found.
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_or_extra_meta($field_name)
-    {
-        if ($this->get_model()->has_field($field_name)) {
-            $column_value = $this->get($field_name);
-        } else {
-            // This isn't a column in the main table, let's see if it is in the extra meta.
-            $column_value = $this->get_extra_meta($field_name, true, null);
-        }
-        return $column_value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * See $_timezone property for description of what the timezone property is for.  This SETS the timezone internally
-     * for being able to reference what timezone we are running conversions on when converting TO the internal timezone
-     * (UTC Unix Timestamp) for the object OR when converting FROM the internal timezone (UTC Unix Timestamp). This is
-     * available to all child classes that may be using the EE_Datetime_Field for a field data type.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param string $timezone A valid timezone string as described by @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set_timezone($timezone = '')
-    {
-        $this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
-        // make sure we clear all cached properties because they won't be relevant now
-        $this->_clear_cached_properties();
-        // make sure we update field settings and the date for all EE_Datetime_Fields
-        $model_fields = $this->get_model()->field_settings(false);
-        foreach ($model_fields as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                $field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                if (isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime) {
-                    EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[ $field_name ], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return string timezone string
-     */
-    public function get_timezone()
-    {
-        return $this->_timezone;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the internal date format to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the class
-     * internally instead of wp set date format options
-     *
-     * @param string|null $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
-     * @since 4.6
-     */
-    public function set_date_format(?string $format = 'Y-m-d')
-    {
-        $format = $format ?: 'Y-m-d';
-        $this->_dt_frmt = new DateFormat($format);
-        // clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
-        $this->_clear_cached_properties();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the internal time format string to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the
-     * class internally instead of wp set time format options.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
-     * @since 4.6
-     */
-    public function set_time_format(?string $format = 'H:i:s')
-    {
-        $format = $format ?: 'H:i:s';
-        $this->_tm_frmt = new TimeFormat($format);
-        // clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
-        $this->_clear_cached_properties();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the current internal set format for the date and time formats.
-     *
-     * @param bool $full           if true (default), then return the full format.  Otherwise will return an array
-     *                             where the first value is the date format and the second value is the time format.
-     * @return mixed string|array
-     */
-    public function get_format($full = true)
-    {
-        return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : array($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * cache
-     * stores the passed model object on the current model object.
-     * In certain circumstances, we can use this cached model object instead of querying for another one entirely.
-     *
-     * @param string        $relationName    one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model. Eg
-     *                                       'Registration' associated with this model object
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $object_to_cache that has a relation to this model object. (Eg, if this is a Transaction,
-     *                                       that could be a payment or a registration)
-     * @param null          $cache_id        a string or number that will be used as the key for any Belongs_To_Many
-     *                                       items which will be stored in an array on this object
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return mixed    index into cache, or just TRUE if the relation is of type Belongs_To (because there's only one
-     *                                       related thing, no array)
-     */
-    public function cache($relationName = '', $object_to_cache = null, $cache_id = null)
-    {
-        // its entirely possible that there IS no related object yet in which case there is nothing to cache.
-        if (! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // also get "how" the object is related, or throw an error
-        if (! $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot cache it', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $relationName,
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // how many things are related ?
-        if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            // if it's a "belongs to" relationship, then there's only one related model object
-            // eg, if this is a registration, there's only 1 attendee for it
-            // so for these model objects just set it to be cached
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $object_to_cache;
-            $return = true;
-        } else {
-            // otherwise, this is the "many" side of a one to many relationship,
-            // so we'll add the object to the array of related objects for that type.
-            // eg: if this is an event, there are many registrations for that event,
-            // so we cache the registrations in an array
-            if (! is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])) {
-                // if for some reason, the cached item is a model object,
-                // then stick that in the array, otherwise start with an empty array
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
-                                                           instanceof
-                                                           EE_Base_Class
-                    ? array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) : array();
-            }
-            // first check for a cache_id which is normally empty
-            if (! empty($cache_id)) {
-                // if the cache_id exists, then it means we are purposely trying to cache this
-                // with a known key that can then be used to retrieve the object later on
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $cache_id ] = $object_to_cache;
-                $return = $cache_id;
-            } elseif ($object_to_cache->ID()) {
-                // OR the cached object originally came from the db, so let's just use it's PK for an ID
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $object_to_cache->ID() ] = $object_to_cache;
-                $return = $object_to_cache->ID();
-            } else {
-                // OR it's a new object with no ID, so just throw it in the array with an auto-incremented ID
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][] = $object_to_cache;
-                // move the internal pointer to the end of the array
-                end($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
-                // and grab the key so that we can return it
-                $return = key($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
-            }
-        }
-        return $return;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For adding an item to the cached_properties property.
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @param string      $fieldname the property item the corresponding value is for.
-     * @param mixed       $value     The value we are caching.
-     * @param string|null $cache_type
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_cached_property($fieldname, $value, $cache_type = null)
-    {
-        // first make sure this property exists
-        $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($fieldname);
-        $cache_type = empty($cache_type) ? 'standard' : $cache_type;
-        $this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ] = $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the value cached property if it exists OR the actual property value if the cache doesn't exist.
-     * This also SETS the cache if we return the actual property!
-     *
-     * @param string $fieldname        the name of the property we're trying to retrieve
-     * @param bool   $pretty
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref  This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                 (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                 - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     *                                 It can also accept certain pre-defined "schema" strings
-     *                                 to define how to output the property.
-     *                                 see the field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing for what strings can be used
-     * @return mixed                   whatever the value for the property is we're retrieving
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_cached_property($fieldname, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        // verify the field exists
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $model->field_settings_for($fieldname);
-        $cache_type = $pretty ? 'pretty' : 'standard';
-        $cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_' . $extra_cache_ref : '';
-        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ])) {
-            return $this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ];
-        }
-        $value = $this->_get_fresh_property($fieldname, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
-        $this->_set_cached_property($fieldname, $value, $cache_type);
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * If the cache didn't fetch the needed item, this fetches it.
-     *
-     * @param string $fieldname
-     * @param bool   $pretty
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_fresh_property($fieldname, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        $field_obj = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($fieldname);
-        // If this is an EE_Datetime_Field we need to make sure timezone, formats, and output are correct
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            $this->_prepare_datetime_field($field_obj, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
-        }
-        if (! isset($this->_fields[ $fieldname ])) {
-            $this->_fields[ $fieldname ] = null;
-        }
-        return $pretty
-            ? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[ $fieldname ], $extra_cache_ref)
-            : $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[ $fieldname ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * set timezone, formats, and output for EE_Datetime_Field objects
-     *
-     * @param EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field
-     * @param bool              $pretty
-     * @param null              $date_or_time
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     */
-    protected function _prepare_datetime_field(
-        EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field,
-        $pretty = false,
-        $date_or_time = null
-    ) {
-        $datetime_field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-        $datetime_field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt, $pretty);
-        $datetime_field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt, $pretty);
-        // set the output returned
-        switch ($date_or_time) {
-            case 'D':
-                $datetime_field->set_date_time_output('date');
-                break;
-            case 'T':
-                $datetime_field->set_date_time_output('time');
-                break;
-            default:
-                $datetime_field->set_date_time_output();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just takes care of clearing out the cached_properties
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _clear_cached_properties()
-    {
-        $this->_cached_properties = array();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just clears out ONE property if it exists in the cache
-     *
-     * @param  string $property_name the property to remove if it exists (from the _cached_properties array)
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _clear_cached_property($property_name)
-    {
-        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ])) {
-            unset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ]);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Ensures that this related thing is a model object.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $object_or_id EE_base_Class/int/string either a related model object, or its ID
-     * @param string $model_name   name of the related thing, eg 'Attendee',
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function ensure_related_thing_is_model_obj($object_or_id, $model_name)
-    {
-        $other_model_instance = self::_get_model_instance_with_name(
-            self::_get_model_classname($model_name),
-            $this->_timezone
-        );
-        return $other_model_instance->ensure_is_obj($object_or_id);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Forgets the cached model of the given relation Name. So the next time we request it,
-     * we will fetch it again from the database. (Handy if you know it's changed somehow).
-     * If a specific object is supplied, and the relationship to it is either a HasMany or HABTM,
-     * then only remove that one object from our cached array. Otherwise, clear the entire list
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName                         one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model.
-     *                                                     Eg 'Registration'
-     * @param mixed  $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array or an index into the array of cached things, or NULL
-     *                                                     if you intend to use $clear_all = TRUE, or the relation only
-     *                                                     has 1 object anyways (ie, it's a BelongsToRelation)
-     * @param bool   $clear_all                            This flags clearing the entire cache relation property if
-     *                                                     this is HasMany or HABTM.
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Base_Class | boolean from which was cleared from the cache, or true if we requested to remove a
-     *                                                     relation from all
-     */
-    public function clear_cache($relationName, $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array = null, $clear_all = false)
-    {
-        $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        $index_in_cache = '';
-        if (! $relationship_to_model) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot clear that cache', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $relationName,
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if ($clear_all) {
-            $obj_removed = true;
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
-        } elseif ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
-        } else {
-            if (
-                $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class
-                && $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
-            ) {
-                $index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID();
-                if (
-                    is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-                    && ! isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])
-                ) {
-                    $index_found_at = null;
-                    // find this object in the array even though it has a different key
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $index => $obj) {
-                        /** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
-                        if (
-                            $obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
-                            && (
-                                $obj == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array
-                                || $obj->ID() === $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
-                            )
-                        ) {
-                            $index_found_at = $index;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if ($index_found_at) {
-                        $index_in_cache = $index_found_at;
-                    } else {
-                        // it wasn't found. huh. well obviously it doesn't need to be removed from teh cache
-                        // if it wasn't in it to begin with. So we're done
-                        return $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
-                    }
-                }
-            } elseif ($object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                // so they provided a model object, but it's not yet saved to the DB... so let's go hunting for it!
-                foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName) as $index => $potentially_obj_we_want) {
-                    /** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
-                    if ($potentially_obj_we_want == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array) {
-                        $index_in_cache = $index;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                $index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
-            }
-            // supposedly we've found it. But it could just be that the client code
-            // provided a bad index/object
-            if (isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])) {
-                $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ];
-                unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ]);
-            } else {
-                // that thing was never cached anyways.
-                $obj_removed = null;
-            }
-        }
-        return $obj_removed;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * update_cache_after_object_save
-     * Allows a cached item to have it's cache ID (within the array of cached items) reset using the new ID it has
-     * obtained after being saved to the db
-     *
-     * @param string        $relationName       - the type of object that is cached
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object - the newly saved object to be re-cached
-     * @param string        $current_cache_id   - the ID that was used when originally caching the object
-     * @return boolean TRUE on success, FALSE on fail
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function update_cache_after_object_save(
-        $relationName,
-        EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object,
-        $current_cache_id = ''
-    ) {
-        // verify that incoming object is of the correct type
-        $obj_class = 'EE_' . $relationName;
-        if ($newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
-            /* @type EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object */
-            // now get the type of relation
-            $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName);
-            // if this is a 1:1 relationship
-            if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                // then just replace the cached object with the newly saved object
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $newly_saved_object;
-                return true;
-                // or if it's some kind of sordid feral polyamorous relationship...
-            }
-            if (
-                is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-                && isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ])
-            ) {
-                // then remove the current cached item
-                unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ]);
-                // and cache the newly saved object using it's new ID
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $newly_saved_object->ID() ] = $newly_saved_object;
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
-     * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function get_one_from_cache($relationName)
-    {
-        $cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-            ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
-            : null;
-        if (is_array($cached_array_or_object)) {
-            return array_shift($cached_array_or_object);
-        }
-        return $cached_array_or_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
-     * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[] NOT necessarily indexed by primary keys
-     */
-    public function get_all_from_cache($relationName)
-    {
-        $objects = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] : array();
-        // if the result is not an array, but exists, make it an array
-        $objects = is_array($objects) ? $objects : array($objects);
-        // bugfix for https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/7143
-        // basically, if this model object was stored in the session, and these cached model objects
-        // already have IDs, let's make sure they're in their model's entity mapper
-        // otherwise we will have duplicates next time we call
-        // EE_Registry::instance()->load_model( $relationName )->get_one_by_ID( $result->ID() );
-        $model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($relationName);
-        foreach ($objects as $model_object) {
-            if ($model instanceof EEM_Base && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                // ensure its in the map if it has an ID; otherwise it will be added to the map when its saved
-                if ($model_object->ID()) {
-                    $model->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
-                }
-            } else {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Error retrieving related model objects. Either $1%s is not a model or $2%s is not a model object',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $relationName,
-                        gettype($model_object)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function next_x($field_to_order_by = null, $limit = 1, $query_params = array(), $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $model->next_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function previous_x(
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $model->previous_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function next($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = array(), $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $model->next($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
-     * matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an EE_Base_Class object is returned, otherwise
-     *                                  you can indicate just the column you want returned
-     * @return array|EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function previous($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = array(), $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
-            ? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
-            : $field_to_order_by;
-        $current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
-        if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $model->previous($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * verifies that the specified field is of the correct type
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, false, $extra_cache_ref);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method simply returns the RAW unprocessed value for the given property in this class
-     *
-     * @param  string $field_name A valid fieldname
-     * @return mixed              Whatever the raw value stored on the property is.
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error if fieldSettings is misconfigured or the field doesn't exist.
-     */
-    public function get_raw($field_name)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? $this->_fields[ $field_name ]->format('U')
-            : $this->_fields[ $field_name ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is used to return the internal DateTime object used for a field that is a
-     * EE_Datetime_Field.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name               The field name retrieving the DateTime object.
-     * @return mixed null | false | DateTime  If the requested field is NOT a EE_Datetime_Field then
-     * @throws EE_Error an error is set and false returned.  If the field IS an
-     *                                         EE_Datetime_Field and but the field value is null, then
-     *                                         just null is returned (because that indicates that likely
-     *                                         this field is nullable).
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_DateTime_object($field_name)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The field %s is not an EE_Datetime_Field field.  There is no DateTime object stored on this field type.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $field_name
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? clone $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * To be used in template to immediately echo out the value, and format it for output.
-     * Eg, should call stripslashes and whatnot before echoing
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name      the name of the field as it appears in the DB
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        echo wp_kses($this->get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref), AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Exactly like e(), echoes out the field, but sets its schema to 'form_input', so that it
-     * can be easily used as the value of form input.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function f($field_name)
-    {
-        $this->e($field_name, 'form_input');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Same as `f()` but just returns the value instead of echoing it
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return string
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_f($field_name)
-    {
-        return (string) $this->get_pretty($field_name, 'form_input');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a pretty view of the field's value. $extra_cache_ref can specify different formats for this.
-     * The $extra_cache_ref will be passed to the model field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing, so consult the field's class
-     * to see what options are available.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
-     *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
-     *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, true, $extra_cache_ref);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply returns the datetime for the given field name
-     * Note: this protected function is called by the wrapper get_date or get_time or get_datetime functions
-     * (and the equivalent e_date, e_time, e_datetime).
-     *
-     * @access   protected
-     * @param string      $field_name   Field on the instantiated EE_Base_Class child object
-     * @param string|null $date_format  valid datetime format used for date
-     *                                  (if '' then we just use the default on the field,
-     *                                  if NULL we use the last-used format)
-     * @param string|null $time_format  Same as above except this is for time format
-     * @param string|null $date_or_time if NULL then both are returned, otherwise "D" = only date and "T" = only time.
-     * @param bool|null   $echo         Whether the datetime is pretty echoing or just returned using vanilla get
-     * @return string|bool|EE_Error string on success, FALSE on fail, or EE_Error Exception is thrown
-     *                                  if field is not a valid dtt field, or void if echoing
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_datetime(
-        string $field_name,
-        ?string $date_format = '',
-        ?string $time_format = '',
-        ?string $date_or_time = '',
-        ?bool $echo = false
-    ) {
-        // clear cached property
-        $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-        // reset format properties because they are used in get()
-        $this->_dt_frmt = $date_format ?: $this->_dt_frmt;
-        $this->_tm_frmt = $time_format ?: $this->_tm_frmt;
-        if ($echo) {
-            $this->e($field_name, $date_or_time);
-            return '';
-        }
-        return $this->get($field_name, $date_or_time);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the date
-     * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
-     * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
-     *
-     * @param  string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
-     * @param  string $format     format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
-     * @return string            datetime value formatted
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_date($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param        $field_name
-     * @param string $format
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_date($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D', true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the time
-     * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
-     * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
-     *
-     * @param  string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
-     * @param  string $format     format for the time returned ( if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
-     * @return string             datetime value formatted
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_time($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param        $field_name
-     * @param string $format
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_time($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        $this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T', true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for returning the date AND
-     * time portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
-     * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
-     *
-     * @param  string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
-     * @param  string $date_format    format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
-     * @param  string $time_format    format for the time returned (if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
-     * @return string             datetime value formatted
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param string $date_format
-     * @param string $time_format
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
-    {
-        $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format, null, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the i8ln value for a date using the WordPress @see date_i18n function.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name The EE_Datetime_Field reference for the date being retrieved.
-     * @param string $format     PHP valid date/time string format.  If none is provided then the internal set format
-     *                           on the object will be used.
-     * @return string Date and time string in set locale or false if no field exists for the given
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     *                           field name.
-     */
-    public function get_i18n_datetime($field_name, $format = '')
-    {
-        $format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : $format;
-        return date_i18n(
-            $format,
-            EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timestamp_with_offset(
-                $this->get_raw($field_name),
-                $this->_timezone
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method validates whether the given field name is a valid field on the model object as well as it is of a
-     * type EE_Datetime_Field.  On success there will be returned the field settings.  On fail an EE_Error exception is
-     * thrown.
-     *
-     * @param  string $field_name The field name being checked
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Datetime_Field
-     */
-    protected function _get_dtt_field_settings($field_name)
-    {
-        $field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        // check if field is dtt
-        if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            return $field;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'The field name "%s" has been requested for the EE_Base_Class datetime functions and it is not a valid EE_Datetime_Field.  Please check the spelling of the field and make sure it has been setup as a EE_Datetime_Field in the %s model constructor',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $field_name,
-                self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * NOTE ABOUT BELOW:
-     * These convenience date and time setters are for setting date and time independently.  In other words you might
-     * want to change the time on a datetime_field but leave the date the same (or vice versa). IF on the other hand
-     * you want to set both date and time at the same time, you can just use the models default set($fieldname,$value)
-     * method and make sure you send the entire datetime value for setting.
-     */
-    /**
-     * sets the time on a datetime property
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @param string|Datetime $time      a valid time string for php datetime functions (or DateTime object)
-     * @param string          $fieldname the name of the field the time is being set on (must match a EE_Datetime_Field)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_time_for($time, $fieldname)
-    {
-        $this->_set_date_time('T', $time, $fieldname);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * sets the date on a datetime property
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @param string|DateTime $date      a valid date string for php datetime functions ( or DateTime object)
-     * @param string          $fieldname the name of the field the date is being set on (must match a EE_Datetime_Field)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_date_for($date, $fieldname)
-    {
-        $this->_set_date_time('D', $date, $fieldname);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This takes care of setting a date or time independently on a given model object property. This method also
-     * verifies that the given field_name matches a model object property and is for a EE_Datetime_Field field
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @param string          $what           "T" for time, 'B' for both, 'D' for Date.
-     * @param string|DateTime $datetime_value A valid Date or Time string (or DateTime object)
-     * @param string          $field_name     the name of the field the date OR time is being set on (must match a
-     *                                        EE_Datetime_Field property)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_date_time(string $what, $datetime_value, string $field_name)
-    {
-        $field = $this->_get_dtt_field_settings($field_name);
-        $field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-        $field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
-        $field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
-        switch ($what) {
-            case 'T':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
-                    $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
-                );
-                $this->_has_changes = true;
-                break;
-            case 'D':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
-                    $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
-                );
-                $this->_has_changes = true;
-                break;
-            case 'B':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
-                $this->_has_changes = true;
-                break;
-        }
-        $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will return a timestamp for the website timezone but ONLY when the current website timezone is different
-     * than the timezone set for the website. NOTE, this currently only works well with methods that return values.  If
-     * you use it with methods that echo values the $_timestamp property may not get reset to its original value and
-     * that could lead to some unexpected results!
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param string $field_name               This is the name of the field on the object that contains the date/time
-     *                                         value being returned.
-     * @param string $callback                 must match a valid method in this class (defaults to get_datetime)
-     * @param mixed (array|string) $args       This is the arguments that will be passed to the callback.
-     * @param string $prepend                  You can include something to prepend on the timestamp
-     * @param string $append                   You can include something to append on the timestamp
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string timestamp
-     */
-    public function display_in_my_timezone(
-        $field_name,
-        $callback = 'get_datetime',
-        $args = null,
-        $prepend = '',
-        $append = ''
-    ) {
-        $timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
-        if ($timezone === $this->_timezone) {
-            return '';
-        }
-        $original_timezone = $this->_timezone;
-        $this->set_timezone($timezone);
-        $fn = (array) $field_name;
-        $args = array_merge($fn, (array) $args);
-        if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The method named "%s" given as the callback param in "display_in_my_timezone" does not exist.  Please check your spelling',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $callback
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $args = (array) $args;
-        $return = $prepend . call_user_func_array(array($this, $callback), $args) . $append;
-        $this->set_timezone($original_timezone);
-        return $return;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes this model object.
-     * This calls the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method.  Child classes wishing to change default behaviour should
-     * override
-     * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` NOT this class.
-     *
-     * @return boolean | int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete()
-    {
-        /**
-         * Called just before the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
-         * Note:
-         * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
-         * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
-         * For example, `EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class::_delete`
-         * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__before', $this);
-        $result = $this->_delete();
-        /**
-         * Called just after the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
-         * Note:
-         * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
-         * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
-         * For example `EE_Soft_Base_Class::_delete`
-         * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
-         * @param boolean       $result
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__end', $this, $result);
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Calls the specific delete method for the instantiated class.
-     * This method is called by the public `EE_Base_Class::delete` method.  Any child classes desiring to override
-     * default functionality for "delete" (which is to call `permanently_delete`) should override this method NOT
-     * `EE_Base_Class::delete`
-     *
-     * @return bool|int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _delete()
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes this model object permanently from db
-     * (but keep in mind related models may block the delete and return an error)
-     *
-     * @return bool | int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently()
-    {
-        /**
-         * Called just before HARD deleting a model object
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__before', $this);
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        $result = $model->delete_permanently_by_ID($this->ID());
-        $this->refresh_cache_of_related_objects();
-        /**
-         * Called just after HARD deleting a model object
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
-         * @param boolean       $result
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__end', $this, $result);
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * When this model object is deleted, it may still be cached on related model objects. This clears the cache of
-     * related model objects
-     *
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function refresh_cache_of_related_objects()
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-                $related_objects = $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ];
-                if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // this relation only stores a single model object, not an array
-                    // but let's make it consistent
-                    $related_objects = array($related_objects);
-                }
-                foreach ($related_objects as $related_object) {
-                    // only refresh their cache if they're in memory
-                    if ($related_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                        $related_object->clear_cache(
-                            $model->get_this_model_name(),
-                            $this
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Saves this object to the database. An array may be supplied to set some values on this
-     * object just before saving.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @param array $set_cols_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values,
-     *                                 if provided during the save() method (often client code will change the fields'
-     *                                 values before calling save)
-     * @return bool|int|string         1 on a successful update
-     *                                 the ID of the new entry on insert
-     *                                 0 on failure or if the model object isn't allowed to persist
-     *                                 (as determined by EE_Base_Class::allow_persist())
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function save($set_cols_n_values = array())
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields we're about to save on the model object
-         *
-         * @param array         $set_cols_n_values
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object
-         */
-        $set_cols_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__set_cols_n_values',
-            $set_cols_n_values,
-            $this
-        );
-        // set attributes as provided in $set_cols_n_values
-        foreach ($set_cols_n_values as $column => $value) {
-            $this->set($column, $value);
-        }
-        // no changes ? then don't do anything
-        if (! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        /**
-         * Saving a model object.
-         * Before we perform a save, this action is fired.
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object the model object about to be saved.
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__begin', $this);
-        if (! $this->allow_persist()) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        // now get current attribute values
-        $save_cols_n_values = $this->_fields;
-        // if the object already has an ID, update it. Otherwise, insert it
-        // also: change the assumption about values passed to the model NOT being prepare dby the model object.
-        // They have been
-        $old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation = $model
-            ->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
-        $model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
-        // does this model have an autoincrement PK?
-        if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if ($model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-                // ok check if it's set, if so: update; if not, insert
-                if (! empty($save_cols_n_values[ $model->primary_key_name() ])) {
-                    $results = $model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
-                } else {
-                    unset($save_cols_n_values[ $model->primary_key_name() ]);
-                    $results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
-                    if ($results) {
-                        // if successful, set the primary key
-                        // but don't use the normal SET method, because it will check if
-                        // an item with the same ID exists in the mapper & db, then
-                        // will find it in the db (because we just added it) and THAT object
-                        // will get added to the mapper before we can add this one!
-                        // but if we just avoid using the SET method, all that headache can be avoided
-                        $pk_field_name = $model->primary_key_name();
-                        $this->_fields[ $pk_field_name ] = $results;
-                        $this->_clear_cached_property($pk_field_name);
-                        $model->add_to_entity_map($this);
-                        $this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {// PK is NOT auto-increment
-                // so check if one like it already exists in the db
-                if ($model->exists_by_ID($this->ID())) {
-                    if (WP_DEBUG && ! $this->in_entity_map()) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    'Using a model object %1$s that is NOT in the entity map, can lead to unexpected errors. You should either: %4$s 1. Put it in the entity mapper by calling %2$s %4$s 2. Discard this model object and use what is in the entity mapper %4$s 3. Fetch from the database using %3$s',
-                                    'event_espresso'
-                                ),
-                                get_class($this),
-                                get_class($model) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                                get_class($model) . '::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
-                                '<br />'
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $results = $model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
-                } else {
-                    $results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
-                    $this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
-                }
-            }
-        } else {// there is NO primary key
-            $already_in_db = false;
-            foreach ($model->unique_indexes() as $index) {
-                $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($save_cols_n_values, $index->fields());
-                if ($model->exists(array($uniqueness_where_params))) {
-                    $already_in_db = true;
-                }
-            }
-            if ($already_in_db) {
-                $combined_pk_fields_n_values = array_intersect_key(
-                    $save_cols_n_values,
-                    $model->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-                );
-                $results = $model->update(
-                    $save_cols_n_values,
-                    $combined_pk_fields_n_values
-                );
-            } else {
-                $results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
-            }
-        }
-        // restore the old assumption about values being prepared by the model object
-        $model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
-            $old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation
-        );
-        /**
-         * After saving the model object this action is called
-         *
-         * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object which was just saved
-         * @param boolean|int   $results      if it were updated, TRUE or FALSE; if it were newly inserted
-         *                                    the new ID (or 0 if an error occurred and it wasn't updated)
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__end', $this, $results);
-        $this->_has_changes = false;
-        return $results;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the foreign key on related models objects pointing to this to have this model object's ID
-     * as their foreign key.  If the cached related model objects already exist in the db, saves them (so that the DB
-     * is consistent) Especially useful in case we JUST added this model object ot the database and we want to let its
-     * cached relations with foreign keys to it know about that change. Eg: we've created a transaction but haven't
-     * saved it to the db. We also create a registration and don't save it to the DB, but we DO cache it on the
-     * transaction. Now, when we save the transaction, the registration's TXN_ID will be automatically updated, whether
-     * or not they exist in the DB (if they do, their DB records will be automatically updated)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _update_cached_related_model_objs_fks()
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Has_Many_Relation) {
-                foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $related_model_obj_in_cache) {
-                    $fk_to_this = $related_model_obj_in_cache->get_model()->get_foreign_key_to(
-                        $model->get_this_model_name()
-                    );
-                    $related_model_obj_in_cache->set($fk_to_this->get_name(), $this->ID());
-                    if ($related_model_obj_in_cache->ID()) {
-                        $related_model_obj_in_cache->save();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Saves this model object and its NEW cached relations to the database.
-     * (Meaning, for now, IT DOES NOT WORK if the cached items already exist in the DB.
-     * In order for that to work, we would need to mark model objects as dirty/clean...
-     * because otherwise, there's a potential for infinite looping of saving
-     * Saves the cached related model objects, and ensures the relation between them
-     * and this object and properly setup
-     *
-     * @return int ID of new model object on save; 0 on failure+
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function save_new_cached_related_model_objs()
-    {
-        // make sure this has been saved
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
-            $id = $this->save();
-        } else {
-            $id = $this->ID();
-        }
-        // now save all the NEW cached model objects  (ie they don't exist in the DB)
-        foreach ($this->get_model()->relation_settings() as $relationName => $relationObj) {
-            if ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) {
-                // is this a relation where we should expect just ONE related object (ie, EE_Belongs_To_relation)
-                // or MANY related objects (ie, EE_HABTM_Relation or EE_Has_Many_Relation)?
-                /* @var $related_model_obj EE_Base_Class */
-                if ($relationObj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
-                    // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
-                    $related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
-                    // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
-                    $this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
-                    $related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
-                    // }
-                } else {
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $related_model_obj) {
-                        // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
-                        // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
-                        // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
-                        $this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
-                        $related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
-                        // }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * for getting a model while instantiated.
-     *
-     * @return EEM_Base | EEM_CPT_Base
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_model()
-    {
-        if (! $this->_model) {
-            $modelName = self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this));
-            $this->_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $this->_timezone);
-        } else {
-            $this->_model->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-        }
-        return $this->_model;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $props_n_values
-     * @param $classname
-     * @return mixed bool|EE_Base_Class|EEM_CPT_Base
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected static function _get_object_from_entity_mapper($props_n_values, $classname)
-    {
-        // TODO: will not work for Term_Relationships because they have no PK!
-        $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
-        if (
-            array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-            && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
-        ) {
-            $id = $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ];
-            return self::_get_model($classname)->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is called by child static "new_instance" method and we'll check to see if there is an existing db entry for
-     * the primary key (if present in incoming values). If there is a key in the incoming array that matches the
-     * primary key for the model AND it is not null, then we check the db. If there's a an object we return it.  If not
-     * we return false.
-     *
-     * @param  array  $props_n_values   incoming array of properties and their values
-     * @param  string $classname        the classname of the child class
-     * @param null    $timezone
-     * @param array   $date_formats     incoming date_formats in an array where the first value is the
-     *                                  date_format and the second value is the time format
-     * @return mixed (EE_Base_Class|bool)
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected static function _check_for_object($props_n_values, $classname, $timezone = null, $date_formats = array())
-    {
-        $existing = null;
-        $model = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone);
-        if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
-            if (
-                array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-                && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
-            ) {
-                $existing = $model->get_one_by_ID(
-                    $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ]
-                );
-            }
-        } elseif ($model->has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($props_n_values)) {
-            // no primary key on this model, but there's still a matching item in the DB
-            $existing = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)->get_one_by_ID(
-                self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)
-                    ->get_index_primary_key_string($props_n_values)
-            );
-        }
-        if ($existing) {
-            // set date formats if present before setting values
-            if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
-                $existing->set_date_format($date_formats[0]);
-                $existing->set_time_format($date_formats[1]);
-            } else {
-                // set default formats for date and time
-                $existing->set_date_format(get_option('date_format'));
-                $existing->set_time_format(get_option('time_format'));
-            }
-            foreach ($props_n_values as $property => $field_value) {
-                $existing->set($property, $field_value);
-            }
-            return $existing;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the EEM_*_Model for this class
-     *
-     * @access public now, as this is more convenient
-     * @param      $classname
-     * @param null $timezone
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     */
-    protected static function _get_model($classname, $timezone = null)
-    {
-        // find model for this class
-        if (! $classname) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'What were you thinking calling _get_model(%s)?? You need to specify the class name',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $classname
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $modelName = self::_get_model_classname($classname);
-        return self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model instance (eg instance of EEM_Attendee) given its classname (eg EE_Attendee)
-     *
-     * @param string $model_classname
-     * @param null   $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected static function _get_model_instance_with_name($model_classname, $timezone = null)
-    {
-        $model_classname = str_replace('EEM_', '', $model_classname);
-        $model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($model_classname);
-        $model->set_timezone($timezone);
-        return $model;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * If a model name is provided (eg Registration), gets the model classname for that model.
-     * Also works if a model class's classname is provided (eg EE_Registration).
-     *
-     * @param string|null $model_name
-     * @return string like EEM_Attendee
-     */
-    private static function _get_model_classname($model_name = '')
-    {
-        return strpos((string) $model_name, 'EE_') === 0
-            ? str_replace('EE_', 'EEM_', $model_name)
-            : 'EEM_' . $model_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * returns the name of the primary key attribute
-     *
-     * @param null $classname
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string
-     */
-    protected static function _get_primary_key_name($classname = null)
-    {
-        if (! $classname) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('What were you thinking calling _get_primary_key_name(%s)', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $classname
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return self::_get_model($classname)->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the value of the primary key.
-     * If the object hasn't yet been saved, it should be whatever the model field's default was
-     * (eg, if this were the EE_Event class, look at the primary key field on EEM_Event and see what its default value
-     * is. Usually defaults for integer primary keys are 0; string primary keys are usually NULL).
-     *
-     * @return mixed, if the primary key is of type INT it'll be an int. Otherwise it could be a string
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function ID()
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        // now that we know the name of the variable, use a variable variable to get its value and return its
-        if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            return $this->_fields[ $model->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        return $model->get_index_primary_key_string($this->_fields);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $otherModelObjectOrID
-     * @param string                   $relationName
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function hasRelation($otherModelObjectOrID, string $relationName): bool
-    {
-        $other_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name(
-            self::_get_model_classname($relationName),
-            $this->_timezone
-        );
-        $primary_key = $other_model->primary_key_name();
-        /** @var EE_Base_Class $otherModelObject */
-        $otherModelObject = $other_model->ensure_is_obj($otherModelObjectOrID, $relationName);
-        return $this->count_related($relationName, [[$primary_key => $otherModelObject->ID()]]) > 0;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationship's name. Eg, if the current
-     * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Event', and should be a key in the EE
-     * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just caches the related thing
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID       EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object
-     * @param string $relationName                     eg 'Events','Question',etc.
-     *                                                 an attendee to a group, you also want to specify which role they
-     *                                                 will have in that group. So you would use this parameter to
-     *                                                 specify array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
-     * @param array  $extra_join_model_fields_n_values You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that
-     *                                                 allow you to further constrict the relation to being added.
-     *                                                 However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a
-     *                                                 column on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models
-     *                                                 accept these additional conditions.  Also remember that if an
-     *                                                 exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then a
-     *                                                 NEW row is created in the join table.
-     * @param null   $cache_id
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Base_Class the object the relation was added to
-     */
-    public function _add_relation_to(
-        $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-        $relationName,
-        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values = array(),
-        $cache_id = null
-    ) {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        // if this thing exists in the DB, save the relation to the DB
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            $otherObject = $model->add_relationship_to(
-                $this,
-                $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-                $relationName,
-                $extra_join_model_fields_n_values
-            );
-            // clear cache so future get_many_related and get_first_related() return new results.
-            $this->clear_cache($relationName, $otherObject, true);
-            if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                $otherObject->clear_cache($model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
-            }
-        } else {
-            // this thing doesn't exist in the DB,  so just cache it
-            if (! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Before a model object is saved to the database, calls to _add_relation_to must be passed an actual object, not just an ID. You provided %s as the model object to a %s',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-                        get_class($this)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $otherObject = $otherObjectModelObjectOrID;
-            $this->cache($relationName, $otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $cache_id);
-        }
-        if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            // fix the reciprocal relation too
-            if ($otherObject->ID()) {
-                // its saved so assumed relations exist in the DB, so we can just
-                // clear the cache so future queries use the updated info in the DB
-                $otherObject->clear_cache(
-                    $model->get_this_model_name(),
-                    null,
-                    true
-                );
-            } else {
-                // it's not saved, so it caches relations like this
-                $otherObject->cache($model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
-            }
-        }
-        return $otherObject;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationships' name. Eg, if the current
-     * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Events', and should be a key in the EE
-     * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just removes the related thing
-     * from the cache
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID
-     *                EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object, OR an array key into the cache if this isn't saved
-     *                to the DB yet
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $where_query
-     *                You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that allow you to further constrict the
-     *                relation to being added. However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a column
-     *                on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models accept these additional conditions. Also
-     *                remember that if an exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then no row is
-     *                deleted.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class the relation was removed from
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _remove_relation_to($otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $relationName, $where_query = array())
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            // if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
-            $otherObject = $this->get_model()->remove_relationship_to(
-                $this,
-                $otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
-                $relationName,
-                $where_query
-            );
-            $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                $otherObject
-            );
-        } else {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
-            $otherObject = $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                $otherObjectModelObjectOrID
-            );
-        }
-        if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $otherObject->clear_cache(
-                $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
-                $this
-            );
-        }
-        return $otherObject;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes ALL the related things for the $relationName.
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $where_query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _remove_relations($relationName, $where_query_params = array())
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            // if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
-            $otherObjects = $this->get_model()->remove_relations(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $where_query_params
-            );
-            $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                null,
-                true
-            );
-        } else {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
-            $otherObjects = $this->clear_cache(
-                $relationName,
-                null,
-                true
-            );
-        }
-        if (is_array($otherObjects)) {
-            foreach ($otherObjects as $otherObject) {
-                $otherObject->clear_cache(
-                    $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $this
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $otherObjects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the related model objects of the specified type. Eg, if the current class if
-     * EE_Event, you could call $this->get_many_related('Registration') to get an array of all the
-     * EE_Registration objects which related to this event. Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
-     * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
-     * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]     Results not necessarily indexed by IDs, because some results might not have primary
-     *                             keys or might not be saved yet. Consider using EEM_Base::get_IDs() on these
-     *                             results if you want IDs
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_many_related($relationName, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            // this exists in the DB, so get the related things from either the cache or the DB
-            // if there are query parameters, forget about caching the related model objects.
-            if ($query_params) {
-                $related_model_objects = $this->get_model()->get_all_related(
-                    $this,
-                    $relationName,
-                    $query_params
-                );
-            } else {
-                // did we already cache the result of this query?
-                $cached_results = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
-                if (! $cached_results) {
-                    $related_model_objects = $this->get_model()->get_all_related(
-                        $this,
-                        $relationName,
-                        $query_params
-                    );
-                    // if no query parameters were passed, then we got all the related model objects
-                    // for that relation. We can cache them then.
-                    foreach ($related_model_objects as $related_model_object) {
-                        $this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    $related_model_objects = $cached_results;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB, so just get the related things from the cache
-            $related_model_objects = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
-        }
-        return $related_model_objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
-     * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name  model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array  $query_params   @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
-     *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function count_related($relation_name, $query_params = array(), $field_to_count = null, $distinct = false)
-    {
-        return $this->get_model()->count_related(
-            $this,
-            $relation_name,
-            $query_params,
-            $field_to_count,
-            $distinct
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
-     * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array  $query_params  @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_sum  name of field to count by.
-     *                              By default, uses primary key
-     *                              (which doesn't make much sense, so you should probably change it)
-     * @return int
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function sum_related($relation_name, $query_params = array(), $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        return $this->get_model()->sum_related(
-            $this,
-            $relation_name,
-            $query_params,
-            $field_to_sum
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the first (ie, one) related model object of the specified type.
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
-     * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class (not an array, a single object)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_first_related($relationName, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        if ($this->ID()) {// this exists in the DB, get from the cache OR the DB
-            // if they've provided some query parameters, don't bother trying to cache the result
-            // also make sure we're not caching the result of get_first_related
-            // on a relation which should have an array of objects (because the cache might have an array of objects)
-            if (
-                $query_params
-                || ! $model->related_settings_for($relationName)
-                     instanceof
-                     EE_Belongs_To_Relation
-            ) {
-                $related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
-                    $this,
-                    $relationName,
-                    $query_params
-                );
-            } else {
-                // first, check if we've already cached the result of this query
-                $cached_result = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
-                if (! $cached_result) {
-                    $related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
-                        $this,
-                        $relationName,
-                        $query_params
-                    );
-                    $this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
-                } else {
-                    $related_model_object = $cached_result;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            $related_model_object = null;
-            // this doesn't exist in the Db,
-            // but maybe the relation is of type belongs to, and so the related thing might
-            if ($model->related_settings_for($relationName) instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
-                    $this,
-                    $relationName,
-                    $query_params
-                );
-            }
-            // this doesn't exist in the DB and apparently the thing it belongs to doesn't either,
-            // just get what's cached on this object
-            if (! $related_model_object) {
-                $related_model_object = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
-            }
-        }
-        return $related_model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Does a delete on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
-     * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
-     * of blocking related model objects) does nothing. If the related model objects are
-     * soft-deletable, they will be soft-deleted regardless of related blocking model objects.
-     * If this model object doesn't exist yet in the DB, just removes its related things
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_related($relationName, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            $count = $this->get_model()->delete_related(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $query_params
-            );
-        } else {
-            $count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
-            $this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
-        }
-        return $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Does a hard delete (ie, removes the DB row) on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
-     * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
-     * of blocking related model objects) just does a soft delete on it instead, if possible.
-     * If the related thing isn't a soft-deletable model object, this function is identical
-     * to delete_related(). If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just remove its related things
-     *
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return int how many deleted (including those soft deleted)
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_related_permanently($relationName, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        if ($this->ID()) {
-            $count = $this->get_model()->delete_related_permanently(
-                $this,
-                $relationName,
-                $query_params
-            );
-        } else {
-            $count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
-        }
-        $this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
-        return $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * is_set
-     * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property exists
-     *
-     * @access  public
-     * @param  string $field_name property to check
-     * @return bool                              TRUE if existing,FALSE if not.
-     */
-    public function is_set($field_name)
-    {
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property (or properties) exists and throwing an
-     * EE_Error exception if they don't
-     *
-     * @param  mixed (string|array) $properties properties to check
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return bool                              TRUE if existing, throw EE_Error if not.
-     */
-    protected function _property_exists($properties)
-    {
-        foreach ((array) $properties as $property_name) {
-            // first make sure this property exists
-            if (! $this->_fields[ $property_name ]) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Trying to retrieve a non-existent property (%s).  Double check the spelling please',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $property_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply returns an array of model fields for this object
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function model_field_array()
-    {
-        $fields = $this->get_model()->field_settings(false);
-        $properties = array();
-        // remove prepended underscore
-        foreach ($fields as $field_name => $settings) {
-            $properties[ $field_name ] = $this->get($field_name);
-        }
-        return $properties;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_Base_Class.
-     * If a method is called on a child of EE_Base_Class that doesn't exist, this function is called
-     * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments.
-     * Instead of requiring a plugin to extend the EE_Base_Class
-     * (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that happen?)
-     * they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}'
-     * (eg, filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function)
-     * and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function was called,
-     * and an array of the original arguments passed to the function.
-     * Whatever their callback function returns will be returned by this function.
-     * Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
-     *      add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3);
-     *      function my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class $object,$argsArray){
-     *          $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
-     *          return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
-     *      }
-     * require('EE_Answer.class.php');
-     * echo EE_Answer::new_instance(['REG_ID' => 2,'QST_ID' => 3,'ANS_value' => The answer is 42'])
-     *      ->my_callback('monkeys',100);
-     * // will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
-     *
-     * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_Base_Class, but which
-     * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
-     */
-    public function __call($methodName, $args)
-    {
-        $className = get_class($this);
-        $tagName = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Method %s on class %s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: add_filter('%s','my_callback',10,3);function my_callback(\$previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class \$object, \$argsArray){/*function body*/return \$whatever;}",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $methodName,
-                    $className,
-                    $tagName
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to insert_post_meta, adds a record in the Extra_Meta model's table with the given key and value.
-     * A $previous_value can be specified in case there are many meta rows with the same key
-     *
-     * @param string $meta_key
-     * @param mixed  $meta_value
-     * @param mixed  $previous_value
-     * @return bool|int # of records updated (or BOOLEAN if we actually ended up inserting the extra meta row)
-     *                  NOTE: if the values haven't changed, returns 0
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update_extra_meta(string $meta_key, $meta_value, $previous_value = null)
-    {
-        $query_params = [
-            [
-                'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
-                'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
-                'EXM_type' => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
-            ],
-        ];
-        if ($previous_value !== null) {
-            $query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
-        }
-        $existing_rows_like_that = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_all($query_params);
-        if (! $existing_rows_like_that) {
-            return $this->add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value);
-        }
-        foreach ($existing_rows_like_that as $existing_row) {
-            $existing_row->save(['EXM_value' => $meta_value]);
-        }
-        return count($existing_rows_like_that);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a new extra meta record. If $unique is set to TRUE, we'll first double-check
-     * no other extra meta for this model object have the same key. Returns TRUE if the
-     * extra meta row was entered, false if not
-     *
-     * @param string $meta_key
-     * @param mixed  $meta_value
-     * @param bool   $unique
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function add_extra_meta(string $meta_key, $meta_value, bool $unique = false): bool
-    {
-        if ($unique) {
-            $existing_extra_meta = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_one(
-                [
-                    [
-                        'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
-                        'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
-                        'EXM_type' => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
-                    ],
-                ]
-            );
-            if ($existing_extra_meta) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        $new_extra_meta = EE_Extra_Meta::new_instance(
-            [
-                'EXM_key'   => $meta_key,
-                'EXM_value' => $meta_value,
-                'OBJ_ID'    => $this->ID(),
-                'EXM_type'  => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
-            ]
-        );
-        $new_extra_meta->save();
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes all the extra meta rows for this record as specified by key. If $meta_value
-     * is specified, only deletes extra meta records with that value.
-     *
-     * @param string $meta_key
-     * @param mixed  $meta_value
-     * @return int|bool number of extra meta rows deleted
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_extra_meta(string $meta_key, $meta_value = null)
-    {
-        $query_params = [
-            [
-                'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
-                'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
-                'EXM_type' => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
-            ],
-        ];
-        if ($meta_value !== null) {
-            $query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
-        }
-        return EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the extra meta with the given meta key. If you specify "single" we just return 1, otherwise
-     * an array of everything found. Requires that this model actually have a relation of type EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation.
-     * You can specify $default is case you haven't found the extra meta
-     *
-     * @param string     $meta_key
-     * @param bool       $single
-     * @param mixed      $default if we don't find anything, what should we return?
-     * @param array|null $extra_where
-     * @return mixed single value if $single; array if ! $single
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_extra_meta(string $meta_key, bool $single = false, $default = null, ?array $extra_where = [])
-    {
-        $query_params = [ $extra_where + ['EXM_key' => $meta_key] ];
-        if ($single) {
-            $result = $this->get_first_related('Extra_Meta', $query_params);
-            if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                return $result->value();
-            }
-        } else {
-            $results = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta', $query_params);
-            if ($results) {
-                $values = [];
-                foreach ($results as $result) {
-                    if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                        $values[ $result->ID() ] = $result->value();
-                    }
-                }
-                return $values;
-            }
-        }
-        // if nothing discovered yet return default.
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__get_extra_meta__default_value',
-            $default,
-            $meta_key,
-            $single,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a simple array of all the extra meta associated with this model object.
-     * If $one_of_each_key is true (Default), it will be an array of simple key-value pairs, keys being the
-     * extra meta's key, and teh value being its value. However, if there are duplicate extra meta rows with
-     * the same key, only one will be used. (eg array('foo'=>'bar','monkey'=>123))
-     * If $one_of_each_key is false, it will return an array with the top-level keys being
-     * the extra meta keys, but their values are also arrays, which have the extra-meta's ID as their sub-key, and
-     * finally the extra meta's value as each sub-value. (eg
-     * array('foo'=>array(1=>'bar',2=>'bill'),'monkey'=>array(3=>123)))
-     *
-     * @param bool $one_of_each_key
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function all_extra_meta_array(bool $one_of_each_key = true): array
-    {
-        $return_array = [];
-        if ($one_of_each_key) {
-            $extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related(
-                'Extra_Meta',
-                ['group_by' => 'EXM_key']
-            );
-            foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
-                if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            $extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta');
-            foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
-                if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    if (! isset($return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ])) {
-                        $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = [];
-                    }
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ][ $extra_meta_obj->ID() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $return_array;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a pretty nice displayable nice for this model object. Often overridden
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function name()
-    {
-        // find a field that's not a text field
-        $field_we_can_use = $this->get_model()->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Text_Field_Base');
-        if ($field_we_can_use) {
-            return $this->get($field_we_can_use->get_name());
-        }
-        $first_few_properties = $this->model_field_array();
-        $first_few_properties = array_slice($first_few_properties, 0, 3);
-        $name_parts = array();
-        foreach ($first_few_properties as $name => $value) {
-            $name_parts[] = "$name:$value";
-        }
-        return implode(',', $name_parts);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * in_entity_map
-     * Checks if this model object has been proven to already be in the entity map
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function in_entity_map()
-    {
-        // well, if we looked, did we find it in the entity map?
-        return $this->ID() && $this->get_model()->get_from_entity_map($this->ID()) === $this;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_from_db
-     * Makes sure the fields and values on this model object are in-sync with what's in the database.
-     *
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error if this model object isn't in the entity mapper (because then you should
-     * just use what's in the entity mapper and refresh it) and WP_DEBUG is TRUE
-     */
-    public function refresh_from_db()
-    {
-        if ($this->ID() && $this->in_entity_map()) {
-            $this->get_model()->refresh_entity_map_from_db($this->ID());
-        } else {
-            // if it doesn't have ID, you shouldn't be asking to refresh it from teh database (because its not in the database)
-            // if it has an ID but it's not in the map, and you're asking me to refresh it
-            // that's kinda dangerous. You should just use what's in the entity map, or add this to the entity map if there's
-            // absolutely nothing in it for this ID
-            if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Trying to refresh a model object with ID "%1$s" that\'s not in the entity map? First off: you should put it in the entity map by calling %2$s. Second off, if you want what\'s in the database right now, you should just call %3$s yourself and discard this model object.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $this->ID(),
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Change $fields' values to $new_value_sql (which is a string of raw SQL)
-     *
-     * @since 4.9.80.p
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $fields
-     * @param string $new_value_sql
-     *      example: 'column_name=123',
-     *      or 'column_name=column_name+1',
-     *      or 'column_name= CASE
-     *          WHEN (`column_name` + `other_column` + 5) <= `yet_another_column`
-     *          THEN `column_name` + 5
-     *          ELSE `column_name`
-     *      END'
-     *      Also updates $field on this model object with the latest value from the database.
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function updateFieldsInDB($fields, $new_value_sql)
-    {
-        // First make sure this model object actually exists in the DB. It would be silly to try to update it in the DB
-        // if it wasn't even there to start off.
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
-            $this->save();
-        }
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (empty($fields)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed an empty array of fields.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $first_field = reset($fields);
-        $table_alias = $first_field->get_table_alias();
-        foreach ($fields as $field) {
-            if ($table_alias !== $field->get_table_alias()) {
-                throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
-                            'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed fields for different tables ("%1$s" and "%2$s"), which is not supported. Instead, please call the method multiple times.',
-                            // @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $table_alias,
-                        $field->get_table_alias()
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // Ok the fields are now known to all be for the same table. Proceed with creating the SQL to update it.
-        $table_obj = $this->get_model()->get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias);
-        $table_pk_value = $this->ID();
-        $table_name = $table_obj->get_table_name();
-        if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-            $table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_fk_on_table();
-        } else {
-            $table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_pk_column();
-        }
-
-        $query =
-            "UPDATE `{$table_name}`
+			$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
+			&& $field_value
+			&& $field_name === $model->primary_key_name()
+		) {
+			// if so, we want all this object's fields to be filled either with
+			// what we've explicitly set on this model
+			// or what we have in the db
+			// echo "setting primary key!";
+			$fields_on_model = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->field_settings();
+			$obj_in_db = self::_get_model(get_class($this))->get_one_by_ID($field_value);
+			foreach ($fields_on_model as $field_obj) {
+				if (
+					! array_key_exists($field_obj->get_name(), $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor)
+					&& $field_obj->get_name() !== $field_name
+				) {
+					$this->set($field_obj->get_name(), $obj_in_db->get($field_obj->get_name()));
+				}
+			}
+			// oh this model object has an ID? well make sure its in the entity mapper
+			$model->add_to_entity_map($this);
+		}
+		// let's unset any cache for this field_name from the $_cached_properties property.
+		$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent because parent expects old models.
+	 * This also doesn't do any validation, and won't work for serialized arrays
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value_from_db
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function set_from_db(string $field_name, $field_value_from_db)
+	{
+		$field_obj = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			// you would think the DB has no NULLs for non-null label fields right? wrong!
+			// eg, a CPT model object could have an entry in the posts table, but no
+			// entry in the meta table. Meaning that all its columns in the meta table
+			// are null! yikes! so when we find one like that, use defaults for its meta columns
+			if ($field_value_from_db === null) {
+				if ($field_obj->is_nullable()) {
+					// if the field allows nulls, then let it be null
+					$field_value = null;
+				} else {
+					$field_value = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+				}
+			} else {
+				$field_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set_from_db($field_value_from_db);
+			}
+			$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_value;
+			$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set custom select values for model.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $custom_select_values
+	 */
+	public function setCustomSelectsValues(array $custom_select_values)
+	{
+		$this->custom_selection_results = $custom_select_values;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the custom select value for the provided alias if its set.
+	 * If not set, returns null.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $alias
+	 * @return string|int|float|null
+	 */
+	public function getCustomSelect($alias)
+	{
+		return isset($this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ])
+			? $this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ]
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the field value on the db column if it exists for the given $column_name or
+	 * saves it to EE_Extra_Meta if the given $column_name does not match a db column.
+	 *
+	 * @see EE_message::get_column_value for related documentation on the necessity of this method.
+	 * @param string $field_name  Must be the exact column name.
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value The value to set.
+	 * @return int|bool @see EE_Base_Class::update_extra_meta() for return docs.
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set_field_or_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value)
+	{
+		if ($this->get_model()->has_field($field_name)) {
+			$this->set($field_name, $field_value);
+			return true;
+		}
+		// ensure this object is saved first so that extra meta can be properly related.
+		$this->save();
+		return $this->update_extra_meta($field_name, $field_value);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This retrieves the value of the db column set on this class or if that's not present
+	 * it will attempt to retrieve from extra_meta if found.
+	 * Example Usage:
+	 * Via EE_Message child class:
+	 * Due to the dynamic nature of the EE_messages system, EE_messengers will always have a "to",
+	 * "from", "subject", and "content" field (as represented in the EE_Message schema), however they may
+	 * also have additional main fields specific to the messenger.  The system accommodates those extra
+	 * fields through the EE_Extra_Meta table.  This method allows for EE_messengers to retrieve the
+	 * value for those extra fields dynamically via the EE_message object.
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $field_name expecting the fully qualified field name.
+	 * @return mixed|null  value for the field if found.  null if not found.
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_or_extra_meta($field_name)
+	{
+		if ($this->get_model()->has_field($field_name)) {
+			$column_value = $this->get($field_name);
+		} else {
+			// This isn't a column in the main table, let's see if it is in the extra meta.
+			$column_value = $this->get_extra_meta($field_name, true, null);
+		}
+		return $column_value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * See $_timezone property for description of what the timezone property is for.  This SETS the timezone internally
+	 * for being able to reference what timezone we are running conversions on when converting TO the internal timezone
+	 * (UTC Unix Timestamp) for the object OR when converting FROM the internal timezone (UTC Unix Timestamp). This is
+	 * available to all child classes that may be using the EE_Datetime_Field for a field data type.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param string $timezone A valid timezone string as described by @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set_timezone($timezone = '')
+	{
+		$this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
+		// make sure we clear all cached properties because they won't be relevant now
+		$this->_clear_cached_properties();
+		// make sure we update field settings and the date for all EE_Datetime_Fields
+		$model_fields = $this->get_model()->field_settings(false);
+		foreach ($model_fields as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+				$field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+				if (isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime) {
+					EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[ $field_name ], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return string timezone string
+	 */
+	public function get_timezone()
+	{
+		return $this->_timezone;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the internal date format to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the class
+	 * internally instead of wp set date format options
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
+	 * @since 4.6
+	 */
+	public function set_date_format(?string $format = 'Y-m-d')
+	{
+		$format = $format ?: 'Y-m-d';
+		$this->_dt_frmt = new DateFormat($format);
+		// clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
+		$this->_clear_cached_properties();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the internal time format string to what is sent in to be used as the new default for the
+	 * class internally instead of wp set time format options.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $format should be a format recognizable by PHP date() functions.
+	 * @since 4.6
+	 */
+	public function set_time_format(?string $format = 'H:i:s')
+	{
+		$format = $format ?: 'H:i:s';
+		$this->_tm_frmt = new TimeFormat($format);
+		// clear cached_properties because they won't be relevant now.
+		$this->_clear_cached_properties();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the current internal set format for the date and time formats.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $full           if true (default), then return the full format.  Otherwise will return an array
+	 *                             where the first value is the date format and the second value is the time format.
+	 * @return mixed string|array
+	 */
+	public function get_format($full = true)
+	{
+		return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : array($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * cache
+	 * stores the passed model object on the current model object.
+	 * In certain circumstances, we can use this cached model object instead of querying for another one entirely.
+	 *
+	 * @param string        $relationName    one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model. Eg
+	 *                                       'Registration' associated with this model object
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $object_to_cache that has a relation to this model object. (Eg, if this is a Transaction,
+	 *                                       that could be a payment or a registration)
+	 * @param null          $cache_id        a string or number that will be used as the key for any Belongs_To_Many
+	 *                                       items which will be stored in an array on this object
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return mixed    index into cache, or just TRUE if the relation is of type Belongs_To (because there's only one
+	 *                                       related thing, no array)
+	 */
+	public function cache($relationName = '', $object_to_cache = null, $cache_id = null)
+	{
+		// its entirely possible that there IS no related object yet in which case there is nothing to cache.
+		if (! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// also get "how" the object is related, or throw an error
+		if (! $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot cache it', 'event_espresso'),
+					$relationName,
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// how many things are related ?
+		if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+			// if it's a "belongs to" relationship, then there's only one related model object
+			// eg, if this is a registration, there's only 1 attendee for it
+			// so for these model objects just set it to be cached
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $object_to_cache;
+			$return = true;
+		} else {
+			// otherwise, this is the "many" side of a one to many relationship,
+			// so we'll add the object to the array of related objects for that type.
+			// eg: if this is an event, there are many registrations for that event,
+			// so we cache the registrations in an array
+			if (! is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])) {
+				// if for some reason, the cached item is a model object,
+				// then stick that in the array, otherwise start with an empty array
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
+														   instanceof
+														   EE_Base_Class
+					? array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) : array();
+			}
+			// first check for a cache_id which is normally empty
+			if (! empty($cache_id)) {
+				// if the cache_id exists, then it means we are purposely trying to cache this
+				// with a known key that can then be used to retrieve the object later on
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $cache_id ] = $object_to_cache;
+				$return = $cache_id;
+			} elseif ($object_to_cache->ID()) {
+				// OR the cached object originally came from the db, so let's just use it's PK for an ID
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $object_to_cache->ID() ] = $object_to_cache;
+				$return = $object_to_cache->ID();
+			} else {
+				// OR it's a new object with no ID, so just throw it in the array with an auto-incremented ID
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][] = $object_to_cache;
+				// move the internal pointer to the end of the array
+				end($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+				// and grab the key so that we can return it
+				$return = key($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+			}
+		}
+		return $return;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For adding an item to the cached_properties property.
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param string      $fieldname the property item the corresponding value is for.
+	 * @param mixed       $value     The value we are caching.
+	 * @param string|null $cache_type
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_cached_property($fieldname, $value, $cache_type = null)
+	{
+		// first make sure this property exists
+		$this->get_model()->field_settings_for($fieldname);
+		$cache_type = empty($cache_type) ? 'standard' : $cache_type;
+		$this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ] = $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the value cached property if it exists OR the actual property value if the cache doesn't exist.
+	 * This also SETS the cache if we return the actual property!
+	 *
+	 * @param string $fieldname        the name of the property we're trying to retrieve
+	 * @param bool   $pretty
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref  This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                 (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                 - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 *                                 It can also accept certain pre-defined "schema" strings
+	 *                                 to define how to output the property.
+	 *                                 see the field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing for what strings can be used
+	 * @return mixed                   whatever the value for the property is we're retrieving
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_cached_property($fieldname, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		// verify the field exists
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$model->field_settings_for($fieldname);
+		$cache_type = $pretty ? 'pretty' : 'standard';
+		$cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_' . $extra_cache_ref : '';
+		if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ])) {
+			return $this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ];
+		}
+		$value = $this->_get_fresh_property($fieldname, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
+		$this->_set_cached_property($fieldname, $value, $cache_type);
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * If the cache didn't fetch the needed item, this fetches it.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $fieldname
+	 * @param bool   $pretty
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_fresh_property($fieldname, $pretty = false, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		$field_obj = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($fieldname);
+		// If this is an EE_Datetime_Field we need to make sure timezone, formats, and output are correct
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			$this->_prepare_datetime_field($field_obj, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
+		}
+		if (! isset($this->_fields[ $fieldname ])) {
+			$this->_fields[ $fieldname ] = null;
+		}
+		return $pretty
+			? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[ $fieldname ], $extra_cache_ref)
+			: $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[ $fieldname ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * set timezone, formats, and output for EE_Datetime_Field objects
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field
+	 * @param bool              $pretty
+	 * @param null              $date_or_time
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 */
+	protected function _prepare_datetime_field(
+		EE_Datetime_Field $datetime_field,
+		$pretty = false,
+		$date_or_time = null
+	) {
+		$datetime_field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+		$datetime_field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt, $pretty);
+		$datetime_field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt, $pretty);
+		// set the output returned
+		switch ($date_or_time) {
+			case 'D':
+				$datetime_field->set_date_time_output('date');
+				break;
+			case 'T':
+				$datetime_field->set_date_time_output('time');
+				break;
+			default:
+				$datetime_field->set_date_time_output();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just takes care of clearing out the cached_properties
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _clear_cached_properties()
+	{
+		$this->_cached_properties = array();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just clears out ONE property if it exists in the cache
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $property_name the property to remove if it exists (from the _cached_properties array)
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _clear_cached_property($property_name)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ])) {
+			unset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ]);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Ensures that this related thing is a model object.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $object_or_id EE_base_Class/int/string either a related model object, or its ID
+	 * @param string $model_name   name of the related thing, eg 'Attendee',
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function ensure_related_thing_is_model_obj($object_or_id, $model_name)
+	{
+		$other_model_instance = self::_get_model_instance_with_name(
+			self::_get_model_classname($model_name),
+			$this->_timezone
+		);
+		return $other_model_instance->ensure_is_obj($object_or_id);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Forgets the cached model of the given relation Name. So the next time we request it,
+	 * we will fetch it again from the database. (Handy if you know it's changed somehow).
+	 * If a specific object is supplied, and the relationship to it is either a HasMany or HABTM,
+	 * then only remove that one object from our cached array. Otherwise, clear the entire list
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName                         one of the keys in the _model_relations array on the model.
+	 *                                                     Eg 'Registration'
+	 * @param mixed  $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array or an index into the array of cached things, or NULL
+	 *                                                     if you intend to use $clear_all = TRUE, or the relation only
+	 *                                                     has 1 object anyways (ie, it's a BelongsToRelation)
+	 * @param bool   $clear_all                            This flags clearing the entire cache relation property if
+	 *                                                     this is HasMany or HABTM.
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class | boolean from which was cleared from the cache, or true if we requested to remove a
+	 *                                                     relation from all
+	 */
+	public function clear_cache($relationName, $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array = null, $clear_all = false)
+	{
+		$relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		$index_in_cache = '';
+		if (! $relationship_to_model) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot clear that cache', 'event_espresso'),
+					$relationName,
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($clear_all) {
+			$obj_removed = true;
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+		} elseif ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+			$obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
+			$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+		} else {
+			if (
+				$object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class
+				&& $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
+			) {
+				$index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID();
+				if (
+					is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
+					&& ! isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])
+				) {
+					$index_found_at = null;
+					// find this object in the array even though it has a different key
+					foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $index => $obj) {
+						/** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
+						if (
+							$obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
+							&& (
+								$obj == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array
+								|| $obj->ID() === $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID()
+							)
+						) {
+							$index_found_at = $index;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					if ($index_found_at) {
+						$index_in_cache = $index_found_at;
+					} else {
+						// it wasn't found. huh. well obviously it doesn't need to be removed from teh cache
+						// if it wasn't in it to begin with. So we're done
+						return $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
+					}
+				}
+			} elseif ($object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				// so they provided a model object, but it's not yet saved to the DB... so let's go hunting for it!
+				foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName) as $index => $potentially_obj_we_want) {
+					/** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
+					if ($potentially_obj_we_want == $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array) {
+						$index_in_cache = $index;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				$index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array;
+			}
+			// supposedly we've found it. But it could just be that the client code
+			// provided a bad index/object
+			if (isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])) {
+				$obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ];
+				unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ]);
+			} else {
+				// that thing was never cached anyways.
+				$obj_removed = null;
+			}
+		}
+		return $obj_removed;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * update_cache_after_object_save
+	 * Allows a cached item to have it's cache ID (within the array of cached items) reset using the new ID it has
+	 * obtained after being saved to the db
+	 *
+	 * @param string        $relationName       - the type of object that is cached
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object - the newly saved object to be re-cached
+	 * @param string        $current_cache_id   - the ID that was used when originally caching the object
+	 * @return boolean TRUE on success, FALSE on fail
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function update_cache_after_object_save(
+		$relationName,
+		EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object,
+		$current_cache_id = ''
+	) {
+		// verify that incoming object is of the correct type
+		$obj_class = 'EE_' . $relationName;
+		if ($newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
+			/* @type EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object */
+			// now get the type of relation
+			$relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName);
+			// if this is a 1:1 relationship
+			if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				// then just replace the cached object with the newly saved object
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $newly_saved_object;
+				return true;
+				// or if it's some kind of sordid feral polyamorous relationship...
+			}
+			if (
+				is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
+				&& isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ])
+			) {
+				// then remove the current cached item
+				unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ]);
+				// and cache the newly saved object using it's new ID
+				$this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $newly_saved_object->ID() ] = $newly_saved_object;
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
+	 * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function get_one_from_cache($relationName)
+	{
+		$cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
+			? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
+			: null;
+		if (is_array($cached_array_or_object)) {
+			return array_shift($cached_array_or_object);
+		}
+		return $cached_array_or_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetches a single EE_Base_Class on that relation. (If the relation is of type
+	 * BelongsTo, it will only ever have 1 object. However, other relations could have an array of objects)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[] NOT necessarily indexed by primary keys
+	 */
+	public function get_all_from_cache($relationName)
+	{
+		$objects = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] : array();
+		// if the result is not an array, but exists, make it an array
+		$objects = is_array($objects) ? $objects : array($objects);
+		// bugfix for https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/7143
+		// basically, if this model object was stored in the session, and these cached model objects
+		// already have IDs, let's make sure they're in their model's entity mapper
+		// otherwise we will have duplicates next time we call
+		// EE_Registry::instance()->load_model( $relationName )->get_one_by_ID( $result->ID() );
+		$model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($relationName);
+		foreach ($objects as $model_object) {
+			if ($model instanceof EEM_Base && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				// ensure its in the map if it has an ID; otherwise it will be added to the map when its saved
+				if ($model_object->ID()) {
+					$model->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
+				}
+			} else {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Error retrieving related model objects. Either $1%s is not a model or $2%s is not a model object',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$relationName,
+						gettype($model_object)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function next_x($field_to_order_by = null, $limit = 1, $query_params = array(), $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $model->next_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous x number of EE_Base_Class objects in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit              How many objects to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function previous_x(
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $model->previous_x($current_value, $field, $limit, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the columns you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function next($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = array(), $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $model->next($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous EE_Base_Class object in sequence from this object as found in the database
+	 * matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by  What field is being used as the reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params       Any additional conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select  If left null, then an EE_Base_Class object is returned, otherwise
+	 *                                  you can indicate just the column you want returned
+	 * @return array|EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function previous($field_to_order_by = null, $query_params = array(), $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$field = empty($field_to_order_by) && $model->has_primary_key_field()
+			? $model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()
+			: $field_to_order_by;
+		$current_value = ! empty($field) ? $this->get($field) : null;
+		if (empty($field) || empty($current_value)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $model->previous($current_value, $field, $query_params, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * verifies that the specified field is of the correct type
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, false, $extra_cache_ref);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method simply returns the RAW unprocessed value for the given property in this class
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $field_name A valid fieldname
+	 * @return mixed              Whatever the raw value stored on the property is.
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error if fieldSettings is misconfigured or the field doesn't exist.
+	 */
+	public function get_raw($field_name)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+			? $this->_fields[ $field_name ]->format('U')
+			: $this->_fields[ $field_name ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is used to return the internal DateTime object used for a field that is a
+	 * EE_Datetime_Field.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name               The field name retrieving the DateTime object.
+	 * @return mixed null | false | DateTime  If the requested field is NOT a EE_Datetime_Field then
+	 * @throws EE_Error an error is set and false returned.  If the field IS an
+	 *                                         EE_Datetime_Field and but the field value is null, then
+	 *                                         just null is returned (because that indicates that likely
+	 *                                         this field is nullable).
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_DateTime_object($field_name)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The field %s is not an EE_Datetime_Field field.  There is no DateTime object stored on this field type.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$field_name
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+			? clone $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * To be used in template to immediately echo out the value, and format it for output.
+	 * Eg, should call stripslashes and whatnot before echoing
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name      the name of the field as it appears in the DB
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		echo wp_kses($this->get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref), AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Exactly like e(), echoes out the field, but sets its schema to 'form_input', so that it
+	 * can be easily used as the value of form input.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function f($field_name)
+	{
+		$this->e($field_name, 'form_input');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Same as `f()` but just returns the value instead of echoing it
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_f($field_name)
+	{
+		return (string) $this->get_pretty($field_name, 'form_input');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a pretty view of the field's value. $extra_cache_ref can specify different formats for this.
+	 * The $extra_cache_ref will be passed to the model field's prepare_for_pretty_echoing, so consult the field's class
+	 * to see what options are available.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param string $extra_cache_ref This allows the user to specify an extra cache ref for the given property
+	 *                                (in cases where the same property may be used for different outputs
+	 *                                - i.e. datetime, money etc.)
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_pretty($field_name, $extra_cache_ref = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_cached_property($field_name, true, $extra_cache_ref);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply returns the datetime for the given field name
+	 * Note: this protected function is called by the wrapper get_date or get_time or get_datetime functions
+	 * (and the equivalent e_date, e_time, e_datetime).
+	 *
+	 * @access   protected
+	 * @param string      $field_name   Field on the instantiated EE_Base_Class child object
+	 * @param string|null $date_format  valid datetime format used for date
+	 *                                  (if '' then we just use the default on the field,
+	 *                                  if NULL we use the last-used format)
+	 * @param string|null $time_format  Same as above except this is for time format
+	 * @param string|null $date_or_time if NULL then both are returned, otherwise "D" = only date and "T" = only time.
+	 * @param bool|null   $echo         Whether the datetime is pretty echoing or just returned using vanilla get
+	 * @return string|bool|EE_Error string on success, FALSE on fail, or EE_Error Exception is thrown
+	 *                                  if field is not a valid dtt field, or void if echoing
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_datetime(
+		string $field_name,
+		?string $date_format = '',
+		?string $time_format = '',
+		?string $date_or_time = '',
+		?bool $echo = false
+	) {
+		// clear cached property
+		$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+		// reset format properties because they are used in get()
+		$this->_dt_frmt = $date_format ?: $this->_dt_frmt;
+		$this->_tm_frmt = $time_format ?: $this->_tm_frmt;
+		if ($echo) {
+			$this->e($field_name, $date_or_time);
+			return '';
+		}
+		return $this->get($field_name, $date_or_time);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the date
+	 * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
+	 * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
+	 * @param  string $format     format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
+	 * @return string            datetime value formatted
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_date($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param        $field_name
+	 * @param string $format
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_date($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		$this->_get_datetime($field_name, $format, null, 'D', true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for JUST returning the time
+	 * portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
+	 * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
+	 * @param  string $format     format for the time returned ( if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
+	 * @return string             datetime value formatted
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_time($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param        $field_name
+	 * @param string $format
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_time($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		$this->_get_datetime($field_name, null, $format, 'T', true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * below are wrapper functions for the various datetime outputs that can be obtained for returning the date AND
+	 * time portion of a datetime value. (note the only difference between get_ and e_ is one returns the value and the
+	 * other echoes the pretty value for dtt)
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $field_name name of model object datetime field holding the value
+	 * @param  string $date_format    format for the date returned (if NULL we use default in dt_frmt property)
+	 * @param  string $time_format    format for the time returned (if NULL we use default in tm_frmt property)
+	 * @return string             datetime value formatted
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param string $date_format
+	 * @param string $time_format
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_datetime($field_name, $date_format = '', $time_format = '')
+	{
+		$this->_get_datetime($field_name, $date_format, $time_format, null, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the i8ln value for a date using the WordPress @see date_i18n function.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name The EE_Datetime_Field reference for the date being retrieved.
+	 * @param string $format     PHP valid date/time string format.  If none is provided then the internal set format
+	 *                           on the object will be used.
+	 * @return string Date and time string in set locale or false if no field exists for the given
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 *                           field name.
+	 */
+	public function get_i18n_datetime($field_name, $format = '')
+	{
+		$format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : $format;
+		return date_i18n(
+			$format,
+			EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timestamp_with_offset(
+				$this->get_raw($field_name),
+				$this->_timezone
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method validates whether the given field name is a valid field on the model object as well as it is of a
+	 * type EE_Datetime_Field.  On success there will be returned the field settings.  On fail an EE_Error exception is
+	 * thrown.
+	 *
+	 * @param  string $field_name The field name being checked
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Datetime_Field
+	 */
+	protected function _get_dtt_field_settings($field_name)
+	{
+		$field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		// check if field is dtt
+		if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			return $field;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'The field name "%s" has been requested for the EE_Base_Class datetime functions and it is not a valid EE_Datetime_Field.  Please check the spelling of the field and make sure it has been setup as a EE_Datetime_Field in the %s model constructor',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$field_name,
+				self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * NOTE ABOUT BELOW:
+	 * These convenience date and time setters are for setting date and time independently.  In other words you might
+	 * want to change the time on a datetime_field but leave the date the same (or vice versa). IF on the other hand
+	 * you want to set both date and time at the same time, you can just use the models default set($fieldname,$value)
+	 * method and make sure you send the entire datetime value for setting.
+	 */
+	/**
+	 * sets the time on a datetime property
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param string|Datetime $time      a valid time string for php datetime functions (or DateTime object)
+	 * @param string          $fieldname the name of the field the time is being set on (must match a EE_Datetime_Field)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_time_for($time, $fieldname)
+	{
+		$this->_set_date_time('T', $time, $fieldname);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * sets the date on a datetime property
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param string|DateTime $date      a valid date string for php datetime functions ( or DateTime object)
+	 * @param string          $fieldname the name of the field the date is being set on (must match a EE_Datetime_Field)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_date_for($date, $fieldname)
+	{
+		$this->_set_date_time('D', $date, $fieldname);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This takes care of setting a date or time independently on a given model object property. This method also
+	 * verifies that the given field_name matches a model object property and is for a EE_Datetime_Field field
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param string          $what           "T" for time, 'B' for both, 'D' for Date.
+	 * @param string|DateTime $datetime_value A valid Date or Time string (or DateTime object)
+	 * @param string          $field_name     the name of the field the date OR time is being set on (must match a
+	 *                                        EE_Datetime_Field property)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_date_time(string $what, $datetime_value, string $field_name)
+	{
+		$field = $this->_get_dtt_field_settings($field_name);
+		$field->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+		$field->set_date_format($this->_dt_frmt);
+		$field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
+		switch ($what) {
+			case 'T':
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
+					$datetime_value,
+					$this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+				);
+				$this->_has_changes = true;
+				break;
+			case 'D':
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
+					$datetime_value,
+					$this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+				);
+				$this->_has_changes = true;
+				break;
+			case 'B':
+				$this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
+				$this->_has_changes = true;
+				break;
+		}
+		$this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will return a timestamp for the website timezone but ONLY when the current website timezone is different
+	 * than the timezone set for the website. NOTE, this currently only works well with methods that return values.  If
+	 * you use it with methods that echo values the $_timestamp property may not get reset to its original value and
+	 * that could lead to some unexpected results!
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param string $field_name               This is the name of the field on the object that contains the date/time
+	 *                                         value being returned.
+	 * @param string $callback                 must match a valid method in this class (defaults to get_datetime)
+	 * @param mixed (array|string) $args       This is the arguments that will be passed to the callback.
+	 * @param string $prepend                  You can include something to prepend on the timestamp
+	 * @param string $append                   You can include something to append on the timestamp
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string timestamp
+	 */
+	public function display_in_my_timezone(
+		$field_name,
+		$callback = 'get_datetime',
+		$args = null,
+		$prepend = '',
+		$append = ''
+	) {
+		$timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
+		if ($timezone === $this->_timezone) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		$original_timezone = $this->_timezone;
+		$this->set_timezone($timezone);
+		$fn = (array) $field_name;
+		$args = array_merge($fn, (array) $args);
+		if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The method named "%s" given as the callback param in "display_in_my_timezone" does not exist.  Please check your spelling',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$callback
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$args = (array) $args;
+		$return = $prepend . call_user_func_array(array($this, $callback), $args) . $append;
+		$this->set_timezone($original_timezone);
+		return $return;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes this model object.
+	 * This calls the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method.  Child classes wishing to change default behaviour should
+	 * override
+	 * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` NOT this class.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean | int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete()
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Called just before the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
+		 * Note:
+		 * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
+		 * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
+		 * For example, `EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class::_delete`
+		 * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__before', $this);
+		$result = $this->_delete();
+		/**
+		 * Called just after the `EE_Base_Class::_delete` method call.
+		 * Note:
+		 * `EE_Base_Class::_delete` might be overridden by child classes so any client code hooking into these actions
+		 * should be aware that `_delete` may not always result in a permanent delete.
+		 * For example `EE_Soft_Base_Class::_delete`
+		 * soft deletes (trash) the object and does not permanently delete it.
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
+		 * @param boolean       $result
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete__end', $this, $result);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls the specific delete method for the instantiated class.
+	 * This method is called by the public `EE_Base_Class::delete` method.  Any child classes desiring to override
+	 * default functionality for "delete" (which is to call `permanently_delete`) should override this method NOT
+	 * `EE_Base_Class::delete`
+	 *
+	 * @return bool|int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _delete()
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes this model object permanently from db
+	 * (but keep in mind related models may block the delete and return an error)
+	 *
+	 * @return bool | int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently()
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Called just before HARD deleting a model object
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object about to be 'deleted'
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__before', $this);
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		$result = $model->delete_permanently_by_ID($this->ID());
+		$this->refresh_cache_of_related_objects();
+		/**
+		 * Called just after HARD deleting a model object
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object that was just 'deleted'
+		 * @param boolean       $result
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__delete_permanently__end', $this, $result);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * When this model object is deleted, it may still be cached on related model objects. This clears the cache of
+	 * related model objects
+	 *
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function refresh_cache_of_related_objects()
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if (! empty($this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+				$related_objects = $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ];
+				if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// this relation only stores a single model object, not an array
+					// but let's make it consistent
+					$related_objects = array($related_objects);
+				}
+				foreach ($related_objects as $related_object) {
+					// only refresh their cache if they're in memory
+					if ($related_object instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+						$related_object->clear_cache(
+							$model->get_this_model_name(),
+							$this
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Saves this object to the database. An array may be supplied to set some values on this
+	 * object just before saving.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @param array $set_cols_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values,
+	 *                                 if provided during the save() method (often client code will change the fields'
+	 *                                 values before calling save)
+	 * @return bool|int|string         1 on a successful update
+	 *                                 the ID of the new entry on insert
+	 *                                 0 on failure or if the model object isn't allowed to persist
+	 *                                 (as determined by EE_Base_Class::allow_persist())
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function save($set_cols_n_values = array())
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields we're about to save on the model object
+		 *
+		 * @param array         $set_cols_n_values
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object
+		 */
+		$set_cols_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__set_cols_n_values',
+			$set_cols_n_values,
+			$this
+		);
+		// set attributes as provided in $set_cols_n_values
+		foreach ($set_cols_n_values as $column => $value) {
+			$this->set($column, $value);
+		}
+		// no changes ? then don't do anything
+		if (! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Saving a model object.
+		 * Before we perform a save, this action is fired.
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object the model object about to be saved.
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__begin', $this);
+		if (! $this->allow_persist()) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		// now get current attribute values
+		$save_cols_n_values = $this->_fields;
+		// if the object already has an ID, update it. Otherwise, insert it
+		// also: change the assumption about values passed to the model NOT being prepare dby the model object.
+		// They have been
+		$old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation = $model
+			->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
+		$model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
+		// does this model have an autoincrement PK?
+		if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if ($model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+				// ok check if it's set, if so: update; if not, insert
+				if (! empty($save_cols_n_values[ $model->primary_key_name() ])) {
+					$results = $model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
+				} else {
+					unset($save_cols_n_values[ $model->primary_key_name() ]);
+					$results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
+					if ($results) {
+						// if successful, set the primary key
+						// but don't use the normal SET method, because it will check if
+						// an item with the same ID exists in the mapper & db, then
+						// will find it in the db (because we just added it) and THAT object
+						// will get added to the mapper before we can add this one!
+						// but if we just avoid using the SET method, all that headache can be avoided
+						$pk_field_name = $model->primary_key_name();
+						$this->_fields[ $pk_field_name ] = $results;
+						$this->_clear_cached_property($pk_field_name);
+						$model->add_to_entity_map($this);
+						$this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
+					}
+				}
+			} else {// PK is NOT auto-increment
+				// so check if one like it already exists in the db
+				if ($model->exists_by_ID($this->ID())) {
+					if (WP_DEBUG && ! $this->in_entity_map()) {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									'Using a model object %1$s that is NOT in the entity map, can lead to unexpected errors. You should either: %4$s 1. Put it in the entity mapper by calling %2$s %4$s 2. Discard this model object and use what is in the entity mapper %4$s 3. Fetch from the database using %3$s',
+									'event_espresso'
+								),
+								get_class($this),
+								get_class($model) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+								get_class($model) . '::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
+								'<br />'
+							)
+						);
+					}
+					$results = $model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
+				} else {
+					$results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
+					$this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
+				}
+			}
+		} else {// there is NO primary key
+			$already_in_db = false;
+			foreach ($model->unique_indexes() as $index) {
+				$uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($save_cols_n_values, $index->fields());
+				if ($model->exists(array($uniqueness_where_params))) {
+					$already_in_db = true;
+				}
+			}
+			if ($already_in_db) {
+				$combined_pk_fields_n_values = array_intersect_key(
+					$save_cols_n_values,
+					$model->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+				);
+				$results = $model->update(
+					$save_cols_n_values,
+					$combined_pk_fields_n_values
+				);
+			} else {
+				$results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
+			}
+		}
+		// restore the old assumption about values being prepared by the model object
+		$model->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
+			$old_assumption_concerning_value_preparation
+		);
+		/**
+		 * After saving the model object this action is called
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object which was just saved
+		 * @param boolean|int   $results      if it were updated, TRUE or FALSE; if it were newly inserted
+		 *                                    the new ID (or 0 if an error occurred and it wasn't updated)
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__end', $this, $results);
+		$this->_has_changes = false;
+		return $results;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the foreign key on related models objects pointing to this to have this model object's ID
+	 * as their foreign key.  If the cached related model objects already exist in the db, saves them (so that the DB
+	 * is consistent) Especially useful in case we JUST added this model object ot the database and we want to let its
+	 * cached relations with foreign keys to it know about that change. Eg: we've created a transaction but haven't
+	 * saved it to the db. We also create a registration and don't save it to the DB, but we DO cache it on the
+	 * transaction. Now, when we save the transaction, the registration's TXN_ID will be automatically updated, whether
+	 * or not they exist in the DB (if they do, their DB records will be automatically updated)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _update_cached_related_model_objs_fks()
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Has_Many_Relation) {
+				foreach ($this->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $related_model_obj_in_cache) {
+					$fk_to_this = $related_model_obj_in_cache->get_model()->get_foreign_key_to(
+						$model->get_this_model_name()
+					);
+					$related_model_obj_in_cache->set($fk_to_this->get_name(), $this->ID());
+					if ($related_model_obj_in_cache->ID()) {
+						$related_model_obj_in_cache->save();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Saves this model object and its NEW cached relations to the database.
+	 * (Meaning, for now, IT DOES NOT WORK if the cached items already exist in the DB.
+	 * In order for that to work, we would need to mark model objects as dirty/clean...
+	 * because otherwise, there's a potential for infinite looping of saving
+	 * Saves the cached related model objects, and ensures the relation between them
+	 * and this object and properly setup
+	 *
+	 * @return int ID of new model object on save; 0 on failure+
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function save_new_cached_related_model_objs()
+	{
+		// make sure this has been saved
+		if (! $this->ID()) {
+			$id = $this->save();
+		} else {
+			$id = $this->ID();
+		}
+		// now save all the NEW cached model objects  (ie they don't exist in the DB)
+		foreach ($this->get_model()->relation_settings() as $relationName => $relationObj) {
+			if ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) {
+				// is this a relation where we should expect just ONE related object (ie, EE_Belongs_To_relation)
+				// or MANY related objects (ie, EE_HABTM_Relation or EE_Has_Many_Relation)?
+				/* @var $related_model_obj EE_Base_Class */
+				if ($relationObj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
+					// but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
+					$related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
+					// if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
+					$this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
+					$related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
+					// }
+				} else {
+					foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $related_model_obj) {
+						// add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
+						// but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
+						// if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
+						$this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
+						$related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
+						// }
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * for getting a model while instantiated.
+	 *
+	 * @return EEM_Base | EEM_CPT_Base
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_model()
+	{
+		if (! $this->_model) {
+			$modelName = self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this));
+			$this->_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $this->_timezone);
+		} else {
+			$this->_model->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+		}
+		return $this->_model;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $props_n_values
+	 * @param $classname
+	 * @return mixed bool|EE_Base_Class|EEM_CPT_Base
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_object_from_entity_mapper($props_n_values, $classname)
+	{
+		// TODO: will not work for Term_Relationships because they have no PK!
+		$primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
+		if (
+			array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
+			&& ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+		) {
+			$id = $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ];
+			return self::_get_model($classname)->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is called by child static "new_instance" method and we'll check to see if there is an existing db entry for
+	 * the primary key (if present in incoming values). If there is a key in the incoming array that matches the
+	 * primary key for the model AND it is not null, then we check the db. If there's a an object we return it.  If not
+	 * we return false.
+	 *
+	 * @param  array  $props_n_values   incoming array of properties and their values
+	 * @param  string $classname        the classname of the child class
+	 * @param null    $timezone
+	 * @param array   $date_formats     incoming date_formats in an array where the first value is the
+	 *                                  date_format and the second value is the time format
+	 * @return mixed (EE_Base_Class|bool)
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected static function _check_for_object($props_n_values, $classname, $timezone = null, $date_formats = array())
+	{
+		$existing = null;
+		$model = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone);
+		if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
+			if (
+				array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
+				&& ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+			) {
+				$existing = $model->get_one_by_ID(
+					$props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ]
+				);
+			}
+		} elseif ($model->has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($props_n_values)) {
+			// no primary key on this model, but there's still a matching item in the DB
+			$existing = self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)->get_one_by_ID(
+				self::_get_model($classname, $timezone)
+					->get_index_primary_key_string($props_n_values)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($existing) {
+			// set date formats if present before setting values
+			if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
+				$existing->set_date_format($date_formats[0]);
+				$existing->set_time_format($date_formats[1]);
+			} else {
+				// set default formats for date and time
+				$existing->set_date_format(get_option('date_format'));
+				$existing->set_time_format(get_option('time_format'));
+			}
+			foreach ($props_n_values as $property => $field_value) {
+				$existing->set($property, $field_value);
+			}
+			return $existing;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the EEM_*_Model for this class
+	 *
+	 * @access public now, as this is more convenient
+	 * @param      $classname
+	 * @param null $timezone
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_model($classname, $timezone = null)
+	{
+		// find model for this class
+		if (! $classname) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'What were you thinking calling _get_model(%s)?? You need to specify the class name',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$classname
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$modelName = self::_get_model_classname($classname);
+		return self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model instance (eg instance of EEM_Attendee) given its classname (eg EE_Attendee)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_classname
+	 * @param null   $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_model_instance_with_name($model_classname, $timezone = null)
+	{
+		$model_classname = str_replace('EEM_', '', $model_classname);
+		$model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($model_classname);
+		$model->set_timezone($timezone);
+		return $model;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * If a model name is provided (eg Registration), gets the model classname for that model.
+	 * Also works if a model class's classname is provided (eg EE_Registration).
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $model_name
+	 * @return string like EEM_Attendee
+	 */
+	private static function _get_model_classname($model_name = '')
+	{
+		return strpos((string) $model_name, 'EE_') === 0
+			? str_replace('EE_', 'EEM_', $model_name)
+			: 'EEM_' . $model_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * returns the name of the primary key attribute
+	 *
+	 * @param null $classname
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	protected static function _get_primary_key_name($classname = null)
+	{
+		if (! $classname) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('What were you thinking calling _get_primary_key_name(%s)', 'event_espresso'),
+					$classname
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return self::_get_model($classname)->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the value of the primary key.
+	 * If the object hasn't yet been saved, it should be whatever the model field's default was
+	 * (eg, if this were the EE_Event class, look at the primary key field on EEM_Event and see what its default value
+	 * is. Usually defaults for integer primary keys are 0; string primary keys are usually NULL).
+	 *
+	 * @return mixed, if the primary key is of type INT it'll be an int. Otherwise it could be a string
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function ID()
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		// now that we know the name of the variable, use a variable variable to get its value and return its
+		if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			return $this->_fields[ $model->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		return $model->get_index_primary_key_string($this->_fields);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $otherModelObjectOrID
+	 * @param string                   $relationName
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function hasRelation($otherModelObjectOrID, string $relationName): bool
+	{
+		$other_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name(
+			self::_get_model_classname($relationName),
+			$this->_timezone
+		);
+		$primary_key = $other_model->primary_key_name();
+		/** @var EE_Base_Class $otherModelObject */
+		$otherModelObject = $other_model->ensure_is_obj($otherModelObjectOrID, $relationName);
+		return $this->count_related($relationName, [[$primary_key => $otherModelObject->ID()]]) > 0;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationship's name. Eg, if the current
+	 * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Event', and should be a key in the EE
+	 * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just caches the related thing
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID       EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object
+	 * @param string $relationName                     eg 'Events','Question',etc.
+	 *                                                 an attendee to a group, you also want to specify which role they
+	 *                                                 will have in that group. So you would use this parameter to
+	 *                                                 specify array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
+	 * @param array  $extra_join_model_fields_n_values You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that
+	 *                                                 allow you to further constrict the relation to being added.
+	 *                                                 However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a
+	 *                                                 column on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models
+	 *                                                 accept these additional conditions.  Also remember that if an
+	 *                                                 exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then a
+	 *                                                 NEW row is created in the join table.
+	 * @param null   $cache_id
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class the object the relation was added to
+	 */
+	public function _add_relation_to(
+		$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+		$relationName,
+		$extra_join_model_fields_n_values = array(),
+		$cache_id = null
+	) {
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		// if this thing exists in the DB, save the relation to the DB
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			$otherObject = $model->add_relationship_to(
+				$this,
+				$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+				$relationName,
+				$extra_join_model_fields_n_values
+			);
+			// clear cache so future get_many_related and get_first_related() return new results.
+			$this->clear_cache($relationName, $otherObject, true);
+			if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				$otherObject->clear_cache($model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
+			}
+		} else {
+			// this thing doesn't exist in the DB,  so just cache it
+			if (! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Before a model object is saved to the database, calls to _add_relation_to must be passed an actual object, not just an ID. You provided %s as the model object to a %s',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+						get_class($this)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$otherObject = $otherObjectModelObjectOrID;
+			$this->cache($relationName, $otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $cache_id);
+		}
+		if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			// fix the reciprocal relation too
+			if ($otherObject->ID()) {
+				// its saved so assumed relations exist in the DB, so we can just
+				// clear the cache so future queries use the updated info in the DB
+				$otherObject->clear_cache(
+					$model->get_this_model_name(),
+					null,
+					true
+				);
+			} else {
+				// it's not saved, so it caches relations like this
+				$otherObject->cache($model->get_this_model_name(), $this);
+			}
+		}
+		return $otherObject;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes a relationship to the specified EE_Base_Class object, given the relationships' name. Eg, if the current
+	 * model is related to a group of events, the $relationName should be 'Events', and should be a key in the EE
+	 * Model's $_model_relations array. If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just removes the related thing
+	 * from the cache
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $otherObjectModelObjectOrID
+	 *                EE_Base_Class or the ID of the other object, OR an array key into the cache if this isn't saved
+	 *                to the DB yet
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $where_query
+	 *                You can optionally include an array of key=>value pairs that allow you to further constrict the
+	 *                relation to being added. However, keep in mind that the columns (keys) given must match a column
+	 *                on the JOIN table and currently only the HABTM models accept these additional conditions. Also
+	 *                remember that if an exact match isn't found for these extra cols/val pairs, then no row is
+	 *                deleted.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class the relation was removed from
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _remove_relation_to($otherObjectModelObjectOrID, $relationName, $where_query = array())
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			// if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
+			$otherObject = $this->get_model()->remove_relationship_to(
+				$this,
+				$otherObjectModelObjectOrID,
+				$relationName,
+				$where_query
+			);
+			$this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				$otherObject
+			);
+		} else {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
+			$otherObject = $this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				$otherObjectModelObjectOrID
+			);
+		}
+		if ($otherObject instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$otherObject->clear_cache(
+				$this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
+				$this
+			);
+		}
+		return $otherObject;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes ALL the related things for the $relationName.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $where_query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _remove_relations($relationName, $where_query_params = array())
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			// if this exists in the DB, save the relation change to the DB too
+			$otherObjects = $this->get_model()->remove_relations(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$where_query_params
+			);
+			$this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				null,
+				true
+			);
+		} else {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB, just remove it from the cache
+			$otherObjects = $this->clear_cache(
+				$relationName,
+				null,
+				true
+			);
+		}
+		if (is_array($otherObjects)) {
+			foreach ($otherObjects as $otherObject) {
+				$otherObject->clear_cache(
+					$this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
+					$this
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $otherObjects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the related model objects of the specified type. Eg, if the current class if
+	 * EE_Event, you could call $this->get_many_related('Registration') to get an array of all the
+	 * EE_Registration objects which related to this event. Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
+	 * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]     Results not necessarily indexed by IDs, because some results might not have primary
+	 *                             keys or might not be saved yet. Consider using EEM_Base::get_IDs() on these
+	 *                             results if you want IDs
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_many_related($relationName, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			// this exists in the DB, so get the related things from either the cache or the DB
+			// if there are query parameters, forget about caching the related model objects.
+			if ($query_params) {
+				$related_model_objects = $this->get_model()->get_all_related(
+					$this,
+					$relationName,
+					$query_params
+				);
+			} else {
+				// did we already cache the result of this query?
+				$cached_results = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
+				if (! $cached_results) {
+					$related_model_objects = $this->get_model()->get_all_related(
+						$this,
+						$relationName,
+						$query_params
+					);
+					// if no query parameters were passed, then we got all the related model objects
+					// for that relation. We can cache them then.
+					foreach ($related_model_objects as $related_model_object) {
+						$this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
+					}
+				} else {
+					$related_model_objects = $cached_results;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB, so just get the related things from the cache
+			$related_model_objects = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
+		}
+		return $related_model_objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
+	 * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name  model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array  $query_params   @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
+	 *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function count_related($relation_name, $query_params = array(), $field_to_count = null, $distinct = false)
+	{
+		return $this->get_model()->count_related(
+			$this,
+			$relation_name,
+			$query_params,
+			$field_to_count,
+			$distinct
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
+	 * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name model_name like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array  $query_params  @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_sum  name of field to count by.
+	 *                              By default, uses primary key
+	 *                              (which doesn't make much sense, so you should probably change it)
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function sum_related($relation_name, $query_params = array(), $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		return $this->get_model()->sum_related(
+			$this,
+			$relation_name,
+			$query_params,
+			$field_to_sum
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the first (ie, one) related model object of the specified type.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName key in the model's _model_relations array
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class (not an array, a single object)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_first_related($relationName, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		if ($this->ID()) {// this exists in the DB, get from the cache OR the DB
+			// if they've provided some query parameters, don't bother trying to cache the result
+			// also make sure we're not caching the result of get_first_related
+			// on a relation which should have an array of objects (because the cache might have an array of objects)
+			if (
+				$query_params
+				|| ! $model->related_settings_for($relationName)
+					 instanceof
+					 EE_Belongs_To_Relation
+			) {
+				$related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
+					$this,
+					$relationName,
+					$query_params
+				);
+			} else {
+				// first, check if we've already cached the result of this query
+				$cached_result = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
+				if (! $cached_result) {
+					$related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
+						$this,
+						$relationName,
+						$query_params
+					);
+					$this->cache($relationName, $related_model_object);
+				} else {
+					$related_model_object = $cached_result;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			$related_model_object = null;
+			// this doesn't exist in the Db,
+			// but maybe the relation is of type belongs to, and so the related thing might
+			if ($model->related_settings_for($relationName) instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
+					$this,
+					$relationName,
+					$query_params
+				);
+			}
+			// this doesn't exist in the DB and apparently the thing it belongs to doesn't either,
+			// just get what's cached on this object
+			if (! $related_model_object) {
+				$related_model_object = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
+			}
+		}
+		return $related_model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Does a delete on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
+	 * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
+	 * of blocking related model objects) does nothing. If the related model objects are
+	 * soft-deletable, they will be soft-deleted regardless of related blocking model objects.
+	 * If this model object doesn't exist yet in the DB, just removes its related things
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_related($relationName, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			$count = $this->get_model()->delete_related(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$query_params
+			);
+		} else {
+			$count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
+			$this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
+		}
+		return $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Does a hard delete (ie, removes the DB row) on all related objects of type $relationName and removes
+	 * the current model object's relation to them. If they can't be deleted (because
+	 * of blocking related model objects) just does a soft delete on it instead, if possible.
+	 * If the related thing isn't a soft-deletable model object, this function is identical
+	 * to delete_related(). If this model object doesn't exist in the DB, just remove its related things
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return int how many deleted (including those soft deleted)
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_related_permanently($relationName, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		if ($this->ID()) {
+			$count = $this->get_model()->delete_related_permanently(
+				$this,
+				$relationName,
+				$query_params
+			);
+		} else {
+			$count = count($this->get_all_from_cache($relationName));
+		}
+		$this->clear_cache($relationName, null, true);
+		return $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * is_set
+	 * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property exists
+	 *
+	 * @access  public
+	 * @param  string $field_name property to check
+	 * @return bool                              TRUE if existing,FALSE if not.
+	 */
+	public function is_set($field_name)
+	{
+		return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just a simple utility function children can use for checking if property (or properties) exists and throwing an
+	 * EE_Error exception if they don't
+	 *
+	 * @param  mixed (string|array) $properties properties to check
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return bool                              TRUE if existing, throw EE_Error if not.
+	 */
+	protected function _property_exists($properties)
+	{
+		foreach ((array) $properties as $property_name) {
+			// first make sure this property exists
+			if (! $this->_fields[ $property_name ]) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Trying to retrieve a non-existent property (%s).  Double check the spelling please',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$property_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply returns an array of model fields for this object
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function model_field_array()
+	{
+		$fields = $this->get_model()->field_settings(false);
+		$properties = array();
+		// remove prepended underscore
+		foreach ($fields as $field_name => $settings) {
+			$properties[ $field_name ] = $this->get($field_name);
+		}
+		return $properties;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_Base_Class.
+	 * If a method is called on a child of EE_Base_Class that doesn't exist, this function is called
+	 * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments.
+	 * Instead of requiring a plugin to extend the EE_Base_Class
+	 * (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that happen?)
+	 * they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}'
+	 * (eg, filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function)
+	 * and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function was called,
+	 * and an array of the original arguments passed to the function.
+	 * Whatever their callback function returns will be returned by this function.
+	 * Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
+	 *      add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3);
+	 *      function my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class $object,$argsArray){
+	 *          $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
+	 *          return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
+	 *      }
+	 * require('EE_Answer.class.php');
+	 * echo EE_Answer::new_instance(['REG_ID' => 2,'QST_ID' => 3,'ANS_value' => The answer is 42'])
+	 *      ->my_callback('monkeys',100);
+	 * // will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
+	 *
+	 * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_Base_Class, but which
+	 * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
+	 */
+	public function __call($methodName, $args)
+	{
+		$className = get_class($this);
+		$tagName = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
+		if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Method %s on class %s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: add_filter('%s','my_callback',10,3);function my_callback(\$previousReturnValue,EE_Base_Class \$object, \$argsArray){/*function body*/return \$whatever;}",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$methodName,
+					$className,
+					$tagName
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Similar to insert_post_meta, adds a record in the Extra_Meta model's table with the given key and value.
+	 * A $previous_value can be specified in case there are many meta rows with the same key
+	 *
+	 * @param string $meta_key
+	 * @param mixed  $meta_value
+	 * @param mixed  $previous_value
+	 * @return bool|int # of records updated (or BOOLEAN if we actually ended up inserting the extra meta row)
+	 *                  NOTE: if the values haven't changed, returns 0
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update_extra_meta(string $meta_key, $meta_value, $previous_value = null)
+	{
+		$query_params = [
+			[
+				'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
+				'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
+				'EXM_type' => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
+			],
+		];
+		if ($previous_value !== null) {
+			$query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
+		}
+		$existing_rows_like_that = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_all($query_params);
+		if (! $existing_rows_like_that) {
+			return $this->add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value);
+		}
+		foreach ($existing_rows_like_that as $existing_row) {
+			$existing_row->save(['EXM_value' => $meta_value]);
+		}
+		return count($existing_rows_like_that);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a new extra meta record. If $unique is set to TRUE, we'll first double-check
+	 * no other extra meta for this model object have the same key. Returns TRUE if the
+	 * extra meta row was entered, false if not
+	 *
+	 * @param string $meta_key
+	 * @param mixed  $meta_value
+	 * @param bool   $unique
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function add_extra_meta(string $meta_key, $meta_value, bool $unique = false): bool
+	{
+		if ($unique) {
+			$existing_extra_meta = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_one(
+				[
+					[
+						'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
+						'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
+						'EXM_type' => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
+					],
+				]
+			);
+			if ($existing_extra_meta) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		$new_extra_meta = EE_Extra_Meta::new_instance(
+			[
+				'EXM_key'   => $meta_key,
+				'EXM_value' => $meta_value,
+				'OBJ_ID'    => $this->ID(),
+				'EXM_type'  => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
+			]
+		);
+		$new_extra_meta->save();
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes all the extra meta rows for this record as specified by key. If $meta_value
+	 * is specified, only deletes extra meta records with that value.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $meta_key
+	 * @param mixed  $meta_value
+	 * @return int|bool number of extra meta rows deleted
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_extra_meta(string $meta_key, $meta_value = null)
+	{
+		$query_params = [
+			[
+				'EXM_key'  => $meta_key,
+				'OBJ_ID'   => $this->ID(),
+				'EXM_type' => $this->get_model()->get_this_model_name(),
+			],
+		];
+		if ($meta_value !== null) {
+			$query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
+		}
+		return EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the extra meta with the given meta key. If you specify "single" we just return 1, otherwise
+	 * an array of everything found. Requires that this model actually have a relation of type EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation.
+	 * You can specify $default is case you haven't found the extra meta
+	 *
+	 * @param string     $meta_key
+	 * @param bool       $single
+	 * @param mixed      $default if we don't find anything, what should we return?
+	 * @param array|null $extra_where
+	 * @return mixed single value if $single; array if ! $single
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_extra_meta(string $meta_key, bool $single = false, $default = null, ?array $extra_where = [])
+	{
+		$query_params = [ $extra_where + ['EXM_key' => $meta_key] ];
+		if ($single) {
+			$result = $this->get_first_related('Extra_Meta', $query_params);
+			if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+				return $result->value();
+			}
+		} else {
+			$results = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta', $query_params);
+			if ($results) {
+				$values = [];
+				foreach ($results as $result) {
+					if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+						$values[ $result->ID() ] = $result->value();
+					}
+				}
+				return $values;
+			}
+		}
+		// if nothing discovered yet return default.
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Base_Class__get_extra_meta__default_value',
+			$default,
+			$meta_key,
+			$single,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a simple array of all the extra meta associated with this model object.
+	 * If $one_of_each_key is true (Default), it will be an array of simple key-value pairs, keys being the
+	 * extra meta's key, and teh value being its value. However, if there are duplicate extra meta rows with
+	 * the same key, only one will be used. (eg array('foo'=>'bar','monkey'=>123))
+	 * If $one_of_each_key is false, it will return an array with the top-level keys being
+	 * the extra meta keys, but their values are also arrays, which have the extra-meta's ID as their sub-key, and
+	 * finally the extra meta's value as each sub-value. (eg
+	 * array('foo'=>array(1=>'bar',2=>'bill'),'monkey'=>array(3=>123)))
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $one_of_each_key
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function all_extra_meta_array(bool $one_of_each_key = true): array
+	{
+		$return_array = [];
+		if ($one_of_each_key) {
+			$extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related(
+				'Extra_Meta',
+				['group_by' => 'EXM_key']
+			);
+			foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
+				if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+					$return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			$extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta');
+			foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
+				if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
+					if (! isset($return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ])) {
+						$return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = [];
+					}
+					$return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ][ $extra_meta_obj->ID() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $return_array;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a pretty nice displayable nice for this model object. Often overridden
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function name()
+	{
+		// find a field that's not a text field
+		$field_we_can_use = $this->get_model()->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Text_Field_Base');
+		if ($field_we_can_use) {
+			return $this->get($field_we_can_use->get_name());
+		}
+		$first_few_properties = $this->model_field_array();
+		$first_few_properties = array_slice($first_few_properties, 0, 3);
+		$name_parts = array();
+		foreach ($first_few_properties as $name => $value) {
+			$name_parts[] = "$name:$value";
+		}
+		return implode(',', $name_parts);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * in_entity_map
+	 * Checks if this model object has been proven to already be in the entity map
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function in_entity_map()
+	{
+		// well, if we looked, did we find it in the entity map?
+		return $this->ID() && $this->get_model()->get_from_entity_map($this->ID()) === $this;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_from_db
+	 * Makes sure the fields and values on this model object are in-sync with what's in the database.
+	 *
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error if this model object isn't in the entity mapper (because then you should
+	 * just use what's in the entity mapper and refresh it) and WP_DEBUG is TRUE
+	 */
+	public function refresh_from_db()
+	{
+		if ($this->ID() && $this->in_entity_map()) {
+			$this->get_model()->refresh_entity_map_from_db($this->ID());
+		} else {
+			// if it doesn't have ID, you shouldn't be asking to refresh it from teh database (because its not in the database)
+			// if it has an ID but it's not in the map, and you're asking me to refresh it
+			// that's kinda dangerous. You should just use what's in the entity map, or add this to the entity map if there's
+			// absolutely nothing in it for this ID
+			if (WP_DEBUG) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Trying to refresh a model object with ID "%1$s" that\'s not in the entity map? First off: you should put it in the entity map by calling %2$s. Second off, if you want what\'s in the database right now, you should just call %3$s yourself and discard this model object.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$this->ID(),
+						get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+						get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Change $fields' values to $new_value_sql (which is a string of raw SQL)
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.9.80.p
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $fields
+	 * @param string $new_value_sql
+	 *      example: 'column_name=123',
+	 *      or 'column_name=column_name+1',
+	 *      or 'column_name= CASE
+	 *          WHEN (`column_name` + `other_column` + 5) <= `yet_another_column`
+	 *          THEN `column_name` + 5
+	 *          ELSE `column_name`
+	 *      END'
+	 *      Also updates $field on this model object with the latest value from the database.
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function updateFieldsInDB($fields, $new_value_sql)
+	{
+		// First make sure this model object actually exists in the DB. It would be silly to try to update it in the DB
+		// if it wasn't even there to start off.
+		if (! $this->ID()) {
+			$this->save();
+		}
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (empty($fields)) {
+			throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+				esc_html__(
+					'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed an empty array of fields.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$first_field = reset($fields);
+		$table_alias = $first_field->get_table_alias();
+		foreach ($fields as $field) {
+			if ($table_alias !== $field->get_table_alias()) {
+				throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							// @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
+							'EE_Base_Class::updateFieldsInDB was passed fields for different tables ("%1$s" and "%2$s"), which is not supported. Instead, please call the method multiple times.',
+							// @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$table_alias,
+						$field->get_table_alias()
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// Ok the fields are now known to all be for the same table. Proceed with creating the SQL to update it.
+		$table_obj = $this->get_model()->get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias);
+		$table_pk_value = $this->ID();
+		$table_name = $table_obj->get_table_name();
+		if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+			$table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_fk_on_table();
+		} else {
+			$table_pk_field_name = $table_obj->get_pk_column();
+		}
+
+		$query =
+			"UPDATE `{$table_name}`
             SET "
-            . $new_value_sql
-            . $wpdb->prepare(
-                "
+			. $new_value_sql
+			. $wpdb->prepare(
+				"
             WHERE `{$table_pk_field_name}` = %d;",
-                $table_pk_value
-            );
-        $result = $wpdb->query($query);
-        foreach ($fields as $field) {
-            // If it was successful, we'd like to know the new value.
-            // If it failed, we'd also like to know the new value.
-            $new_value = $this->get_model()->get_var(
-                $this->get_model()->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                    $this->get_model()->get_index_primary_key_string(
-                        $this->model_field_array()
-                    ),
-                    array(
-                        'default_where_conditions' => 'minimum',
-                    )
-                ),
-                $field->get_name()
-            );
-            $this->set_from_db(
-                $field->get_name(),
-                $new_value
-            );
-        }
-        return (bool) $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Nudges $field_name's value by $quantity, without any conditionals (in comparison to bumpConditionally()).
-     * Does not allow negative values, however.
-     *
-     * @since 4.9.80.p
-     * @param array $fields_n_quantities keys are the field names, and values are the amount by which to bump them
-     *                                   (positive or negative). One important gotcha: all these values must be
-     *                                   on the same table (eg don't pass in one field for the posts table and
-     *                                   another for the event meta table.)
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function adjustNumericFieldsInDb(array $fields_n_quantities)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (empty($fields_n_quantities)) {
-            // No fields to update? Well sure, we updated them to that value just fine.
-            return true;
-        }
-        $fields = [];
-        $set_sql_statements = [];
-        foreach ($fields_n_quantities as $field_name => $quantity) {
-            $field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name, true);
-            $fields[] = $field;
-            $column_name = $field->get_table_column();
-
-            $abs_qty = absint($quantity);
-            if ($quantity > 0) {
-                // don't let the value be negative as often these fields are unsigned
-                $set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
-                    "`{$column_name}` = `{$column_name}` + %d",
-                    $abs_qty
-                );
-            } else {
-                $set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
-                    "`{$column_name}` = CASE
+				$table_pk_value
+			);
+		$result = $wpdb->query($query);
+		foreach ($fields as $field) {
+			// If it was successful, we'd like to know the new value.
+			// If it failed, we'd also like to know the new value.
+			$new_value = $this->get_model()->get_var(
+				$this->get_model()->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+					$this->get_model()->get_index_primary_key_string(
+						$this->model_field_array()
+					),
+					array(
+						'default_where_conditions' => 'minimum',
+					)
+				),
+				$field->get_name()
+			);
+			$this->set_from_db(
+				$field->get_name(),
+				$new_value
+			);
+		}
+		return (bool) $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Nudges $field_name's value by $quantity, without any conditionals (in comparison to bumpConditionally()).
+	 * Does not allow negative values, however.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.9.80.p
+	 * @param array $fields_n_quantities keys are the field names, and values are the amount by which to bump them
+	 *                                   (positive or negative). One important gotcha: all these values must be
+	 *                                   on the same table (eg don't pass in one field for the posts table and
+	 *                                   another for the event meta table.)
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function adjustNumericFieldsInDb(array $fields_n_quantities)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (empty($fields_n_quantities)) {
+			// No fields to update? Well sure, we updated them to that value just fine.
+			return true;
+		}
+		$fields = [];
+		$set_sql_statements = [];
+		foreach ($fields_n_quantities as $field_name => $quantity) {
+			$field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name, true);
+			$fields[] = $field;
+			$column_name = $field->get_table_column();
+
+			$abs_qty = absint($quantity);
+			if ($quantity > 0) {
+				// don't let the value be negative as often these fields are unsigned
+				$set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
+					"`{$column_name}` = `{$column_name}` + %d",
+					$abs_qty
+				);
+			} else {
+				$set_sql_statements[] = $wpdb->prepare(
+					"`{$column_name}` = CASE
                        WHEN (`{$column_name}` >= %d)
                        THEN `{$column_name}` - %d
                        ELSE 0
                     END",
-                    $abs_qty,
-                    $abs_qty
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
-            $fields,
-            implode(', ', $set_sql_statements)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Increases the value of the field $field_name_to_bump by $quantity, but only if the values of
-     * $field_name_to_bump plus $field_name_affecting_total and $quantity won't exceed $limit_field_name's value.
-     * For example, this is useful when bumping the value of TKT_reserved, TKT_sold, DTT_reserved or DTT_sold.
-     * Returns true if the value was successfully bumped, and updates the value on this model object.
-     * Otherwise returns false.
-     *
-     * @since 4.9.80.p
-     * @param string $field_name_to_bump
-     * @param string $field_name_affecting_total
-     * @param string $limit_field_name
-     * @param int    $quantity
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function incrementFieldConditionallyInDb($field_name_to_bump, $field_name_affecting_total, $limit_field_name, $quantity)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        $field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name_to_bump, true);
-        $column_name = $field->get_table_column();
-
-        $field_affecting_total = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name_affecting_total, true);
-        $column_affecting_total = $field_affecting_total->get_table_column();
-
-        $limiting_field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($limit_field_name, true);
-        $limiting_column = $limiting_field->get_table_column();
-        return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
-            [$field],
-            $wpdb->prepare(
-                "`{$column_name}` =
+					$abs_qty,
+					$abs_qty
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
+			$fields,
+			implode(', ', $set_sql_statements)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Increases the value of the field $field_name_to_bump by $quantity, but only if the values of
+	 * $field_name_to_bump plus $field_name_affecting_total and $quantity won't exceed $limit_field_name's value.
+	 * For example, this is useful when bumping the value of TKT_reserved, TKT_sold, DTT_reserved or DTT_sold.
+	 * Returns true if the value was successfully bumped, and updates the value on this model object.
+	 * Otherwise returns false.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.9.80.p
+	 * @param string $field_name_to_bump
+	 * @param string $field_name_affecting_total
+	 * @param string $limit_field_name
+	 * @param int    $quantity
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function incrementFieldConditionallyInDb($field_name_to_bump, $field_name_affecting_total, $limit_field_name, $quantity)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		$field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name_to_bump, true);
+		$column_name = $field->get_table_column();
+
+		$field_affecting_total = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name_affecting_total, true);
+		$column_affecting_total = $field_affecting_total->get_table_column();
+
+		$limiting_field = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($limit_field_name, true);
+		$limiting_column = $limiting_field->get_table_column();
+		return $this->updateFieldsInDB(
+			[$field],
+			$wpdb->prepare(
+				"`{$column_name}` =
             CASE
                WHEN ((`{$column_name}` + `{$column_affecting_total}` + %d) <= `{$limiting_column}`) OR `{$limiting_column}` = %d
                THEN `{$column_name}` + %d
                ELSE `{$column_name}`
             END",
-                $quantity,
-                EE_INF_IN_DB,
-                $quantity
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Because some other plugins, like Advanced Cron Manager, expect all objects to have this method
-     * (probably a bad assumption they have made, oh well)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function __toString()
-    {
-        try {
-            return sprintf('%s (%s)', $this->name(), $this->ID());
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
-            EE_Error::add_error($e->getMessage(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-            return '';
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Clear related model objects if they're already in the DB, because otherwise when we
-     * UN-serialize this model object we'll need to be careful to add them to the entity map.
-     * This means if we have made changes to those related model objects, and want to unserialize
-     * the this model object on a subsequent request, changes to those related model objects will be lost.
-     * Instead, those related model objects should be directly serialized and stored.
-     * Eg, the following won't work:
-     * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
-     * $att = $reg->attendee();
-     * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
-     * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
-     * //END REQUEST
-     * //START NEXT REQUEST
-     * $reg = get_option( 'my_option' );
-     * $reg->attendee()->save();
-     * And would need to be replace with:
-     * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
-     * $att = $reg->attendee();
-     * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
-     * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
-     * //END REQUEST
-     * //START NEXT REQUEST
-     * $att = get_option( 'my_option' );
-     * $att->save();
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function __sleep()
-    {
-        $model = $this->get_model();
-        foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $classname = 'EE_' . $model->get_this_model_name();
-                if (
-                    $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name) instanceof $classname
-                    && $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
-                ) {
-                    $this->clear_cache(
-                        $relation_name,
-                        $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = array();
-        $properties_to_serialize = get_object_vars($this);
-        // don't serialize the model. It's big and that risks recursion
-        unset($properties_to_serialize['_model']);
-        return array_keys($properties_to_serialize);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * restore _props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
-     * PLZ NOTE: this will reset the array to whatever fields values were present prior to serialization,
-     * and therefore should NOT be used to determine if state change has occurred since initial construction.
-     * At best, you would only be able to detect if state change has occurred during THIS request.
-     */
-    public function __wakeup()
-    {
-        $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $this->_fields;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Usage of this magic method is to ensure any internally cached references to object instances that must remain
-     * distinct with the clone host instance are also cloned.
-     */
-    public function __clone()
-    {
-        // handle DateTimes (this is handled in here because there's no one specific child class that uses datetimes).
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $field => $value) {
-            if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
-                $this->_fields[ $field ] = clone $value;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+				$quantity,
+				EE_INF_IN_DB,
+				$quantity
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Because some other plugins, like Advanced Cron Manager, expect all objects to have this method
+	 * (probably a bad assumption they have made, oh well)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function __toString()
+	{
+		try {
+			return sprintf('%s (%s)', $this->name(), $this->ID());
+		} catch (Exception $e) {
+			EE_Error::add_error($e->getMessage(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+			return '';
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Clear related model objects if they're already in the DB, because otherwise when we
+	 * UN-serialize this model object we'll need to be careful to add them to the entity map.
+	 * This means if we have made changes to those related model objects, and want to unserialize
+	 * the this model object on a subsequent request, changes to those related model objects will be lost.
+	 * Instead, those related model objects should be directly serialized and stored.
+	 * Eg, the following won't work:
+	 * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
+	 * $att = $reg->attendee();
+	 * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
+	 * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
+	 * //END REQUEST
+	 * //START NEXT REQUEST
+	 * $reg = get_option( 'my_option' );
+	 * $reg->attendee()->save();
+	 * And would need to be replace with:
+	 * $reg = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one_by_ID( 123 );
+	 * $att = $reg->attendee();
+	 * $att->set( 'ATT_fname', 'Dirk' );
+	 * update_option( 'my_option', serialize( $reg ) );
+	 * //END REQUEST
+	 * //START NEXT REQUEST
+	 * $att = get_option( 'my_option' );
+	 * $att->save();
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function __sleep()
+	{
+		$model = $this->get_model();
+		foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$classname = 'EE_' . $model->get_this_model_name();
+				if (
+					$this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name) instanceof $classname
+					&& $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
+				) {
+					$this->clear_cache(
+						$relation_name,
+						$this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = array();
+		$properties_to_serialize = get_object_vars($this);
+		// don't serialize the model. It's big and that risks recursion
+		unset($properties_to_serialize['_model']);
+		return array_keys($properties_to_serialize);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * restore _props_n_values_provided_in_constructor
+	 * PLZ NOTE: this will reset the array to whatever fields values were present prior to serialization,
+	 * and therefore should NOT be used to determine if state change has occurred since initial construction.
+	 * At best, you would only be able to detect if state change has occurred during THIS request.
+	 */
+	public function __wakeup()
+	{
+		$this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $this->_fields;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Usage of this magic method is to ensure any internally cached references to object instances that must remain
+	 * distinct with the clone host instance are also cloned.
+	 */
+	public function __clone()
+	{
+		// handle DateTimes (this is handled in here because there's no one specific child class that uses datetimes).
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $field => $value) {
+			if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
+				$this->_fields[ $field ] = clone $value;
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }

Spacing +121 added lines, -121 removed lines

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ 
         $fieldValues = is_array($fieldValues) ? $fieldValues : array($fieldValues);
         // verify client code has not passed any invalid field names
         foreach ($fieldValues as $field_name => $field_value) {
-            if (! isset($model_fields[ $field_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($model_fields[$field_name])) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ 
         $date_format = null;
         $time_format = null;
         $this->_timezone = EEH_DTT_Helper::get_valid_timezone_string($timezone);
-        if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
+        if ( ! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
             [$date_format, $time_format] = $date_formats;
         }
         $this->set_date_format($date_format);
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@ 
                 // client code has indicated these field values are from the database
                     $this->set_from_db(
                         $fieldName,
-                        $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] ?? null
+                        $fieldValues[$fieldName] ?? null
                     );
             } else {
                 // we're constructing a brand new instance of the model object.
                 // Generally, this means we'll need to do more field validation
                     $this->set(
                     $fieldName,
-                    $fieldValues[ $fieldName ] ?? null,
+                    $fieldValues[$fieldName] ?? null,
                     true
                 );
             }
@@ -192,15 +192,15 @@ 
         // remember what values were passed to this constructor
         $this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor = $fieldValues;
         // remember in entity mapper
-        if (! $bydb && $model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $bydb && $model->has_primary_key_field() && $this->ID()) {
             $model->add_to_entity_map($this);
         }
         // setup all the relations
         foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
             if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = null;
+                $this->_model_relations[$relation_name] = null;
             } else {
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ] = array();
+                $this->_model_relations[$relation_name] = array();
             }
         }
         /**
@@ -252,10 +252,10 @@ 
     public function get_original($field_name)
     {
         if (
-            isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ])
+            isset($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[$field_name])
             && $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name)
         ) {
-            return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[ $field_name ]);
+            return $field_settings->prepare_for_get($this->_props_n_values_provided_in_constructor[$field_name]);
         }
         return null;
     }
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ 
         // then don't do anything
         if (
             ! $use_default
-            && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] === $field_value
+            && $this->_fields[$field_name] === $field_value
             && $this->ID()
         ) {
             return;
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ 
         $model = $this->get_model();
         $this->_has_changes = true;
         $field_obj = $model->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if (! $field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+        if ( ! $field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ 
         $holder_of_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_value);
         // should the value be null?
         if (($field_value === null || $holder_of_value === null || $holder_of_value === '') && $use_default) {
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+            $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
             /**
              * To save having to refactor all the models, if a default value is used for a
              * EE_Datetime_Field, and that value is not null nor is it a DateTime
@@ -331,15 +331,15 @@ 
              */
             if (
                 $field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field
-                && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] !== null
-                && ! $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
+                && $this->_fields[$field_name] !== null
+                && ! $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime
             ) {
-                empty($this->_fields[ $field_name ])
+                empty($this->_fields[$field_name])
                     ? $this->set($field_name, time())
-                    : $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+                    : $this->set($field_name, $this->_fields[$field_name]);
             }
         } else {
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $holder_of_value;
+            $this->_fields[$field_name] = $holder_of_value;
         }
         // if we're not in the constructor...
         // now check if what we set was a primary key
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 $field_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set_from_db($field_value_from_db);
             }
-            $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_value;
+            $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field_value;
             $this->_clear_cached_property($field_name);
         }
     }
@@ -427,8 +427,8 @@ 
      */
     public function getCustomSelect($alias)
     {
-        return isset($this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ])
-            ? $this->custom_selection_results[ $alias ]
+        return isset($this->custom_selection_results[$alias])
+            ? $this->custom_selection_results[$alias]
             : null;
     }
 
@@ -515,8 +515,8 @@ 
         foreach ($model_fields as $field_name => $field_obj) {
             if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
                 $field_obj->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                if (isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime) {
-                    EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[ $field_name ], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+                if (isset($this->_fields[$field_name]) && $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime) {
+                    EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($this->_fields[$field_name], new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_format($full = true)
     {
-        return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : array($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt);
+        return $full ? $this->_dt_frmt.' '.$this->_tm_frmt : array($this->_dt_frmt, $this->_tm_frmt);
     }
 
 
@@ -602,11 +602,11 @@ 
     public function cache($relationName = '', $object_to_cache = null, $cache_id = null)
     {
         // its entirely possible that there IS no related object yet in which case there is nothing to cache.
-        if (! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+        if ( ! $object_to_cache instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
             return false;
         }
         // also get "how" the object is related, or throw an error
-        if (! $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
+        if ( ! $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot cache it', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -620,38 +620,38 @@ 
             // if it's a "belongs to" relationship, then there's only one related model object
             // eg, if this is a registration, there's only 1 attendee for it
             // so for these model objects just set it to be cached
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $object_to_cache;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = $object_to_cache;
             $return = true;
         } else {
             // otherwise, this is the "many" side of a one to many relationship,
             // so we'll add the object to the array of related objects for that type.
             // eg: if this is an event, there are many registrations for that event,
             // so we cache the registrations in an array
-            if (! is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])) {
+            if ( ! is_array($this->_model_relations[$relationName])) {
                 // if for some reason, the cached item is a model object,
                 // then stick that in the array, otherwise start with an empty array
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
+                $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = $this->_model_relations[$relationName]
                                                            instanceof
                                                            EE_Base_Class
-                    ? array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) : array();
+                    ? array($this->_model_relations[$relationName]) : array();
             }
             // first check for a cache_id which is normally empty
-            if (! empty($cache_id)) {
+            if ( ! empty($cache_id)) {
                 // if the cache_id exists, then it means we are purposely trying to cache this
                 // with a known key that can then be used to retrieve the object later on
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $cache_id ] = $object_to_cache;
+                $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$cache_id] = $object_to_cache;
                 $return = $cache_id;
             } elseif ($object_to_cache->ID()) {
                 // OR the cached object originally came from the db, so let's just use it's PK for an ID
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $object_to_cache->ID() ] = $object_to_cache;
+                $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$object_to_cache->ID()] = $object_to_cache;
                 $return = $object_to_cache->ID();
             } else {
                 // OR it's a new object with no ID, so just throw it in the array with an auto-incremented ID
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][] = $object_to_cache;
+                $this->_model_relations[$relationName][] = $object_to_cache;
                 // move the internal pointer to the end of the array
-                end($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+                end($this->_model_relations[$relationName]);
                 // and grab the key so that we can return it
-                $return = key($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]);
+                $return = key($this->_model_relations[$relationName]);
             }
         }
         return $return;
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ 
         // first make sure this property exists
         $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($fieldname);
         $cache_type = empty($cache_type) ? 'standard' : $cache_type;
-        $this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ] = $value;
+        $this->_cached_properties[$fieldname][$cache_type] = $value;
     }
 
 
@@ -706,9 +706,9 @@ 
         $model = $this->get_model();
         $model->field_settings_for($fieldname);
         $cache_type = $pretty ? 'pretty' : 'standard';
-        $cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_' . $extra_cache_ref : '';
-        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ])) {
-            return $this->_cached_properties[ $fieldname ][ $cache_type ];
+        $cache_type .= ! empty($extra_cache_ref) ? '_'.$extra_cache_ref : '';
+        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[$fieldname][$cache_type])) {
+            return $this->_cached_properties[$fieldname][$cache_type];
         }
         $value = $this->_get_fresh_property($fieldname, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
         $this->_set_cached_property($fieldname, $value, $cache_type);
@@ -736,12 +736,12 @@ 
         if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             $this->_prepare_datetime_field($field_obj, $pretty, $extra_cache_ref);
         }
-        if (! isset($this->_fields[ $fieldname ])) {
-            $this->_fields[ $fieldname ] = null;
+        if ( ! isset($this->_fields[$fieldname])) {
+            $this->_fields[$fieldname] = null;
         }
         return $pretty
-            ? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[ $fieldname ], $extra_cache_ref)
-            : $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[ $fieldname ]);
+            ? $field_obj->prepare_for_pretty_echoing($this->_fields[$fieldname], $extra_cache_ref)
+            : $field_obj->prepare_for_get($this->_fields[$fieldname]);
     }
 
 
@@ -797,8 +797,8 @@ 
      */
     protected function _clear_cached_property($property_name)
     {
-        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ])) {
-            unset($this->_cached_properties[ $property_name ]);
+        if (isset($this->_cached_properties[$property_name])) {
+            unset($this->_cached_properties[$property_name]);
         }
     }
 
@@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ 
     {
         $relationship_to_model = $this->get_model()->related_settings_for($relationName);
         $index_in_cache = '';
-        if (! $relationship_to_model) {
+        if ( ! $relationship_to_model) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__('There is no relationship to %s on a %s. Cannot clear that cache', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -861,10 +861,10 @@ 
         }
         if ($clear_all) {
             $obj_removed = true;
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = null;
         } elseif ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-            $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
-            $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = null;
+            $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[$relationName];
+            $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = null;
         } else {
             if (
                 $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array instanceof EE_Base_Class
@@ -872,12 +872,12 @@ 
             ) {
                 $index_in_cache = $object_to_remove_or_index_into_array->ID();
                 if (
-                    is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-                    && ! isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])
+                    is_array($this->_model_relations[$relationName])
+                    && ! isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache])
                 ) {
                     $index_found_at = null;
                     // find this object in the array even though it has a different key
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $index => $obj) {
+                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[$relationName] as $index => $obj) {
                         /** @noinspection TypeUnsafeComparisonInspection */
                         if (
                             $obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
@@ -911,9 +911,9 @@ 
             }
             // supposedly we've found it. But it could just be that the client code
             // provided a bad index/object
-            if (isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ])) {
-                $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ];
-                unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $index_in_cache ]);
+            if (isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache])) {
+                $obj_removed = $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache];
+                unset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$index_in_cache]);
             } else {
                 // that thing was never cached anyways.
                 $obj_removed = null;
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ 
         $current_cache_id = ''
     ) {
         // verify that incoming object is of the correct type
-        $obj_class = 'EE_' . $relationName;
+        $obj_class = 'EE_'.$relationName;
         if ($newly_saved_object instanceof $obj_class) {
             /* @type EE_Base_Class $newly_saved_object */
             // now get the type of relation
@@ -952,18 +952,18 @@ 
             // if this is a 1:1 relationship
             if ($relationship_to_model instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
                 // then just replace the cached object with the newly saved object
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] = $newly_saved_object;
+                $this->_model_relations[$relationName] = $newly_saved_object;
                 return true;
                 // or if it's some kind of sordid feral polyamorous relationship...
             }
             if (
-                is_array($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-                && isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ])
+                is_array($this->_model_relations[$relationName])
+                && isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$current_cache_id])
             ) {
                 // then remove the current cached item
-                unset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $current_cache_id ]);
+                unset($this->_model_relations[$relationName][$current_cache_id]);
                 // and cache the newly saved object using it's new ID
-                $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ][ $newly_saved_object->ID() ] = $newly_saved_object;
+                $this->_model_relations[$relationName][$newly_saved_object->ID()] = $newly_saved_object;
                 return true;
             }
         }
@@ -980,8 +980,8 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one_from_cache($relationName)
     {
-        $cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ])
-            ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]
+        $cached_array_or_object = isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName])
+            ? $this->_model_relations[$relationName]
             : null;
         if (is_array($cached_array_or_object)) {
             return array_shift($cached_array_or_object);
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_all_from_cache($relationName)
     {
-        $objects = isset($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) ? $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] : array();
+        $objects = isset($this->_model_relations[$relationName]) ? $this->_model_relations[$relationName] : array();
         // if the result is not an array, but exists, make it an array
         $objects = is_array($objects) ? $objects : array($objects);
         // bugfix for https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/7143
@@ -1192,9 +1192,9 @@ 
     public function get_raw($field_name)
     {
         $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? $this->_fields[ $field_name ]->format('U')
-            : $this->_fields[ $field_name ];
+        return $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field && $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime
+            ? $this->_fields[$field_name]->format('U')
+            : $this->_fields[$field_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -1216,7 +1216,7 @@ 
     public function get_DateTime_object($field_name)
     {
         $field_settings = $this->get_model()->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+        if ( ! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1231,8 +1231,8 @@ 
             );
             return false;
         }
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]) && $this->_fields[ $field_name ] instanceof DateTime
-            ? clone $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+        return isset($this->_fields[$field_name]) && $this->_fields[$field_name] instanceof DateTime
+            ? clone $this->_fields[$field_name]
             : null;
     }
 
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_i18n_datetime($field_name, $format = '')
     {
-        $format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt . ' ' . $this->_tm_frmt : $format;
+        $format = empty($format) ? $this->_dt_frmt.' '.$this->_tm_frmt : $format;
         return date_i18n(
             $format,
             EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timestamp_with_offset(
@@ -1588,21 +1588,21 @@ 
         $field->set_time_format($this->_tm_frmt);
         switch ($what) {
             case 'T':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_time(
                     $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+                    $this->_fields[$field_name]
                 );
                 $this->_has_changes = true;
                 break;
             case 'D':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field->prepare_for_set_with_new_date(
                     $datetime_value,
-                    $this->_fields[ $field_name ]
+                    $this->_fields[$field_name]
                 );
                 $this->_has_changes = true;
                 break;
             case 'B':
-                $this->_fields[ $field_name ] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
+                $this->_fields[$field_name] = $field->prepare_for_set($datetime_value);
                 $this->_has_changes = true;
                 break;
         }
@@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ 
         $this->set_timezone($timezone);
         $fn = (array) $field_name;
         $args = array_merge($fn, (array) $args);
-        if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
+        if ( ! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1657,7 +1657,7 @@ 
             );
         }
         $args = (array) $args;
-        $return = $prepend . call_user_func_array(array($this, $callback), $args) . $append;
+        $return = $prepend.call_user_func_array(array($this, $callback), $args).$append;
         $this->set_timezone($original_timezone);
         return $return;
     }
@@ -1772,8 +1772,8 @@ 
     {
         $model = $this->get_model();
         foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-                $related_objects = $this->_model_relations[ $relation_name ];
+            if ( ! empty($this->_model_relations[$relation_name])) {
+                $related_objects = $this->_model_relations[$relation_name];
                 if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
                     // this relation only stores a single model object, not an array
                     // but let's make it consistent
@@ -1832,7 +1832,7 @@ 
             $this->set($column, $value);
         }
         // no changes ? then don't do anything
-        if (! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+        if ( ! $this->_has_changes && $this->ID() && $model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
             return 0;
         }
         /**
@@ -1842,7 +1842,7 @@ 
          * @param EE_Base_Class $model_object the model object about to be saved.
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EE_Base_Class__save__begin', $this);
-        if (! $this->allow_persist()) {
+        if ( ! $this->allow_persist()) {
             return 0;
         }
         // now get current attribute values
@@ -1857,10 +1857,10 @@ 
         if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
             if ($model->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
                 // ok check if it's set, if so: update; if not, insert
-                if (! empty($save_cols_n_values[ $model->primary_key_name() ])) {
+                if ( ! empty($save_cols_n_values[$model->primary_key_name()])) {
                     $results = $model->update_by_ID($save_cols_n_values, $this->ID());
                 } else {
-                    unset($save_cols_n_values[ $model->primary_key_name() ]);
+                    unset($save_cols_n_values[$model->primary_key_name()]);
                     $results = $model->insert($save_cols_n_values);
                     if ($results) {
                         // if successful, set the primary key
@@ -1870,7 +1870,7 @@ 
                         // will get added to the mapper before we can add this one!
                         // but if we just avoid using the SET method, all that headache can be avoided
                         $pk_field_name = $model->primary_key_name();
-                        $this->_fields[ $pk_field_name ] = $results;
+                        $this->_fields[$pk_field_name] = $results;
                         $this->_clear_cached_property($pk_field_name);
                         $model->add_to_entity_map($this);
                         $this->_update_cached_related_model_objs_fks();
@@ -1887,8 +1887,8 @@ 
                                     'event_espresso'
                                 ),
                                 get_class($this),
-                                get_class($model) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                                get_class($model) . '::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
+                                get_class($model).'::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+                                get_class($model).'::instance()->get_one_by_ID()',
                                 '<br />'
                             )
                         );
@@ -1990,27 +1990,27 @@ 
     public function save_new_cached_related_model_objs()
     {
         // make sure this has been saved
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $this->ID()) {
             $id = $this->save();
         } else {
             $id = $this->ID();
         }
         // now save all the NEW cached model objects  (ie they don't exist in the DB)
         foreach ($this->get_model()->relation_settings() as $relationName => $relationObj) {
-            if ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ]) {
+            if ($this->_model_relations[$relationName]) {
                 // is this a relation where we should expect just ONE related object (ie, EE_Belongs_To_relation)
                 // or MANY related objects (ie, EE_HABTM_Relation or EE_Has_Many_Relation)?
                 /* @var $related_model_obj EE_Base_Class */
                 if ($relationObj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
                     // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
                     // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
-                    $related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[ $relationName ];
+                    $related_model_obj = $this->_model_relations[$relationName];
                     // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
                     $this->_add_relation_to($related_model_obj, $relationName);
                     $related_model_obj->save_new_cached_related_model_objs();
                     // }
                 } else {
-                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[ $relationName ] as $related_model_obj) {
+                    foreach ($this->_model_relations[$relationName] as $related_model_obj) {
                         // add a relation to that relation type (which saves the appropriate thing in the process)
                         // but ONLY if it DOES NOT exist in the DB
                         // if( ! $related_model_obj->ID()){
@@ -2037,7 +2037,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_model()
     {
-        if (! $this->_model) {
+        if ( ! $this->_model) {
             $modelName = self::_get_model_classname(get_class($this));
             $this->_model = self::_get_model_instance_with_name($modelName, $this->_timezone);
         } else {
@@ -2063,9 +2063,9 @@ 
         $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
         if (
             array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-            && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+            && ! empty($props_n_values[$primary_id_ref])
         ) {
-            $id = $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ];
+            $id = $props_n_values[$primary_id_ref];
             return self::_get_model($classname)->get_from_entity_map($id);
         }
         return false;
@@ -2100,10 +2100,10 @@ 
             $primary_id_ref = self::_get_primary_key_name($classname);
             if (
                 array_key_exists($primary_id_ref, $props_n_values)
-                && ! empty($props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ])
+                && ! empty($props_n_values[$primary_id_ref])
             ) {
                 $existing = $model->get_one_by_ID(
-                    $props_n_values[ $primary_id_ref ]
+                    $props_n_values[$primary_id_ref]
                 );
             }
         } elseif ($model->has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($props_n_values)) {
@@ -2115,7 +2115,7 @@ 
         }
         if ($existing) {
             // set date formats if present before setting values
-            if (! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
+            if ( ! empty($date_formats) && is_array($date_formats)) {
                 $existing->set_date_format($date_formats[0]);
                 $existing->set_time_format($date_formats[1]);
             } else {
@@ -2148,7 +2148,7 @@ 
     protected static function _get_model($classname, $timezone = null)
     {
         // find model for this class
-        if (! $classname) {
+        if ( ! $classname) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -2196,7 +2196,7 @@ 
     {
         return strpos((string) $model_name, 'EE_') === 0
             ? str_replace('EE_', 'EEM_', $model_name)
-            : 'EEM_' . $model_name;
+            : 'EEM_'.$model_name;
     }
 
 
@@ -2213,7 +2213,7 @@ 
      */
     protected static function _get_primary_key_name($classname = null)
     {
-        if (! $classname) {
+        if ( ! $classname) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__('What were you thinking calling _get_primary_key_name(%s)', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -2243,7 +2243,7 @@ 
         $model = $this->get_model();
         // now that we know the name of the variable, use a variable variable to get its value and return its
         if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            return $this->_fields[ $model->primary_key_name() ];
+            return $this->_fields[$model->primary_key_name()];
         }
         return $model->get_index_primary_key_string($this->_fields);
     }
@@ -2317,7 +2317,7 @@ 
             }
         } else {
             // this thing doesn't exist in the DB,  so just cache it
-            if (! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+            if ( ! $otherObjectModelObjectOrID instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -2482,7 +2482,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 // did we already cache the result of this query?
                 $cached_results = $this->get_all_from_cache($relationName);
-                if (! $cached_results) {
+                if ( ! $cached_results) {
                     $related_model_objects = $this->get_model()->get_all_related(
                         $this,
                         $relationName,
@@ -2593,7 +2593,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 // first, check if we've already cached the result of this query
                 $cached_result = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
-                if (! $cached_result) {
+                if ( ! $cached_result) {
                     $related_model_object = $model->get_first_related(
                         $this,
                         $relationName,
@@ -2617,7 +2617,7 @@ 
             }
             // this doesn't exist in the DB and apparently the thing it belongs to doesn't either,
             // just get what's cached on this object
-            if (! $related_model_object) {
+            if ( ! $related_model_object) {
                 $related_model_object = $this->get_one_from_cache($relationName);
             }
         }
@@ -2699,7 +2699,7 @@ 
      */
     public function is_set($field_name)
     {
-        return isset($this->_fields[ $field_name ]);
+        return isset($this->_fields[$field_name]);
     }
 
 
@@ -2715,7 +2715,7 @@ 
     {
         foreach ((array) $properties as $property_name) {
             // first make sure this property exists
-            if (! $this->_fields[ $property_name ]) {
+            if ( ! $this->_fields[$property_name]) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -2747,7 +2747,7 @@ 
         $properties = array();
         // remove prepended underscore
         foreach ($fields as $field_name => $settings) {
-            $properties[ $field_name ] = $this->get($field_name);
+            $properties[$field_name] = $this->get($field_name);
         }
         return $properties;
     }
@@ -2784,7 +2784,7 @@ 
     {
         $className = get_class($this);
         $tagName = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+        if ( ! has_filter($tagName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@ 
             $query_params[0]['EXM_value'] = $meta_value;
         }
         $existing_rows_like_that = EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->get_all($query_params);
-        if (! $existing_rows_like_that) {
+        if ( ! $existing_rows_like_that) {
             return $this->add_extra_meta($meta_key, $meta_value);
         }
         foreach ($existing_rows_like_that as $existing_row) {
@@ -2928,7 +2928,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_extra_meta(string $meta_key, bool $single = false, $default = null, ?array $extra_where = [])
     {
-        $query_params = [ $extra_where + ['EXM_key' => $meta_key] ];
+        $query_params = [$extra_where + ['EXM_key' => $meta_key]];
         if ($single) {
             $result = $this->get_first_related('Extra_Meta', $query_params);
             if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
@@ -2940,7 +2940,7 @@ 
                 $values = [];
                 foreach ($results as $result) {
                     if ($result instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                        $values[ $result->ID() ] = $result->value();
+                        $values[$result->ID()] = $result->value();
                     }
                 }
                 return $values;
@@ -2985,17 +2985,17 @@ 
             );
             foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
                 if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+                    $return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
                 }
             }
         } else {
             $extra_meta_objs = $this->get_many_related('Extra_Meta');
             foreach ($extra_meta_objs as $extra_meta_obj) {
                 if ($extra_meta_obj instanceof EE_Extra_Meta) {
-                    if (! isset($return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ])) {
-                        $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ] = [];
+                    if ( ! isset($return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()])) {
+                        $return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()] = [];
                     }
-                    $return_array[ $extra_meta_obj->key() ][ $extra_meta_obj->ID() ] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
+                    $return_array[$extra_meta_obj->key()][$extra_meta_obj->ID()] = $extra_meta_obj->value();
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -3076,8 +3076,8 @@ 
                             'event_espresso'
                         ),
                         $this->ID(),
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
-                        get_class($this->get_model()) . '::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
+                        get_class($this->get_model()).'::instance()->add_to_entity_map()',
+                        get_class($this->get_model()).'::instance()->refresh_entity_map()'
                     )
                 );
             }
@@ -3110,7 +3110,7 @@ 
     {
         // First make sure this model object actually exists in the DB. It would be silly to try to update it in the DB
         // if it wasn't even there to start off.
-        if (! $this->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $this->ID()) {
             $this->save();
         }
         global $wpdb;
@@ -3340,7 +3340,7 @@ 
         $model = $this->get_model();
         foreach ($model->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
             if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $classname = 'EE_' . $model->get_this_model_name();
+                $classname = 'EE_'.$model->get_this_model_name();
                 if (
                     $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name) instanceof $classname
                     && $this->get_one_from_cache($relation_name)->ID()
@@ -3381,7 +3381,7 @@ 
         // handle DateTimes (this is handled in here because there's no one specific child class that uses datetimes).
         foreach ($this->_fields as $field => $value) {
             if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
-                $this->_fields[ $field ] = clone $value;
+                $this->_fields[$field] = clone $value;
             }
         }
     }

caffeinated/admin/new/pricing/Pricing_Admin_Page.core.php

Indentation +1283 added lines, -1283 removed lines

@@ -12,1178 +12,1178 @@ 
  */
 class Pricing_Admin_Page extends EE_Admin_Page
 {
-    protected function _init_page_props()
-    {
-        $this->page_slug        = PRICING_PG_SLUG;
-        $this->page_label       = PRICING_LABEL;
-        $this->_admin_base_url  = PRICING_ADMIN_URL;
-        $this->_admin_base_path = PRICING_ADMIN;
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _ajax_hooks()
-    {
-        add_action('wp_ajax_espresso_update_prices_order', [$this, 'update_price_order']);
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _define_page_props()
-    {
-        $this->_admin_page_title = PRICING_LABEL;
-        $this->_labels           = [
-            'buttons' => [
-                'add'         => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                'edit'        => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                'delete'      => esc_html__('Delete Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                'add_type'    => esc_html__('Add New Default Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                'edit_type'   => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                'delete_type' => esc_html__('Delete Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-            ],
-            'publishbox' => [
-                'add_new_price'      => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                'edit_price'         => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                'add_new_price_type' => esc_html__('Add New Default Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                'edit_price_type'    => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * an array for storing request actions and their corresponding methods
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_page_routes()
-    {
-        $PRC_ID             = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        $PRT_ID             = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        $this->_page_routes = [
-            'default'                     => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_price_overview_list_table'],
-                'capability' => 'ee_read_default_prices',
-            ],
-            'add_new_price'               => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_details'],
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_prices',
-            ],
-            'edit_price'                  => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_details'],
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
-            ],
-            'insert_price'                => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price'],
-                'args'       => ['insert' => true],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_prices',
-            ],
-            'update_price'                => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price'],
-                'args'       => ['insert' => false],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
-            ],
-            'trash_price'                 => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price'],
-                'args'       => ['trash' => true],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
-            ],
-            'restore_price'               => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price'],
-                'args'       => ['trash' => false],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
-            ],
-            'delete_price'                => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_delete_price'],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
-            ],
-            'espresso_update_price_order' => [
-                'func'       => [$this, 'update_price_order'],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_prices',
-            ],
-            // price types
-            'price_types'                 => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_price_types_overview_list_table'],
-                'capability' => 'ee_read_default_price_types',
-            ],
-            'add_new_price_type'          => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_type_details'],
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_types',
-            ],
-            'edit_price_type'             => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_type_details'],
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_type',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
-            ],
-            'insert_price_type'           => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price_type'],
-                'args'       => ['new_price_type' => true],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_types',
-            ],
-            'update_price_type'           => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price_type'],
-                'args'       => ['new_price_type' => false],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_type',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
-            ],
-            'trash_price_type'            => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price_type'],
-                'args'       => ['trash' => true],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price_type',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
-            ],
-            'restore_price_type'          => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price_type'],
-                'args'       => ['trash' => false],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price_type',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
-            ],
-            'delete_price_type'           => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_delete_price_type'],
-                'noheader'   => true,
-                'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price_type',
-                'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
-            ],
-            'tax_settings'                => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_tax_settings'],
-                'capability' => 'manage_options',
-            ],
-            'update_tax_settings'         => [
-                'func'       => [$this, '_update_tax_settings'],
-                'capability' => 'manage_options',
-                'noheader'   => true,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _set_page_config()
-    {
-        $PRC_ID             = $this->request->getRequestParam('id', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        $this->_page_config = [
-            'default'            => [
-                'nav'           => [
-                    'label' => esc_html__('Default Pricing', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-money-alt',
-                    'order' => 10,
-                ],
-                'list_table'    => 'Prices_List_Table',
-                'metaboxes'     => $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes,
-                'help_tabs'     => [
-                    'pricing_default_pricing_help_tab'                           => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Default Pricing', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_default_pricing',
-                    ],
-                    'pricing_default_pricing_table_column_headings_help_tab'     => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Default Pricing Table Column Headings', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_default_pricing_table_column_headings',
-                    ],
-                    'pricing_default_pricing_views_bulk_actions_search_help_tab' => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Default Pricing Views & Bulk Actions & Search', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_default_pricing_views_bulk_actions_search',
-                    ],
-                ],
-                'require_nonce' => false,
-            ],
-            'add_new_price'      => [
-                'nav'           => [
-                    'label'      => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-plus-alt',
-                    'order'      => 20,
-                    'persistent' => false,
-                ],
-                'help_tabs'     => [
-                    'add_new_default_price_help_tab' => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_add_new_default_price',
-                    ],
-                ],
-                'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
-                    ['_publish_post_box'],
-                    $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
-                ),
-                'require_nonce' => false,
-            ],
-            'edit_price'         => [
-                'nav'           => [
-                    'label'      => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-edit-large',
-                    'order'      => 20,
-                    'url'        => $PRC_ID
-                        ? add_query_arg(['id' => $PRC_ID], $this->_current_page_view_url)
-                        : $this->_admin_base_url,
-                    'persistent' => false,
-                ],
-                'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
-                    ['_publish_post_box'],
-                    $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
-                ),
-                'help_tabs'     => [
-                    'edit_default_price_help_tab' => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_edit_default_price',
-                    ],
-                ],
-                'require_nonce' => false,
-            ],
-            'price_types'        => [
-                'nav'           => [
-                    'label' => esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-networking',
-                    'order' => 30,
-                ],
-                'list_table'    => 'Price_Types_List_Table',
-                'help_tabs'     => [
-                    'pricing_price_types_help_tab'                           => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_price_types',
-                    ],
-                    'pricing_price_types_table_column_headings_help_tab'     => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Price Types Table Column Headings', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_price_types_table_column_headings',
-                    ],
-                    'pricing_price_types_views_bulk_actions_search_help_tab' => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Price Types Views & Bulk Actions & Search', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_price_types_views_bulk_actions_search',
-                    ],
-                ],
-                'metaboxes'     => $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes,
-                'require_nonce' => false,
-            ],
-            'add_new_price_type' => [
-                'nav'           => [
-                    'label'      => esc_html__('Add New Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-plus-alt',
-                    'order'      => 40,
-                    'persistent' => false,
-                ],
-                'help_tabs'     => [
-                    'add_new_price_type_help_tab' => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Add New Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_add_new_price_type',
-                    ],
-                ],
-                'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
-                    ['_publish_post_box'],
-                    $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
-                ),
-                'require_nonce' => false,
-            ],
-            'edit_price_type'    => [
-                'nav'           => [
-                    'label'      => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-edit-large',
-                    'order'      => 40,
-                    'persistent' => false,
-                ],
-                'help_tabs'     => [
-                    'edit_price_type_help_tab' => [
-                        'title'    => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'filename' => 'pricing_edit_price_type',
-                    ],
-                ],
-                'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
-                    ['_publish_post_box'],
-                    $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
-                ),
-                'require_nonce' => false,
-            ],
-            'tax_settings'       => [
-                'nav' => [
-                    'label' => esc_html__('Tax Settings', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'icon' => 'dashicons-sticky',
-                    'order' => 50,
-                ],
-                'labels'        => [
-                    'publishbox' => esc_html__('Update Tax Settings', 'event_espresso'),
-                ],
-                'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
-                    ['_publish_post_box'],
-                    $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
-                ),
-                'require_nonce' => true,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _add_screen_options()
-    {
-        // todo
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _add_screen_options_default()
-    {
-        $this->_per_page_screen_option();
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _add_screen_options_price_types()
-    {
-        $page_title              = $this->_admin_page_title;
-        $this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->_per_page_screen_option();
-        $this->_admin_page_title = $page_title;
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _add_feature_pointers()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    public function load_scripts_styles()
-    {
-        // styles
-        wp_enqueue_style('espresso-ui-theme');
-        wp_register_style(
-            'espresso_pricing_css',
-            PRICING_ASSETS_URL . 'espresso_pricing_admin.css',
-            [EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::CSS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN],
-            EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
-        );
-        wp_enqueue_style('espresso_pricing_css');
-
-        // scripts
-        wp_enqueue_script('ee_admin_js');
-        wp_enqueue_script('jquery-ui-position');
-        wp_enqueue_script('jquery-ui-widget');
-        wp_register_script(
-            'espresso_pricing_js',
-            PRICING_ASSETS_URL . 'espresso_pricing_admin.js',
-            ['jquery'],
-            EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION,
-            true
-        );
-        wp_enqueue_script('espresso_pricing_js');
-    }
-
-
-    public function load_scripts_styles_default()
-    {
-        wp_enqueue_script('espresso_ajax_table_sorting');
-    }
-
-
-    public function admin_footer_scripts()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    public function admin_init()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    public function admin_notices()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _set_list_table_views_default()
-    {
-        $this->_views = [
-            'all' => [
-                'slug'        => 'all',
-                'label'       => esc_html__('View All Default Pricing', 'event_espresso'),
-                'count'       => 0,
-                'bulk_action' => [
-                    'trash_price' => esc_html__('Move to Trash', 'event_espresso'),
-                ],
-            ],
-        ];
-
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can('ee_delete_default_prices', 'pricing_trash_price')) {
-            $this->_views['trashed'] = [
-                'slug'        => 'trashed',
-                'label'       => esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso'),
-                'count'       => 0,
-                'bulk_action' => [
-                    'restore_price' => esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'delete_price'  => esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso'),
-                ],
-            ];
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _set_list_table_views_price_types()
-    {
-        $this->_views = [
-            'all' => [
-                'slug'        => 'all',
-                'label'       => esc_html__('All', 'event_espresso'),
-                'count'       => 0,
-                'bulk_action' => [
-                    'trash_price_type' => esc_html__('Move to Trash', 'event_espresso'),
-                ],
-            ],
-        ];
-
-        if (
-            EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                'ee_delete_default_price_types',
-                'pricing_trash_price_type'
-            )
-        ) {
-            $this->_views['trashed'] = [
-                'slug'        => 'trashed',
-                'label'       => esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso'),
-                'count'       => 0,
-                'bulk_action' => [
-                    'restore_price_type' => esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'delete_price_type'  => esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso'),
-                ],
-            ];
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates HTML for main Prices Admin page
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _price_overview_list_table()
-    {
-        $this->_admin_page_title .= ' ' . $this->get_action_link_or_button(
-            'add_new_price',
-            'add',
-            [],
-            'add-new-h2'
-        );
-        $this->_admin_page_title .= $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
-        $this->_search_btn_label = esc_html__('Default Prices', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * retrieve data for Prices List table
-     *
-     * @param int  $per_page how many prices displayed per page
-     * @param bool $count    return the count or objects
-     * @param bool $trashed  whether the current view is of the trash can - eww yuck!
-     * @return EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class[]|int int = count || array of price objects
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_prices_overview_data(int $per_page = 10, bool $count = false, bool $trashed = false)
-    {
-        // start with an empty array
-        $event_pricing = [];
-
-        require_once(PRICING_ADMIN . 'Prices_List_Table.class.php');
-
-        $orderby = $this->request->getRequestParam('orderby', '');
-        $order   = $this->request->getRequestParam('order', 'ASC');
-
-        switch ($orderby) {
-            case 'name':
-                $orderby = ['PRC_name' => $order];
-                break;
-            case 'type':
-                $orderby = ['Price_Type.PRT_name' => $order];
-                break;
-            case 'amount':
-                $orderby = ['PRC_amount' => $order];
-                break;
-            default:
-                $orderby = ['PRC_order' => $order, 'Price_Type.PRT_order' => $order, 'PRC_ID' => $order];
-        }
-
-        $current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('paged', 1, DataType::INTEGER);
-        $per_page     = $this->request->getRequestParam('perpage', $per_page, DataType::INTEGER);
-
-        $where = [
-            'PRC_is_default' => 1,
-            'PRC_deleted'    => $trashed,
-        ];
-
-        $offset = ($current_page - 1) * $per_page;
-        $limit  = [$offset, $per_page];
-
-        $search_term = $this->request->getRequestParam('s');
-        if ($search_term) {
-            $search_term = "%{$search_term}%";
-            $where['OR'] = [
-                'PRC_name'            => ['LIKE', $search_term],
-                'PRC_desc'            => ['LIKE', $search_term],
-                'PRC_amount'          => ['LIKE', $search_term],
-                'Price_Type.PRT_name' => ['LIKE', $search_term],
-            ];
-        }
-
-        $query_params = [
-            $where,
-            'order_by' => $orderby,
-            'limit'    => $limit,
-            'group_by' => 'PRC_ID',
-        ];
-
-        if ($count) {
-            return $trashed
-                ? EEM_Price::instance()->count([$where])
-                : EEM_Price::instance()->count_deleted_and_undeleted([$where]);
-        }
-        return EEM_Price::instance()->get_all_deleted_and_undeleted($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _edit_price_details()
-    {
-        // grab price ID
-        $PRC_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('id', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        // change page title based on request action
-        switch ($this->_req_action) {
-            case 'add_new_price':
-                $this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Add New Price', 'event_espresso');
-                break;
-            case 'edit_price':
-                $this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Edit Price', 'event_espresso');
-                break;
-            default:
-                $this->_admin_page_title = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_req_action));
-        }
-        // add PRC_ID to title if editing
-        $this->_admin_page_title = $PRC_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title . ' # ' . $PRC_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
-
-        if ($PRC_ID) {
-            $price                    = EEM_Price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
-            $additional_hidden_fields = [
-                'PRC_ID' => ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $PRC_ID],
-            ];
-            $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('update_price', $additional_hidden_fields);
-        } else {
-            $price = EEM_Price::instance()->get_new_price();
-            $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('insert_price');
-        }
-
-        if (! $price instanceof EE_Price) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'A valid Price could not be retrieved from the database with ID: %1$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $PRC_ID
-                )
-            );
-        }
-
-        $this->_template_args['PRC_ID'] = $PRC_ID;
-        $this->_template_args['price']  = $price;
-
-        $default_base_price = $price->type_obj() && $price->type_obj()->base_type() === 1;
-
-        $this->_template_args['default_base_price'] = $default_base_price;
-
-        // get price types
-        $price_types = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_all([['PBT_ID' => ['!=', 1]]]);
-        if (empty($price_types)) {
-            $msg = esc_html__(
-                'You have no price types defined. Please add a price type before adding a price.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            );
-            EE_Error::add_error($msg, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-            $this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
-        }
-        $attributes       = [];
-        $price_type_names = [];
-        $attributes[]     = 'id="PRT_ID"';
-        if ($default_base_price) {
-            $attributes[]       = 'disabled="disabled"';
-            $price_type_names[] = ['id' => 1, 'text' => esc_html__('Base Price', 'event_espresso')];
-        }
-        foreach ($price_types as $type) {
-            $price_type_names[] = ['id' => $type->ID(), 'text' => $type->name()];
-        }
-        $this->_template_args['attributes']  = implode(' ', $attributes);
-        $this->_template_args['price_types'] = $price_type_names;
-
-        $this->_template_args['learn_more_about_pricing_link'] = $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content']            = $this->_edit_price_details_meta_box();
-
-        $this->_set_publish_post_box_vars('id', $PRC_ID, '', '', true);
-        // the details template wrapper
-        $this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function _edit_price_details_meta_box(): string
-    {
-        return EEH_Template::display_template(
-            PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH . 'pricing_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function set_price_column_values(): array
-    {
-        $PRC_order = 0;
-        $PRT_ID    = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        if ($PRT_ID) {
-            /** @var EE_Price_Type $price_type */
-            $price_type = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRT_ID);
-            if ($price_type instanceof EE_Price_Type) {
-                $PRC_order = $price_type->order();
-            }
-        }
-        return [
-            'PRT_ID'         => $PRT_ID,
-            'PRC_amount'     => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_amount', 0, DataType::FLOAT),
-            'PRC_name'       => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_name'),
-            'PRC_desc'       => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_desc'),
-            'PRC_is_default' => 1,
-            'PRC_overrides'  => null,
-            'PRC_order'      => $PRC_order,
-            'PRC_deleted'    => 0,
-            'PRC_parent'     => 0,
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param bool $insert - whether to insert or update
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _insert_or_update_price(bool $insert = false)
-    {
-        // why be so pessimistic ???  : (
-        $updated = 0;
-
-        $set_column_values = $this->set_price_column_values();
-        // is this a new Price ?
-        if ($insert) {
-            // run the insert
-            $PRC_ID = EEM_Price::instance()->insert($set_column_values);
-            if ($PRC_ID) {
-                // make sure this new price modifier is attached to the ticket but ONLY if it is not a tax type
-                $price = EEM_price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
-                if (
-                    $price instanceof EE_Price
-                    && $price->type_obj() instanceof EE_Price_type
-                    && $price->type_obj()->base_type() !== EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax
-                ) {
-                    $ticket = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_one_by_ID(1);
-                    $ticket->_add_relation_to($price, 'Price');
-                    $ticket->save();
-                }
-                $updated = 1;
-            }
-            $action_desc = 'created';
-        } else {
-            $PRC_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-            // run the update
-            $where_cols_n_values = ['PRC_ID' => $PRC_ID];
-            $updated             = EEM_Price::instance()->update($set_column_values, [$where_cols_n_values]);
-
-            $price = EEM_Price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
-            if ($price instanceof EE_Price && $price->type_obj()->base_type() !== EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax) {
-                // if this is $PRC_ID == 1,
-                // then we need to update the default ticket attached to this price so the TKT_price value is updated.
-                if ($PRC_ID === 1) {
-                    $ticket = $price->get_first_related('Ticket');
-                    if ($ticket) {
-                        $ticket->set('TKT_price', $price->get('PRC_amount'));
-                        $ticket->set('TKT_name', $price->get('PRC_name'));
-                        $ticket->set('TKT_description', $price->get('PRC_desc'));
-                        $ticket->save();
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // we make sure this price is attached to base ticket. but ONLY if it's not a tax ticket type.
-                    $ticket = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_one_by_ID(1);
-                    if ($ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
-                        $ticket->_add_relation_to($PRC_ID, 'Price');
-                        $ticket->save();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            $action_desc = 'updated';
-        }
-
-        $query_args = ['action' => 'edit_price', 'id' => $PRC_ID];
-
-        $this->_redirect_after_action($updated, 'Prices', $action_desc, $query_args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param bool $trash - whether to move item to trash (TRUE) or restore it (FALSE)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _trash_or_restore_price($trash = true)
-    {
-        $entity_model = EEM_Price::instance();
-        $action       = $trash ? EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH : EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE;
-        $result       = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities(
-            $entity_model,
-            'id',
-            $action,
-            'PRC_deleted',
-            [$this, 'adjustTicketRelations']
-        );
-
-        if ($result) {
-            $msg = $trash
-                ? esc_html(
-                    _n(
-                        'The Price has been trashed',
-                        'The Prices have been trashed',
-                        $result,
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    )
-                )
-                : esc_html(
-                    _n(
-                        'The Price has been restored',
-                        'The Prices have been restored',
-                        $result,
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    )
-                );
-            EE_Error::add_success($msg);
-        }
-
-        $this->_redirect_after_action(
-            $result,
-            _n('Price', 'Prices', $result, 'event_espresso'),
-            $trash ? 'trashed' : 'restored',
-            ['action' => 'default'],
-            true
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EEM_Base   $entity_model
-     * @param int|string $entity_ID
-     * @param string     $action
-     * @param int        $result
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.10.30.p
-     */
-    public function adjustTicketRelations(
-        EEM_Base $entity_model,
-        $entity_ID,
-        string $action,
-        int $result
-    ) {
-        if (! $entity_ID || (float) $result < 1) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $entity = $entity_model->get_one_by_ID($entity_ID);
-        if (! $entity instanceof EE_Price || $entity->type_obj()->base_type() === EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // get default tickets for updating
-        $default_tickets = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_default_tickets();
-        foreach ($default_tickets as $default_ticket) {
-            if (! $default_ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            switch ($action) {
-                case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_DELETE:
-                case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH:
-                    // if trashing then remove relations to base default ticket.
-                    $default_ticket->_remove_relation_to($entity_ID, 'Price');
-                    break;
-                case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE:
-                    // if restoring then add back to base default ticket
-                    $default_ticket->_add_relation_to($entity_ID, 'Price');
-                    break;
-            }
-            $default_ticket->save();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _delete_price()
-    {
-        $entity_model = EEM_Price::instance();
-        $deleted      = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities($entity_model, 'id');
-        $entity       = $entity_model->item_name($deleted);
-        $this->_redirect_after_action(
-            $deleted,
-            $entity,
-            'deleted',
-            ['action' => 'default']
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update_price_order()
-    {
-        // grab our row IDs
-        $row_ids = $this->request->getRequestParam('row_ids', '');
-        $row_ids = explode(',', rtrim($row_ids, ','));
-
-        $all_updated = true;
-        foreach ($row_ids as $i => $row_id) {
-            // Update the prices when re-ordering
-            $fields_n_values = ['PRC_order' => $i + 1];
-            $query_params    = [['PRC_ID' => absint($row_id)]];
-            // any failure will toggle $all_updated to false
-            $all_updated = $row_id && EEM_Price::instance()->update($fields_n_values, $query_params) !== false
-                ? $all_updated
-                : false;
-        }
-        $success = $all_updated
-            ? esc_html__('Price order was updated successfully.', 'event_espresso')
-            : false;
-        $errors  = ! $all_updated
-            ? esc_html__('An error occurred. The price order was not updated.', 'event_espresso')
-            : false;
-
-        echo wp_json_encode(['return_data' => false, 'success' => $success, 'errors' => $errors]);
-        die();
-    }
-
-
-    /******************************************************************************************************************
+	protected function _init_page_props()
+	{
+		$this->page_slug        = PRICING_PG_SLUG;
+		$this->page_label       = PRICING_LABEL;
+		$this->_admin_base_url  = PRICING_ADMIN_URL;
+		$this->_admin_base_path = PRICING_ADMIN;
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _ajax_hooks()
+	{
+		add_action('wp_ajax_espresso_update_prices_order', [$this, 'update_price_order']);
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _define_page_props()
+	{
+		$this->_admin_page_title = PRICING_LABEL;
+		$this->_labels           = [
+			'buttons' => [
+				'add'         => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+				'edit'        => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+				'delete'      => esc_html__('Delete Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+				'add_type'    => esc_html__('Add New Default Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+				'edit_type'   => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+				'delete_type' => esc_html__('Delete Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+			],
+			'publishbox' => [
+				'add_new_price'      => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+				'edit_price'         => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+				'add_new_price_type' => esc_html__('Add New Default Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+				'edit_price_type'    => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * an array for storing request actions and their corresponding methods
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_page_routes()
+	{
+		$PRC_ID             = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		$PRT_ID             = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		$this->_page_routes = [
+			'default'                     => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_price_overview_list_table'],
+				'capability' => 'ee_read_default_prices',
+			],
+			'add_new_price'               => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_details'],
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_prices',
+			],
+			'edit_price'                  => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_details'],
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
+			],
+			'insert_price'                => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price'],
+				'args'       => ['insert' => true],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_prices',
+			],
+			'update_price'                => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price'],
+				'args'       => ['insert' => false],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
+			],
+			'trash_price'                 => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price'],
+				'args'       => ['trash' => true],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
+			],
+			'restore_price'               => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price'],
+				'args'       => ['trash' => false],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
+			],
+			'delete_price'                => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_delete_price'],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRC_ID,
+			],
+			'espresso_update_price_order' => [
+				'func'       => [$this, 'update_price_order'],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_prices',
+			],
+			// price types
+			'price_types'                 => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_price_types_overview_list_table'],
+				'capability' => 'ee_read_default_price_types',
+			],
+			'add_new_price_type'          => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_type_details'],
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_types',
+			],
+			'edit_price_type'             => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_edit_price_type_details'],
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_type',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
+			],
+			'insert_price_type'           => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price_type'],
+				'args'       => ['new_price_type' => true],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_types',
+			],
+			'update_price_type'           => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_insert_or_update_price_type'],
+				'args'       => ['new_price_type' => false],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_edit_default_price_type',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
+			],
+			'trash_price_type'            => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price_type'],
+				'args'       => ['trash' => true],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price_type',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
+			],
+			'restore_price_type'          => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_trash_or_restore_price_type'],
+				'args'       => ['trash' => false],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price_type',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
+			],
+			'delete_price_type'           => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_delete_price_type'],
+				'noheader'   => true,
+				'capability' => 'ee_delete_default_price_type',
+				'obj_id'     => $PRT_ID,
+			],
+			'tax_settings'                => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_tax_settings'],
+				'capability' => 'manage_options',
+			],
+			'update_tax_settings'         => [
+				'func'       => [$this, '_update_tax_settings'],
+				'capability' => 'manage_options',
+				'noheader'   => true,
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _set_page_config()
+	{
+		$PRC_ID             = $this->request->getRequestParam('id', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		$this->_page_config = [
+			'default'            => [
+				'nav'           => [
+					'label' => esc_html__('Default Pricing', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-money-alt',
+					'order' => 10,
+				],
+				'list_table'    => 'Prices_List_Table',
+				'metaboxes'     => $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes,
+				'help_tabs'     => [
+					'pricing_default_pricing_help_tab'                           => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Default Pricing', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_default_pricing',
+					],
+					'pricing_default_pricing_table_column_headings_help_tab'     => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Default Pricing Table Column Headings', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_default_pricing_table_column_headings',
+					],
+					'pricing_default_pricing_views_bulk_actions_search_help_tab' => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Default Pricing Views & Bulk Actions & Search', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_default_pricing_views_bulk_actions_search',
+					],
+				],
+				'require_nonce' => false,
+			],
+			'add_new_price'      => [
+				'nav'           => [
+					'label'      => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-plus-alt',
+					'order'      => 20,
+					'persistent' => false,
+				],
+				'help_tabs'     => [
+					'add_new_default_price_help_tab' => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Add New Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_add_new_default_price',
+					],
+				],
+				'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
+					['_publish_post_box'],
+					$this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
+				),
+				'require_nonce' => false,
+			],
+			'edit_price'         => [
+				'nav'           => [
+					'label'      => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-edit-large',
+					'order'      => 20,
+					'url'        => $PRC_ID
+						? add_query_arg(['id' => $PRC_ID], $this->_current_page_view_url)
+						: $this->_admin_base_url,
+					'persistent' => false,
+				],
+				'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
+					['_publish_post_box'],
+					$this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
+				),
+				'help_tabs'     => [
+					'edit_default_price_help_tab' => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Edit Default Price', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_edit_default_price',
+					],
+				],
+				'require_nonce' => false,
+			],
+			'price_types'        => [
+				'nav'           => [
+					'label' => esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-networking',
+					'order' => 30,
+				],
+				'list_table'    => 'Price_Types_List_Table',
+				'help_tabs'     => [
+					'pricing_price_types_help_tab'                           => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_price_types',
+					],
+					'pricing_price_types_table_column_headings_help_tab'     => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Price Types Table Column Headings', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_price_types_table_column_headings',
+					],
+					'pricing_price_types_views_bulk_actions_search_help_tab' => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Price Types Views & Bulk Actions & Search', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_price_types_views_bulk_actions_search',
+					],
+				],
+				'metaboxes'     => $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes,
+				'require_nonce' => false,
+			],
+			'add_new_price_type' => [
+				'nav'           => [
+					'label'      => esc_html__('Add New Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-plus-alt',
+					'order'      => 40,
+					'persistent' => false,
+				],
+				'help_tabs'     => [
+					'add_new_price_type_help_tab' => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Add New Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_add_new_price_type',
+					],
+				],
+				'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
+					['_publish_post_box'],
+					$this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
+				),
+				'require_nonce' => false,
+			],
+			'edit_price_type'    => [
+				'nav'           => [
+					'label'      => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-edit-large',
+					'order'      => 40,
+					'persistent' => false,
+				],
+				'help_tabs'     => [
+					'edit_price_type_help_tab' => [
+						'title'    => esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso'),
+						'filename' => 'pricing_edit_price_type',
+					],
+				],
+				'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
+					['_publish_post_box'],
+					$this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
+				),
+				'require_nonce' => false,
+			],
+			'tax_settings'       => [
+				'nav' => [
+					'label' => esc_html__('Tax Settings', 'event_espresso'),
+					'icon' => 'dashicons-sticky',
+					'order' => 50,
+				],
+				'labels'        => [
+					'publishbox' => esc_html__('Update Tax Settings', 'event_espresso'),
+				],
+				'metaboxes'     => array_merge(
+					['_publish_post_box'],
+					$this->_default_espresso_metaboxes
+				),
+				'require_nonce' => true,
+			],
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _add_screen_options()
+	{
+		// todo
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _add_screen_options_default()
+	{
+		$this->_per_page_screen_option();
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _add_screen_options_price_types()
+	{
+		$page_title              = $this->_admin_page_title;
+		$this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->_per_page_screen_option();
+		$this->_admin_page_title = $page_title;
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _add_feature_pointers()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	public function load_scripts_styles()
+	{
+		// styles
+		wp_enqueue_style('espresso-ui-theme');
+		wp_register_style(
+			'espresso_pricing_css',
+			PRICING_ASSETS_URL . 'espresso_pricing_admin.css',
+			[EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::CSS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN],
+			EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
+		);
+		wp_enqueue_style('espresso_pricing_css');
+
+		// scripts
+		wp_enqueue_script('ee_admin_js');
+		wp_enqueue_script('jquery-ui-position');
+		wp_enqueue_script('jquery-ui-widget');
+		wp_register_script(
+			'espresso_pricing_js',
+			PRICING_ASSETS_URL . 'espresso_pricing_admin.js',
+			['jquery'],
+			EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION,
+			true
+		);
+		wp_enqueue_script('espresso_pricing_js');
+	}
+
+
+	public function load_scripts_styles_default()
+	{
+		wp_enqueue_script('espresso_ajax_table_sorting');
+	}
+
+
+	public function admin_footer_scripts()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	public function admin_init()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	public function admin_notices()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _set_list_table_views_default()
+	{
+		$this->_views = [
+			'all' => [
+				'slug'        => 'all',
+				'label'       => esc_html__('View All Default Pricing', 'event_espresso'),
+				'count'       => 0,
+				'bulk_action' => [
+					'trash_price' => esc_html__('Move to Trash', 'event_espresso'),
+				],
+			],
+		];
+
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can('ee_delete_default_prices', 'pricing_trash_price')) {
+			$this->_views['trashed'] = [
+				'slug'        => 'trashed',
+				'label'       => esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso'),
+				'count'       => 0,
+				'bulk_action' => [
+					'restore_price' => esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso'),
+					'delete_price'  => esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso'),
+				],
+			];
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _set_list_table_views_price_types()
+	{
+		$this->_views = [
+			'all' => [
+				'slug'        => 'all',
+				'label'       => esc_html__('All', 'event_espresso'),
+				'count'       => 0,
+				'bulk_action' => [
+					'trash_price_type' => esc_html__('Move to Trash', 'event_espresso'),
+				],
+			],
+		];
+
+		if (
+			EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+				'ee_delete_default_price_types',
+				'pricing_trash_price_type'
+			)
+		) {
+			$this->_views['trashed'] = [
+				'slug'        => 'trashed',
+				'label'       => esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso'),
+				'count'       => 0,
+				'bulk_action' => [
+					'restore_price_type' => esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso'),
+					'delete_price_type'  => esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso'),
+				],
+			];
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates HTML for main Prices Admin page
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _price_overview_list_table()
+	{
+		$this->_admin_page_title .= ' ' . $this->get_action_link_or_button(
+			'add_new_price',
+			'add',
+			[],
+			'add-new-h2'
+		);
+		$this->_admin_page_title .= $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
+		$this->_search_btn_label = esc_html__('Default Prices', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * retrieve data for Prices List table
+	 *
+	 * @param int  $per_page how many prices displayed per page
+	 * @param bool $count    return the count or objects
+	 * @param bool $trashed  whether the current view is of the trash can - eww yuck!
+	 * @return EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class[]|int int = count || array of price objects
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_prices_overview_data(int $per_page = 10, bool $count = false, bool $trashed = false)
+	{
+		// start with an empty array
+		$event_pricing = [];
+
+		require_once(PRICING_ADMIN . 'Prices_List_Table.class.php');
+
+		$orderby = $this->request->getRequestParam('orderby', '');
+		$order   = $this->request->getRequestParam('order', 'ASC');
+
+		switch ($orderby) {
+			case 'name':
+				$orderby = ['PRC_name' => $order];
+				break;
+			case 'type':
+				$orderby = ['Price_Type.PRT_name' => $order];
+				break;
+			case 'amount':
+				$orderby = ['PRC_amount' => $order];
+				break;
+			default:
+				$orderby = ['PRC_order' => $order, 'Price_Type.PRT_order' => $order, 'PRC_ID' => $order];
+		}
+
+		$current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('paged', 1, DataType::INTEGER);
+		$per_page     = $this->request->getRequestParam('perpage', $per_page, DataType::INTEGER);
+
+		$where = [
+			'PRC_is_default' => 1,
+			'PRC_deleted'    => $trashed,
+		];
+
+		$offset = ($current_page - 1) * $per_page;
+		$limit  = [$offset, $per_page];
+
+		$search_term = $this->request->getRequestParam('s');
+		if ($search_term) {
+			$search_term = "%{$search_term}%";
+			$where['OR'] = [
+				'PRC_name'            => ['LIKE', $search_term],
+				'PRC_desc'            => ['LIKE', $search_term],
+				'PRC_amount'          => ['LIKE', $search_term],
+				'Price_Type.PRT_name' => ['LIKE', $search_term],
+			];
+		}
+
+		$query_params = [
+			$where,
+			'order_by' => $orderby,
+			'limit'    => $limit,
+			'group_by' => 'PRC_ID',
+		];
+
+		if ($count) {
+			return $trashed
+				? EEM_Price::instance()->count([$where])
+				: EEM_Price::instance()->count_deleted_and_undeleted([$where]);
+		}
+		return EEM_Price::instance()->get_all_deleted_and_undeleted($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _edit_price_details()
+	{
+		// grab price ID
+		$PRC_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('id', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		// change page title based on request action
+		switch ($this->_req_action) {
+			case 'add_new_price':
+				$this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Add New Price', 'event_espresso');
+				break;
+			case 'edit_price':
+				$this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Edit Price', 'event_espresso');
+				break;
+			default:
+				$this->_admin_page_title = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_req_action));
+		}
+		// add PRC_ID to title if editing
+		$this->_admin_page_title = $PRC_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title . ' # ' . $PRC_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
+
+		if ($PRC_ID) {
+			$price                    = EEM_Price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
+			$additional_hidden_fields = [
+				'PRC_ID' => ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $PRC_ID],
+			];
+			$this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('update_price', $additional_hidden_fields);
+		} else {
+			$price = EEM_Price::instance()->get_new_price();
+			$this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('insert_price');
+		}
+
+		if (! $price instanceof EE_Price) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'A valid Price could not be retrieved from the database with ID: %1$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$PRC_ID
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		$this->_template_args['PRC_ID'] = $PRC_ID;
+		$this->_template_args['price']  = $price;
+
+		$default_base_price = $price->type_obj() && $price->type_obj()->base_type() === 1;
+
+		$this->_template_args['default_base_price'] = $default_base_price;
+
+		// get price types
+		$price_types = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_all([['PBT_ID' => ['!=', 1]]]);
+		if (empty($price_types)) {
+			$msg = esc_html__(
+				'You have no price types defined. Please add a price type before adding a price.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			);
+			EE_Error::add_error($msg, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+			$this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
+		}
+		$attributes       = [];
+		$price_type_names = [];
+		$attributes[]     = 'id="PRT_ID"';
+		if ($default_base_price) {
+			$attributes[]       = 'disabled="disabled"';
+			$price_type_names[] = ['id' => 1, 'text' => esc_html__('Base Price', 'event_espresso')];
+		}
+		foreach ($price_types as $type) {
+			$price_type_names[] = ['id' => $type->ID(), 'text' => $type->name()];
+		}
+		$this->_template_args['attributes']  = implode(' ', $attributes);
+		$this->_template_args['price_types'] = $price_type_names;
+
+		$this->_template_args['learn_more_about_pricing_link'] = $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content']            = $this->_edit_price_details_meta_box();
+
+		$this->_set_publish_post_box_vars('id', $PRC_ID, '', '', true);
+		// the details template wrapper
+		$this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function _edit_price_details_meta_box(): string
+	{
+		return EEH_Template::display_template(
+			PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH . 'pricing_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function set_price_column_values(): array
+	{
+		$PRC_order = 0;
+		$PRT_ID    = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		if ($PRT_ID) {
+			/** @var EE_Price_Type $price_type */
+			$price_type = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRT_ID);
+			if ($price_type instanceof EE_Price_Type) {
+				$PRC_order = $price_type->order();
+			}
+		}
+		return [
+			'PRT_ID'         => $PRT_ID,
+			'PRC_amount'     => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_amount', 0, DataType::FLOAT),
+			'PRC_name'       => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_name'),
+			'PRC_desc'       => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_desc'),
+			'PRC_is_default' => 1,
+			'PRC_overrides'  => null,
+			'PRC_order'      => $PRC_order,
+			'PRC_deleted'    => 0,
+			'PRC_parent'     => 0,
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param bool $insert - whether to insert or update
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_or_update_price(bool $insert = false)
+	{
+		// why be so pessimistic ???  : (
+		$updated = 0;
+
+		$set_column_values = $this->set_price_column_values();
+		// is this a new Price ?
+		if ($insert) {
+			// run the insert
+			$PRC_ID = EEM_Price::instance()->insert($set_column_values);
+			if ($PRC_ID) {
+				// make sure this new price modifier is attached to the ticket but ONLY if it is not a tax type
+				$price = EEM_price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
+				if (
+					$price instanceof EE_Price
+					&& $price->type_obj() instanceof EE_Price_type
+					&& $price->type_obj()->base_type() !== EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax
+				) {
+					$ticket = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_one_by_ID(1);
+					$ticket->_add_relation_to($price, 'Price');
+					$ticket->save();
+				}
+				$updated = 1;
+			}
+			$action_desc = 'created';
+		} else {
+			$PRC_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRC_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+			// run the update
+			$where_cols_n_values = ['PRC_ID' => $PRC_ID];
+			$updated             = EEM_Price::instance()->update($set_column_values, [$where_cols_n_values]);
+
+			$price = EEM_Price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
+			if ($price instanceof EE_Price && $price->type_obj()->base_type() !== EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax) {
+				// if this is $PRC_ID == 1,
+				// then we need to update the default ticket attached to this price so the TKT_price value is updated.
+				if ($PRC_ID === 1) {
+					$ticket = $price->get_first_related('Ticket');
+					if ($ticket) {
+						$ticket->set('TKT_price', $price->get('PRC_amount'));
+						$ticket->set('TKT_name', $price->get('PRC_name'));
+						$ticket->set('TKT_description', $price->get('PRC_desc'));
+						$ticket->save();
+					}
+				} else {
+					// we make sure this price is attached to base ticket. but ONLY if it's not a tax ticket type.
+					$ticket = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_one_by_ID(1);
+					if ($ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
+						$ticket->_add_relation_to($PRC_ID, 'Price');
+						$ticket->save();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			$action_desc = 'updated';
+		}
+
+		$query_args = ['action' => 'edit_price', 'id' => $PRC_ID];
+
+		$this->_redirect_after_action($updated, 'Prices', $action_desc, $query_args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param bool $trash - whether to move item to trash (TRUE) or restore it (FALSE)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _trash_or_restore_price($trash = true)
+	{
+		$entity_model = EEM_Price::instance();
+		$action       = $trash ? EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH : EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE;
+		$result       = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities(
+			$entity_model,
+			'id',
+			$action,
+			'PRC_deleted',
+			[$this, 'adjustTicketRelations']
+		);
+
+		if ($result) {
+			$msg = $trash
+				? esc_html(
+					_n(
+						'The Price has been trashed',
+						'The Prices have been trashed',
+						$result,
+						'event_espresso'
+					)
+				)
+				: esc_html(
+					_n(
+						'The Price has been restored',
+						'The Prices have been restored',
+						$result,
+						'event_espresso'
+					)
+				);
+			EE_Error::add_success($msg);
+		}
+
+		$this->_redirect_after_action(
+			$result,
+			_n('Price', 'Prices', $result, 'event_espresso'),
+			$trash ? 'trashed' : 'restored',
+			['action' => 'default'],
+			true
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EEM_Base   $entity_model
+	 * @param int|string $entity_ID
+	 * @param string     $action
+	 * @param int        $result
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.10.30.p
+	 */
+	public function adjustTicketRelations(
+		EEM_Base $entity_model,
+		$entity_ID,
+		string $action,
+		int $result
+	) {
+		if (! $entity_ID || (float) $result < 1) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$entity = $entity_model->get_one_by_ID($entity_ID);
+		if (! $entity instanceof EE_Price || $entity->type_obj()->base_type() === EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// get default tickets for updating
+		$default_tickets = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_default_tickets();
+		foreach ($default_tickets as $default_ticket) {
+			if (! $default_ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			switch ($action) {
+				case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_DELETE:
+				case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH:
+					// if trashing then remove relations to base default ticket.
+					$default_ticket->_remove_relation_to($entity_ID, 'Price');
+					break;
+				case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE:
+					// if restoring then add back to base default ticket
+					$default_ticket->_add_relation_to($entity_ID, 'Price');
+					break;
+			}
+			$default_ticket->save();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _delete_price()
+	{
+		$entity_model = EEM_Price::instance();
+		$deleted      = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities($entity_model, 'id');
+		$entity       = $entity_model->item_name($deleted);
+		$this->_redirect_after_action(
+			$deleted,
+			$entity,
+			'deleted',
+			['action' => 'default']
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update_price_order()
+	{
+		// grab our row IDs
+		$row_ids = $this->request->getRequestParam('row_ids', '');
+		$row_ids = explode(',', rtrim($row_ids, ','));
+
+		$all_updated = true;
+		foreach ($row_ids as $i => $row_id) {
+			// Update the prices when re-ordering
+			$fields_n_values = ['PRC_order' => $i + 1];
+			$query_params    = [['PRC_ID' => absint($row_id)]];
+			// any failure will toggle $all_updated to false
+			$all_updated = $row_id && EEM_Price::instance()->update($fields_n_values, $query_params) !== false
+				? $all_updated
+				: false;
+		}
+		$success = $all_updated
+			? esc_html__('Price order was updated successfully.', 'event_espresso')
+			: false;
+		$errors  = ! $all_updated
+			? esc_html__('An error occurred. The price order was not updated.', 'event_espresso')
+			: false;
+
+		echo wp_json_encode(['return_data' => false, 'success' => $success, 'errors' => $errors]);
+		die();
+	}
+
+
+	/******************************************************************************************************************
      ***********************************************  TICKET PRICE TYPES  *********************************************
      ******************************************************************************************************************/
 
 
-    /**
-     * generates HTML for main Prices Admin page
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _price_types_overview_list_table()
-    {
-        $this->_admin_page_title .= ' ' . $this->get_action_link_or_button(
-            'add_new_price_type',
-            'add_type',
-            [],
-            'add-new-h2'
-        );
-        $this->_admin_page_title .= $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
-        $this->_search_btn_label = esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * retrieve data for Price Types List table
-     *
-     * @param int  $per_page how many prices displayed per page
-     * @param bool $count    return the count or objects
-     * @param bool $trashed  whether the current view is of the trash can - eww yuck!
-     * @return EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class[]|int int = count || array of price objects
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_price_types_overview_data(int $per_page = 10, bool $count = false, bool $trashed = false)
-    {
-        // start with an empty array
-        require_once(PRICING_ADMIN . 'Price_Types_List_Table.class.php');
-
-        $orderby = $this->request->getRequestParam('orderby', '');
-        $order   = $this->request->getRequestParam('order', 'ASC');
-
-        switch ($orderby) {
-            case 'name':
-                $orderby = ['PRT_name' => $order];
-                break;
-            default:
-                $orderby = ['PRT_order' => $order];
-        }
-
-        $current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('paged', 1, DataType::INTEGER);
-        $per_page     = $this->request->getRequestParam('perpage', $per_page, DataType::INTEGER);
-
-        $offset = ($current_page - 1) * $per_page;
-        $limit  = [$offset, $per_page];
-
-        $where = ['PRT_deleted' => $trashed, 'PBT_ID' => ['!=', 1]];
-
-        $search_term = $this->request->getRequestParam('s');
-        if ($search_term) {
-            $where['OR'] = [
-                'PRT_name' => ['LIKE', "%{$search_term}%"],
-            ];
-        }
-        $query_params = [
-            $where,
-            'order_by' => $orderby,
-            'limit'    => $limit,
-        ];
-        return $count
-            ? EEM_Price_Type::instance()->count_deleted_and_undeleted($query_params)
-            : EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_all_deleted_and_undeleted($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _edit_price_type_details
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _edit_price_type_details()
-    {
-        // grab price type ID
-        $PRT_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('id', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        // change page title based on request action
-        switch ($this->_req_action) {
-            case 'add_new_price_type':
-                $this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Add New Price Type', 'event_espresso');
-                break;
-            case 'edit_price_type':
-                $this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso');
-                break;
-            default:
-                $this->_admin_page_title = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_req_action));
-        }
-        // add PRT_ID to title if editing
-        $this->_admin_page_title = $PRT_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title . ' # ' . $PRT_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
-
-        if ($PRT_ID) {
-            $price_type               = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRT_ID);
-            $additional_hidden_fields = ['PRT_ID' => ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $PRT_ID]];
-            $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('update_price_type', $additional_hidden_fields);
-        } else {
-            $price_type = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_new_price_type();
-            $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('insert_price_type');
-        }
-
-        if (! $price_type instanceof EE_Price_Type) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'A valid Price Type could not be retrieved from the database with ID: %1$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $PRT_ID
-                )
-            );
-        }
-
-        $this->_template_args['PRT_ID']     = $PRT_ID;
-        $this->_template_args['price_type'] = $price_type;
-
-        $base_types    = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_base_types();
-        $select_values = [];
-        foreach ($base_types as $ref => $text) {
-            if ($ref == EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price) {
-                // do not allow creation of base_type_base_prices because that's a system only base type.
-                continue;
-            }
-            $select_values[] = ['id' => $ref, 'text' => $text];
-        }
-
-        $this->_template_args['base_type_select'] = EEH_Form_Fields::select_input(
-            'base_type',
-            $select_values,
-            $price_type->base_type(),
-            'id="price-type-base-type-slct"'
-        );
-
-        $this->_template_args['learn_more_about_pricing_link'] = $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content']            = $this->_edit_price_type_details_meta_box();
-
-        $redirect_URL = add_query_arg(['action' => 'price_types'], $this->_admin_base_url);
-        $this->_set_publish_post_box_vars('id', $PRT_ID, false, $redirect_URL, true);
-        // the details template wrapper
-        $this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _edit_price_type_details_meta_box
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function _edit_price_type_details_meta_box(): string
-    {
-        return EEH_Template::display_template(
-            PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH . 'pricing_type_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function set_price_type_column_values(): array
-    {
-        $base_type  = $this->request->getRequestParam(
-            'base_type',
-            EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price,
-            DataType::INTEGER
-        );
-        $is_percent = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_is_percent', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        $order      = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_order', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-        switch ($base_type) {
-            case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price:
-                $is_percent = 0;
-                $order      = 0;
-                break;
-
-            case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_discount:
-            case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_surcharge:
-                break;
-
-            case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax:
-                $is_percent = 1;
-                break;
-        }
-
-        return [
-            'PBT_ID'         => $base_type,
-            'PRT_name'       => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_name', ''),
-            'PRT_is_percent' => $is_percent,
-            'PRT_order'      => $order,
-            'PRT_deleted'    => 0,
-        ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param bool $new_price_type - whether to insert or update
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _insert_or_update_price_type(bool $new_price_type = false)
-    {
-        // why be so pessimistic ???  : (
-        $success = 0;
-
-        $set_column_values = $this->set_price_type_column_values();
-        // is this a new Price ?
-        if ($new_price_type) {
-            // run the insert
-            if ($PRT_ID = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->insert($set_column_values)) {
-                $success = 1;
-            }
-            $action_desc = 'created';
-        } else {
-            $PRT_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
-            // run the update
-            $where_cols_n_values = ['PRT_ID' => $PRT_ID];
-            if (EEM_Price_Type::instance()->update($set_column_values, [$where_cols_n_values])) {
-                $success = 1;
-            }
-            $action_desc = 'updated';
-        }
-
-        $query_args = ['action' => 'edit_price_type', 'id' => $PRT_ID];
-        $this->_redirect_after_action($success, 'Price Type', $action_desc, $query_args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param bool $trash - whether to move item to trash (TRUE) or restore it (FALSE)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _trash_or_restore_price_type(bool $trash = true)
-    {
-        $entity_model = EEM_Price_Type::instance();
-        $action       = $trash ? EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH : EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE;
-        $success      = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities($entity_model, 'id', $action, 'PRT_deleted');
-        if ($success) {
-            $msg = $trash
-                ? esc_html(
-                    _n(
-                        'The Price Type has been trashed',
-                        'The Price Types have been trashed',
-                        $success,
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    )
-                )
-                : esc_html(
-                    _n(
-                        'The Price Type has been restored',
-                        'The Price Types have been restored',
-                        $success,
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    )
-                );
-            EE_Error::add_success($msg);
-        }
-        $this->_redirect_after_action('', '', '', ['action' => 'price_types'], true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _delete_price_type()
-    {
-        $entity_model = EEM_Price_Type::instance();
-        $deleted      = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities($entity_model, 'id');
-        $this->_redirect_after_action(
-            $deleted,
-            $entity_model->item_name($deleted),
-            'deleted',
-            ['action' => 'price_types']
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return string
-     */
-    protected function _learn_more_about_pricing_link(): string
-    {
-        return '
+	/**
+	 * generates HTML for main Prices Admin page
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _price_types_overview_list_table()
+	{
+		$this->_admin_page_title .= ' ' . $this->get_action_link_or_button(
+			'add_new_price_type',
+			'add_type',
+			[],
+			'add-new-h2'
+		);
+		$this->_admin_page_title .= $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
+		$this->_search_btn_label = esc_html__('Price Types', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * retrieve data for Price Types List table
+	 *
+	 * @param int  $per_page how many prices displayed per page
+	 * @param bool $count    return the count or objects
+	 * @param bool $trashed  whether the current view is of the trash can - eww yuck!
+	 * @return EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class[]|int int = count || array of price objects
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_price_types_overview_data(int $per_page = 10, bool $count = false, bool $trashed = false)
+	{
+		// start with an empty array
+		require_once(PRICING_ADMIN . 'Price_Types_List_Table.class.php');
+
+		$orderby = $this->request->getRequestParam('orderby', '');
+		$order   = $this->request->getRequestParam('order', 'ASC');
+
+		switch ($orderby) {
+			case 'name':
+				$orderby = ['PRT_name' => $order];
+				break;
+			default:
+				$orderby = ['PRT_order' => $order];
+		}
+
+		$current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('paged', 1, DataType::INTEGER);
+		$per_page     = $this->request->getRequestParam('perpage', $per_page, DataType::INTEGER);
+
+		$offset = ($current_page - 1) * $per_page;
+		$limit  = [$offset, $per_page];
+
+		$where = ['PRT_deleted' => $trashed, 'PBT_ID' => ['!=', 1]];
+
+		$search_term = $this->request->getRequestParam('s');
+		if ($search_term) {
+			$where['OR'] = [
+				'PRT_name' => ['LIKE', "%{$search_term}%"],
+			];
+		}
+		$query_params = [
+			$where,
+			'order_by' => $orderby,
+			'limit'    => $limit,
+		];
+		return $count
+			? EEM_Price_Type::instance()->count_deleted_and_undeleted($query_params)
+			: EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_all_deleted_and_undeleted($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _edit_price_type_details
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _edit_price_type_details()
+	{
+		// grab price type ID
+		$PRT_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('id', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		// change page title based on request action
+		switch ($this->_req_action) {
+			case 'add_new_price_type':
+				$this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Add New Price Type', 'event_espresso');
+				break;
+			case 'edit_price_type':
+				$this->_admin_page_title = esc_html__('Edit Price Type', 'event_espresso');
+				break;
+			default:
+				$this->_admin_page_title = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_req_action));
+		}
+		// add PRT_ID to title if editing
+		$this->_admin_page_title = $PRT_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title . ' # ' . $PRT_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
+
+		if ($PRT_ID) {
+			$price_type               = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRT_ID);
+			$additional_hidden_fields = ['PRT_ID' => ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $PRT_ID]];
+			$this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('update_price_type', $additional_hidden_fields);
+		} else {
+			$price_type = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_new_price_type();
+			$this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('insert_price_type');
+		}
+
+		if (! $price_type instanceof EE_Price_Type) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'A valid Price Type could not be retrieved from the database with ID: %1$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$PRT_ID
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		$this->_template_args['PRT_ID']     = $PRT_ID;
+		$this->_template_args['price_type'] = $price_type;
+
+		$base_types    = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_base_types();
+		$select_values = [];
+		foreach ($base_types as $ref => $text) {
+			if ($ref == EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price) {
+				// do not allow creation of base_type_base_prices because that's a system only base type.
+				continue;
+			}
+			$select_values[] = ['id' => $ref, 'text' => $text];
+		}
+
+		$this->_template_args['base_type_select'] = EEH_Form_Fields::select_input(
+			'base_type',
+			$select_values,
+			$price_type->base_type(),
+			'id="price-type-base-type-slct"'
+		);
+
+		$this->_template_args['learn_more_about_pricing_link'] = $this->_learn_more_about_pricing_link();
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content']            = $this->_edit_price_type_details_meta_box();
+
+		$redirect_URL = add_query_arg(['action' => 'price_types'], $this->_admin_base_url);
+		$this->_set_publish_post_box_vars('id', $PRT_ID, false, $redirect_URL, true);
+		// the details template wrapper
+		$this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _edit_price_type_details_meta_box
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function _edit_price_type_details_meta_box(): string
+	{
+		return EEH_Template::display_template(
+			PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH . 'pricing_type_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function set_price_type_column_values(): array
+	{
+		$base_type  = $this->request->getRequestParam(
+			'base_type',
+			EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price,
+			DataType::INTEGER
+		);
+		$is_percent = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_is_percent', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		$order      = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_order', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+		switch ($base_type) {
+			case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price:
+				$is_percent = 0;
+				$order      = 0;
+				break;
+
+			case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_discount:
+			case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_surcharge:
+				break;
+
+			case EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax:
+				$is_percent = 1;
+				break;
+		}
+
+		return [
+			'PBT_ID'         => $base_type,
+			'PRT_name'       => $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_name', ''),
+			'PRT_is_percent' => $is_percent,
+			'PRT_order'      => $order,
+			'PRT_deleted'    => 0,
+		];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param bool $new_price_type - whether to insert or update
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_or_update_price_type(bool $new_price_type = false)
+	{
+		// why be so pessimistic ???  : (
+		$success = 0;
+
+		$set_column_values = $this->set_price_type_column_values();
+		// is this a new Price ?
+		if ($new_price_type) {
+			// run the insert
+			if ($PRT_ID = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->insert($set_column_values)) {
+				$success = 1;
+			}
+			$action_desc = 'created';
+		} else {
+			$PRT_ID = $this->request->getRequestParam('PRT_ID', 0, DataType::INTEGER);
+			// run the update
+			$where_cols_n_values = ['PRT_ID' => $PRT_ID];
+			if (EEM_Price_Type::instance()->update($set_column_values, [$where_cols_n_values])) {
+				$success = 1;
+			}
+			$action_desc = 'updated';
+		}
+
+		$query_args = ['action' => 'edit_price_type', 'id' => $PRT_ID];
+		$this->_redirect_after_action($success, 'Price Type', $action_desc, $query_args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param bool $trash - whether to move item to trash (TRUE) or restore it (FALSE)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _trash_or_restore_price_type(bool $trash = true)
+	{
+		$entity_model = EEM_Price_Type::instance();
+		$action       = $trash ? EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH : EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE;
+		$success      = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities($entity_model, 'id', $action, 'PRT_deleted');
+		if ($success) {
+			$msg = $trash
+				? esc_html(
+					_n(
+						'The Price Type has been trashed',
+						'The Price Types have been trashed',
+						$success,
+						'event_espresso'
+					)
+				)
+				: esc_html(
+					_n(
+						'The Price Type has been restored',
+						'The Price Types have been restored',
+						$success,
+						'event_espresso'
+					)
+				);
+			EE_Error::add_success($msg);
+		}
+		$this->_redirect_after_action('', '', '', ['action' => 'price_types'], true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _delete_price_type()
+	{
+		$entity_model = EEM_Price_Type::instance();
+		$deleted      = $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntities($entity_model, 'id');
+		$this->_redirect_after_action(
+			$deleted,
+			$entity_model->item_name($deleted),
+			'deleted',
+			['action' => 'price_types']
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	protected function _learn_more_about_pricing_link(): string
+	{
+		return '
             <a
                 href="https://eventespresso.com/2019/08/how-to-leverage-pricing-and-packaging-to-sell-out-your-next-event/"
                 target="_blank"
@@ -1191,119 +1191,119 @@ 
             >
                 ' . esc_html__('learn more about how pricing works', 'event_espresso') . '
             </a>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _tax_settings()
-    {
-        $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('update_tax_settings');
-        $this->_set_publish_post_box_vars();
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = $this->tax_settings_form()->get_html();
-        $this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return EE_Form_Section_Proper
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function tax_settings_form(): EE_Form_Section_Proper
-    {
-        $tax_settings = EE_Config::instance()->tax_settings;
-        return new EE_Form_Section_Proper(
-            [
-                'name'            => 'tax_settings_form',
-                'html_id'         => 'tax_settings_form',
-                'html_class'      => 'padding',
-                'layout_strategy' => new EE_Div_Per_Section_Layout(),
-                'subsections'     => apply_filters(
-                    'FHEE__Pricing_Admin_Page__tax_settings_form__form_subsections',
-                    [
-                        'tax_settings' => new EE_Form_Section_Proper(
-                            [
-                                'name'            => 'tax_settings_tbl',
-                                'html_id'         => 'tax_settings_tbl',
-                                'html_class'      => 'form-table',
-                                'layout_strategy' => new EE_Admin_Two_Column_Layout(),
-                                'subsections'     => [
-                                    'prices_displayed_including_taxes' => new EE_Yes_No_Input(
-                                        [
-                                            'html_label_text'         => esc_html__(
-                                                'Show Prices With Taxes Included?',
-                                                'event_espresso'
-                                            ),
-                                            'html_help_text'          => esc_html__(
-                                                'Indicates whether or not to display prices with the taxes included',
-                                                'event_espresso'
-                                            ),
-                                            'default'                 => $tax_settings->prices_displayed_including_taxes
-                                                                         ?? true,
-                                            'display_html_label_text' => false,
-                                        ]
-                                    ),
-                                ],
-                            ]
-                        ),
-                    ]
-                ),
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _update_tax_settings
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.9.13
-     */
-    public function _update_tax_settings()
-    {
-        $tax_settings = EE_Config::instance()->tax_settings;
-        if (! $tax_settings instanceof EE_Tax_Config) {
-            $tax_settings = new EE_Tax_Config();
-        }
-        try {
-            $tax_form = $this->tax_settings_form();
-            // check for form submission
-            if ($tax_form->was_submitted()) {
-                // capture form data
-                $tax_form->receive_form_submission();
-                // validate form data
-                if ($tax_form->is_valid()) {
-                    // grab validated data from form
-                    $valid_data = $tax_form->valid_data();
-                    // set data on config
-                    $tax_settings->prices_displayed_including_taxes =
-                        $valid_data['tax_settings']['prices_displayed_including_taxes'];
-                } else {
-                    if ($tax_form->submission_error_message() !== '') {
-                        EE_Error::add_error(
-                            $tax_form->submission_error_message(),
-                            __FILE__,
-                            __FUNCTION__,
-                            __LINE__
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            EE_Error::add_error($e->get_error(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-        }
-
-        $what    = 'Tax Settings';
-        $success = $this->_update_espresso_configuration(
-            $what,
-            $tax_settings,
-            __FILE__,
-            __FUNCTION__,
-            __LINE__
-        );
-        $this->_redirect_after_action($success, $what, 'updated', ['action' => 'tax_settings']);
-    }
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _tax_settings()
+	{
+		$this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('update_tax_settings');
+		$this->_set_publish_post_box_vars();
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = $this->tax_settings_form()->get_html();
+		$this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return EE_Form_Section_Proper
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function tax_settings_form(): EE_Form_Section_Proper
+	{
+		$tax_settings = EE_Config::instance()->tax_settings;
+		return new EE_Form_Section_Proper(
+			[
+				'name'            => 'tax_settings_form',
+				'html_id'         => 'tax_settings_form',
+				'html_class'      => 'padding',
+				'layout_strategy' => new EE_Div_Per_Section_Layout(),
+				'subsections'     => apply_filters(
+					'FHEE__Pricing_Admin_Page__tax_settings_form__form_subsections',
+					[
+						'tax_settings' => new EE_Form_Section_Proper(
+							[
+								'name'            => 'tax_settings_tbl',
+								'html_id'         => 'tax_settings_tbl',
+								'html_class'      => 'form-table',
+								'layout_strategy' => new EE_Admin_Two_Column_Layout(),
+								'subsections'     => [
+									'prices_displayed_including_taxes' => new EE_Yes_No_Input(
+										[
+											'html_label_text'         => esc_html__(
+												'Show Prices With Taxes Included?',
+												'event_espresso'
+											),
+											'html_help_text'          => esc_html__(
+												'Indicates whether or not to display prices with the taxes included',
+												'event_espresso'
+											),
+											'default'                 => $tax_settings->prices_displayed_including_taxes
+																		 ?? true,
+											'display_html_label_text' => false,
+										]
+									),
+								],
+							]
+						),
+					]
+				),
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _update_tax_settings
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.9.13
+	 */
+	public function _update_tax_settings()
+	{
+		$tax_settings = EE_Config::instance()->tax_settings;
+		if (! $tax_settings instanceof EE_Tax_Config) {
+			$tax_settings = new EE_Tax_Config();
+		}
+		try {
+			$tax_form = $this->tax_settings_form();
+			// check for form submission
+			if ($tax_form->was_submitted()) {
+				// capture form data
+				$tax_form->receive_form_submission();
+				// validate form data
+				if ($tax_form->is_valid()) {
+					// grab validated data from form
+					$valid_data = $tax_form->valid_data();
+					// set data on config
+					$tax_settings->prices_displayed_including_taxes =
+						$valid_data['tax_settings']['prices_displayed_including_taxes'];
+				} else {
+					if ($tax_form->submission_error_message() !== '') {
+						EE_Error::add_error(
+							$tax_form->submission_error_message(),
+							__FILE__,
+							__FUNCTION__,
+							__LINE__
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			EE_Error::add_error($e->get_error(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+		}
+
+		$what    = 'Tax Settings';
+		$success = $this->_update_espresso_configuration(
+			$what,
+			$tax_settings,
+			__FILE__,
+			__FUNCTION__,
+			__LINE__
+		);
+		$this->_redirect_after_action($success, $what, 'updated', ['action' => 'tax_settings']);
+	}
 }

Spacing +18 added lines, -18 removed lines

@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ 
         wp_enqueue_style('espresso-ui-theme');
         wp_register_style(
             'espresso_pricing_css',
-            PRICING_ASSETS_URL . 'espresso_pricing_admin.css',
+            PRICING_ASSETS_URL.'espresso_pricing_admin.css',
             [EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::CSS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN],
             EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
         );
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ 
         wp_enqueue_script('jquery-ui-widget');
         wp_register_script(
             'espresso_pricing_js',
-            PRICING_ASSETS_URL . 'espresso_pricing_admin.js',
+            PRICING_ASSETS_URL.'espresso_pricing_admin.js',
             ['jquery'],
             EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION,
             true
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function _price_overview_list_table()
     {
-        $this->_admin_page_title .= ' ' . $this->get_action_link_or_button(
+        $this->_admin_page_title .= ' '.$this->get_action_link_or_button(
             'add_new_price',
             'add',
             [],
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ 
         // start with an empty array
         $event_pricing = [];
 
-        require_once(PRICING_ADMIN . 'Prices_List_Table.class.php');
+        require_once(PRICING_ADMIN.'Prices_List_Table.class.php');
 
         $orderby = $this->request->getRequestParam('orderby', '');
         $order   = $this->request->getRequestParam('order', 'ASC');
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ 
                 $this->_admin_page_title = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_req_action));
         }
         // add PRC_ID to title if editing
-        $this->_admin_page_title = $PRC_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title . ' # ' . $PRC_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
+        $this->_admin_page_title = $PRC_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title.' # '.$PRC_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
 
         if ($PRC_ID) {
             $price                    = EEM_Price::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRC_ID);
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ 
             $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('insert_price');
         }
 
-        if (! $price instanceof EE_Price) {
+        if ( ! $price instanceof EE_Price) {
             throw new RuntimeException(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ 
     public function _edit_price_details_meta_box(): string
     {
         return EEH_Template::display_template(
-            PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH . 'pricing_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
+            PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH.'pricing_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
             $this->_template_args,
             true
         );
@@ -805,19 +805,19 @@ 
         string $action,
         int $result
     ) {
-        if (! $entity_ID || (float) $result < 1) {
+        if ( ! $entity_ID || (float) $result < 1) {
             return;
         }
 
         $entity = $entity_model->get_one_by_ID($entity_ID);
-        if (! $entity instanceof EE_Price || $entity->type_obj()->base_type() === EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax) {
+        if ( ! $entity instanceof EE_Price || $entity->type_obj()->base_type() === EEM_Price_Type::base_type_tax) {
             return;
         }
 
         // get default tickets for updating
         $default_tickets = EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_default_tickets();
         foreach ($default_tickets as $default_ticket) {
-            if (! $default_ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
+            if ( ! $default_ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
                 continue;
             }
             switch ($action) {
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function _price_types_overview_list_table()
     {
-        $this->_admin_page_title .= ' ' . $this->get_action_link_or_button(
+        $this->_admin_page_title .= ' '.$this->get_action_link_or_button(
             'add_new_price_type',
             'add_type',
             [],
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ 
     public function get_price_types_overview_data(int $per_page = 10, bool $count = false, bool $trashed = false)
     {
         // start with an empty array
-        require_once(PRICING_ADMIN . 'Price_Types_List_Table.class.php');
+        require_once(PRICING_ADMIN.'Price_Types_List_Table.class.php');
 
         $orderby = $this->request->getRequestParam('orderby', '');
         $order   = $this->request->getRequestParam('order', 'ASC');
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ 
                 $this->_admin_page_title = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_req_action));
         }
         // add PRT_ID to title if editing
-        $this->_admin_page_title = $PRT_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title . ' # ' . $PRT_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
+        $this->_admin_page_title = $PRT_ID ? $this->_admin_page_title.' # '.$PRT_ID : $this->_admin_page_title;
 
         if ($PRT_ID) {
             $price_type               = EEM_Price_Type::instance()->get_one_by_ID($PRT_ID);
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ 
             $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags('insert_price_type');
         }
 
-        if (! $price_type instanceof EE_Price_Type) {
+        if ( ! $price_type instanceof EE_Price_Type) {
             throw new RuntimeException(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ 
     public function _edit_price_type_details_meta_box(): string
     {
         return EEH_Template::display_template(
-            PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH . 'pricing_type_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
+            PRICING_TEMPLATE_PATH.'pricing_type_details_main_meta_box.template.php',
             $this->_template_args,
             true
         );
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function set_price_type_column_values(): array
     {
-        $base_type  = $this->request->getRequestParam(
+        $base_type = $this->request->getRequestParam(
             'base_type',
             EEM_Price_Type::base_type_base_price,
             DataType::INTEGER
@@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@ 
                 target="_blank"
                 class="ee-price-guide-link"
             >
-                ' . esc_html__('learn more about how pricing works', 'event_espresso') . '
+                ' . esc_html__('learn more about how pricing works', 'event_espresso').'
             </a>';
     }
 
@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ 
     public function _update_tax_settings()
     {
         $tax_settings = EE_Config::instance()->tax_settings;
-        if (! $tax_settings instanceof EE_Tax_Config) {
+        if ( ! $tax_settings instanceof EE_Tax_Config) {
             $tax_settings = new EE_Tax_Config();
         }
         try {