Duplicate code is one of the most pungent code smells. A rule that is often used is to re-structure code once it is duplicated in three or more places.
Common duplication problems, and corresponding solutions are:
Complex classes like RData often do a lot of different things. To break such a class down, we need to identify a cohesive component within that class. A common approach to find such a component is to look for fields/methods that share the same prefixes, or suffixes. You can also have a look at the cohesion graph to spot any un-connected, or weakly-connected components.
Once you have determined the fields that belong together, you can apply the Extract Class refactoring. If the component makes sense as a sub-class, Extract Subclass is also a candidate, and is often faster.
While breaking up the class, it is a good idea to analyze how other classes use RData, and based on these observations, apply Extract Interface, too.
| 1 | <?php  | 
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| 19 | class RData  | 
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| 20 | { | 
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| 21 | /**  | 
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| 22 | * @var array  | 
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| 23 | */  | 
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| 24 | private static $rdataFormats = [  | 
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| 25 | 'SOA' => [  | 
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| 26 | 'MNAME' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 27 | 'RNAME' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 28 | 'SERIAL' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 29 | 'REFRESH' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 30 | 'RETRY' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 31 | 'EXPIRE' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 32 | 'MINIMUM' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 33 | ],  | 
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| 34 | 'A' => [  | 
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| 35 | 'ADDRESS' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 36 | ],  | 
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| 37 | 'AAAA' => [  | 
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| 38 | 'ADDRESS' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 39 | ],  | 
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| 40 | 'CNAME' => [  | 
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| 41 | 'CNAME' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 42 | ],  | 
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| 43 | 'MX' => [  | 
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| 44 | 'PREFERENCE' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 45 | 'EXCHANGE' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 46 | ],  | 
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| 47 | 'NS' => [  | 
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| 48 | 'NSDNAME' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 49 | ],  | 
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| 50 | 'PTR' => [  | 
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| 51 | 'PTRDNAME' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 52 | ],  | 
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| 53 | 'SRV' => [  | 
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| 54 | 'PRIORITY' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 55 | 'WEIGHT' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 56 | 'PORT' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 57 | 'TARGET' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 58 | ],  | 
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| 59 | 'TXT' => [  | 
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| 60 | 'TXTDATA' => 'txtExtractor'  | 
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| 61 | ],  | 
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| 62 | 'CAA' => [  | 
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| 63 | 'FLAGS' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 64 | 'TAG' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 65 | 'VALUE' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 66 | ],  | 
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| 67 | 'NAPTR' => [  | 
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| 68 | 'ORDER' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 69 | 'PREFERENCE' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 70 | 'FLAGS' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 71 | 'SERVICES' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 72 | 'REGEXP' => 'defaultExtractor',  | 
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| 73 | 'REPLACEMENT' => 'defaultExtractor'  | 
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| 74 | ]  | 
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| 75 | ];  | 
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| 76 | /**  | 
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| 77 | * @var string  | 
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| 78 | */  | 
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| 79 | private $type;  | 
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| 80 | /**  | 
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| 81 | * @var array  | 
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| 82 | */  | 
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| 83 | private $tokens = [];  | 
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| 84 | |||
| 85 | /**  | 
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| 86 | * @var bool  | 
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| 87 | */  | 
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| 88 | 6 | private $commentOpen = false;  | 
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| 89 | |||
| 90 | 6 | /**  | 
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| 91 | * @var bool  | 
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| 92 | */  | 
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| 93 | private $multiLineOpened = false;  | 
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| 94 | 6 | ||
| 95 | 6 | /**  | 
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| 96 | 6 | * RData constructor.  | 
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| 97 | *  | 
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| 98 | * @param StringStream $stream  | 
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| 99 | * @param string $type  | 
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| 100 | */  | 
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| 101 | public function __construct(StringStream $stream, string $type)  | 
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| 102 | 6 |     { | 
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| 103 |         if (! self::isKnownType($type)) { | 
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| 104 | 6 | throw new SyntaxErrorException($stream);  | 
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| 105 | }  | 
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| 106 | |||
| 107 | $this->stream = $stream;  | 
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                         | 
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| 108 | $this->type = $type;  | 
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| 109 | }  | 
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| 110 | 6 | ||
| 111 | /**  | 
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| 112 | 6 | * @param string $type  | 
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| 113 | 6 | * @return bool  | 
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| 114 | */  | 
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| 115 | public static function isKnownType(string $type) : bool  | 
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| 116 | 6 |     { | 
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| 117 | return array_key_exists($type, self::$rdataFormats);  | 
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| 118 | 6 | }  | 
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| 119 | |||
| 120 | /**  | 
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| 121 | * @return array  | 
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| 122 | */  | 
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| 123 | public function tokenize() : array  | 
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| 124 | 6 |     { | 
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| 125 |         foreach (self::$rdataFormats[$this->type] as $tokenName => $extractor) { | 
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| 126 | 6 | $this->$extractor($tokenName);  | 
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| 127 | 5 | }  | 
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| 128 | |||
| 129 | 6 | $this->endRecord();  | 
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| 130 | |||
| 131 | return $this->tokens;  | 
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| 132 | 6 | }  | 
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| 133 | |||
| 134 | 6 | /**  | 
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| 135 | 6 | * @param string $tokenName  | 
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| 136 | */  | 
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| 137 | protected function defaultExtractor(string $tokenName)  | 
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| 138 |     { | 
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| 139 |         if($this->multiLineOpened) { | 
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| 140 | 6 | $this->stream->ignoreWhitespace();  | 
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| 141 |         } else { | 
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| 142 | 6 | $this->stream->ignoreHorizontalSpace();  | 
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| 143 | 4 | }  | 
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| 144 | |||
| 145 | $this->commentOpen = false;  | 
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| 146 | 6 | ||
| 147 | 5 |         if (!array_key_exists($tokenName, $this->tokens)) { | 
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| 148 | 5 | $this->tokens[$tokenName] = '';  | 
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| 149 | 5 | }  | 
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| 150 | 6 | ||
| 151 | 1 | start:  | 
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| 152 | 1 | ||
| 153 | 1 | $ord = $this->stream->ord();  | 
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| 154 | 6 | ||
| 155 | 4 |         if($ord === AsciiChar::NULL || $this->stream->isEnd()) { | 
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| 156 | 4 | return;  | 
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| 157 | 6 | }  | 
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| 158 | 4 | ||
| 159 |         if($ord === AsciiChar::OPEN_BRACKET && !$this->commentOpen) { | 
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| 160 | 6 | $this->multiLineOpened = true;  | 
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| 161 | 4 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 162 | 4 | goto start;  | 
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| 163 |         } elseif($this->multiLineOpened && !$this->commentOpen && $ord === AsciiChar::CLOSE_BRACKET) { | 
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| 164 | 3 | $this->multiLineOpened = false;  | 
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| 165 | 3 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 166 | 3 | goto start;  | 
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| 167 |         } elseif($this->multiLineOpened && !$this->commentOpen && $ord === AsciiChar::LINE_FEED) { | 
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| 168 | 1 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 169 | 1 | goto start;  | 
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| 170 | 1 |         } elseif($ord === AsciiChar::LINE_FEED && !$this->commentOpen) { | 
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| 171 | return;  | 
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| 172 | 4 |         } else { | 
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| 173 | 6 |             if($ord === AsciiChar::SEMICOLON) { | 
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| 174 | 3 | $this->stream->previous();  | 
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| 175 | 3 |                 if($this->stream->currentAscii()->isHorizontalSpace()) { | 
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| 176 | 3 | ||
| 177 | 3 | $this->commentOpen = true;  | 
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| 178 | 6 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 179 | 3 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 180 | 3 |                 } else { | 
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| 181 | 3 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 182 | 6 | $this->tokens[$tokenName] .= $this->stream->current();  | 
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| 183 | 6 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 184 | 4 | }  | 
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| 185 | 4 | goto start;  | 
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| 186 | 6 |             } elseif(($this->stream->currentAscii()->isVerticalSpace() || $ord === AsciiChar::NULL) && $this->commentOpen) { | 
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| 187 | 5 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 188 | $this->stream->ignoreHorizontalSpace();  | 
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| 189 | 6 | $this->commentOpen = false;  | 
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| 190 | 6 | goto start;  | 
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| 191 | 6 |             } elseif($this->commentOpen) { | 
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| 192 | 4 | $this->commentOpen = true;  | 
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| 193 | $this->ignoreComment();  | 
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| 194 | 6 | goto start;  | 
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| 195 |             } elseif(!$this->commentOpen) { | 
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| 196 |                 if($ord === AsciiChar::SPACE && $this->tokens[$tokenName] === '') { | 
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| 197 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 198 | goto start;  | 
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| 199 |                 } elseif($this->stream->currentAscii()->isWhiteSpace()) { | 
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| 200 | 3 | return;  | 
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| 201 |                 } else { | 
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| 202 | $this->tokens[$tokenName] .= $this->stream->current();  | 
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| 203 | 3 | $this->stream->next();  | 
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| 204 | 3 |                     if($this->stream->isEnd()) { | 
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| 205 | 3 | $this->tokens[$tokenName] = trim($this->tokens[$tokenName]);  | 
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| 206 | }  | 
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| 207 | 3 | goto start;  | 
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| 208 | }  | 
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| 209 | 6 | }  | 
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| 210 | }  | 
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| 211 | }  | 
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| 212 | 6 | ||
| 213 | 6 | View Code Duplication | private function ignoreComment()  | 
            
| 221 | 2 | ||
| 222 | 2 | protected function endRecord()  | 
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| 223 | 2 |     { | 
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| 224 | start:  | 
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| 225 | 2 | $ord = $this->stream->ord();  | 
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| 254 | |||
| 255 | 1 | /**  | 
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| 256 | * @param string $tokenName  | 
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| 257 | */  | 
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| 258 | private function txtExtractor(string $tokenName)  | 
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| 319 | |||
| 320 | /**  | 
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| 321 | 1 | * @param string $tokenName  | 
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| 322 | 1 | */  | 
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| 323 | private function extractCharSet(string $tokenName)  | 
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| 346 | }  | 
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| 347 | 
In PHP it is possible to write to properties without declaring them. For example, the following is perfectly valid PHP code:
Generally, it is a good practice to explictly declare properties to avoid accidental typos and provide IDE auto-completion: