| 1 |  |  | <?php | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 2 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 3 |  |  | declare(strict_types=1); | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 4 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 5 |  |  | namespace Yoanm\CommonDSA\Algorithm\NAryTree; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 6 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 7 |  |  | use Generator; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 8 |  |  | use Yoanm\CommonDSA\DataStructure\NAryTree\NodeInterface as Node; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 9 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 10 |  |  | /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 11 |  |  |  * N-ary tree traversal relying on recursive functions.<br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 12 |  |  |  * ⚠ Recursive function implies a growing stack trace, which has a limited size!<br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 13 |  |  |  * See {@see \Yoanm\CommonDSA\Algorithm\NAryTree\Traversal} for iterative implementations. | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 14 |  |  |  * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 15 |  |  |  * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 16 |  |  |  * @see \Yoanm\CommonDSA\Algorithm\NAryTree\Traversal for iterative implementations. | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 17 |  |  |  */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 18 |  |  | class RecursiveTraversal | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 19 |  |  | { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 20 |  |  |     /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 21 |  |  |      * @see \Yoanm\CommonDSA\Algorithm\NAryTree\RecursiveTraversal::preOrderGenerator() | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 22 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 23 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 24 |  |  |      * @return array<Node> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 25 |  |  |      * @phpstan-return list<Node> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 26 |  |  |      */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 27 | 2 |  |     public static function preOrder(Node $node): array | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 28 |  |  |     { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 29 |  |  |         // ⚠ Do not preserve keys otherwise there is conflicting keys in case "yield from" is used ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 30 |  |  |         // ⚠ Do not preserve keys in order to always return a list ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 31 | 2 |  |         return iterator_to_array(self::preOrderGenerator($node), false); | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 32 |  |  |     } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 33 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 34 |  |  |     /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 35 |  |  |      * @see \Yoanm\CommonDSA\Algorithm\NAryTree\RecursiveTraversal::postOrderGenerator() | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 36 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 37 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 38 |  |  |      * @return array<Node> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 39 |  |  |      * @phpstan-return list<Node> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 40 |  |  |      */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 41 | 2 |  |     public static function postOrder(Node $node): array | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 42 |  |  |     { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 43 |  |  |         // ⚠ Do not preserve keys otherwise there is conflicting keys in case "yield from" is used ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 44 |  |  |         // ⚠ Do not preserve keys in order to always return a list ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 45 | 2 |  |         return iterator_to_array(self::postOrderGenerator($node), false); | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 46 |  |  |     } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 47 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 48 |  |  |     /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 49 |  |  |      * Level order (=BFS): Traverse tree level by level, from Left to Right | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 50 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 51 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 52 |  |  |      * <br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 53 |  |  |      * ### Time/Space complexity | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 54 |  |  |      * With: | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 55 |  |  |      * - 𝑛 the number of node in the tree | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 56 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 57 |  |  |      * TC: 𝑂⟮𝑛⟯ - Each node will be visited only one time | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 58 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 59 |  |  |      * SC: 𝑂⟮𝑛⟯ - Due to the list storing every node for every level (see levelOrderHelper() function). | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 60 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 61 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 62 |  |  |      * @return array<int, array<Node>> key is the level, value is the list of nodes for that level | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 63 |  |  |      * @phpstan-return list<list<Node>> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 64 |  |  |      */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 65 | 2 |  |     public static function levelOrder(Node $node): array | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 66 |  |  |     { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 67 | 2 |  |         $res = []; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 68 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 69 | 2 |  |         self::levelOrderHelper($node, $res); | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 70 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 71 |  |  |         /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 72 |  |  |          * No easy way to tell PHPStan that $res is a list in case level is not provided :/ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 73 |  |  |          * @phpstan-var list<list<Node>> $res | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 74 |  |  |          */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 75 | 2 |  |         return $res; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 76 |  |  |     } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 77 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 78 |  |  |     /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 79 |  |  |      * Pre-order: N->Children => Node, then its children (from left to right) | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 80 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 81 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 82 |  |  |      * <br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 83 |  |  |      * ### Time/Space complexity | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 84 |  |  |      * With: | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 85 |  |  |      * - 𝑛 the number of node in the tree | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 86 |  |  |      * - 𝘩 the tree height, usually ㏒(𝑛) (=balanced tree).<br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 87 |  |  |      *   ⚠ 𝘩 = 𝑛 if every node has only one child (skewed tree) | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 88 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 89 |  |  |      * TC: 𝑂⟮𝑛⟯ - Each node will be visited only one time | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 90 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 91 |  |  |      * SC: 𝑂⟮𝘩⟯ - Due to the stack trace (recursive calls) + extra space for inner Generator class instances ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 92 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 93 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 94 |  |  |      * @return Generator<Node> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 95 |  |  |      */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 96 | 4 |  |     public static function preOrderGenerator(Node $node): Generator | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 97 |  |  |     { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 98 | 4 |  |         yield $node; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 99 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 100 | 4 |  |         foreach ($node->children as $childNode) { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 101 | 4 |  |             yield from self::preOrderGenerator($childNode); | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 102 |  |  |         } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 103 |  |  |     } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 104 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 105 |  |  |     /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 106 |  |  |      * Post-order: Children->N => Node **children** (from left to right), then Node | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 107 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 108 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 109 |  |  |      * <br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 110 |  |  |      * ### Time/Space complexity | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 111 |  |  |      * With: | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 112 |  |  |      * - 𝑛 the number of node in the tree | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 113 |  |  |      * - 𝘩 the tree height, usually ㏒(𝑛) (=balanced tree).<br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 114 |  |  |      *   ⚠ 𝘩 = 𝑛 if every node has only one child (skewed tree) | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 115 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 116 |  |  |      * TC: 𝑂⟮𝑛⟯ - Each node will be visited only one time | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 117 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 118 |  |  |      * SC: 𝑂⟮𝘩⟯ - Due to the stack trace (recursive calls) + extra space for inner Generator class instances ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 119 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 120 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 121 |  |  |      * @return Generator<Node> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
                | 122 |  |  |      */ | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 123 | 4 |  |     public static function postOrderGenerator(Node $node): Generator | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 124 |  |  |     { | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 125 | 4 |  |         foreach ($node->children as $childNode) { | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 126 | 4 |  |             yield from self::postOrderGenerator($childNode); | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 127 |  |  |         } | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 128 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 129 | 4 |  |         yield $node; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 130 |  |  |     } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 131 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 132 |  |  |     /** | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 133 |  |  |      * Recursive BFS requires to perform a full traversal while keeping the level in memory ! | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 134 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 135 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 136 |  |  |      * <br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 137 |  |  |      * ### Time/Space complexity | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 138 |  |  |      * With: | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 139 |  |  |      * - 𝑛 the number of node in the tree | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 140 |  |  |      * - 𝘩 the tree height, usually ㏒(𝑛) (=balanced tree).<br> | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 141 |  |  |      *   ⚠ 𝘩 = 𝑛 if every node has only a left child (skewed tree) | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 142 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 143 |  |  |      * TC: 𝑂⟮𝑛⟯ - Each node will be visited only one time | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 144 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 145 |  |  |      * SC: 𝑂⟮𝘩⟯ - Due to the stack trace (recursive calls) | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 146 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 147 |  |  |      * | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 148 |  |  |      * @param array<int, array<Node>> $res key is the level, value is the list of nodes for that level | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 149 |  |  |      * @phpstan-param array<int, list<Node>> $res | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 150 |  |  |      */ | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 151 | 4 |  |     public static function levelOrderHelper(Node $node, array &$res, int $level = 0): void | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 152 |  |  |     { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 153 | 4 |  |         $res[$level] ??= []; // In case current level hasn't been seen/managed yet | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 154 |  |  |  | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 155 | 4 |  |         $res[$level][] = $node; | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 156 | 4 |  |         foreach ($node->children as $childNode) { | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 157 | 4 |  |             self::levelOrderHelper($childNode, $res, $level + 1); | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 158 |  |  |         } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 159 |  |  |     } | 
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
                | 160 |  |  | } | 
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
                | 161 |  |  |  |