Language

Complexity

Total Complexity

775

Size/Duplication

Total Lines	4776
Duplicated Lines	4.86 %

Coupling/Cohesion

Components	4
Dependencies	23

Importance

Changes	1
Bugs	0	Features	0

196 Methods

Rating	Name	Duplication	Size	Complexity
A	factory()	0	19	3
C	newFromCode()	0	37	7
A	isSupportedLanguage()	0	12	4
B	isWellFormedLanguageTag()	0	44	2
A	isValidCode()	0	14	3
A	isValidBuiltInCode()	0	14	3
A	isKnownLanguageTag()	0	15	4
A	getLocalisationCache()	0	8	2
A	__construct()	0	10	2
A	__destruct()	0	5	2
A	initContLang()	0	2	1
A	getFallbackLanguages()	0	3	1
A	getBookstoreList()	0	3	1
B	getNamespaces()	0	34	5
A	setNamespaces()	0	4	1
A	resetNamespaces()	0	5	1
A	getFormattedNamespaces()	0	7	2
A	getNsText()	0	4	2
A	getFormattedNsText()	0	4	1
A	getGenderNsText()	0	8	2
A	needsGenderDistinction()	0	15	4
A	getLocalNsIndex()	0	5	2
D	getNamespaceAliases()	0	40	10
B	getNamespaceIds()	0	22	6
A	getNsIndex()	0	9	3
A	getVariantname()	0	13	4
A	getDatePreferences()	0	3	1
A	getDateFormats()	0	3	1
A	getDefaultDateFormat()	0	9	3
A	getDatePreferenceMigrationMap()	0	3	1
A	getImageFile()	0	3	1
A	getImageFiles()	0	3	1
A	getExtraUserToggles()	0	3	1
A	getUserToggle()	0	3	1
A	fetchLanguageNames()	0	14	4
C	fetchLanguageNamesUncached()	0	55	13
A	fetchLanguageName()	0	5	2
A	getMessageFromDB()	0	3	1
A	msg()	0	3	1
A	getMonthName()	0	3	1
A	getMonthNamesArray()	7	7	2
A	getMonthNameGen()	0	3	1
A	getMonthAbbreviation()	0	3	1
A	getMonthAbbreviationsArray()	7	7	2
A	getWeekdayName()	0	3	1
A	getWeekdayAbbreviation()	0	3	1
A	getIranianCalendarMonthName()	0	3	1
A	getHebrewCalendarMonthName()	0	3	1
A	getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen()	0	3	1
A	getHijriCalendarMonthName()	0	3	1
A	dateTimeObjFormat()	0	8	3
F	sprintfDate()	102	452	127
C	tsToIranian()	0	46	9
C	tsToHijri()	0	36	7
F	tsToHebrew()	7	131	29
C	hebrewYearStart()	0	25	12
C	tsToYear()	0	72	35
A	strongDirFromContent()	0	9	3
B	romanNumeral()	0	23	5
C	hebrewNumeral()	0	78	13
C	userAdjust()	13	64	10
A	dateFormat()	0	20	4
C	getDateFormatString()	0	23	7
A	date()	8	8	2
A	time()	8	8	2
A	timeanddate()	8	8	2
A	formatDuration()	6	14	2
B	getDurationIntervals()	12	31	6
A	internalUserTimeAndDate()	0	19	4
A	userDate()	0	3	1
A	userTime()	0	3	1
A	userTimeAndDate()	0	3	1
B	getHumanTimestamp()	0	25	4
C	getHumanTimestampInternal()	0	64	19
A	getMessage()	0	3	1
A	getAllMessages()	0	3	1
A	iconv()	0	13	1
A	ucwordbreaksCallbackAscii()	0	3	1
A	ucwordbreaksCallbackMB()	0	3	1
A	lcfirst()	0	13	4
A	isMultibyte()	0	3	1
A	fallback8bitEncoding()	0	3	1
A	normalizeForSearch()	0	3	1
A	convertDoubleWidth()	0	14	2
A	insertSpace()	0	5	1
A	convertForSearchResult()	0	5	1
C	firstChar()	0	51	18
A	initEncoding()	0	6	1
A	recodeForEdit()	0	11	3
A	recodeInput()	0	14	3
A	normalize()	0	10	2
A	transformUsingPairFile()	0	10	3
A	isRTL()	0	3	1
A	getDir()	0	3	2
A	alignStart()	0	3	2
A	alignEnd()	0	3	2
A	getDirMarkEntity()	0	6	4
A	getDirMark()	0	8	4
A	capitalizeAllNouns()	0	3	1
B	getArrow()	0	16	9
A	linkPrefixExtension()	0	3	1
A	getMagicWords()	0	3	1
A	doMagicHook()	0	7	2
A	getMagic()	0	20	4
A	addMagicWordsByLang()	0	9	3
A	getSpecialPageAliases()	0	12	2
A	emphasize()	0	3	1
B	formatNum()	0	19	5
A	formatNumNoSeparators()	0	3	1
A	parseFormattedNumber()	0	18	3
C	commafy()	0	48	12
A	digitGroupingPattern()	0	3	1
A	digitTransformTable()	0	3	1
A	separatorTransformTable()	0	3	1
B	listToText()	0	22	6
A	commaList()	0	6	1
A	semicolonList()	0	6	1
A	pipeList()	0	6	1
D	truncate()	0	41	9
B	removeBadCharLast()	0	18	5
A	removeBadCharFirst()	0	10	4
D	truncateHtml()	0	106	29
A	truncate_skip()	0	13	4
B	truncate_endBracket()	0	13	7
A	convertGrammar()	3	8	2
A	getGrammarForms()	0	10	3
B	gender()	0	13	5
A	convertPlural()	0	14	3
A	handleExplicitPluralForms()	0	12	4
A	preConvertPlural()	0	6	2
A	embedBidi()	0	13	3
A	segmentForDiff()	0	3	1
A	unsegmentForDiff()	0	3	1
A	getConverter()	0	3	1
A	autoConvertToAllVariants()	0	3	1
A	convert()	0	3	1
A	convertTitle()	0	3	1
A	convertNamespace()	0	3	1
A	hasVariants()	0	3	1
A	hasVariant()	0	3	1
A	convertHtml()	0	3	1
A	convertCategoryKey()	0	3	1
A	getVariants()	0	3	1
A	getPreferredVariant()	0	3	1
A	getDefaultVariant()	0	3	1
A	getURLVariant()	0	3	1
A	findVariantLink()	0	3	1
A	getExtraHashOptions()	0	3	1
A	getParsedTitle()	0	3	1
A	updateConversionTable()	0	3	1
A	markNoConversion()	0	8	3
A	linkTrail()	0	3	1
A	linkPrefixCharset()	0	3	1
A	getParentLanguage()	0	19	4
A	ucwordsCallbackMB()	0	3	1
A	ucfirst()	0	11	3
A	uc()	0	11	4
A	lc()	0	11	4
A	ucwords()	0	17	2
B	ucwordbreaks()	0	24	2
A	caseFold()	0	3	1
A	checkTitleEncoding()	0	10	3
A	hasWordBreaks()	0	3	1
A	segmentByWord()	0	3	1
D	translateBlockExpiry()	0	34	10
A	equals()	0	3	1
A	getCode()	0	3	1
A	getHtmlCode()	0	6	2
A	setCode()	0	6	1
A	getCodeFromFileName()	0	9	2
A	classFromCode()	0	7	2
A	getFileName()	0	7	2
A	getMessagesFileName()	0	6	1
A	getJsonMessagesFileName()	0	9	2
A	getFallbackFor()	0	7	2
A	getFallbacksFor()	0	8	4
A	getFallbacksIncludingSiteLanguage()	0	21	2
A	getMessagesFor()	0	3	1
A	getMessageFor()	0	3	1
A	getMessageKeysFor()	0	3	1
A	fixVariableInNamespace()	0	16	2
A	replaceGrammarInNamespace()	0	3	1
B	formatExpiry()	0	16	7
D	formatTimePeriod()	0	88	21
A	formatBitrate()	0	3	1
B	formatComputingNumbers()	0	27	5
A	formatSize()	0	3	1
A	specialList()	0	12	3
B	viewPrevNext()	12	33	4
A	numLink()	0	10	1
A	getConvRuleTitle()	0	3	1
A	getCompiledPluralRules()	13	13	4
A	getPluralRules()	13	13	4
A	getPluralRuleTypes()	13	13	4
A	getPluralRuleIndexNumber()	0	5	1
A	getPluralRuleType()	0	9	2

<?php

For compatibility and reusability of your code, PSR1 recommends that a file should introduce either new symbols (like classes, functions, etc.) or have side-effects (like outputting something, or including other files), but not both at the same time. The first symbol is defined on line 41 and the first side effect is on line 29.

/**
 * Internationalisation code.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 * http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
 *
 * @file
 * @ingroup Language
 */

/**
 * @defgroup Language Language
 */

if ( !defined( 'MEDIAWIKI' ) ) {
	echo "This file is part of MediaWiki, it is not a valid entry point.\n";
	exit( 1 );
}

mb_internal_encoding( 'UTF-8' );

use CLDRPluralRuleParser\Evaluator;

/**
 * Internationalisation code
 * @ingroup Language
 */
class Language {
	/**
	 * @var LanguageConverter
	 */
	public $mConverter;

	public $mVariants, $mCode, $mLoaded = false;

It is generally advisable to only define one property per statement.

	public $mMagicExtensions = [], $mMagicHookDone = false;

It is generally advisable to only define one property per statement.

	private $mHtmlCode = null, $mParentLanguage = false;

It is generally advisable to only define one property per statement.

	public $dateFormatStrings = [];
	public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases;

	protected $namespaceNames, $mNamespaceIds, $namespaceAliases;

It is generally advisable to only define one property per statement.

	/**
	 * ReplacementArray object caches
	 */
	public $transformData = [];

	/**
	 * @var LocalisationCache
	 */
	static public $dataCache;

	static public $mLangObjCache = [];

	static public $mWeekdayMsgs = [
		'sunday', 'monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday',
		'friday', 'saturday'
	];

	static public $mWeekdayAbbrevMsgs = [
		'sun', 'mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat'
	];

	static public $mMonthMsgs = [
		'january', 'february', 'march', 'april', 'may_long', 'june',
		'july', 'august', 'september', 'october', 'november',
		'december'
	];
	static public $mMonthGenMsgs = [
		'january-gen', 'february-gen', 'march-gen', 'april-gen', 'may-gen', 'june-gen',
		'july-gen', 'august-gen', 'september-gen', 'october-gen', 'november-gen',
		'december-gen'
	];
	static public $mMonthAbbrevMsgs = [
		'jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul', 'aug',
		'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec'
	];

	static public $mIranianCalendarMonthMsgs = [
		'iranian-calendar-m1', 'iranian-calendar-m2', 'iranian-calendar-m3',
		'iranian-calendar-m4', 'iranian-calendar-m5', 'iranian-calendar-m6',
		'iranian-calendar-m7', 'iranian-calendar-m8', 'iranian-calendar-m9',
		'iranian-calendar-m10', 'iranian-calendar-m11', 'iranian-calendar-m12'
	];

	static public $mHebrewCalendarMonthMsgs = [
		'hebrew-calendar-m1', 'hebrew-calendar-m2', 'hebrew-calendar-m3',
		'hebrew-calendar-m4', 'hebrew-calendar-m5', 'hebrew-calendar-m6',
		'hebrew-calendar-m7', 'hebrew-calendar-m8', 'hebrew-calendar-m9',
		'hebrew-calendar-m10', 'hebrew-calendar-m11', 'hebrew-calendar-m12',
		'hebrew-calendar-m6a', 'hebrew-calendar-m6b'
	];

	static public $mHebrewCalendarMonthGenMsgs = [
		'hebrew-calendar-m1-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m2-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m3-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m4-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m5-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m6-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m7-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m8-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m9-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m10-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m11-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m12-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m6a-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m6b-gen'
	];

	static public $mHijriCalendarMonthMsgs = [
		'hijri-calendar-m1', 'hijri-calendar-m2', 'hijri-calendar-m3',
		'hijri-calendar-m4', 'hijri-calendar-m5', 'hijri-calendar-m6',
		'hijri-calendar-m7', 'hijri-calendar-m8', 'hijri-calendar-m9',
		'hijri-calendar-m10', 'hijri-calendar-m11', 'hijri-calendar-m12'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.20
	 * @var array
	 */
	static public $durationIntervals = [
		'millennia' => 31556952000,
		'centuries' => 3155695200,
		'decades' => 315569520,
		'years' => 31556952, // 86400 * ( 365 + ( 24 * 3 + 25 ) / 400 )
		'weeks' => 604800,
		'days' => 86400,
		'hours' => 3600,
		'minutes' => 60,
		'seconds' => 1,
	];

	/**
	 * Cache for language fallbacks.
	 * @see Language::getFallbacksIncludingSiteLanguage
	 * @since 1.21
	 * @var array
	 */
	static private $fallbackLanguageCache = [];

	/**
	 * Cache for language names
	 * @var HashBagOStuff|null
	 */
	static private $languageNameCache;

	/**
	 * Unicode directional formatting characters, for embedBidi()
	 */
	static private $lre = "\xE2\x80\xAA"; // U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
	static private $rle = "\xE2\x80\xAB"; // U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
	static private $pdf = "\xE2\x80\xAC"; // U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING

	/**
	 * Directionality test regex for embedBidi(). Matches the first strong directionality codepoint:
	 * - in group 1 if it is LTR
	 * - in group 2 if it is RTL
	 * Does not match if there is no strong directionality codepoint.
	 *
	 * The form is '/(?:([strong ltr codepoint])|([strong rtl codepoint]))/u' .
	 *
	 * Generated by UnicodeJS (see tools/strongDir) from the UCD; see
	 * https://git.wikimedia.org/summary/unicodejs.git .
	 */
	// @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
	// @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
	static private $strongDirRegex = 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	// @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
	// @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd

	/**
	 * Get a cached or new language object for a given language code
	 * @param string $code
	 * @return Language
	 */
	static function factory( $code ) {
		global $wgDummyLanguageCodes, $wgLangObjCacheSize;

		if ( isset( $wgDummyLanguageCodes[$code] ) ) {
			$code = $wgDummyLanguageCodes[$code];
		}

		// get the language object to process
		$langObj = isset( self::$mLangObjCache[$code] )
			? self::$mLangObjCache[$code]
			: self::newFromCode( $code );

		// merge the language object in to get it up front in the cache
		self::$mLangObjCache = array_merge( [ $code => $langObj ], self::$mLangObjCache );
		// get rid of the oldest ones in case we have an overflow
		self::$mLangObjCache = array_slice( self::$mLangObjCache, 0, $wgLangObjCacheSize, true );

		return $langObj;
	}

	/**
	 * Create a language object for a given language code
	 * @param string $code
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @return Language
	 */
	protected static function newFromCode( $code ) {
		if ( !Language::isValidCode( $code ) ) {
			throw new MWException( "Invalid language code \"$code\"" );
		}

		if ( !Language::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
			// It's not possible to customise this code with class files, so
			// just return a Language object. This is to support uselang= hacks.
			$lang = new Language;
			$lang->setCode( $code );
			return $lang;
		}

		// Check if there is a language class for the code
		$class = self::classFromCode( $code );
		if ( class_exists( $class ) ) {
			$lang = new $class;
			return $lang;
		}

		// Keep trying the fallback list until we find an existing class
		$fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $code );
		foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
			if ( !Language::isValidBuiltInCode( $fallbackCode ) ) {
				throw new MWException( "Invalid fallback '$fallbackCode' in fallback sequence for '$code'" );
			}

			$class = self::classFromCode( $fallbackCode );
			if ( class_exists( $class ) ) {
				$lang = new $class;
				$lang->setCode( $code );
				return $lang;
			}
		}

		throw new MWException( "Invalid fallback sequence for language '$code'" );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether any localisation is available for that language tag
	 * in MediaWiki (MessagesXx.php exists).
	 *
	 * @param string $code Language tag (in lower case)
	 * @return bool Whether language is supported
	 * @since 1.21
	 */
	public static function isSupportedLanguage( $code ) {
		if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( $code === 'qqq' ) {
			return false;
		}

		return is_readable( self::getMessagesFileName( $code ) ) ||
			is_readable( self::getJsonMessagesFileName( $code ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns true if a language code string is a well-formed language tag
	 * according to RFC 5646.
	 * This function only checks well-formedness; it doesn't check that
	 * language, script or variant codes actually exist in the repositories.
	 *
	 * Based on regexes by Mark Davis of the Unicode Consortium:
	 * http://unicode.org/repos/cldr/trunk/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/langtagRegex.txt
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 * @param bool $lenient Whether to allow '_' as separator. The default is only '-'.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 * @since 1.21
	 */
	public static function isWellFormedLanguageTag( $code, $lenient = false ) {
		$alpha = '[a-z]';
		$digit = '[0-9]';
		$alphanum = '[a-z0-9]';
		$x = 'x'; # private use singleton
		$singleton = '[a-wy-z]'; # other singleton
		$s = $lenient ? '[-_]' : '-';

		$language = "$alpha{2,8}|$alpha{2,3}$s$alpha{3}";
		$script = "$alpha{4}"; # ISO 15924
		$region = "(?:$alpha{2}|$digit{3})"; # ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or UN M.49
		$variant = "(?:$alphanum{5,8}|$digit$alphanum{3})";
		$extension = "$singleton(?:$s$alphanum{2,8})+";
		$privateUse = "$x(?:$s$alphanum{1,8})+";

		# Define certain grandfathered codes, since otherwise the regex is pretty useless.
		# Since these are limited, this is safe even later changes to the registry --
		# the only oddity is that it might change the type of the tag, and thus
		# the results from the capturing groups.
		# http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry

		$grandfathered = "en{$s}GB{$s}oed"
			. "|i{$s}(?:ami|bnn|default|enochian|hak|klingon|lux|mingo|navajo|pwn|tao|tay|tsu)"
			. "|no{$s}(?:bok|nyn)"
			. "|sgn{$s}(?:BE{$s}(?:fr|nl)|CH{$s}de)"
			. "|zh{$s}min{$s}nan";

		$variantList = "$variant(?:$s$variant)*";
		$extensionList = "$extension(?:$s$extension)*";

		$langtag = "(?:($language)"
			. "(?:$s$script)?"
			. "(?:$s$region)?"
			. "(?:$s$variantList)?"
			. "(?:$s$extensionList)?"
			. "(?:$s$privateUse)?)";

		# The final breakdown, with capturing groups for each of these components
		# The variants, extensions, grandfathered, and private-use may have interior '-'

		$root = "^(?:$langtag|$privateUse|$grandfathered)$";

		return (bool)preg_match( "/$root/", strtolower( $code ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns true if a language code string is of a valid form, whether or
	 * not it exists. This includes codes which are used solely for
	 * customisation via the MediaWiki namespace.
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function isValidCode( $code ) {
		static $cache = [];
		if ( !isset( $cache[$code] ) ) {
			// People think language codes are html safe, so enforce it.
			// Ideally we should only allow a-zA-Z0-9-
			// but, .+ and other chars are often used for {{int:}} hacks
			// see bugs 37564, 37587, 36938
			$cache[$code] =
				// Protect against path traversal
				strcspn( $code, ":/\\\000&<>'\"" ) === strlen( $code )
				&& !preg_match( MediaWikiTitleCodec::getTitleInvalidRegex(), $code );
		}
		return $cache[$code];
	}

	/**
	 * Returns true if a language code is of a valid form for the purposes of
	 * internal customisation of MediaWiki, via Messages*.php or *.json.
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 *
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @since 1.18
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) {

		if ( !is_string( $code ) ) {
			if ( is_object( $code ) ) {
				$addmsg = " of class " . get_class( $code );
			} else {
				$addmsg = '';
			}
			$type = gettype( $code );
			throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . " must be passed a string, $type given$addmsg" );
		}

		return (bool)preg_match( '/^[a-z0-9-]{2,}$/', $code );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns true if a language code is an IETF tag known to MediaWiki.
	 *
	 * @param string $tag
	 *
	 * @since 1.21
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function isKnownLanguageTag( $tag ) {
		// Quick escape for invalid input to avoid exceptions down the line
		// when code tries to process tags which are not valid at all.
		if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $tag ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( isset( MediaWiki\Languages\Data\Names::$names[$tag] )
			|| self::fetchLanguageName( $tag, $tag ) !== ''
		) {
			return true;
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the LocalisationCache instance
	 *
	 * @return LocalisationCache
	 */
	public static function getLocalisationCache() {
		if ( is_null( self::$dataCache ) ) {
			global $wgLocalisationCacheConf;
			$class = $wgLocalisationCacheConf['class'];
			self::$dataCache = new $class( $wgLocalisationCacheConf );
		}
		return self::$dataCache;
	}

	function __construct() {
		$this->mConverter = new FakeConverter( $this );

It seems like new \FakeConverter($this) of type object<FakeConverter> is incompatible with the declared type object<LanguageConverter> of property $mConverter.

		// Set the code to the name of the descendant
		if ( get_class( $this ) == 'Language' ) {
			$this->mCode = 'en';
		} else {
			$this->mCode = str_replace( '_', '-', strtolower( substr( get_class( $this ), 8 ) ) );
		}
		self::getLocalisationCache();
	}

	/**
	 * Reduce memory usage
	 */
	function __destruct() {
		foreach ( $this as $name => $value ) {

The expression $this of type this<Language> is not traversable.

			unset( $this->$name );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Hook which will be called if this is the content language.
	 * Descendants can use this to register hook functions or modify globals
	 */
	function initContLang() {
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 * @since 1.19
	 */
	public function getFallbackLanguages() {
		return self::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
	}

	/**
	 * Exports $wgBookstoreListEn
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getBookstoreList() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'bookstoreList' );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of localised namespaces indexed by their numbers. If the namespace is not
	 * available in localised form, it will be included in English.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getNamespaces() {
		if ( is_null( $this->namespaceNames ) ) {
			global $wgMetaNamespace, $wgMetaNamespaceTalk, $wgExtraNamespaces;

			$this->namespaceNames = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceNames' );
			$validNamespaces = MWNamespace::getCanonicalNamespaces();

			$this->namespaceNames = $wgExtraNamespaces + $this->namespaceNames + $validNamespaces;

			$this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT] = $wgMetaNamespace;
			if ( $wgMetaNamespaceTalk ) {
				$this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK] = $wgMetaNamespaceTalk;
			} else {
				$talk = $this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK];
				$this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK] =
					$this->fixVariableInNamespace( $talk );
			}

			# Sometimes a language will be localised but not actually exist on this wiki.
			foreach ( $this->namespaceNames as $key => $text ) {
				if ( !isset( $validNamespaces[$key] ) ) {
					unset( $this->namespaceNames[$key] );
				}
			}

			# The above mixing may leave namespaces out of canonical order.
			# Re-order by namespace ID number...
			ksort( $this->namespaceNames );

			Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetNamespaces', [ &$this->namespaceNames ] );
		}

		return $this->namespaceNames;
	}

	/**
	 * Arbitrarily set all of the namespace names at once. Mainly used for testing
	 * @param array $namespaces Array of namespaces (id => name)
	 */
	public function setNamespaces( array $namespaces ) {
		$this->namespaceNames = $namespaces;
		$this->mNamespaceIds = null;
	}

	/**
	 * Resets all of the namespace caches. Mainly used for testing
	 */
	public function resetNamespaces() {
		$this->namespaceNames = null;
		$this->mNamespaceIds = null;
		$this->namespaceAliases = null;
	}

	/**
	 * A convenience function that returns getNamespaces() with spaces instead of underscores
	 * in values. Useful for producing output to be displayed e.g. in `<select>` forms.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getFormattedNamespaces() {
		$ns = $this->getNamespaces();
		foreach ( $ns as $k => $v ) {
			$ns[$k] = strtr( $v, '_', ' ' );
		}
		return $ns;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a namespace value by key
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $mw_ns = $wgContLang->getNsText( NS_MEDIAWIKI );
	 * echo $mw_ns; // prints 'MediaWiki'
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param int $index The array key of the namespace to return
	 * @return string|bool String if the namespace value exists, otherwise false
	 */
	public function getNsText( $index ) {
		$ns = $this->getNamespaces();
		return isset( $ns[$index] ) ? $ns[$index] : false;
	}

	/**
	 * A convenience function that returns the same thing as
	 * getNsText() except with '_' changed to ' ', useful for
	 * producing output.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $mw_ns = $wgContLang->getFormattedNsText( NS_MEDIAWIKI_TALK );
	 * echo $mw_ns; // prints 'MediaWiki talk'
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param int $index The array key of the namespace to return
	 * @return string Namespace name without underscores (empty string if namespace does not exist)
	 */
	public function getFormattedNsText( $index ) {
		$ns = $this->getNsText( $index );
		return strtr( $ns, '_', ' ' );

It seems like $ns defined by $this->getNsText($index) on line 559 can also be of type boolean; however, strtr() does only seem to accept string, maybe add an additional type check?

	}

	/**
	 * Returns gender-dependent namespace alias if available.
	 * See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgExtraGenderNamespaces
	 * @param int $index Namespace index
	 * @param string $gender Gender key (male, female... )
	 * @return string
	 * @since 1.18
	 */
	public function getGenderNsText( $index, $gender ) {
		global $wgExtraGenderNamespaces;

		$ns = $wgExtraGenderNamespaces +
			(array)self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );

		return isset( $ns[$index][$gender] ) ? $ns[$index][$gender] : $this->getNsText( $index );
	}

	/**
	 * Whether this language uses gender-dependent namespace aliases.
	 * See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgExtraGenderNamespaces
	 * @return bool
	 * @since 1.18
	 */
	public function needsGenderDistinction() {
		global $wgExtraGenderNamespaces, $wgExtraNamespaces;
		if ( count( $wgExtraGenderNamespaces ) > 0 ) {
			// $wgExtraGenderNamespaces overrides everything
			return true;
		} elseif ( isset( $wgExtraNamespaces[NS_USER] ) && isset( $wgExtraNamespaces[NS_USER_TALK] ) ) {
			/// @todo There may be other gender namespace than NS_USER & NS_USER_TALK in the future
			// $wgExtraNamespaces overrides any gender aliases specified in i18n files
			return false;
		} else {
			// Check what is in i18n files
			$aliases = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );
			return count( $aliases ) > 0;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get a namespace key by value, case insensitive.
	 * Only matches namespace names for the current language, not the
	 * canonical ones defined in Namespace.php.
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return int|bool An integer if $text is a valid value otherwise false
	 */
	function getLocalNsIndex( $text ) {
		$lctext = $this->lc( $text );
		$ids = $this->getNamespaceIds();
		return isset( $ids[$lctext] ) ? $ids[$lctext] : false;
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getNamespaceAliases() {
		if ( is_null( $this->namespaceAliases ) ) {
			$aliases = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceAliases' );
			if ( !$aliases ) {
				$aliases = [];
			} else {
				foreach ( $aliases as $name => $index ) {
					if ( $index === NS_PROJECT_TALK ) {
						unset( $aliases[$name] );
						$name = $this->fixVariableInNamespace( $name );
						$aliases[$name] = $index;
					}
				}
			}

			global $wgExtraGenderNamespaces;
			$genders = $wgExtraGenderNamespaces +
				(array)self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );
			foreach ( $genders as $index => $forms ) {
				foreach ( $forms as $alias ) {
					$aliases[$alias] = $index;
				}
			}

			# Also add converted namespace names as aliases, to avoid confusion.
			$convertedNames = [];
			foreach ( $this->getVariants() as $variant ) {
				if ( $variant === $this->mCode ) {
					continue;
				}
				foreach ( $this->getNamespaces() as $ns => $_ ) {
					$convertedNames[$this->getConverter()->convertNamespace( $ns, $variant )] = $ns;
				}
			}

			$this->namespaceAliases = $aliases + $convertedNames;
		}

		return $this->namespaceAliases;
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getNamespaceIds() {
		if ( is_null( $this->mNamespaceIds ) ) {
			global $wgNamespaceAliases;
			# Put namespace names and aliases into a hashtable.
			# If this is too slow, then we should arrange it so that it is done
			# before caching. The catch is that at pre-cache time, the above
			# class-specific fixup hasn't been done.
			$this->mNamespaceIds = [];
			foreach ( $this->getNamespaces() as $index => $name ) {
				$this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
			}
			foreach ( $this->getNamespaceAliases() as $name => $index ) {
				$this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
			}
			if ( $wgNamespaceAliases ) {
				foreach ( $wgNamespaceAliases as $name => $index ) {
					$this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
				}
			}
		}
		return $this->mNamespaceIds;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a namespace key by value, case insensitive.  Canonical namespace
	 * names override custom ones defined for the current language.
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return int|bool An integer if $text is a valid value otherwise false
	 */
	public function getNsIndex( $text ) {
		$lctext = $this->lc( $text );
		$ns = MWNamespace::getCanonicalIndex( $lctext );
		if ( $ns !== null ) {
			return $ns;
		}
		$ids = $this->getNamespaceIds();
		return isset( $ids[$lctext] ) ? $ids[$lctext] : false;
	}

	/**
	 * short names for language variants used for language conversion links.
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 * @param bool $usemsg Use the "variantname-xyz" message if it exists
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getVariantname( $code, $usemsg = true ) {
		$msg = "variantname-$code";
		if ( $usemsg && wfMessage( $msg )->exists() ) {
			return $this->getMessageFromDB( $msg );
		}
		$name = self::fetchLanguageName( $code );
		if ( $name ) {
			return $name; # if it's defined as a language name, show that
		} else {
			# otherwise, output the language code
			return $code;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getDatePreferences() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'datePreferences' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	function getDateFormats() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array|string
	 */
	public function getDefaultDateFormat() {
		$df = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'defaultDateFormat' );
		if ( $df === 'dmy or mdy' ) {
			global $wgAmericanDates;
			return $wgAmericanDates ? 'mdy' : 'dmy';
		} else {
			return $df;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getDatePreferenceMigrationMap() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'datePreferenceMigrationMap' );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $image
	 * @return array|null
	 */
	function getImageFile( $image ) {
		return self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'imageFiles', $image );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 * @since 1.24
	 */
	public function getImageFiles() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'imageFiles' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getExtraUserToggles() {
		return (array)self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'extraUserToggles' );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $tog
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getUserToggle( $tog ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( "tog-$tog" );
	}

	/**
	 * Get an array of language names, indexed by code.
	 * @param null|string $inLanguage Code of language in which to return the names
	 *		Use null for autonyms (native names)
	 * @param string $include One of:
	 *		'all' all available languages
	 *		'mw' only if the language is defined in MediaWiki or wgExtraLanguageNames (default)
	 *		'mwfile' only if the language is in 'mw' *and* has a message file
	 * @return array Language code => language name
	 * @since 1.20
	 */
	public static function fetchLanguageNames( $inLanguage = null, $include = 'mw' ) {
		$cacheKey = $inLanguage === null ? 'null' : $inLanguage;
		$cacheKey .= ":$include";
		if ( self::$languageNameCache === null ) {
			self::$languageNameCache = new HashBagOStuff( [ 'maxKeys' => 20 ] );
		}

		$ret = self::$languageNameCache->get( $cacheKey );
		if ( !$ret ) {
			$ret = self::fetchLanguageNamesUncached( $inLanguage, $include );
			self::$languageNameCache->set( $cacheKey, $ret );
		}
		return $ret;
	}

	/**
	 * Uncached helper for fetchLanguageNames
	 * @param null|string $inLanguage Code of language in which to return the names
	 *		Use null for autonyms (native names)
	 * @param string $include One of:
	 *		'all' all available languages
	 *		'mw' only if the language is defined in MediaWiki or wgExtraLanguageNames (default)
	 *		'mwfile' only if the language is in 'mw' *and* has a message file
	 * @return array Language code => language name
	 */
	private static function fetchLanguageNamesUncached( $inLanguage = null, $include = 'mw' ) {
		global $wgExtraLanguageNames;

		// If passed an invalid language code to use, fallback to en
		if ( $inLanguage !== null && !Language::isValidCode( $inLanguage ) ) {
			$inLanguage = 'en';
		}

		$names = [];

		if ( $inLanguage ) {

The expression $inLanguage of type null|string is loosely compared to true; this is ambiguous if the string can be empty. You might want to explicitly use !== null instead.

			# TODO: also include when $inLanguage is null, when this code is more efficient
			Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetTranslatedLanguageNames', [ &$names, $inLanguage ] );
		}

		$mwNames = $wgExtraLanguageNames + MediaWiki\Languages\Data\Names::$names;
		foreach ( $mwNames as $mwCode => $mwName ) {
			# - Prefer own MediaWiki native name when not using the hook
			# - For other names just add if not added through the hook
			if ( $mwCode === $inLanguage || !isset( $names[$mwCode] ) ) {
				$names[$mwCode] = $mwName;
			}
		}

		if ( $include === 'all' ) {
			ksort( $names );
			return $names;
		}

		$returnMw = [];
		$coreCodes = array_keys( $mwNames );
		foreach ( $coreCodes as $coreCode ) {
			$returnMw[$coreCode] = $names[$coreCode];
		}

		if ( $include === 'mwfile' ) {
			$namesMwFile = [];
			# We do this using a foreach over the codes instead of a directory
			# loop so that messages files in extensions will work correctly.
			foreach ( $returnMw as $code => $value ) {
				if ( is_readable( self::getMessagesFileName( $code ) )
					|| is_readable( self::getJsonMessagesFileName( $code ) )
				) {
					$namesMwFile[$code] = $names[$code];
				}
			}

			ksort( $namesMwFile );
			return $namesMwFile;
		}

		ksort( $returnMw );
		# 'mw' option; default if it's not one of the other two options (all/mwfile)
		return $returnMw;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $code The code of the language for which to get the name
	 * @param null|string $inLanguage Code of language in which to return the name (null for autonyms)
	 * @param string $include 'all', 'mw' or 'mwfile'; see fetchLanguageNames()
	 * @return string Language name or empty
	 * @since 1.20
	 */
	public static function fetchLanguageName( $code, $inLanguage = null, $include = 'all' ) {
		$code = strtolower( $code );
		$array = self::fetchLanguageNames( $inLanguage, $include );
		return !array_key_exists( $code, $array ) ? '' : $array[$code];
	}

	/**
	 * Get a message from the MediaWiki namespace.
	 *
	 * @param string $msg Message name
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMessageFromDB( $msg ) {
		return $this->msg( $msg )->text();
	}

	/**
	 * Get message object in this language. Only for use inside this class.
	 *
	 * @param string $msg Message name
	 * @return Message
	 */
	protected function msg( $msg ) {
		return wfMessage( $msg )->inLanguage( $this );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getMonthNamesArray() {
		$monthNames = [ '' ];
		for ( $i = 1; $i < 13; $i++ ) {
			$monthNames[] = $this->getMonthName( $i );
		}
		return $monthNames;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMonthNameGen( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mMonthGenMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMonthAbbreviation( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mMonthAbbrevMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getMonthAbbreviationsArray() {
		$monthNames = [ '' ];
		for ( $i = 1; $i < 13; $i++ ) {
			$monthNames[] = $this->getMonthAbbreviation( $i );
		}
		return $monthNames;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getWeekdayName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mWeekdayMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getWeekdayAbbreviation( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mWeekdayAbbrevMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getIranianCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mIranianCalendarMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getHebrewCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mHebrewCalendarMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mHebrewCalendarMonthGenMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getHijriCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mHijriCalendarMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * Pass through result from $dateTimeObj->format()
	 * @param DateTime|bool|null &$dateTimeObj
	 * @param string $ts
	 * @param DateTimeZone|bool|null $zone
	 * @param string $code
	 * @return string
	 */
	private static function dateTimeObjFormat( &$dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code ) {
		if ( !$dateTimeObj ) {
			$dateTimeObj = DateTime::createFromFormat(
				'YmdHis', $ts, $zone ?: new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' )
			);
		}
		return $dateTimeObj->format( $code );
	}

	/**
	 * This is a workalike of PHP's date() function, but with better
	 * internationalisation, a reduced set of format characters, and a better
	 * escaping format.
	 *
	 * Supported format characters are dDjlNwzWFmMntLoYyaAgGhHiscrUeIOPTZ. See
	 * the PHP manual for definitions. There are a number of extensions, which
	 * start with "x":
	 *
	 *    xn   Do not translate digits of the next numeric format character
	 *    xN   Toggle raw digit (xn) flag, stays set until explicitly unset
	 *    xr   Use roman numerals for the next numeric format character
	 *    xh   Use hebrew numerals for the next numeric format character
	 *    xx   Literal x
	 *    xg   Genitive month name
	 *
	 *    xij  j (day number) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiF  F (month name) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xin  n (month number) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiy  y (two digit year) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiY  Y (full year) in Iranian calendar
	 *
	 *    xjj  j (day number) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjF  F (month name) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjt  t (days in month) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjx  xg (genitive month name) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjn  n (month number) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjY  Y (full year) in Hebrew calendar
	 *
	 *    xmj  j (day number) in Hijri calendar
	 *    xmF  F (month name) in Hijri calendar
	 *    xmn  n (month number) in Hijri calendar
	 *    xmY  Y (full year) in Hijri calendar
	 *
	 *    xkY  Y (full year) in Thai solar calendar. Months and days are
	 *                       identical to the Gregorian calendar
	 *    xoY  Y (full year) in Minguo calendar or Juche year.
	 *                       Months and days are identical to the
	 *                       Gregorian calendar
	 *    xtY  Y (full year) in Japanese nengo. Months and days are
	 *                       identical to the Gregorian calendar
	 *
	 * Characters enclosed in double quotes will be considered literal (with
	 * the quotes themselves removed). Unmatched quotes will be considered
	 * literal quotes. Example:
	 *
	 * "The month is" F       => The month is January
	 * i's"                   => 20'11"
	 *
	 * Backslash escaping is also supported.
	 *
	 * Input timestamp is assumed to be pre-normalized to the desired local
	 * time zone, if any. Note that the format characters crUeIOPTZ will assume
	 * $ts is UTC if $zone is not given.
	 *
	 * @param string $format
	 * @param string $ts 14-character timestamp
	 *      YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
	 *      01234567890123
	 * @param DateTimeZone $zone Timezone of $ts
	 * @param[out] int $ttl The amount of time (in seconds) the output may be cached for.
	 * Only makes sense if $ts is the current time.
	 * @todo handling of "o" format character for Iranian, Hebrew, Hijri & Thai?
	 *
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function sprintfDate( $format, $ts, DateTimeZone $zone = null, &$ttl = null ) {
		$s = '';
		$raw = false;
		$roman = false;
		$hebrewNum = false;
		$dateTimeObj = false;
		$rawToggle = false;
		$iranian = false;
		$hebrew = false;
		$hijri = false;
		$thai = false;
		$minguo = false;
		$tenno = false;

		$usedSecond = false;
		$usedMinute = false;
		$usedHour = false;
		$usedAMPM = false;
		$usedDay = false;
		$usedWeek = false;
		$usedMonth = false;
		$usedYear = false;
		$usedISOYear = false;
		$usedIsLeapYear = false;

		$usedHebrewMonth = false;
		$usedIranianMonth = false;
		$usedHijriMonth = false;
		$usedHebrewYear = false;
		$usedIranianYear = false;
		$usedHijriYear = false;
		$usedTennoYear = false;

		if ( strlen( $ts ) !== 14 ) {
			throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The timestamp $ts should have 14 characters" );
		}

		if ( !ctype_digit( $ts ) ) {
			throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The timestamp $ts should be a number" );
		}

		$formatLength = strlen( $format );
		for ( $p = 0; $p < $formatLength; $p++ ) {
			$num = false;
			$code = $format[$p];
			if ( $code == 'x' && $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
				$code .= $format[++$p];
			}

			if ( ( $code === 'xi'
					|| $code === 'xj'
					|| $code === 'xk'
					|| $code === 'xm'
					|| $code === 'xo'
					|| $code === 'xt' )
				&& $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
				$code .= $format[++$p];
			}

			switch ( $code ) {
				case 'xx':
					$s .= 'x';
					break;
				case 'xn':
					$raw = true;
					break;
				case 'xN':
					$rawToggle = !$rawToggle;
					break;
				case 'xr':
					$roman = true;
					break;
				case 'xh':
					$hebrewNum = true;
					break;
				case 'xg':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$s .= $this->getMonthNameGen( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xjx':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen( $hebrew[1] );
					break;
				case 'd':
					$usedDay = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );
					break;
				case 'D':
					$usedDay = true;
					$s .= $this->getWeekdayAbbreviation(
						Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'w' ) + 1
					);
					break;
				case 'j':
					$usedDay = true;
					$num = intval( substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xij':
					$usedDay = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[2];
					break;
				case 'xmj':
					$usedDay = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hijri[2];
					break;
				case 'xjj':
					$usedDay = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[2];
					break;
				case 'l':
					$usedDay = true;
					$s .= $this->getWeekdayName(
						Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'w' ) + 1
					);
					break;
				case 'F':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$s .= $this->getMonthName( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xiF':
					$usedIranianMonth = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getIranianCalendarMonthName( $iranian[1] );
					break;
				case 'xmF':
					$usedHijriMonth = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getHijriCalendarMonthName( $hijri[1] );
					break;
				case 'xjF':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getHebrewCalendarMonthName( $hebrew[1] );
					break;
				case 'm':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
					break;
				case 'M':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$s .= $this->getMonthAbbreviation( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'n':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$num = intval( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xin':
					$usedIranianMonth = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[1];
					break;
				case 'xmn':
					$usedHijriMonth = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hijri[1];
					break;
				case 'xjn':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[1];
					break;
				case 'xjt':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[3];
					break;
				case 'Y':
					$usedYear = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
					break;
				case 'xiY':
					$usedIranianYear = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[0];
					break;
				case 'xmY':
					$usedHijriYear = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hijri[0];
					break;
				case 'xjY':
					$usedHebrewYear = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[0];
					break;
				case 'xkY':
					$usedYear = true;
					if ( !$thai ) {
						$thai = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'thai' );
					}
					$num = $thai[0];
					break;
				case 'xoY':
					$usedYear = true;
					if ( !$minguo ) {
						$minguo = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'minguo' );
					}
					$num = $minguo[0];
					break;
				case 'xtY':
					$usedTennoYear = true;
					if ( !$tenno ) {
						$tenno = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'tenno' );
					}
					$num = $tenno[0];
					break;
				case 'y':
					$usedYear = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 2, 2 );
					break;
				case 'xiy':
					$usedIranianYear = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = substr( $iranian[0], -2 );
					break;
				case 'a':
					$usedAMPM = true;
					$s .= intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ) < 12 ? 'am' : 'pm';
					break;
				case 'A':
					$usedAMPM = true;
					$s .= intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ) < 12 ? 'AM' : 'PM';
					break;
				case 'g':
					$usedHour = true;
					$h = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
					$num = $h % 12 ? $h % 12 : 12;
					break;
				case 'G':
					$usedHour = true;
					$num = intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'h':
					$usedHour = true;
					$h = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
					$num = sprintf( '%02d', $h % 12 ? $h % 12 : 12 );
					break;
				case 'H':
					$usedHour = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
					break;
				case 'i':
					$usedMinute = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 10, 2 );
					break;
				case 's':
					$usedSecond = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
					break;
				case 'c':
				case 'r':
					$usedSecond = true;
					// fall through
				case 'e':
				case 'O':
				case 'P':
				case 'T':
					$s .= Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'w':
				case 'N':
				case 'z':
					$usedDay = true;
					$num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'W':
					$usedWeek = true;
					$num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 't':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'L':
					$usedIsLeapYear = true;
					$num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'o':
					$usedISOYear = true;
					$num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'U':
					$usedSecond = true;
					// fall through
				case 'I':
				case 'Z':
					$num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case '\\':
					# Backslash escaping
					if ( $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
						$s .= $format[++$p];
					} else {
						$s .= '\\';
					}
					break;
				case '"':
					# Quoted literal
					if ( $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
						$endQuote = strpos( $format, '"', $p + 1 );
						if ( $endQuote === false ) {
							# No terminating quote, assume literal "
							$s .= '"';
						} else {
							$s .= substr( $format, $p + 1, $endQuote - $p - 1 );
							$p = $endQuote;
						}
					} else {
						# Quote at end of string, assume literal "
						$s .= '"';
					}
					break;
				default:
					$s .= $format[$p];
			}
			if ( $num !== false ) {
				if ( $rawToggle || $raw ) {
					$s .= $num;
					$raw = false;
				} elseif ( $roman ) {
					$s .= Language::romanNumeral( $num );
					$roman = false;
				} elseif ( $hebrewNum ) {
					$s .= self::hebrewNumeral( $num );
					$hebrewNum = false;
				} else {
					$s .= $this->formatNum( $num, true );
				}
			}
		}

		if ( $usedSecond ) {
			$ttl = 1;
		} elseif ( $usedMinute ) {
			$ttl = 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} elseif ( $usedHour ) {
			$ttl = 3600 - substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} elseif ( $usedAMPM ) {
			$ttl = 43200 - ( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) % 12 ) * 3600 -
				substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} elseif (
			$usedDay ||
			$usedHebrewMonth ||
			$usedIranianMonth ||
			$usedHijriMonth ||
			$usedHebrewYear ||
			$usedIranianYear ||
			$usedHijriYear ||
			$usedTennoYear
		) {
			// @todo Someone who understands the non-Gregorian calendars
			// should write proper logic for them so that they don't need purged every day.
			$ttl = 86400 - substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) * 3600 -
				substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} else {
			$possibleTtls = [];
			$timeRemainingInDay = 86400 - substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) * 3600 -
				substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
			if ( $usedWeek ) {
				$possibleTtls[] =
					( 7 - Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'N' ) ) * 86400 +
					$timeRemainingInDay;
			} elseif ( $usedISOYear ) {
				// December 28th falls on the last ISO week of the year, every year.
				// The last ISO week of a year can be 52 or 53.
				$lastWeekOfISOYear = DateTime::createFromFormat(
					'Ymd',
					substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) . '1228',
					$zone ?: new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' )
				)->format( 'W' );
				$currentISOWeek = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'W' );
				$weeksRemaining = $lastWeekOfISOYear - $currentISOWeek;
				$timeRemainingInWeek =
					( 7 - Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'N' ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
				$possibleTtls[] = $weeksRemaining * 604800 + $timeRemainingInWeek;
			}

			if ( $usedMonth ) {
				$possibleTtls[] =
					( Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 't' ) -
						substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
			} elseif ( $usedYear ) {
				$possibleTtls[] =
					( Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'L' ) + 364 -
						Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'z' ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
			} elseif ( $usedIsLeapYear ) {
				$year = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
				$timeRemainingInYear =
					( Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'L' ) + 364 -
						Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'z' ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
				$mod = $year % 4;
				if ( $mod || ( !( $year % 100 ) && $year % 400 ) ) {
					// this isn't a leap year. see when the next one starts
					$nextCandidate = $year - $mod + 4;
					if ( $nextCandidate % 100 || !( $nextCandidate % 400 ) ) {
						$possibleTtls[] = ( $nextCandidate - $year - 1 ) * 365 * 86400 +
							$timeRemainingInYear;
					} else {
						$possibleTtls[] = ( $nextCandidate - $year + 3 ) * 365 * 86400 +
							$timeRemainingInYear;
					}
				} else {
					// this is a leap year, so the next year isn't
					$possibleTtls[] = $timeRemainingInYear;
				}
			}

			if ( $possibleTtls ) {
				$ttl = min( $possibleTtls );
			}
		}

		return $s;
	}

	private static $GREG_DAYS = [ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ];
	private static $IRANIAN_DAYS = [ 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 29 ];

	/**
	 * Algorithm by Roozbeh Pournader and Mohammad Toossi to convert
	 * Gregorian dates to Iranian dates. Originally written in C, it
	 * is released under the terms of GNU Lesser General Public
	 * License. Conversion to PHP was performed by Niklas Laxström.
	 *
	 * Link: http://www.farsiweb.info/jalali/jalali.c
	 *
	 * @param string $ts
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	private static function tsToIranian( $ts ) {
		$gy = substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) -1600;
		$gm = substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) -1;
		$gd = substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) -1;

		# Days passed from the beginning (including leap years)
		$gDayNo = 365 * $gy
			+ floor( ( $gy + 3 ) / 4 )
			- floor( ( $gy + 99 ) / 100 )
			+ floor( ( $gy + 399 ) / 400 );

		// Add days of the past months of this year
		for ( $i = 0; $i < $gm; $i++ ) {
			$gDayNo += self::$GREG_DAYS[$i];
		}

		// Leap years
		if ( $gm > 1 && ( ( $gy % 4 === 0 && $gy % 100 !== 0 || ( $gy % 400 == 0 ) ) ) ) {
			$gDayNo++;
		}

		// Days passed in current month
		$gDayNo += (int)$gd;

		$jDayNo = $gDayNo - 79;

		$jNp = floor( $jDayNo / 12053 );
		$jDayNo %= 12053;

		$jy = 979 + 33 * $jNp + 4 * floor( $jDayNo / 1461 );
		$jDayNo %= 1461;

		if ( $jDayNo >= 366 ) {
			$jy += floor( ( $jDayNo - 1 ) / 365 );
			$jDayNo = floor( ( $jDayNo - 1 ) % 365 );
		}

		for ( $i = 0; $i < 11 && $jDayNo >= self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$i]; $i++ ) {
			$jDayNo -= self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$i];
		}

		$jm = $i + 1;
		$jd = $jDayNo + 1;

		return [ $jy, $jm, $jd ];
	}

	/**
	 * Converting Gregorian dates to Hijri dates.
	 *
	 * Based on a PHP-Nuke block by Sharjeel which is released under GNU/GPL license
	 *
	 * @see http://phpnuke.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8234&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0
	 *
	 * @param string $ts
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	private static function tsToHijri( $ts ) {
		$year = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
		$month = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
		$day = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

		$zyr = $year;
		$zd = $day;
		$zm = $month;
		$zy = $zyr;

		if (
			( $zy > 1582 ) || ( ( $zy == 1582 ) && ( $zm > 10 ) ) ||
			( ( $zy == 1582 ) && ( $zm == 10 ) && ( $zd > 14 ) )
		) {
			$zjd = (int)( ( 1461 * ( $zy + 4800 + (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
					(int)( ( 367 * ( $zm - 2 - 12 * ( (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) ) ) / 12 ) -
					(int)( ( 3 * (int)( ( ( $zy + 4900 + (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) / 100 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
					$zd - 32075;
		} else {
			$zjd = 367 * $zy - (int)( ( 7 * ( $zy + 5001 + (int)( ( $zm - 9 ) / 7 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
								(int)( ( 275 * $zm ) / 9 ) + $zd + 1729777;
		}

		$zl = $zjd -1948440 + 10632;
		$zn = (int)( ( $zl - 1 ) / 10631 );
		$zl = $zl - 10631 * $zn + 354;
		$zj = ( (int)( ( 10985 - $zl ) / 5316 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 50 * $zl ) / 17719 ) ) +
			( (int)( $zl / 5670 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 43 * $zl ) / 15238 ) );
		$zl = $zl - ( (int)( ( 30 - $zj ) / 15 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 17719 * $zj ) / 50 ) ) -
			( (int)( $zj / 16 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 15238 * $zj ) / 43 ) ) + 29;
		$zm = (int)( ( 24 * $zl ) / 709 );
		$zd = $zl - (int)( ( 709 * $zm ) / 24 );
		$zy = 30 * $zn + $zj - 30;

		return [ $zy, $zm, $zd ];
	}

	/**
	 * Converting Gregorian dates to Hebrew dates.
	 *
	 * Based on a JavaScript code by Abu Mami and Yisrael Hersch
	 * (abu-mami@kaluach.net, http://www.kaluach.net), who permitted
	 * to translate the relevant functions into PHP and release them under
	 * GNU GPL.
	 *
	 * The months are counted from Tishrei = 1. In a leap year, Adar I is 13
	 * and Adar II is 14. In a non-leap year, Adar is 6.
	 *
	 * @param string $ts
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	private static function tsToHebrew( $ts ) {
		# Parse date
		$year = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
		$month = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
		$day = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

		# Calculate Hebrew year
		$hebrewYear = $year + 3760;

		# Month number when September = 1, August = 12
		$month += 4;
		if ( $month > 12 ) {
			# Next year
			$month -= 12;
			$year++;
			$hebrewYear++;
		}

		# Calculate day of year from 1 September
		$dayOfYear = $day;
		for ( $i = 1; $i < $month; $i++ ) {
			if ( $i == 6 ) {
				# February
				$dayOfYear += 28;
				# Check if the year is leap
				if ( $year % 400 == 0 || ( $year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 > 0 ) ) {
					$dayOfYear++;
				}
			} elseif ( $i == 8 || $i == 10 || $i == 1 || $i == 3 ) {
				$dayOfYear += 30;
			} else {
				$dayOfYear += 31;
			}
		}

		# Calculate the start of the Hebrew year
		$start = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear );

		# Calculate next year's start
		if ( $dayOfYear <= $start ) {
			# Day is before the start of the year - it is the previous year
			# Next year's start
			$nextStart = $start;
			# Previous year
			$year--;
			$hebrewYear--;
			# Add days since previous year's 1 September
			$dayOfYear += 365;
			if ( ( $year % 400 == 0 ) || ( $year % 100 != 0 && $year % 4 == 0 ) ) {
				# Leap year
				$dayOfYear++;
			}
			# Start of the new (previous) year
			$start = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear );
		} else {
			# Next year's start
			$nextStart = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear + 1 );
		}

		# Calculate Hebrew day of year
		$hebrewDayOfYear = $dayOfYear - $start;

		# Difference between year's days
		$diff = $nextStart - $start;
		# Add 12 (or 13 for leap years) days to ignore the difference between
		# Hebrew and Gregorian year (353 at least vs. 365/6) - now the
		# difference is only about the year type
		if ( ( $year % 400 == 0 ) || ( $year % 100 != 0 && $year % 4 == 0 ) ) {
			$diff += 13;
		} else {
			$diff += 12;
		}

		# Check the year pattern, and is leap year
		# 0 means an incomplete year, 1 means a regular year, 2 means a complete year
		# This is mod 30, to work on both leap years (which add 30 days of Adar I)
		# and non-leap years
		$yearPattern = $diff % 30;
		# Check if leap year
		$isLeap = $diff >= 30;

		# Calculate day in the month from number of day in the Hebrew year
		# Don't check Adar - if the day is not in Adar, we will stop before;
		# if it is in Adar, we will use it to check if it is Adar I or Adar II
		$hebrewDay = $hebrewDayOfYear;
		$hebrewMonth = 1;
		$days = 0;
		while ( $hebrewMonth <= 12 ) {
			# Calculate days in this month
			if ( $isLeap && $hebrewMonth == 6 ) {
				# Adar in a leap year
				if ( $isLeap ) {
					# Leap year - has Adar I, with 30 days, and Adar II, with 29 days
					$days = 30;
					if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
						# Day in Adar I
						$hebrewMonth = 13;
					} else {
						# Subtract the days of Adar I
						$hebrewDay -= $days;
						# Try Adar II
						$days = 29;
						if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
							# Day in Adar II
							$hebrewMonth = 14;
						}
					}
				}
			} elseif ( $hebrewMonth == 2 && $yearPattern == 2 ) {
				# Cheshvan in a complete year (otherwise as the rule below)
				$days = 30;
			} elseif ( $hebrewMonth == 3 && $yearPattern == 0 ) {
				# Kislev in an incomplete year (otherwise as the rule below)
				$days = 29;
			} else {
				# Odd months have 30 days, even have 29
				$days = 30 - ( $hebrewMonth - 1 ) % 2;
			}
			if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
				# In the current month
				break;
			} else {
				# Subtract the days of the current month
				$hebrewDay -= $days;
				# Try in the next month
				$hebrewMonth++;
			}
		}

		return [ $hebrewYear, $hebrewMonth, $hebrewDay, $days ];
	}

	/**
	 * This calculates the Hebrew year start, as days since 1 September.
	 * Based on Carl Friedrich Gauss algorithm for finding Easter date.
	 * Used for Hebrew date.
	 *
	 * @param int $year
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	private static function hebrewYearStart( $year ) {
		$a = intval( ( 12 * ( $year - 1 ) + 17 ) % 19 );
		$b = intval( ( $year - 1 ) % 4 );
		$m = 32.044093161144 + 1.5542417966212 * $a + $b / 4.0 - 0.0031777940220923 * ( $year - 1 );
		if ( $m < 0 ) {
			$m--;
		}
		$Mar = intval( $m );
		if ( $m < 0 ) {
			$m++;
		}
		$m -= $Mar;

		$c = intval( ( $Mar + 3 * ( $year - 1 ) + 5 * $b + 5 ) % 7 );
		if ( $c == 0 && $a > 11 && $m >= 0.89772376543210 ) {
			$Mar++;
		} elseif ( $c == 1 && $a > 6 && $m >= 0.63287037037037 ) {
			$Mar += 2;
		} elseif ( $c == 2 || $c == 4 || $c == 6 ) {
			$Mar++;
		}

		$Mar += intval( ( $year - 3761 ) / 100 ) - intval( ( $year - 3761 ) / 400 ) - 24;
		return $Mar;
	}

	/**
	 * Algorithm to convert Gregorian dates to Thai solar dates,
	 * Minguo dates or Minguo dates.
	 *
	 * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar
	 *       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minguo_calendar
	 *       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name
	 *
	 * @param string $ts 14-character timestamp
	 * @param string $cName Calender name
	 * @return array Converted year, month, day
	 */
	private static function tsToYear( $ts, $cName ) {
		$gy = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
		$gm = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
		$gd = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

		if ( !strcmp( $cName, 'thai' ) ) {
			# Thai solar dates
			# Add 543 years to the Gregorian calendar
			# Months and days are identical
			$gy_offset = $gy + 543;
		} elseif ( ( !strcmp( $cName, 'minguo' ) ) || !strcmp( $cName, 'juche' ) ) {
			# Minguo dates
			# Deduct 1911 years from the Gregorian calendar
			# Months and days are identical
			$gy_offset = $gy - 1911;
		} elseif ( !strcmp( $cName, 'tenno' ) ) {
			# Nengō dates up to Meiji period
			# Deduct years from the Gregorian calendar
			# depending on the nengo periods
			# Months and days are identical
			if ( ( $gy < 1912 )
				|| ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm < 7 ) )
				|| ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm == 7 ) && ( $gd < 31 ) )
			) {
				# Meiji period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1868 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '明治' . $gy_offset;
			} elseif (
				( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm == 7 ) && ( $gd == 31 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm >= 8 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy > 1912 ) && ( $gy < 1926 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm < 12 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm == 12 ) && ( $gd < 26 ) )
			) {
				# Taishō period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1912 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '大正' . $gy_offset;
			} elseif (
				( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm == 12 ) && ( $gd >= 26 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy > 1926 ) && ( $gy < 1989 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1989 ) && ( $gm == 1 ) && ( $gd < 8 ) )
			) {
				# Shōwa period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1926 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '昭和' . $gy_offset;
			} else {
				# Heisei period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1989 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '平成' . $gy_offset;
			}
		} else {
			$gy_offset = $gy;
		}

		return [ $gy_offset, $gm, $gd ];
	}

	/**
	 * Gets directionality of the first strongly directional codepoint, for embedBidi()
	 *
	 * This is the rule the BIDI algorithm uses to determine the directionality of
	 * paragraphs ( http://unicode.org/reports/tr9/#The_Paragraph_Level ) and
	 * FSI isolates ( http://unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Explicit_Directional_Isolates ).
	 *
	 * TODO: Does not handle BIDI control characters inside the text.
	 * TODO: Does not handle unallocated characters.
	 *
	 * @param string $text Text to test
	 * @return null|string Directionality ('ltr' or 'rtl') or null
	 */
	private static function strongDirFromContent( $text = '' ) {
		if ( !preg_match( self::$strongDirRegex, $text, $matches ) ) {
			return null;
		}
		if ( $matches[1] === '' ) {
			return 'rtl';
		}
		return 'ltr';
	}

	/**
	 * Roman number formatting up to 10000
	 *
	 * @param int $num
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function romanNumeral( $num ) {
		static $table = [
			[ '', 'I', 'II', 'III', 'IV', 'V', 'VI', 'VII', 'VIII', 'IX', 'X' ],
			[ '', 'X', 'XX', 'XXX', 'XL', 'L', 'LX', 'LXX', 'LXXX', 'XC', 'C' ],
			[ '', 'C', 'CC', 'CCC', 'CD', 'D', 'DC', 'DCC', 'DCCC', 'CM', 'M' ],
			[ '', 'M', 'MM', 'MMM', 'MMMM', 'MMMMM', 'MMMMMM', 'MMMMMMM',
				'MMMMMMMM', 'MMMMMMMMM', 'MMMMMMMMMM' ]
		];

		$num = intval( $num );
		if ( $num > 10000 || $num <= 0 ) {
			return $num;
		}

		$s = '';
		for ( $pow10 = 1000, $i = 3; $i >= 0; $pow10 /= 10, $i-- ) {
			if ( $num >= $pow10 ) {
				$s .= $table[$i][(int)floor( $num / $pow10 )];
			}
			$num = $num % $pow10;
		}
		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Hebrew Gematria number formatting up to 9999
	 *
	 * @param int $num
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function hebrewNumeral( $num ) {
		static $table = [
			[ '', 'א', 'ב', 'ג', 'ד', 'ה', 'ו', 'ז', 'ח', 'ט', 'י' ],
			[ '', 'י', 'כ', 'ל', 'מ', 'נ', 'ס', 'ע', 'פ', 'צ', 'ק' ],
			[ '',
				[ 'ק' ],
				[ 'ר' ],
				[ 'ש' ],
				[ 'ת' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ק' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ר' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ש' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ת' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ת', 'ק' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ת', 'ר' ],
			],
			[ '', 'א', 'ב', 'ג', 'ד', 'ה', 'ו', 'ז', 'ח', 'ט', 'י' ]
		];

		$num = intval( $num );
		if ( $num > 9999 || $num <= 0 ) {
			return $num;
		}

		// Round thousands have special notations
		if ( $num === 1000 ) {
			return "א' אלף";
		} elseif ( $num % 1000 === 0 ) {
			return $table[0][$num / 1000] . "' אלפים";
		}

		$letters = [];

		for ( $pow10 = 1000, $i = 3; $i >= 0; $pow10 /= 10, $i-- ) {
			if ( $num >= $pow10 ) {
				if ( $num === 15 || $num === 16 ) {
					$letters[] = $table[0][9];
					$letters[] = $table[0][$num - 9];
					$num = 0;
				} else {
					$letters = array_merge(
						$letters,
						(array)$table[$i][intval( $num / $pow10 )]
					);

					if ( $pow10 === 1000 ) {
						$letters[] = "'";
					}
				}
			}

			$num = $num % $pow10;
		}

		$preTransformLength = count( $letters );
		if ( $preTransformLength === 1 ) {
			// Add geresh (single quote) to one-letter numbers
			$letters[] = "'";
		} else {
			$lastIndex = $preTransformLength - 1;
			$letters[$lastIndex] = str_replace(
				[ 'כ', 'מ', 'נ', 'פ', 'צ' ],
				[ 'ך', 'ם', 'ן', 'ף', 'ץ' ],
				$letters[$lastIndex]
			);

			// Add gershayim (double quote) to multiple-letter numbers,
			// but exclude numbers with only one letter after the thousands
			// (1001-1009, 1020, 1030, 2001-2009, etc.)
			if ( $letters[1] === "'" && $preTransformLength === 3 ) {
				$letters[] = "'";
			} else {
				array_splice( $letters, -1, 0, '"' );
			}
		}

		return implode( $letters );
	}

	/**
	 * Used by date() and time() to adjust the time output.
	 *
	 * @param string $ts The time in date('YmdHis') format
	 * @param mixed $tz Adjust the time by this amount (default false, mean we
	 *   get user timecorrection setting)
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function userAdjust( $ts, $tz = false ) {
		global $wgUser, $wgLocalTZoffset;

		if ( $tz === false ) {
			$tz = $wgUser->getOption( 'timecorrection' );
		}

		$data = explode( '|', $tz, 3 );

		if ( $data[0] == 'ZoneInfo' ) {
			MediaWiki\suppressWarnings();
			$userTZ = timezone_open( $data[2] );
			MediaWiki\restoreWarnings();
			if ( $userTZ !== false ) {
				$date = date_create( $ts, timezone_open( 'UTC' ) );
				date_timezone_set( $date, $userTZ );
				$date = date_format( $date, 'YmdHis' );
				return $date;
			}
			# Unrecognized timezone, default to 'Offset' with the stored offset.
			$data[0] = 'Offset';
		}

		if ( $data[0] == 'System' || $tz == '' ) {
			# Global offset in minutes.
			$minDiff = $wgLocalTZoffset;
		} elseif ( $data[0] == 'Offset' ) {
			$minDiff = intval( $data[1] );
		} else {
			$data = explode( ':', $tz );
			if ( count( $data ) == 2 ) {
				$data[0] = intval( $data[0] );
				$data[1] = intval( $data[1] );
				$minDiff = abs( $data[0] ) * 60 + $data[1];
				if ( $data[0] < 0 ) {
					$minDiff = -$minDiff;
				}
			} else {
				$minDiff = intval( $data[0] ) * 60;
			}
		}

		# No difference ? Return time unchanged
		if ( 0 == $minDiff ) {
			return $ts;
		}

		MediaWiki\suppressWarnings(); // E_STRICT system time bitching
		# Generate an adjusted date; take advantage of the fact that mktime
		# will normalize out-of-range values so we don't have to split $minDiff
		# into hours and minutes.
		$t = mktime( (
			(int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ), # Hours
			(int)substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) + $minDiff, # Minutes
			(int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 ), # Seconds
			(int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 ), # Month
			(int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 ), # Day
			(int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) ); # Year

		$date = date( 'YmdHis', $t );
		MediaWiki\restoreWarnings();

		return $date;
	}

	/**
	 * This is meant to be used by time(), date(), and timeanddate() to get
	 * the date preference they're supposed to use, it should be used in
	 * all children.
	 *
	 *<code>
	 * function timeanddate([...], $format = true) {
	 * 	$datePreference = $this->dateFormat($format);
	 * [...]
	 * }
	 *</code>
	 *
	 * @param int|string|bool $usePrefs If true, the user's preference is used
	 *   if false, the site/language default is used
	 *   if int/string, assumed to be a format.
	 * @return string
	 */
	function dateFormat( $usePrefs = true ) {
		global $wgUser;

		if ( is_bool( $usePrefs ) ) {
			if ( $usePrefs ) {
				$datePreference = $wgUser->getDatePreference();
			} else {
				$datePreference = (string)User::getDefaultOption( 'date' );
			}
		} else {
			$datePreference = (string)$usePrefs;
		}

		// return int
		if ( $datePreference == '' ) {
			return 'default';
		}

		return $datePreference;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a format string for a given type and preference
	 * @param string $type May be 'date', 'time', 'both', or 'pretty'.
	 * @param string $pref The format name as it appears in Messages*.php under
	 *  $datePreferences.
	 *
	 * @since 1.22 New type 'pretty' that provides a more readable timestamp format
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getDateFormatString( $type, $pref ) {
		$wasDefault = false;
		if ( $pref == 'default' ) {
			$wasDefault = true;
			$pref = $this->getDefaultDateFormat();
		}

		if ( !isset( $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref] ) ) {
			$df = self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats', "$pref $type" );

			if ( $type === 'pretty' && $df === null ) {
				$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $pref );

It seems like $pref defined by $this->getDefaultDateFormat() on line 2187 can also be of type array; however, Language::getDateFormatString() does only seem to accept string, maybe add an additional type check?

			}

			if ( !$wasDefault && $df === null ) {
				$pref = $this->getDefaultDateFormat();
				$df = self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats', "$pref $type" );
			}

			$this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref] = $df;
		}
		return $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref];
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param bool $adj Whether to adjust the time output according to the
	 *   user configured offset ($timecorrection)
	 * @param mixed $format True to use user's date format preference
	 * @param string|bool $timecorrection The time offset as returned by
	 *   validateTimeZone() in Special:Preferences
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function date( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		if ( $adj ) {
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );

It seems like $ts defined by $this->userAdjust($ts, $timecorrection) on line 2220 can also be of type false; however, Language::userAdjust() does only seem to accept string, did you maybe forget to handle an error condition?

		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param bool $adj Whether to adjust the time output according to the
	 *   user configured offset ($timecorrection)
	 * @param mixed $format True to use user's date format preference
	 * @param string|bool $timecorrection The time offset as returned by
	 *   validateTimeZone() in Special:Preferences
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function time( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		if ( $adj ) {
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );

It seems like $ts defined by $this->userAdjust($ts, $timecorrection) on line 2239 can also be of type false; however, Language::userAdjust() does only seem to accept string, did you maybe forget to handle an error condition?

		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param bool $adj Whether to adjust the time output according to the
	 *   user configured offset ($timecorrection)
	 * @param mixed $format What format to return, if it's false output the
	 *   default one (default true)
	 * @param string|bool $timecorrection The time offset as returned by
	 *   validateTimeZone() in Special:Preferences
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function timeanddate( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		if ( $adj ) {
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );

It seems like $ts defined by $this->userAdjust($ts, $timecorrection) on line 2259 can also be of type false; however, Language::userAdjust() does only seem to accept string, did you maybe forget to handle an error condition?

		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'both', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * Takes a number of seconds and turns it into a text using values such as hours and minutes.
	 *
	 * @since 1.20
	 *
	 * @param int $seconds The amount of seconds.
	 * @param array $chosenIntervals The intervals to enable.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatDuration( $seconds, array $chosenIntervals = [] ) {
		$intervals = $this->getDurationIntervals( $seconds, $chosenIntervals );

		$segments = [];

		foreach ( $intervals as $intervalName => $intervalValue ) {
			// Messages: duration-seconds, duration-minutes, duration-hours, duration-days, duration-weeks,
			// duration-years, duration-decades, duration-centuries, duration-millennia
			$message = wfMessage( 'duration-' . $intervalName )->numParams( $intervalValue );
			$segments[] = $message->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
		}

		return $this->listToText( $segments );
	}

	/**
	 * Takes a number of seconds and returns an array with a set of corresponding intervals.
	 * For example 65 will be turned into array( minutes => 1, seconds => 5 ).
	 *
	 * @since 1.20
	 *
	 * @param int $seconds The amount of seconds.
	 * @param array $chosenIntervals The intervals to enable.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getDurationIntervals( $seconds, array $chosenIntervals = [] ) {
		if ( empty( $chosenIntervals ) ) {
			$chosenIntervals = [
				'millennia',
				'centuries',
				'decades',
				'years',
				'days',
				'hours',
				'minutes',
				'seconds'
			];
		}

		$intervals = array_intersect_key( self::$durationIntervals, array_flip( $chosenIntervals ) );
		$sortedNames = array_keys( $intervals );
		$smallestInterval = array_pop( $sortedNames );

		$segments = [];

		foreach ( $intervals as $name => $length ) {
			$value = floor( $seconds / $length );

			if ( $value > 0 || ( $name == $smallestInterval && empty( $segments ) ) ) {
				$seconds -= $value * $length;
				$segments[$name] = $value;
			}
		}

		return $segments;
	}

	/**
	 * Internal helper function for userDate(), userTime() and userTimeAndDate()
	 *
	 * @param string $type Can be 'date', 'time' or 'both'
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param User $user User object used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function internalUserTimeAndDate( $type, $ts, User $user, array $options ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		$options += [ 'timecorrection' => true, 'format' => true ];
		if ( $options['timecorrection'] !== false ) {
			if ( $options['timecorrection'] === true ) {
				$offset = $user->getOption( 'timecorrection' );
			} else {
				$offset = $options['timecorrection'];
			}
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $offset );

It seems like $ts defined by $this->userAdjust($ts, $offset) on line 2361 can also be of type false; however, Language::userAdjust() does only seem to accept string, did you maybe forget to handle an error condition?

		}
		if ( $options['format'] === true ) {
			$format = $user->getDatePreference();
		} else {
			$format = $options['format'];
		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( $type, $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the formatted date for the given timestamp and formatted for
	 * the given user.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $ts Mixed: the time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param User $user User object used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userDate( $ts, User $user, array $options = [] ) {
		return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'date', $ts, $user, $options );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the formatted time for the given timestamp and formatted for
	 * the given user.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param User $user User object used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userTime( $ts, User $user, array $options = [] ) {
		return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'time', $ts, $user, $options );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the formatted date and time for the given timestamp and formatted for
	 * the given user.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param User $user User object used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userTimeAndDate( $ts, User $user, array $options = [] ) {
		return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'both', $ts, $user, $options );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the timestamp in a human-friendly relative format, e.g., "3 days ago".
	 *
	 * Determine the difference between the timestamp and the current time, and
	 * generate a readable timestamp by returning "<N> <units> ago", where the
	 * largest possible unit is used.
	 *
	 * @since 1.26 (Prior to 1.26 method existed but was not meant to be used directly)
	 *
	 * @param MWTimestamp $time
	 * @param MWTimestamp|null $relativeTo The base timestamp to compare to (defaults to now)
	 * @param User|null $user User the timestamp is being generated for
	 *  (or null to use main context's user)
	 * @return string Formatted timestamp
	 */
	public function getHumanTimestamp(
		MWTimestamp $time, MWTimestamp $relativeTo = null, User $user = null
	) {
		if ( $relativeTo === null ) {
			$relativeTo = new MWTimestamp();
		}
		if ( $user === null ) {
			$user = RequestContext::getMain()->getUser();
		}

		// Adjust for the user's timezone.
		$offsetThis = $time->offsetForUser( $user );
		$offsetRel = $relativeTo->offsetForUser( $user );

		$ts = '';
		if ( Hooks::run( 'GetHumanTimestamp', [ &$ts, $time, $relativeTo, $user, $this ] ) ) {
			$ts = $this->getHumanTimestampInternal( $time, $relativeTo, $user );
		}

		// Reset the timezone on the objects.
		$time->timestamp->sub( $offsetThis );
		$relativeTo->timestamp->sub( $offsetRel );

		return $ts;
	}

	/**
	 * Convert an MWTimestamp into a pretty human-readable timestamp using
	 * the given user preferences and relative base time.
	 *
	 * @see Language::getHumanTimestamp
	 * @param MWTimestamp $ts Timestamp to prettify
	 * @param MWTimestamp $relativeTo Base timestamp
	 * @param User $user User preferences to use
	 * @return string Human timestamp
	 * @since 1.26
	 */
	private function getHumanTimestampInternal(
		MWTimestamp $ts, MWTimestamp $relativeTo, User $user
	) {
		$diff = $ts->diff( $relativeTo );
		$diffDay = (bool)( (int)$ts->timestamp->format( 'w' ) -
			(int)$relativeTo->timestamp->format( 'w' ) );
		$days = $diff->days ?: (int)$diffDay;
		if ( $diff->invert || $days > 5
			&& $ts->timestamp->format( 'Y' ) !== $relativeTo->timestamp->format( 'Y' )
		) {
			// Timestamps are in different years: use full timestamp
			// Also do full timestamp for future dates
			/**
			 * @todo FIXME: Add better handling of future timestamps.
			 */
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'both', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
		} elseif ( $days > 5 ) {
			// Timestamps are in same year,  but more than 5 days ago: show day and month only.
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'pretty', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
		} elseif ( $days > 1 ) {
			// Timestamp within the past week: show the day of the week and time
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$weekday = self::$mWeekdayMsgs[$ts->timestamp->format( 'w' )];
			// Messages:
			// sunday-at, monday-at, tuesday-at, wednesday-at, thursday-at, friday-at, saturday-at
			$ts = wfMessage( "$weekday-at" )
				->inLanguage( $this )
				->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
				->text();
		} elseif ( $days == 1 ) {
			// Timestamp was yesterday: say 'yesterday' and the time.
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = wfMessage( 'yesterday-at' )
				->inLanguage( $this )
				->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
				->text();
		} elseif ( $diff->h > 1 || $diff->h == 1 && $diff->i > 30 ) {
			// Timestamp was today, but more than 90 minutes ago: say 'today' and the time.
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = wfMessage( 'today-at' )
				->inLanguage( $this )
				->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
				->text();

		// From here on in, the timestamp was soon enough ago so that we can simply say
		// XX units ago, e.g., "2 hours ago" or "5 minutes ago"
		} elseif ( $diff->h == 1 ) {
			// Less than 90 minutes, but more than an hour ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'hours-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( 1 )->text();
		} elseif ( $diff->i >= 1 ) {
			// A few minutes ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'minutes-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( $diff->i )->text();
		} elseif ( $diff->s >= 30 ) {
			// Less than a minute, but more than 30 sec ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'seconds-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( $diff->s )->text();
		} else {
			// Less than 30 seconds ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'just-now' )->text();
		}

		return $ts;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return array|null
	 */
	public function getMessage( $key ) {
		return self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'messages', $key );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	function getAllMessages() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'messages' );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $in
	 * @param string $out
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function iconv( $in, $out, $string ) {
		# This is a wrapper for iconv in all languages except esperanto,
		# which does some nasty x-conversions beforehand

		# Even with //IGNORE iconv can whine about illegal characters in
		# *input* string. We just ignore those too.
		# REF: http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=37166
		# REF: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T18885
		MediaWiki\suppressWarnings();
		$text = iconv( $in, $out . '//IGNORE', $string );
		MediaWiki\restoreWarnings();
		return $text;
	}

	// callback functions for ucwords(), ucwordbreaks()

	/**
	 * @param array $matches
	 * @return mixed|string
	 */
	function ucwordbreaksCallbackAscii( $matches ) {
		return $this->ucfirst( $matches[1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param array $matches
	 * @return string
	 */
	function ucwordbreaksCallbackMB( $matches ) {
		return mb_strtoupper( $matches[0] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param array $matches
	 * @return string
	 */
	function ucwordsCallbackMB( $matches ) {
		return mb_strtoupper( $matches[0] );
	}

	/**
	 * Make a string's first character uppercase
	 *
	 * @param string $str
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function ucfirst( $str ) {
		$o = ord( $str );
		if ( $o < 96 ) { // if already uppercase...
			return $str;
		} elseif ( $o < 128 ) {
			return ucfirst( $str ); // use PHP's ucfirst()
		} else {
			// fall back to more complex logic in case of multibyte strings
			return $this->uc( $str, true );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Convert a string to uppercase
	 *
	 * @param string $str
	 * @param bool $first
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function uc( $str, $first = false ) {
		if ( $first ) {
			if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
				return mb_strtoupper( mb_substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . mb_substr( $str, 1 );
			} else {
				return ucfirst( $str );
			}
		} else {
			return $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ? mb_strtoupper( $str ) : strtoupper( $str );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return mixed|string
	 */
	function lcfirst( $str ) {
		$o = ord( $str );
		if ( !$o ) {
			return strval( $str );
		} elseif ( $o >= 128 ) {
			return $this->lc( $str, true );
		} elseif ( $o > 96 ) {
			return $str;
		} else {
			$str[0] = strtolower( $str[0] );
			return $str;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @param bool $first
	 * @return mixed|string
	 */
	function lc( $str, $first = false ) {
		if ( $first ) {
			if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
				return mb_strtolower( mb_substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . mb_substr( $str, 1 );
			} else {
				return strtolower( substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . substr( $str, 1 );
			}
		} else {
			return $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ? mb_strtolower( $str ) : strtolower( $str );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return bool
	 */
	function isMultibyte( $str ) {
		return strlen( $str ) !== mb_strlen( $str );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return mixed|string
	 */
	function ucwords( $str ) {
		if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
			$str = $this->lc( $str );

			// regexp to find first letter in each word (i.e. after each space)
			$replaceRegexp = "/^([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)| ([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)/";

			// function to use to capitalize a single char
			return preg_replace_callback(
				$replaceRegexp,
				[ $this, 'ucwordsCallbackMB' ],
				$str
			);
		} else {
			return ucwords( strtolower( $str ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * capitalize words at word breaks
	 *
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	function ucwordbreaks( $str ) {
		if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
			$str = $this->lc( $str );

			// since \b doesn't work for UTF-8, we explicitely define word break chars
			$breaks = "[ \-\(\)\}\{\.,\?!]";

			// find first letter after word break
			$replaceRegexp = "/^([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)|" .
				"$breaks([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)/";

			return preg_replace_callback(
				$replaceRegexp,
				[ $this, 'ucwordbreaksCallbackMB' ],
				$str
			);
		} else {
			return preg_replace_callback(
				'/\b([\w\x80-\xff]+)\b/',
				[ $this, 'ucwordbreaksCallbackAscii' ],
				$str
			);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return a case-folded representation of $s
	 *
	 * This is a representation such that caseFold($s1)==caseFold($s2) if $s1
	 * and $s2 are the same except for the case of their characters. It is not
	 * necessary for the value returned to make sense when displayed.
	 *
	 * Do *not* perform any other normalisation in this function. If a caller
	 * uses this function when it should be using a more general normalisation
	 * function, then fix the caller.
	 *
	 * @param string $s
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function caseFold( $s ) {
		return $this->uc( $s );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 * @throws MWException
	 */
	function checkTitleEncoding( $s ) {
		if ( is_array( $s ) ) {
			throw new MWException( 'Given array to checkTitleEncoding.' );
		}
		if ( StringUtils::isUtf8( $s ) ) {
			return $s;
		}

		return $this->iconv( $this->fallback8bitEncoding(), 'utf-8', $s );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	function fallback8bitEncoding() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'fallback8bitEncoding' );
	}

	/**
	 * Most writing systems use whitespace to break up words.
	 * Some languages such as Chinese don't conventionally do this,
	 * which requires special handling when breaking up words for
	 * searching etc.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	function hasWordBreaks() {
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Some languages such as Chinese require word segmentation,
	 * Specify such segmentation when overridden in derived class.
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	function segmentByWord( $string ) {
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Some languages have special punctuation need to be normalized.
	 * Make such changes here.
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	function normalizeForSearch( $string ) {
		return self::convertDoubleWidth( $string );
	}

	/**
	 * convert double-width roman characters to single-width.
	 * range: ff00-ff5f ~= 0020-007f
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected static function convertDoubleWidth( $string ) {
		static $full = null;
		static $half = null;

		if ( $full === null ) {
			$fullWidth = "０１２３４５６７８９ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺａｂｃｄｅｆｇｈｉｊｋｌｍｎｏｐｑｒｓｔｕｖｗｘｙｚ";
			$halfWidth = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
			$full = str_split( $fullWidth, 3 );
			$half = str_split( $halfWidth );
		}

		$string = str_replace( $full, $half, $string );
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $string
	 * @param string $pattern
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected static function insertSpace( $string, $pattern ) {
		$string = preg_replace( $pattern, " $1 ", $string );
		$string = preg_replace( '/ +/', ' ', $string );
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * @param array $termsArray
	 * @return array
	 */
	function convertForSearchResult( $termsArray ) {
		# some languages, e.g. Chinese, need to do a conversion
		# in order for search results to be displayed correctly
		return $termsArray;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the first character of a string.
	 *
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 */
	function firstChar( $s ) {
		$matches = [];
		preg_match(
			'/^([\x00-\x7f]|[\xc0-\xdf][\x80-\xbf]|' .
				'[\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]{2}|[\xf0-\xf7][\x80-\xbf]{3})/',
			$s,
			$matches
		);

		if ( isset( $matches[1] ) ) {
			if ( strlen( $matches[1] ) != 3 ) {
				return $matches[1];
			}

			// Break down Hangul syllables to grab the first jamo
			$code = UtfNormal\Utils::utf8ToCodepoint( $matches[1] );
			if ( $code < 0xac00 || 0xd7a4 <= $code ) {
				return $matches[1];
			} elseif ( $code < 0xb098 ) {
				return "\xe3\x84\xb1";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xb2e4 ) {
				return "\xe3\x84\xb4";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xb77c ) {
				return "\xe3\x84\xb7";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xb9c8 ) {
				return "\xe3\x84\xb9";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xbc14 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x81";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xc0ac ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x82";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xc544 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x85";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xc790 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x87";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xcc28 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x88";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xce74 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x8a";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xd0c0 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x8b";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xd30c ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x8c";
			} elseif ( $code < 0xd558 ) {
				return "\xe3\x85\x8d";
			} else {
				return "\xe3\x85\x8e";
			}
		} else {
			return '';
		}
	}

	function initEncoding() {
		# Some languages may have an alternate char encoding option
		# (Esperanto X-coding, Japanese furigana conversion, etc)
		# If this language is used as the primary content language,
		# an override to the defaults can be set here on startup.
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 */
	function recodeForEdit( $s ) {
		# For some languages we'll want to explicitly specify
		# which characters make it into the edit box raw
		# or are converted in some way or another.
		global $wgEditEncoding;
		if ( $wgEditEncoding == '' || $wgEditEncoding == 'UTF-8' ) {
			return $s;
		} else {
			return $this->iconv( 'UTF-8', $wgEditEncoding, $s );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 */
	function recodeInput( $s ) {
		# Take the previous into account.
		global $wgEditEncoding;
		if ( $wgEditEncoding != '' ) {
			$enc = $wgEditEncoding;
		} else {
			$enc = 'UTF-8';
		}
		if ( $enc == 'UTF-8' ) {
			return $s;
		} else {
			return $this->iconv( $enc, 'UTF-8', $s );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Convert a UTF-8 string to normal form C. In Malayalam and Arabic, this
	 * also cleans up certain backwards-compatible sequences, converting them
	 * to the modern Unicode equivalent.
	 *
	 * This is language-specific for performance reasons only.
	 *
	 * @param string $s
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function normalize( $s ) {
		global $wgAllUnicodeFixes;
		$s = UtfNormal\Validator::cleanUp( $s );
		if ( $wgAllUnicodeFixes ) {
			$s = $this->transformUsingPairFile( 'normalize-ar.ser', $s );
			$s = $this->transformUsingPairFile( 'normalize-ml.ser', $s );
		}

		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Transform a string using serialized data stored in the given file (which
	 * must be in the serialized subdirectory of $IP). The file contains pairs
	 * mapping source characters to destination characters.
	 *
	 * The data is cached in process memory. This will go faster if you have the
	 * FastStringSearch extension.
	 *
	 * @param string $file
	 * @param string $string
	 *
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @return string
	 */
	function transformUsingPairFile( $file, $string ) {
		if ( !isset( $this->transformData[$file] ) ) {
			$data = wfGetPrecompiledData( $file );
			if ( $data === false ) {
				throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The transformation file $file is missing" );
			}
			$this->transformData[$file] = new ReplacementArray( $data );
		}
		return $this->transformData[$file]->replace( $string );
	}

	/**
	 * For right-to-left language support
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	function isRTL() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'rtl' );
	}

	/**
	 * Return the correct HTML 'dir' attribute value for this language.
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getDir() {
		return $this->isRTL() ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
	}

	/**
	 * Return 'left' or 'right' as appropriate alignment for line-start
	 * for this language's text direction.
	 *
	 * Should be equivalent to CSS3 'start' text-align value....
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function alignStart() {
		return $this->isRTL() ? 'right' : 'left';
	}

	/**
	 * Return 'right' or 'left' as appropriate alignment for line-end
	 * for this language's text direction.
	 *
	 * Should be equivalent to CSS3 'end' text-align value....
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function alignEnd() {
		return $this->isRTL() ? 'left' : 'right';
	}

	/**
	 * A hidden direction mark (LRM or RLM), depending on the language direction.
	 * Unlike getDirMark(), this function returns the character as an HTML entity.
	 * This function should be used when the output is guaranteed to be HTML,
	 * because it makes the output HTML source code more readable. When
	 * the output is plain text or can be escaped, getDirMark() should be used.
	 *
	 * @param bool $opposite Get the direction mark opposite to your language
	 * @return string
	 * @since 1.20
	 */
	function getDirMarkEntity( $opposite = false ) {
		if ( $opposite ) {
			return $this->isRTL() ? '&lrm;' : '&rlm;';
		}
		return $this->isRTL() ? '&rlm;' : '&lrm;';
	}

	/**
	 * A hidden direction mark (LRM or RLM), depending on the language direction.
	 * This function produces them as invisible Unicode characters and
	 * the output may be hard to read and debug, so it should only be used
	 * when the output is plain text or can be escaped. When the output is
	 * HTML, use getDirMarkEntity() instead.
	 *
	 * @param bool $opposite Get the direction mark opposite to your language
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getDirMark( $opposite = false ) {
		$lrm = "\xE2\x80\x8E"; # LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK, commonly abbreviated LRM
		$rlm = "\xE2\x80\x8F"; # RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK, commonly abbreviated RLM
		if ( $opposite ) {
			return $this->isRTL() ? $lrm : $rlm;
		}
		return $this->isRTL() ? $rlm : $lrm;
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	function capitalizeAllNouns() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'capitalizeAllNouns' );
	}

	/**
	 * An arrow, depending on the language direction.
	 *
	 * @param string $direction The direction of the arrow: forwards (default),
	 *   backwards, left, right, up, down.
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getArrow( $direction = 'forwards' ) {
		switch ( $direction ) {
		case 'forwards':
			return $this->isRTL() ? '←' : '→';
		case 'backwards':
			return $this->isRTL() ? '→' : '←';
		case 'left':
			return '←';
		case 'right':
			return '→';
		case 'up':
			return '↑';
		case 'down':
			return '↓';
		}
	}

	/**
	 * To allow "foo[[bar]]" to extend the link over the whole word "foobar"
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	function linkPrefixExtension() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkPrefixExtension' );
	}

	/**
	 * Get all magic words from cache.
	 * @return array
	 */
	function getMagicWords() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'magicWords' );
	}

	/**
	 * Run the LanguageGetMagic hook once.
	 */
	protected function doMagicHook() {
		if ( $this->mMagicHookDone ) {
			return;
		}
		$this->mMagicHookDone = true;
		Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetMagic', [ &$this->mMagicExtensions, $this->getCode() ] );
	}

	/**
	 * Fill a MagicWord object with data from here
	 *
	 * @param MagicWord $mw
	 */
	function getMagic( $mw ) {
		// Saves a function call
		if ( !$this->mMagicHookDone ) {
			$this->doMagicHook();
		}

		if ( isset( $this->mMagicExtensions[$mw->mId] ) ) {
			$rawEntry = $this->mMagicExtensions[$mw->mId];
		} else {
			$rawEntry = self::$dataCache->getSubitem(
				$this->mCode, 'magicWords', $mw->mId );
		}

		if ( !is_array( $rawEntry ) ) {
			wfWarn( "\"$rawEntry\" is not a valid magic word for \"$mw->mId\"" );
		} else {
			$mw->mCaseSensitive = $rawEntry[0];
			$mw->mSynonyms = array_slice( $rawEntry, 1 );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add magic words to the extension array
	 *
	 * @param array $newWords
	 */
	function addMagicWordsByLang( $newWords ) {
		$fallbackChain = $this->getFallbackLanguages();
		$fallbackChain = array_reverse( $fallbackChain );
		foreach ( $fallbackChain as $code ) {
			if ( isset( $newWords[$code] ) ) {
				$this->mMagicExtensions = $newWords[$code] + $this->mMagicExtensions;
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get special page names, as an associative array
	 *   canonical name => array of valid names, including aliases
	 * @return array
	 */
	function getSpecialPageAliases() {
		// Cache aliases because it may be slow to load them
		if ( is_null( $this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases ) ) {
			// Initialise array
			$this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases =
				self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'specialPageAliases' );
			Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetSpecialPageAliases',
				[ &$this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases, $this->getCode() ] );
		}

		return $this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases;
	}

	/**
	 * Italic is unsuitable for some languages
	 *
	 * @param string $text The text to be emphasized.
	 * @return string
	 */
	function emphasize( $text ) {
		return "<em>$text</em>";
	}

	/**
	 * Normally we output all numbers in plain en_US style, that is
	 * 293,291.235 for twohundredninetythreethousand-twohundredninetyone
	 * point twohundredthirtyfive. However this is not suitable for all
	 * languages, some such as Bengali (bn) want ২,৯৩,২৯১.২৩৫ and others such as
	 * Icelandic just want to use commas instead of dots, and dots instead
	 * of commas like "293.291,235".
	 *
	 * An example of this function being called:
	 * <code>
	 * wfMessage( 'message' )->numParams( $num )->text()
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * See $separatorTransformTable on MessageIs.php for
	 * the , => . and . => , implementation.
	 *
	 * @todo check if it's viable to use localeconv() for the decimal separator thing.
	 * @param int|float $number The string to be formatted, should be an integer
	 *   or a floating point number.
	 * @param bool $nocommafy Set to true for special numbers like dates
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatNum( $number, $nocommafy = false ) {
		global $wgTranslateNumerals;
		if ( !$nocommafy ) {
			$number = $this->commafy( $number );
			$s = $this->separatorTransformTable();
			if ( $s ) {
				$number = strtr( $number, $s );
			}
		}

		if ( $wgTranslateNumerals ) {
			$s = $this->digitTransformTable();
			if ( $s ) {
				$number = strtr( $number, $s );
			}
		}

		return $number;
	}

	/**
	 * Front-end for non-commafied formatNum
	 *
	 * @param int|float $number The string to be formatted, should be an integer
	 *        or a floating point number.
	 * @since 1.21
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatNumNoSeparators( $number ) {
		return $this->formatNum( $number, true );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $number
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function parseFormattedNumber( $number ) {
		$s = $this->digitTransformTable();
		if ( $s ) {
			// eliminate empty array values such as ''. (bug 64347)
			$s = array_filter( $s );
			$number = strtr( $number, array_flip( $s ) );
		}

		$s = $this->separatorTransformTable();
		if ( $s ) {
			// eliminate empty array values such as ''. (bug 64347)
			$s = array_filter( $s );
			$number = strtr( $number, array_flip( $s ) );
		}

		$number = strtr( $number, [ ',' => '' ] );
		return $number;
	}

	/**
	 * Adds commas to a given number
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @param mixed $number
	 * @return string
	 */
	function commafy( $number ) {
		$digitGroupingPattern = $this->digitGroupingPattern();
		if ( $number === null ) {
			return '';
		}

		if ( !$digitGroupingPattern || $digitGroupingPattern === "###,###,###" ) {
			// default grouping is at thousands,  use the same for ###,###,### pattern too.
			return strrev( (string)preg_replace( '/(\d{3})(?=\d)(?!\d*\.)/', '$1,', strrev( $number ) ) );
		} else {
			// Ref: http://cldr.unicode.org/translation/number-patterns
			$sign = "";
			if ( intval( $number ) < 0 ) {
				// For negative numbers apply the algorithm like positive number and add sign.
				$sign = "-";
				$number = substr( $number, 1 );
			}
			$integerPart = [];
			$decimalPart = [];
			$numMatches = preg_match_all( "/(#+)/", $digitGroupingPattern, $matches );
			preg_match( "/\d+/", $number, $integerPart );
			preg_match( "/\.\d*/", $number, $decimalPart );
			$groupedNumber = ( count( $decimalPart ) > 0 ) ? $decimalPart[0] : "";
			if ( $groupedNumber === $number ) {
				// the string does not have any number part. Eg: .12345
				return $sign . $groupedNumber;
			}
			$start = $end = ( $integerPart ) ? strlen( $integerPart[0] ) : 0;
			while ( $start > 0 ) {
				$match = $matches[0][$numMatches - 1];
				$matchLen = strlen( $match );
				$start = $end - $matchLen;
				if ( $start < 0 ) {
					$start = 0;
				}
				$groupedNumber = substr( $number, $start, $end -$start ) . $groupedNumber;
				$end = $start;
				if ( $numMatches > 1 ) {
					// use the last pattern for the rest of the number
					$numMatches--;
				}
				if ( $start > 0 ) {
					$groupedNumber = "," . $groupedNumber;
				}
			}
			return $sign . $groupedNumber;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	function digitGroupingPattern() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'digitGroupingPattern' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	function digitTransformTable() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'digitTransformTable' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	function separatorTransformTable() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'separatorTransformTable' );
	}

	/**
	 * Take a list of strings and build a locale-friendly comma-separated
	 * list, using the local comma-separator message.
	 * The last two strings are chained with an "and".
	 * NOTE: This function will only work with standard numeric array keys (0, 1, 2…)
	 *
	 * @param string[] $l
	 * @return string
	 */
	function listToText( array $l ) {
		$m = count( $l ) - 1;
		if ( $m < 0 ) {
			return '';
		}
		if ( $m > 0 ) {
			$and = $this->msg( 'and' )->escaped();
			$space = $this->msg( 'word-separator' )->escaped();
			if ( $m > 1 ) {
				$comma = $this->msg( 'comma-separator' )->escaped();
			}
		}
		$s = $l[$m];
		for ( $i = $m - 1; $i >= 0; $i-- ) {
			if ( $i == $m - 1 ) {
				$s = $l[$i] . $and . $space . $s;

The variable $and does not seem to be defined for all execution paths leading up to this point.

The variable $space does not seem to be defined for all execution paths leading up to this point.

			} else {
				$s = $l[$i] . $comma . $s;

The variable $comma does not seem to be defined for all execution paths leading up to this point.

			}
		}
		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Take a list of strings and build a locale-friendly comma-separated
	 * list, using the local comma-separator message.
	 * @param string[] $list Array of strings to put in a comma list
	 * @return string
	 */
	function commaList( array $list ) {
		return implode(
			wfMessage( 'comma-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
			$list
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Take a list of strings and build a locale-friendly semicolon-separated
	 * list, using the local semicolon-separator message.
	 * @param string[] $list Array of strings to put in a semicolon list
	 * @return string
	 */
	function semicolonList( array $list ) {
		return implode(
			wfMessage( 'semicolon-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
			$list
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Same as commaList, but separate it with the pipe instead.
	 * @param string[] $list Array of strings to put in a pipe list
	 * @return string
	 */
	function pipeList( array $list ) {
		return implode(
			wfMessage( 'pipe-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
			$list
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Truncate a string to a specified length in bytes, appending an optional
	 * string (e.g. for ellipses)
	 *
	 * The database offers limited byte lengths for some columns in the database;
	 * multi-byte character sets mean we need to ensure that only whole characters
	 * are included, otherwise broken characters can be passed to the user
	 *
	 * If $length is negative, the string will be truncated from the beginning
	 *
	 * @param string $string String to truncate
	 * @param int $length Maximum length (including ellipses)
	 * @param string $ellipsis String to append to the truncated text
	 * @param bool $adjustLength Subtract length of ellipsis from $length.
	 *	$adjustLength was introduced in 1.18, before that behaved as if false.
	 * @return string
	 */
	function truncate( $string, $length, $ellipsis = '...', $adjustLength = true ) {
		# Use the localized ellipsis character
		if ( $ellipsis == '...' ) {
			$ellipsis = wfMessage( 'ellipsis' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
		}
		# Check if there is no need to truncate
		if ( $length == 0 ) {
			return $ellipsis; // convention
		} elseif ( strlen( $string ) <= abs( $length ) ) {
			return $string; // no need to truncate
		}
		$stringOriginal = $string;
		# If ellipsis length is >= $length then we can't apply $adjustLength
		if ( $adjustLength && strlen( $ellipsis ) >= abs( $length ) ) {
			$string = $ellipsis; // this can be slightly unexpected
		# Otherwise, truncate and add ellipsis...
		} else {
			$eLength = $adjustLength ? strlen( $ellipsis ) : 0;
			if ( $length > 0 ) {
				$length -= $eLength;
				$string = substr( $string, 0, $length ); // xyz...
				$string = $this->removeBadCharLast( $string );
				$string = rtrim( $string );
				$string = $string . $ellipsis;
			} else {
				$length += $eLength;
				$string = substr( $string, $length ); // ...xyz
				$string = $this->removeBadCharFirst( $string );
				$string = ltrim( $string );
				$string = $ellipsis . $string;
			}
		}
		# Do not truncate if the ellipsis makes the string longer/equal (bug 22181).
		# This check is *not* redundant if $adjustLength, due to the single case where
		# LEN($ellipsis) > ABS($limit arg); $stringOriginal could be shorter than $string.
		if ( strlen( $string ) < strlen( $stringOriginal ) ) {
			return $string;
		} else {
			return $stringOriginal;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Remove bytes that represent an incomplete Unicode character
	 * at the end of string (e.g. bytes of the char are missing)
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function removeBadCharLast( $string ) {
		if ( $string != '' ) {
			$char = ord( $string[strlen( $string ) - 1] );
			$m = [];
			if ( $char >= 0xc0 ) {
				# We got the first byte only of a multibyte char; remove it.
				$string = substr( $string, 0, -1 );
			} elseif ( $char >= 0x80 &&
				// Use the /s modifier (PCRE_DOTALL) so (.*) also matches newlines
				preg_match( '/^(.*)(?:[\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]|' .
					'[\xf0-\xf7][\x80-\xbf]{1,2})$/s', $string, $m )
			) {
				# We chopped in the middle of a character; remove it
				$string = $m[1];
			}
		}
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Remove bytes that represent an incomplete Unicode character
	 * at the start of string (e.g. bytes of the char are missing)
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function removeBadCharFirst( $string ) {
		if ( $string != '' ) {
			$char = ord( $string[0] );
			if ( $char >= 0x80 && $char < 0xc0 ) {
				# We chopped in the middle of a character; remove the whole thing
				$string = preg_replace( '/^[\x80-\xbf]+/', '', $string );
			}
		}
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Truncate a string of valid HTML to a specified length in bytes,
	 * appending an optional string (e.g. for ellipses), and return valid HTML
	 *
	 * This is only intended for styled/linked text, such as HTML with
	 * tags like <span> and <a>, were the tags are self-contained (valid HTML).
	 * Also, this will not detect things like "display:none" CSS.
	 *
	 * Note: since 1.18 you do not need to leave extra room in $length for ellipses.
	 *
	 * @param string $text HTML string to truncate
	 * @param int $length (zero/positive) Maximum length (including ellipses)
	 * @param string $ellipsis String to append to the truncated text
	 * @return string
	 */
	function truncateHtml( $text, $length, $ellipsis = '...' ) {
		# Use the localized ellipsis character
		if ( $ellipsis == '...' ) {
			$ellipsis = wfMessage( 'ellipsis' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
		}
		# Check if there is clearly no need to truncate
		if ( $length <= 0 ) {
			return $ellipsis; // no text shown, nothing to format (convention)
		} elseif ( strlen( $text ) <= $length ) {
			return $text; // string short enough even *with* HTML (short-circuit)
		}

		$dispLen = 0; // innerHTML legth so far
		$testingEllipsis = false; // checking if ellipses will make string longer/equal?
		$tagType = 0; // 0-open, 1-close
		$bracketState = 0; // 1-tag start, 2-tag name, 0-neither
		$entityState = 0; // 0-not entity, 1-entity
		$tag = $ret = ''; // accumulated tag name, accumulated result string
		$openTags = []; // open tag stack
		$maybeState = null; // possible truncation state

		$textLen = strlen( $text );
		$neLength = max( 0, $length - strlen( $ellipsis ) ); // non-ellipsis len if truncated
		for ( $pos = 0; true; ++$pos ) {
			# Consider truncation once the display length has reached the maximim.
			# We check if $dispLen > 0 to grab tags for the $neLength = 0 case.
			# Check that we're not in the middle of a bracket/entity...
			if ( $dispLen && $dispLen >= $neLength && $bracketState == 0 && !$entityState ) {
				if ( !$testingEllipsis ) {
					$testingEllipsis = true;
					# Save where we are; we will truncate here unless there turn out to
					# be so few remaining characters that truncation is not necessary.
					if ( !$maybeState ) { // already saved? ($neLength = 0 case)
						$maybeState = [ $ret, $openTags ]; // save state
					}
				} elseif ( $dispLen > $length && $dispLen > strlen( $ellipsis ) ) {
					# String in fact does need truncation, the truncation point was OK.
					list( $ret, $openTags ) = $maybeState; // reload state
					$ret = $this->removeBadCharLast( $ret ); // multi-byte char fix
					$ret .= $ellipsis; // add ellipsis
					break;
				}
			}
			if ( $pos >= $textLen ) {
				break; // extra iteration just for above checks
			}

			# Read the next char...
			$ch = $text[$pos];
			$lastCh = $pos ? $text[$pos - 1] : '';
			$ret .= $ch; // add to result string
			if ( $ch == '<' ) {
				$this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $lastCh, $openTags ); // for bad HTML
				$entityState = 0; // for bad HTML
				$bracketState = 1; // tag started (checking for backslash)
			} elseif ( $ch == '>' ) {
				$this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $lastCh, $openTags );
				$entityState = 0; // for bad HTML
				$bracketState = 0; // out of brackets
			} elseif ( $bracketState == 1 ) {
				if ( $ch == '/' ) {
					$tagType = 1; // close tag (e.g. "</span>")
				} else {
					$tagType = 0; // open tag (e.g. "<span>")
					$tag .= $ch;
				}
				$bracketState = 2; // building tag name
			} elseif ( $bracketState == 2 ) {
				if ( $ch != ' ' ) {
					$tag .= $ch;
				} else {
					// Name found (e.g. "<a href=..."), add on tag attributes...
					$pos += $this->truncate_skip( $ret, $text, "<>", $pos + 1 );
				}
			} elseif ( $bracketState == 0 ) {
				if ( $entityState ) {
					if ( $ch == ';' ) {
						$entityState = 0;
						$dispLen++; // entity is one displayed char
					}
				} else {
					if ( $neLength == 0 && !$maybeState ) {
						// Save state without $ch. We want to *hit* the first
						// display char (to get tags) but not *use* it if truncating.
						$maybeState = [ substr( $ret, 0, -1 ), $openTags ];
					}
					if ( $ch == '&' ) {
						$entityState = 1; // entity found, (e.g. "&#160;")
					} else {
						$dispLen++; // this char is displayed
						// Add the next $max display text chars after this in one swoop...
						$max = ( $testingEllipsis ? $length : $neLength ) - $dispLen;
						$skipped = $this->truncate_skip( $ret, $text, "<>&", $pos + 1, $max );
						$dispLen += $skipped;
						$pos += $skipped;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		// Close the last tag if left unclosed by bad HTML
		$this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $text[$textLen - 1], $tagType, $openTags );
		while ( count( $openTags ) > 0 ) {
			$ret .= '</' . array_pop( $openTags ) . '>'; // close open tags
		}
		return $ret;
	}

	/**
	 * truncateHtml() helper function
	 * like strcspn() but adds the skipped chars to $ret
	 *
	 * @param string $ret
	 * @param string $text
	 * @param string $search
	 * @param int $start
	 * @param null|int $len
	 * @return int
	 */
	private function truncate_skip( &$ret, $text, $search, $start, $len = null ) {
		if ( $len === null ) {
			$len = -1; // -1 means "no limit" for strcspn
		} elseif ( $len < 0 ) {
			$len = 0; // sanity
		}
		$skipCount = 0;
		if ( $start < strlen( $text ) ) {
			$skipCount = strcspn( $text, $search, $start, $len );
			$ret .= substr( $text, $start, $skipCount );
		}
		return $skipCount;
	}

	/**
	 * truncateHtml() helper function
	 * (a) push or pop $tag from $openTags as needed
	 * (b) clear $tag value
	 * @param string &$tag Current HTML tag name we are looking at
	 * @param int $tagType (0-open tag, 1-close tag)
	 * @param string $lastCh Character before the '>' that ended this tag
	 * @param array &$openTags Open tag stack (not accounting for $tag)
	 */
	private function truncate_endBracket( &$tag, $tagType, $lastCh, &$openTags ) {
		$tag = ltrim( $tag );
		if ( $tag != '' ) {
			if ( $tagType == 0 && $lastCh != '/' ) {
				$openTags[] = $tag; // tag opened (didn't close itself)
			} elseif ( $tagType == 1 ) {
				if ( $openTags && $tag == $openTags[count( $openTags ) - 1] ) {
					array_pop( $openTags ); // tag closed
				}
			}
			$tag = '';
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Grammatical transformations, needed for inflected languages
	 * Invoked by putting {{grammar:case|word}} in a message
	 *
	 * @param string $word
	 * @param string $case
	 * @return string
	 */
	function convertGrammar( $word, $case ) {
		global $wgGrammarForms;
		if ( isset( $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()][$case][$word] ) ) {
			return $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()][$case][$word];
		}

		return $word;
	}
	/**
	 * Get the grammar forms for the content language
	 * @return array Array of grammar forms
	 * @since 1.20
	 */
	function getGrammarForms() {
		global $wgGrammarForms;
		if ( isset( $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()] )
			&& is_array( $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()] )
		) {
			return $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()];
		}

		return [];
	}
	/**
	 * Provides an alternative text depending on specified gender.
	 * Usage {{gender:username|masculine|feminine|unknown}}.
	 * username is optional, in which case the gender of current user is used,
	 * but only in (some) interface messages; otherwise default gender is used.
	 *
	 * If no forms are given, an empty string is returned. If only one form is
	 * given, it will be returned unconditionally. These details are implied by
	 * the caller and cannot be overridden in subclasses.
	 *
	 * If three forms are given, the default is to use the third (unknown) form.
	 * If fewer than three forms are given, the default is to use the first (masculine) form.
	 * These details can be overridden in subclasses.
	 *
	 * @param string $gender
	 * @param array $forms
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function gender( $gender, $forms ) {
		if ( !count( $forms ) ) {
			return '';
		}
		$forms = $this->preConvertPlural( $forms, 2 );
		if ( $gender === 'male' ) {
			return $forms[0];
		}
		if ( $gender === 'female' ) {
			return $forms[1];
		}
		return isset( $forms[2] ) ? $forms[2] : $forms[0];
	}

	/**
	 * Plural form transformations, needed for some languages.
	 * For example, there are 3 form of plural in Russian and Polish,
	 * depending on "count mod 10". See [[w:Plural]]
	 * For English it is pretty simple.
	 *
	 * Invoked by putting {{plural:count|wordform1|wordform2}}
	 * or {{plural:count|wordform1|wordform2|wordform3}}
	 *
	 * Example: {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles}}
	 *
	 * @param int $count Non-localized number
	 * @param array $forms Different plural forms
	 * @return string Correct form of plural for $count in this language
	 */
	function convertPlural( $count, $forms ) {
		// Handle explicit n=pluralform cases
		$forms = $this->handleExplicitPluralForms( $count, $forms );
		if ( is_string( $forms ) ) {
			return $forms;
		}
		if ( !count( $forms ) ) {
			return '';
		}

		$pluralForm = $this->getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $count );
		$pluralForm = min( $pluralForm, count( $forms ) - 1 );
		return $forms[$pluralForm];
	}

	/**
	 * Handles explicit plural forms for Language::convertPlural()
	 *
	 * In {{PLURAL:$1|0=nothing|one|many}}, 0=nothing will be returned if $1 equals zero.
	 * If an explicitly defined plural form matches the $count, then
	 * string value returned, otherwise array returned for further consideration
	 * by CLDR rules or overridden convertPlural().
	 *
	 * @since 1.23
	 *
	 * @param int $count Non-localized number
	 * @param array $forms Different plural forms
	 *
	 * @return array|string
	 */
	protected function handleExplicitPluralForms( $count, array $forms ) {
		foreach ( $forms as $index => $form ) {
			if ( preg_match( '/\d+=/i', $form ) ) {
				$pos = strpos( $form, '=' );
				if ( substr( $form, 0, $pos ) === (string)$count ) {
					return substr( $form, $pos + 1 );
				}
				unset( $forms[$index] );
			}
		}
		return array_values( $forms );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks that convertPlural was given an array and pads it to requested
	 * amount of forms by copying the last one.
	 *
	 * @param array $forms Array of forms given to convertPlural
	 * @param int $count How many forms should there be at least
	 * @return array Padded array of forms or an exception if not an array
	 */
	protected function preConvertPlural( /* Array */ $forms, $count ) {
		while ( count( $forms ) < $count ) {
			$forms[] = $forms[count( $forms ) - 1];
		}
		return $forms;
	}

	/**
	 * Wraps argument with unicode control characters for directionality safety
	 *
	 * This solves the problem where directionality-neutral characters at the edge of
	 * the argument string get interpreted with the wrong directionality from the
	 * enclosing context, giving renderings that look corrupted like "(Ben_(WMF".
	 *
	 * The wrapping is LRE...PDF or RLE...PDF, depending on the detected
	 * directionality of the argument string, using the BIDI algorithm's own "First
	 * strong directional codepoint" rule. Essentially, this works round the fact that
	 * there is no embedding equivalent of U+2068 FSI (isolation with heuristic
	 * direction inference). The latter is cleaner but still not widely supported.
	 *
	 * @param string $text Text to wrap
	 * @return string Text, wrapped in LRE...PDF or RLE...PDF or nothing
	 */
	public function embedBidi( $text = '' ) {
		$dir = Language::strongDirFromContent( $text );
		if ( $dir === 'ltr' ) {
			// Wrap in LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING ... POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
			return self::$lre . $text . self::$pdf;
		}
		if ( $dir === 'rtl' ) {
			// Wrap in RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING ... POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
			return self::$rle . $text . self::$pdf;
		}
		// No strong directionality: do not wrap
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * @todo Maybe translate block durations.  Note that this function is somewhat misnamed: it
	 * deals with translating the *duration* ("1 week", "4 days", etc), not the expiry time
	 * (which is an absolute timestamp). Please note: do NOT add this blindly, as it is used
	 * on old expiry lengths recorded in log entries. You'd need to provide the start date to
	 * match up with it.
	 *
	 * @param string $str The validated block duration in English
	 * @param User $user User object to use timezone from or null for $wgUser
	 * @return string Somehow translated block duration
	 * @see LanguageFi.php for example implementation
	 */
	function translateBlockExpiry( $str, User $user = null ) {
		$duration = SpecialBlock::getSuggestedDurations( $this );
		foreach ( $duration as $show => $value ) {
			if ( strcmp( $str, $value ) == 0 ) {
				return htmlspecialchars( trim( $show ) );
			}
		}

		if ( wfIsInfinity( $str ) ) {
			foreach ( $duration as $show => $value ) {
				if ( wfIsInfinity( $value ) ) {
					return htmlspecialchars( trim( $show ) );
				}
			}
		}

		// If all else fails, return a standard duration or timestamp description.
		$time = strtotime( $str, 0 );
		if ( $time === false ) { // Unknown format. Return it as-is in case.
			return $str;
		} elseif ( $time !== strtotime( $str, 1 ) ) { // It's a relative timestamp.
			// $time is relative to 0 so it's a duration length.
			return $this->formatDuration( $time );
		} else { // It's an absolute timestamp.
			if ( $time === 0 ) {
				// wfTimestamp() handles 0 as current time instead of epoch.
				$time = '19700101000000';
			}
			if ( $user ) {
				return $this->userTimeAndDate( $time, $user );
			}
			return $this->timeanddate( $time );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * languages like Chinese need to be segmented in order for the diff
	 * to be of any use
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function segmentForDiff( $text ) {
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * and unsegment to show the result
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function unsegmentForDiff( $text ) {
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the LanguageConverter used in the Language
	 *
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return LanguageConverter
	 */
	public function getConverter() {
		return $this->mConverter;
	}

	/**
	 * convert text to all supported variants
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function autoConvertToAllVariants( $text ) {
		return $this->mConverter->autoConvertToAllVariants( $text );
	}

	/**
	 * convert text to different variants of a language.
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function convert( $text ) {
		return $this->mConverter->convert( $text );
	}

	/**
	 * Convert a Title object to a string in the preferred variant
	 *
	 * @param Title $title
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function convertTitle( $title ) {
		return $this->mConverter->convertTitle( $title );
	}

	/**
	 * Convert a namespace index to a string in the preferred variant
	 *
	 * @param int $ns
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function convertNamespace( $ns ) {
		return $this->mConverter->convertNamespace( $ns );
	}

	/**
	 * Check if this is a language with variants
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function hasVariants() {
		return count( $this->getVariants() ) > 1;
	}

	/**
	 * Check if the language has the specific variant
	 *
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @param string $variant
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function hasVariant( $variant ) {
		return (bool)$this->mConverter->validateVariant( $variant );
	}

	/**
	 * Perform output conversion on a string, and encode for safe HTML output.
	 * @param string $text Text to be converted
	 * @param bool $isTitle Whether this conversion is for the article title
	 * @return string
	 * @todo this should get integrated somewhere sane
	 */
	public function convertHtml( $text, $isTitle = false ) {
		return htmlspecialchars( $this->convert( $text, $isTitle ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function convertCategoryKey( $key ) {
		return $this->mConverter->convertCategoryKey( $key );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the list of variants supported by this language
	 * see sample implementation in LanguageZh.php
	 *
	 * @return array An array of language codes
	 */
	public function getVariants() {
		return $this->mConverter->getVariants();
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getPreferredVariant() {
		return $this->mConverter->getPreferredVariant();
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDefaultVariant() {
		return $this->mConverter->getDefaultVariant();
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getURLVariant() {
		return $this->mConverter->getURLVariant();
	}

	/**
	 * If a language supports multiple variants, it is
	 * possible that non-existing link in one variant
	 * actually exists in another variant. this function
	 * tries to find it. See e.g. LanguageZh.php
	 * The input parameters may be modified upon return
	 *
	 * @param string &$link The name of the link
	 * @param Title &$nt The title object of the link
	 * @param bool $ignoreOtherCond To disable other conditions when
	 *   we need to transclude a template or update a category's link
	 */
	public function findVariantLink( &$link, &$nt, $ignoreOtherCond = false ) {
		$this->mConverter->findVariantLink( $link, $nt, $ignoreOtherCond );
	}

	/**
	 * returns language specific options used by User::getPageRenderHash()
	 * for example, the preferred language variant
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	function getExtraHashOptions() {
		return $this->mConverter->getExtraHashOptions();
	}

	/**
	 * For languages that support multiple variants, the title of an
	 * article may be displayed differently in different variants. this
	 * function returns the apporiate title defined in the body of the article.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getParsedTitle() {
		return $this->mConverter->getParsedTitle();

The method getParsedTitle() does not seem to exist on object<LanguageConverter>.

	}

	/**
	 * Refresh the cache of conversion tables when
	 * MediaWiki:Conversiontable* is updated.
	 *
	 * @param Title $title The Title of the page being updated
	 */
	public function updateConversionTable( Title $title ) {
		$this->mConverter->updateConversionTable( $title );
	}

	/**
	 * Prepare external link text for conversion. When the text is
	 * a URL, it shouldn't be converted, and it'll be wrapped in
	 * the "raw" tag (-{R| }-) to prevent conversion.
	 *
	 * This function is called "markNoConversion" for historical
	 * reasons.
	 *
	 * @param string $text Text to be used for external link
	 * @param bool $noParse Wrap it without confirming it's a real URL first
	 * @return string The tagged text
	 */
	public function markNoConversion( $text, $noParse = false ) {
		// Excluding protocal-relative URLs may avoid many false positives.
		if ( $noParse || preg_match( '/^(?:' . wfUrlProtocolsWithoutProtRel() . ')/', $text ) ) {
			return $this->mConverter->markNoConversion( $text );
		} else {
			return $text;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * A regular expression to match legal word-trailing characters
	 * which should be merged onto a link of the form [[foo]]bar.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function linkTrail() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkTrail' );
	}

	/**
	 * A regular expression character set to match legal word-prefixing
	 * characters which should be merged onto a link of the form foo[[bar]].
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function linkPrefixCharset() {
		return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkPrefixCharset' );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the "parent" language which has a converter to convert a "compatible" language
	 * (in another variant) to this language (eg. zh for zh-cn, but not en for en-gb).
	 *
	 * @return Language|null
	 * @since 1.22
	 */
	public function getParentLanguage() {
		if ( $this->mParentLanguage !== false ) {
			return $this->mParentLanguage;
		}

		$code = explode( '-', $this->getCode() )[0];
		if ( !in_array( $code, LanguageConverter::$languagesWithVariants ) ) {
			$this->mParentLanguage = null;
			return null;
		}
		$lang = Language::factory( $code );
		if ( !$lang->hasVariant( $this->getCode() ) ) {
			$this->mParentLanguage = null;
			return null;
		}

		$this->mParentLanguage = $lang;

It seems like $lang of type object<Language> is incompatible with the declared type boolean of property $mParentLanguage.

		return $lang;
	}

	/**
	 * Compare with an other language object
	 *
	 * @since 1.28
	 * @param Language $lang
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function equals( Language $lang ) {
		return $lang->getCode() === $this->mCode;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the internal language code for this language object
	 *
	 * NOTE: The return value of this function is NOT HTML-safe and must be escaped with
	 * htmlspecialchars() or similar
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getCode() {
		return $this->mCode;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the code in BCP 47 format which we can use
	 * inside of html lang="" tags.
	 *
	 * NOTE: The return value of this function is NOT HTML-safe and must be escaped with
	 * htmlspecialchars() or similar.
	 *
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getHtmlCode() {
		if ( is_null( $this->mHtmlCode ) ) {
			$this->mHtmlCode = wfBCP47( $this->getCode() );
		}
		return $this->mHtmlCode;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $code
	 */
	public function setCode( $code ) {
		$this->mCode = $code;
		// Ensure we don't leave incorrect cached data lying around
		$this->mHtmlCode = null;
		$this->mParentLanguage = false;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the language code from a file name. Inverse of getFileName()
	 * @param string $filename $prefix . $languageCode . $suffix
	 * @param string $prefix Prefix before the language code
	 * @param string $suffix Suffix after the language code
	 * @return string Language code, or false if $prefix or $suffix isn't found
	 */
	public static function getCodeFromFileName( $filename, $prefix = 'Language', $suffix = '.php' ) {
		$m = null;
		preg_match( '/' . preg_quote( $prefix, '/' ) . '([A-Z][a-z_]+)' .
			preg_quote( $suffix, '/' ) . '/', $filename, $m );
		if ( !count( $m ) ) {
			return false;
		}
		return str_replace( '_', '-', strtolower( $m[1] ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $code
	 * @return string Name of the language class
	 */
	public static function classFromCode( $code ) {
		if ( $code == 'en' ) {
			return 'Language';
		} else {
			return 'Language' . str_replace( '-', '_', ucfirst( $code ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get the name of a file for a certain language code
	 * @param string $prefix Prepend this to the filename
	 * @param string $code Language code
	 * @param string $suffix Append this to the filename
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @return string $prefix . $mangledCode . $suffix
	 */
	public static function getFileName( $prefix = 'Language', $code, $suffix = '.php' ) {
		if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
			throw new MWException( "Invalid language code \"$code\"" );
		}

		return $prefix . str_replace( '-', '_', ucfirst( $code ) ) . $suffix;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $code
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function getMessagesFileName( $code ) {
		global $IP;
		$file = self::getFileName( "$IP/languages/messages/Messages", $code, '.php' );
		Hooks::run( 'Language::getMessagesFileName', [ $code, &$file ] );
		return $file;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $code
	 * @return string
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @since 1.23
	 */
	public static function getJsonMessagesFileName( $code ) {
		global $IP;

		if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
			throw new MWException( "Invalid language code \"$code\"" );
		}

		return "$IP/languages/i18n/$code.json";
	}

	/**
	 * Get the first fallback for a given language.
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 *
	 * @return bool|string
	 */
	public static function getFallbackFor( $code ) {
		$fallbacks = self::getFallbacksFor( $code );
		if ( $fallbacks ) {
			return $fallbacks[0];
		}
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the ordered list of fallback languages.
	 *
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @param string $code Language code
	 * @return array Non-empty array, ending in "en"
	 */
	public static function getFallbacksFor( $code ) {
		if ( $code === 'en' || !Language::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
			return [];
		}
		// For unknown languages, fallbackSequence returns an empty array,
		// hardcode fallback to 'en' in that case.
		return self::getLocalisationCache()->getItem( $code, 'fallbackSequence' ) ?: [ 'en' ];
	}

	/**
	 * Get the ordered list of fallback languages, ending with the fallback
	 * language chain for the site language.
	 *
	 * @since 1.22
	 * @param string $code Language code
	 * @return array Array( fallbacks, site fallbacks )
	 */
	public static function getFallbacksIncludingSiteLanguage( $code ) {
		global $wgLanguageCode;

		// Usually, we will only store a tiny number of fallback chains, so we
		// keep them in static memory.
		$cacheKey = "{$code}-{$wgLanguageCode}";

		if ( !array_key_exists( $cacheKey, self::$fallbackLanguageCache ) ) {
			$fallbacks = self::getFallbacksFor( $code );

			// Append the site's fallback chain, including the site language itself
			$siteFallbacks = self::getFallbacksFor( $wgLanguageCode );
			array_unshift( $siteFallbacks, $wgLanguageCode );

			// Eliminate any languages already included in the chain
			$siteFallbacks = array_diff( $siteFallbacks, $fallbacks );

			self::$fallbackLanguageCache[$cacheKey] = [ $fallbacks, $siteFallbacks ];
		}
		return self::$fallbackLanguageCache[$cacheKey];
	}

	/**
	 * Get all messages for a given language
	 * WARNING: this may take a long time. If you just need all message *keys*
	 * but need the *contents* of only a few messages, consider using getMessageKeysFor().
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function getMessagesFor( $code ) {
		return self::getLocalisationCache()->getItem( $code, 'messages' );
	}

	/**
	 * Get a message for a given language
	 *
	 * @param string $key
	 * @param string $code
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function getMessageFor( $key, $code ) {
		return self::getLocalisationCache()->getSubitem( $code, 'messages', $key );
	}

	/**
	 * Get all message keys for a given language. This is a faster alternative to
	 * array_keys( Language::getMessagesFor( $code ) )
	 *
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @param string $code Language code
	 * @return array Array of message keys (strings)
	 */
	public static function getMessageKeysFor( $code ) {
		return self::getLocalisationCache()->getSubitemList( $code, 'messages' );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $talk
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	function fixVariableInNamespace( $talk ) {
		if ( strpos( $talk, '$1' ) === false ) {
			return $talk;
		}

		global $wgMetaNamespace;
		$talk = str_replace( '$1', $wgMetaNamespace, $talk );

		# Allow grammar transformations
		# Allowing full message-style parsing would make simple requests
		# such as action=raw much more expensive than they need to be.
		# This will hopefully cover most cases.
		$talk = preg_replace_callback( '/{{grammar:(.*?)\|(.*?)}}/i',
			[ &$this, 'replaceGrammarInNamespace' ], $talk );
		return str_replace( ' ', '_', $talk );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $m
	 * @return string
	 */
	function replaceGrammarInNamespace( $m ) {
		return $this->convertGrammar( trim( $m[2] ), trim( $m[1] ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Decode an expiry (block, protection, etc) which has come from the DB
	 *
	 * @param string $expiry Database expiry String
	 * @param bool|int $format True to process using language functions, or TS_ constant
	 *     to return the expiry in a given timestamp
	 * @param string $infinity If $format is not true, use this string for infinite expiry
	 * @return string
	 * @since 1.18
	 */
	public function formatExpiry( $expiry, $format = true, $infinity = 'infinity' ) {
		static $dbInfinity;
		if ( $dbInfinity === null ) {
			$dbInfinity = wfGetDB( DB_SLAVE )->getInfinity();
		}

		if ( $expiry == '' || $expiry === 'infinity' || $expiry == $dbInfinity ) {
			return $format === true
				? $this->getMessageFromDB( 'infiniteblock' )
				: $infinity;
		} else {
			return $format === true
				? $this->timeanddate( $expiry, /* User preference timezone */ true )
				: wfTimestamp( $format, $expiry );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @todo Document
	 * @param int|float $seconds
	 * @param array $format Optional
	 *   If $format['avoid'] === 'avoidseconds': don't mention seconds if $seconds >= 1 hour.
	 *   If $format['avoid'] === 'avoidminutes': don't mention seconds/minutes if $seconds > 48 hours.
	 *   If $format['noabbrevs'] is true: use 'seconds' and friends instead of 'seconds-abbrev'
	 *     and friends.
	 *   For backwards compatibility, $format may also be one of the strings 'avoidseconds'
	 *     or 'avoidminutes'.
	 * @return string
	 */
	function formatTimePeriod( $seconds, $format = [] ) {
		if ( !is_array( $format ) ) {
			$format = [ 'avoid' => $format ]; // For backwards compatibility
		}
		if ( !isset( $format['avoid'] ) ) {
			$format['avoid'] = false;
		}
		if ( !isset( $format['noabbrevs'] ) ) {
			$format['noabbrevs'] = false;
		}
		$secondsMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'seconds' : 'seconds-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
		$minutesMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'minutes' : 'minutes-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
		$hoursMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'hours' : 'hours-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
		$daysMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'days' : 'days-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );

		if ( round( $seconds * 10 ) < 100 ) {
			$s = $this->formatNum( sprintf( "%.1f", round( $seconds * 10 ) / 10 ) );
			$s = $secondsMsg->params( $s )->text();
		} elseif ( round( $seconds ) < 60 ) {
			$s = $this->formatNum( round( $seconds ) );
			$s = $secondsMsg->params( $s )->text();
		} elseif ( round( $seconds ) < 3600 ) {
			$minutes = floor( $seconds / 60 );
			$secondsPart = round( fmod( $seconds, 60 ) );
			if ( $secondsPart == 60 ) {
				$secondsPart = 0;
				$minutes++;
			}
			$s = $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
			$s .= ' ';
			$s .= $secondsMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $secondsPart ) )->text();
		} elseif ( round( $seconds ) <= 2 * 86400 ) {
			$hours = floor( $seconds / 3600 );
			$minutes = floor( ( $seconds - $hours * 3600 ) / 60 );
			$secondsPart = round( $seconds - $hours * 3600 - $minutes * 60 );
			if ( $secondsPart == 60 ) {
				$secondsPart = 0;
				$minutes++;
			}
			if ( $minutes == 60 ) {
				$minutes = 0;
				$hours++;
			}
			$s = $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
			$s .= ' ';
			$s .= $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
			if ( !in_array( $format['avoid'], [ 'avoidseconds', 'avoidminutes' ] ) ) {
				$s .= ' ' . $secondsMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $secondsPart ) )->text();
			}
		} else {
			$days = floor( $seconds / 86400 );
			if ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidminutes' ) {
				$hours = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
				if ( $hours == 24 ) {
					$hours = 0;
					$days++;
				}
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
			} elseif ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidseconds' ) {
				$hours = floor( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
				$minutes = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 - $hours * 3600 ) / 60 );
				if ( $minutes == 60 ) {
					$minutes = 0;
					$hours++;
				}
				if ( $hours == 24 ) {
					$hours = 0;
					$days++;
				}
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
			} else {
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $this->formatTimePeriod( $seconds - $days * 86400, $format );
			}
		}
		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Format a bitrate for output, using an appropriate
	 * unit (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps, Pbps, Ebps, Zbps or Ybps) according to
	 *   the magnitude in question.
	 *
	 * This use base 1000. For base 1024 use formatSize(), for another base
	 * see formatComputingNumbers().
	 *
	 * @param int $bps
	 * @return string
	 */
	function formatBitrate( $bps ) {
		return $this->formatComputingNumbers( $bps, 1000, "bitrate-$1bits" );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $size Size of the unit
	 * @param int $boundary Size boundary (1000, or 1024 in most cases)
	 * @param string $messageKey Message key to be uesd
	 * @return string
	 */
	function formatComputingNumbers( $size, $boundary, $messageKey ) {
		if ( $size <= 0 ) {
			return str_replace( '$1', $this->formatNum( $size ),
				$this->getMessageFromDB( str_replace( '$1', '', $messageKey ) )
			);
		}
		$sizes = [ '', 'kilo', 'mega', 'giga', 'tera', 'peta', 'exa', 'zeta', 'yotta' ];
		$index = 0;

		$maxIndex = count( $sizes ) - 1;
		while ( $size >= $boundary && $index < $maxIndex ) {
			$index++;
			$size /= $boundary;
		}

		// For small sizes no decimal places necessary
		$round = 0;
		if ( $index > 1 ) {
			// For MB and bigger two decimal places are smarter
			$round = 2;
		}
		$msg = str_replace( '$1', $sizes[$index], $messageKey );

		$size = round( $size, $round );
		$text = $this->getMessageFromDB( $msg );
		return str_replace( '$1', $this->formatNum( $size ), $text );
	}

	/**
	 * Format a size in bytes for output, using an appropriate
	 * unit (B, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB or YB) according to the magnitude in question
	 *
	 * This method use base 1024. For base 1000 use formatBitrate(), for
	 * another base see formatComputingNumbers()
	 *
	 * @param int $size Size to format
	 * @return string Plain text (not HTML)
	 */
	function formatSize( $size ) {
		return $this->formatComputingNumbers( $size, 1024, "size-$1bytes" );
	}

	/**
	 * Make a list item, used by various special pages
	 *
	 * @param string $page Page link
	 * @param string $details HTML safe text between brackets
	 * @param bool $oppositedm Add the direction mark opposite to your
	 *   language, to display text properly
	 * @return HTML escaped string
	 */
	function specialList( $page, $details, $oppositedm = true ) {
		if ( !$details ) {
			return $page;
		}

		$dirmark = ( $oppositedm ? $this->getDirMark( true ) : '' ) . $this->getDirMark();
		return
			$page .
			$dirmark .
			$this->msg( 'word-separator' )->escaped() .
			$this->msg( 'parentheses' )->rawParams( $details )->escaped();
	}

	/**
	 * Generate (prev x| next x) (20|50|100...) type links for paging
	 *
	 * @param Title $title Title object to link
	 * @param int $offset
	 * @param int $limit
	 * @param array $query Optional URL query parameter string
	 * @param bool $atend Optional param for specified if this is the last page
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function viewPrevNext( Title $title, $offset, $limit,
		array $query = [], $atend = false
	) {
		// @todo FIXME: Why on earth this needs one message for the text and another one for tooltip?

		# Make 'previous' link
		$prev = wfMessage( 'prevn' )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title )->numParams( $limit )->text();
		if ( $offset > 0 ) {
			$plink = $this->numLink( $title, max( $offset - $limit, 0 ), $limit,
				$query, $prev, 'prevn-title', 'mw-prevlink' );
		} else {
			$plink = htmlspecialchars( $prev );
		}

		# Make 'next' link
		$next = wfMessage( 'nextn' )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title )->numParams( $limit )->text();
		if ( $atend ) {
			$nlink = htmlspecialchars( $next );
		} else {
			$nlink = $this->numLink( $title, $offset + $limit, $limit,
				$query, $next, 'nextn-title', 'mw-nextlink' );
		}

		# Make links to set number of items per page
		$numLinks = [];
		foreach ( [ 20, 50, 100, 250, 500 ] as $num ) {
			$numLinks[] = $this->numLink( $title, $offset, $num,
				$query, $this->formatNum( $num ), 'shown-title', 'mw-numlink' );
		}

		return wfMessage( 'viewprevnext' )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title
			)->rawParams( $plink, $nlink, $this->pipeList( $numLinks ) )->escaped();
	}

	/**
	 * Helper function for viewPrevNext() that generates links
	 *
	 * @param Title $title Title object to link
	 * @param int $offset
	 * @param int $limit
	 * @param array $query Extra query parameters
	 * @param string $link Text to use for the link; will be escaped
	 * @param string $tooltipMsg Name of the message to use as tooltip
	 * @param string $class Value of the "class" attribute of the link
	 * @return string HTML fragment
	 */
	private function numLink( Title $title, $offset, $limit, array $query, $link,
		$tooltipMsg, $class
	) {
		$query = [ 'limit' => $limit, 'offset' => $offset ] + $query;
		$tooltip = wfMessage( $tooltipMsg )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title )
			->numParams( $limit )->text();

		return Html::element( 'a', [ 'href' => $title->getLocalURL( $query ),
			'title' => $tooltip, 'class' => $class ], $link );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the conversion rule title, if any.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getConvRuleTitle() {
		return $this->mConverter->getConvRuleTitle();
	}

	/**
	 * Get the compiled plural rules for the language
	 * @since 1.20
	 * @return array Associative array with plural form, and plural rule as key-value pairs
	 */
	public function getCompiledPluralRules() {
		$pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'compiledPluralRules' );
		$fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
		if ( !$pluralRules ) {
			foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
				$pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'compiledPluralRules' );
				if ( $pluralRules ) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $pluralRules;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the plural rules for the language
	 * @since 1.20
	 * @return array Associative array with plural form number and plural rule as key-value pairs
	 */
	public function getPluralRules() {
		$pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'pluralRules' );
		$fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
		if ( !$pluralRules ) {
			foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
				$pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'pluralRules' );
				if ( $pluralRules ) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $pluralRules;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the plural rule types for the language
	 * @since 1.22
	 * @return array Associative array with plural form number and plural rule type as key-value pairs
	 */
	public function getPluralRuleTypes() {
		$pluralRuleTypes = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'pluralRuleTypes' );
		$fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
		if ( !$pluralRuleTypes ) {
			foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
				$pluralRuleTypes = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'pluralRuleTypes' );
				if ( $pluralRuleTypes ) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $pluralRuleTypes;
	}

	/**
	 * Find the index number of the plural rule appropriate for the given number
	 * @param int $number
	 * @return int The index number of the plural rule
	 */
	public function getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $number ) {
		$pluralRules = $this->getCompiledPluralRules();
		$form = Evaluator::evaluateCompiled( $number, $pluralRules );
		return $form;
	}

	/**
	 * Find the plural rule type appropriate for the given number
	 * For example, if the language is set to Arabic, getPluralType(5) should
	 * return 'few'.
	 * @since 1.22
	 * @param int $number
	 * @return string The name of the plural rule type, e.g. one, two, few, many
	 */
	public function getPluralRuleType( $number ) {
		$index = $this->getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $number );
		$pluralRuleTypes = $this->getPluralRuleTypes();
		if ( isset( $pluralRuleTypes[$index] ) ) {
			return $pluralRuleTypes[$index];
		} else {
			return 'other';
		}
	}
}