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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace Spindle\Collection\Traits;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                trait SetsTrait  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param int $size  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return \Spindle\Collection\Collection  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function chunk($size)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new $this(array_chunk($this->toArray(), $size), $this->debug);  | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return \Spindle\Collection\Collection  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function unique()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new $this(array_unique($this->toArray()), $this->debug);  | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return \Spindle\Collection\Collection  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function groupBy($fn)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $array = $this->toArray();  | 
            
                            
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                        $mapped = (new $this($array))->map($fn)->toArray();  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $grouped = [];  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        foreach ($mapped as $key => $val) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $grouped[$val][$key] = $array[$key];  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new $this($grouped, $this->debug);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * SQL's LEFT JOIN  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * - in order to avoid N+1 problem  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function leftJoin($map, callable $fetch, callable $combine)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $array = $this->toArray();  | 
            
                            
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                        if ($map) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $keys = (new $this($array))->map($map)->toArray();  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $mapped = [];  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            foreach ($keys as $key => $val) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $mapped[$val][] = $key;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        } else { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $mapped = [];  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            foreach ($array as $key => $val) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $mapped[$key] = [$key];  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $keys = array_keys($mapped);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $fetched = $fetch($keys);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if (!is_array($fetched)) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            throw new \UnexpectedValueException(  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                'leftJoin($map, $fetch, $combine) $fetch must be function-type [key1, key2, ...] => [key1 => val1, ...]'  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            );  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        foreach ($fetched as $key => $val) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if (!isset($mapped[$key])) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                throw new \UnexpectedValueException(  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    'leftJoin($map, $fetch, $combine) $fetch returned an array having unexpected key: ' . $key  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                );  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            foreach ($mapped[$key] as $originKey) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $array[$originKey] = $combine($array[$originKey], $val);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new $this($array, $this->debug);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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In PHP it is possible to write to properties without declaring them. For example, the following is perfectly valid PHP code:
Generally, it is a good practice to explictly declare properties to avoid accidental typos and provide IDE auto-completion: