Duplicate code is one of the most pungent code smells. A rule that is often used is to re-structure code once it is duplicated in three or more places.
Common duplication problems, and corresponding solutions are:
Complex classes like Renderer often do a lot of different things. To break such a class down, we need to identify a cohesive component within that class. A common approach to find such a component is to look for fields/methods that share the same prefixes, or suffixes. You can also have a look at the cohesion graph to spot any un-connected, or weakly-connected components.
Once you have determined the fields that belong together, you can apply the Extract Class refactoring. If the component makes sense as a sub-class, Extract Subclass is also a candidate, and is often faster.
While breaking up the class, it is a good idea to analyze how other classes use Renderer, and based on these observations, apply Extract Interface, too.
| 1 | <?php |
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| 28 | class Renderer |
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| 29 | { |
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| 30 | |||
| 31 | /** |
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| 32 | * No indention |
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| 33 | * |
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| 34 | * @var integer |
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| 35 | */ |
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| 36 | const INDENT_NO_INDENT = 0; |
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| 37 | |||
| 38 | /** |
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| 39 | * One indention |
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| 40 | * |
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| 41 | * @var integer |
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| 42 | */ |
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| 43 | const INDENT_4_SPACES = 4; |
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| 44 | |||
| 45 | /** |
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| 46 | * Two indentions |
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| 47 | * |
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| 48 | * @var integer |
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| 49 | */ |
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| 50 | const INDENT_8_SPACES = 8; |
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| 51 | |||
| 52 | /** |
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| 53 | * @var string |
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| 54 | */ |
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| 55 | const JMS_ANNOTATION_NAMESPACE = "@\\JMS\\Serializer\\Annotation"; |
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| 56 | |||
| 57 | /** |
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| 58 | * @var TemplateManager |
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| 59 | */ |
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| 60 | private $templateManager; |
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| 61 | |||
| 62 | /** |
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| 63 | * CONSTR |
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| 64 | */ |
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| 65 | public function __construct(TemplateManager $templateManager) |
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| 69 | |||
| 70 | /** |
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| 71 | * @return TemplateManager |
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| 72 | */ |
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| 73 | public function getTemplateManager() |
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| 77 | |||
| 78 | /** |
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| 79 | * Render renderable item |
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| 80 | * |
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| 81 | * @param RenderableInterface $item |
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| 82 | * @return string |
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| 83 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 84 | * @throws UnrecognizedItemToRenderException |
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| 85 | */ |
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| 86 | public function render(RenderableInterface $item) |
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| 87 | { |
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| 88 | $this->getTemplateManager()->loadAndSetTemplateOnItem($item); |
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| 89 | switch (true) { |
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| 90 | case $item instanceof ClassManager: |
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| 91 | return $this->renderClass($item); |
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| 92 | case $item instanceof ClassConstructorManager: |
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| 93 | return $this->renderClassConstructor($item); |
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| 94 | case $item instanceof InitPropertyManager: |
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| 95 | return $this->renderInitProperty($item); |
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| 96 | case $item instanceof InterfaceManager: |
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| 97 | return $this->renderInterface($item); |
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| 98 | case $item instanceof PropertyManager: |
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| 99 | return $this->renderProperty($item); |
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| 100 | case $item instanceof MethodManager: |
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| 101 | return $this->renderMethod($item); |
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| 102 | case $item instanceof TestClassManager: |
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| 103 | return $this->renderTestClass($item); |
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| 104 | case $item instanceof TestMethodManager: |
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| 105 | return $this->renderTestMethod($item); |
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| 106 | default: |
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| 107 | throw $this->getExceptionUnrecognizedItem($item); |
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| 108 | } |
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| 109 | } |
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| 110 | |||
| 111 | /** |
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| 112 | * @param string $content |
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| 113 | * @param ClassConstructorManager $constructor |
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| 114 | * @param int $position |
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| 115 | * @return string |
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| 116 | */ |
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| 117 | public function renderAndPutConstructorBodyToContent($content, ClassConstructorManager $constructor, $position = 0) |
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| 118 | { |
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| 119 | $source = Tools::explodeTemplateStringToArray($content); |
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| 120 | foreach ($constructor->getInitProperties() as $initProperty) { |
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| 121 | $this->putElementIntoSource($source, $position, $this->addIndentation($this->render($initProperty), self::INDENT_8_SPACES)); |
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| 122 | } |
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| 123 | |||
| 124 | return Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($source); |
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| 125 | } |
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| 126 | |||
| 127 | /** |
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| 128 | * @param string $content |
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| 129 | * @param ArrayCollection $itemsToRender |
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| 130 | * @param int $position |
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| 131 | * @return string |
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| 132 | */ |
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| 133 | public function renderAndPutItemsToContent($content, ArrayCollection $itemsToRender, $position = 0) |
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| 134 | { |
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| 135 | $itemsRendered = []; |
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| 136 | foreach ($itemsToRender as $itemToRender) { |
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| 137 | $itemsRendered[] = $this->render($itemToRender); |
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| 138 | } |
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| 139 | |||
| 140 | return $this->updateSourceWithElements($content, $position, $itemsRendered); |
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| 141 | } |
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| 142 | |||
| 143 | /** |
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| 144 | * @param InitPropertyManager $initProperty |
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| 145 | * @return string |
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| 146 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 147 | */ |
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| 148 | protected function renderInitProperty(InitPropertyManager $initProperty) |
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| 149 | { |
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| 150 | $template = $initProperty->getTemplate(); |
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| 151 | $tags = $initProperty->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 152 | |||
| 153 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_NAME] = $initProperty->getProperty()->getPreparedName(); |
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| 154 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_TYPE] = sprintf('\%s', $initProperty->getProperty()->getTypeName()); |
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| 155 | return $this->replace($tags, $args, $template); |
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| 156 | } |
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| 157 | |||
| 158 | /** |
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| 159 | * @param ClassConstructorManager $classConstructor |
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| 160 | * @return string |
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| 161 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 162 | */ |
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| 163 | protected function renderClassConstructor(ClassConstructorManager $classConstructor) |
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| 164 | { |
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| 165 | $template = $classConstructor->getTemplate(); |
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| 166 | $tags = $classConstructor->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 167 | |||
| 168 | $initProperties = []; |
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| 169 | foreach ($classConstructor->getInitProperties() as $initProperty) { |
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| 170 | $initProperties[] = $this->render($initProperty); |
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| 171 | } |
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| 172 | |||
| 173 | $initPropertiesRendered = empty($initProperties) ? "" : Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($initProperties); |
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| 174 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_INIT_PROPERTIES] = $initPropertiesRendered; |
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| 175 | |||
| 176 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->addIndentation($this->replace($tags, $args, $template), self::INDENT_4_SPACES)); |
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| 177 | } |
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| 178 | |||
| 179 | /** |
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| 180 | * @param MethodManager $method |
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| 181 | * @return string |
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| 182 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 183 | * @throws UnrecognizedItemToRenderException |
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| 184 | */ |
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| 185 | protected function renderMethod(MethodManager $method) |
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| 186 | { |
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| 187 | $template = $method->getTemplate(); |
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| 188 | $tags = $method->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 189 | |||
| 190 | $property = $method->getProperty(); |
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| 191 | $propertyName = $property->getPreparedName(); |
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| 192 | $methodName = $method->getPreparedName(); |
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| 193 | $comment = sprintf('For property "%s"', $propertyName); |
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| 194 | |||
| 195 | $args = []; |
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| 196 | switch (true) { |
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| 197 | View Code Duplication | case $method instanceof MethodGetterManager: |
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| 198 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $comment; |
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| 199 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_TYPE] = $this->getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty($property); |
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| 200 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_NAME] = $methodName; |
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| 201 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_NAME] = $propertyName; |
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| 202 | break; |
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| 203 | case $method instanceof MethodGetterInterfaceManager: |
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| 204 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $comment; |
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| 205 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_TYPE] = $this->getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty($property); |
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| 206 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_NAME] = $methodName; |
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| 207 | break; |
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| 208 | View Code Duplication | case $method instanceof MethodGetterBooleanManager: |
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| 209 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $comment; |
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| 210 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_TYPE] = $this->getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty($property); |
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| 211 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_NAME] = $methodName; |
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| 212 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_NAME] = $propertyName; |
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| 213 | break; |
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| 214 | case $method instanceof MethodGetterBooleanInterfaceManager: |
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| 215 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $comment; |
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| 216 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_TYPE] = $this->getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty($property); |
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| 217 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_NAME] = $methodName; |
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| 218 | break; |
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| 219 | case $method instanceof SetterMethodInterface: |
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| 220 | $typeHintitngPart = ''; |
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| 221 | if ($method->canAddTypeHinting()) { |
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| 222 | $typeHintitngPart = sprintf('%s ', $property->getTypeNameAbsoluteIfIsObjectTypeOrThrowException()); |
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| 223 | } |
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| 224 | |||
| 225 | $optionalPart = ''; |
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| 226 | if ($property->isOptional()) { |
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| 227 | $optionalPart = ' = null'; |
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| 228 | } |
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| 229 | |||
| 230 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $comment; |
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| 231 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_TYPE] = $this->getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty($property); |
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| 232 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_TYPE_HINTING] = $typeHintitngPart; |
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| 233 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_NAME] = $methodName; |
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| 234 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTY_NAME] = $propertyName; |
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| 235 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_OPTIONAL_PART] = $optionalPart; |
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| 236 | break; |
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| 237 | default: |
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| 238 | throw $this->getExceptionUnrecognizedItem($method); |
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| 239 | } |
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| 240 | |||
| 241 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->addIndentation($this->replace($tags, $args, $template), self::INDENT_4_SPACES)); |
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| 242 | } |
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| 243 | |||
| 244 | /** |
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| 245 | * @param ClassManager $class |
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| 246 | * @return string |
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| 247 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 248 | */ |
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| 249 | protected function renderClass(ClassManager $class) |
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| 250 | { |
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| 251 | $template = $class->getTemplate(); |
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| 252 | $tags = $class->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 253 | |||
| 254 | $properties = []; |
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| 255 | $methods = []; |
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| 256 | $interfacePart = ''; |
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| 257 | $extendsPart = ''; |
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| 258 | foreach ($class->getProperties() as $property) { |
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| 259 | $properties[] = $this->render($property); |
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| 260 | } |
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| 261 | foreach ($class->getMethods() as $method) { |
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| 262 | $methods[] = $this->render($method); |
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| 263 | } |
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| 264 | if ($class->hasExtends()) { |
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| 265 | $extendsPart = sprintf(" extends %s", $class->getExtends()); |
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| 266 | } |
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| 267 | if ($class->hasInterface()) { |
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| 268 | $interfacePart = sprintf(" implements %s", $class->getInterface()->getNamespace()); |
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| 269 | } |
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| 270 | |||
| 271 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAMESPACE] = $class->getNamespaceWithoutNameAndBackslashPrefix(); |
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| 272 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = empty($class->getComment()) ? "" : $class->getComment(); |
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| 273 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAME] = $class->getName(); |
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| 274 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_EXTENDS] = $extendsPart; |
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| 275 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_INTERFACE] = $interfacePart; |
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| 276 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_CONSTRUCTOR] = $this->addNewLineBefore($this->render($class->getConstructor())); |
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| 277 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_PROPERTIES] = $this->addNewLineBefore(Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($properties)); |
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| 278 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHODS] = $this->addNewLineBefore(Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($methods)); |
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| 279 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_MULTILINE_COMMENT] = $this->prepareMultilineCommentForCollection($class->getMultilineComment()); |
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| 280 | |||
| 281 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->replace($tags, $args, $template)); |
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| 282 | } |
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| 283 | |||
| 284 | /** |
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| 285 | * @param InterfaceManager $interface |
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| 286 | * @return string |
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| 287 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 288 | */ |
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| 289 | protected function renderInterface(InterfaceManager $interface) |
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| 290 | { |
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| 291 | $template = $interface->getTemplate(); |
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| 292 | $tags = $interface->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 293 | |||
| 294 | $methods = []; |
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| 295 | foreach ($interface->getMethods() as $method) { |
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| 296 | $methods[] = $this->render($method); |
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| 297 | } |
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| 298 | |||
| 299 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAMESPACE] = $interface->getNamespaceWithoutNameAndBackslashPrefix(); |
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| 300 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $interface->getComment(); |
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| 301 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAME] = $interface->getName(); |
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| 302 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHODS] = $this->addNewLineBefore(Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($methods)); |
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| 303 | |||
| 304 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->replace($tags, $args, $template)); |
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| 305 | } |
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| 306 | |||
| 307 | /** |
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| 308 | * @param PropertyManager $property |
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| 309 | * @return string |
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| 310 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 311 | */ |
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| 312 | protected function renderProperty(PropertyManager $property) |
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| 313 | { |
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| 314 | $template = $property->getTemplate(); |
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| 315 | $tags = $property->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 316 | |||
| 317 | $comment = $property->getComment(); |
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| 318 | if (empty($comment)) { |
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| 319 | $comment = sprintf("'%s' property", $property->getName()); |
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| 320 | } |
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| 321 | |||
| 322 | $jmsCollection = new ArrayCollection(); |
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| 323 | $jmsCollection->add(sprintf("%s\Type(\"%s\")", self::JMS_ANNOTATION_NAMESPACE, $property->getType())); |
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| 324 | if ($property->hasSerializedName()) { |
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| 325 | $jmsCollection->add(sprintf("%s\SerializedName(\"%s\")", self::JMS_ANNOTATION_NAMESPACE, $property->getSerializedName())); |
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| 326 | } else { |
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| 327 | $jmsCollection->add(sprintf("%s\SerializedName(\"%s\")", self::JMS_ANNOTATION_NAMESPACE, $property->getName())); |
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| 328 | } |
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| 329 | |||
| 330 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $comment; |
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| 331 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_CONSTRAINTS] = $this->prepareMultilineCommentForCollection($property->getConstraintAnnotationCollection()); |
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| 332 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_JMS_PART] = $this->prepareMultilineCommentForCollection($jmsCollection); |
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| 333 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_TYPE] = $this->getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty($property); |
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| 334 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAME] = $property->getPreparedName(); |
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| 335 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_MULTILINE_COMMENT] = $this->prepareMultilineCommentForCollection($property->getMultilineComment()); |
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| 336 | |||
| 337 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->addIndentation($this->replace($tags, $args, $template), self::INDENT_4_SPACES)); |
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| 338 | } |
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| 339 | |||
| 340 | /** |
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| 341 | * @param TestClassManager $testClass |
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| 342 | * @return string |
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| 343 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 344 | */ |
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| 345 | protected function renderTestClass(TestClassManager $testClass) |
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| 346 | { |
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| 347 | $template = $testClass->getTemplate(); |
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| 348 | $tags = $testClass->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 349 | |||
| 350 | $constructTestMethodBody = []; |
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| 351 | $methods = []; |
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| 352 | foreach ($testClass->getMethods() as $method) { |
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| 353 | $methods[] = $this->render($method); |
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| 354 | } |
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| 355 | |||
| 356 | $class = $testClass->getClassManager(); |
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| 357 | |||
| 358 | $constructTestMethodBody[] = "\$this->assertNotNull(\$this->object);"; |
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| 359 | if ($testClass->getClassManager()->hasInterface()) { |
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| 360 | $interfaceTestAssert = sprintf("\$this->assertInstanceof('%s', \$this->object);", $testClass->getClassManager()->getInterface()->getNamespace()); |
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| 361 | $constructTestMethodBody[] = $this->addIndentation($interfaceTestAssert, self::INDENT_8_SPACES); |
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| 362 | } |
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| 363 | |||
| 364 | $classTestAssert = sprintf("\$this->assertInstanceof('%s', \$this->object);", $class->getNamespace()); |
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| 365 | $constructTestMethodBody[] = $this->addIndentation($classTestAssert, self::INDENT_8_SPACES); |
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| 366 | |||
| 367 | if ($testClass->getClassManager()->hasExtends()) { |
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| 368 | $extendsTestAssert = sprintf("\$this->assertInstanceof('%s', \$this->object);", $testClass->getClassManager()->getExtends()); |
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| 369 | $constructTestMethodBody[] = $this->addIndentation($extendsTestAssert, self::INDENT_8_SPACES); |
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| 370 | } |
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| 371 | |||
| 372 | $testObjectType = $class->getNamespace(); |
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| 373 | if ($class->hasInterface()) { |
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| 374 | $testObjectType = $class->getInterface()->getNamespace(); |
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| 375 | } |
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| 376 | |||
| 377 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAMESPACE] = $testClass->getNamespaceWithoutNameAndBackslashPrefix(); |
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| 378 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_COMMENT] = $testClass->getComment(); |
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| 379 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_NAME] = $testClass->getName(); |
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| 380 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_CLASS] = $class->getNamespace(); |
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| 381 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHODS] = $this->addNewLineBefore(Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($methods)); |
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| 382 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_TEST_OBJECT_TYPE] = $testObjectType; |
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| 383 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_BODY] = Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($constructTestMethodBody); |
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| 384 | |||
| 385 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->replace($tags, $args, $template)); |
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| 386 | } |
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| 387 | |||
| 388 | /** |
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| 389 | * @param TestMethodManager $testMethod |
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| 390 | * @return string |
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| 391 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 392 | */ |
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| 393 | protected function renderTestMethod(TestMethodManager $testMethod) |
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| 394 | { |
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| 395 | $template = $testMethod->getTemplate(); |
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| 396 | $tags = $testMethod->getTemplateTags(); |
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| 397 | |||
| 398 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_CLASS] = $testMethod->getMethod()->getClassManager()->getNamespace(); |
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| 399 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_METHOD_NAME] = $testMethod->getMethod()->getPreparedName(); |
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| 400 | $args[RenderableInterface::TAG_TEST_METHOD_NAME] = $testMethod->getPreparedName(); |
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| 401 | |||
| 402 | return $this->addNewLineAfter($this->addIndentation($this->replace($tags, $args, $template), self::INDENT_4_SPACES)); |
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| 403 | } |
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| 404 | |||
| 405 | /** |
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| 406 | * Replace tags in template witch arguments |
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| 407 | * |
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| 408 | * @param array $tags |
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| 409 | * @param array $args |
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| 410 | * @param string $template |
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| 411 | * @return string |
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| 412 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 413 | */ |
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| 414 | protected function replace($tags, $args, $template) |
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| 415 | { |
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| 416 | if ($tags !== array_keys($args)) { |
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| 417 | throw new RendererException("Tags and keys are not identical!"); |
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| 418 | } |
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| 419 | |||
| 420 | return str_replace($tags, array_values($args), $template); |
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| 421 | } |
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| 422 | |||
| 423 | /** |
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| 424 | * Add Indentation to template |
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| 425 | * |
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| 426 | * @param string $template |
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| 427 | * @param integer $spaces |
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| 428 | */ |
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| 429 | protected function addIndentation($template, $spaces = self::INDENT_NO_INDENT) |
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| 430 | { |
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| 431 | $parts = Tools::explodeTemplateStringToArray($template); |
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| 432 | array_walk( |
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| 433 | $parts, function (&$value) use ($spaces) { |
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| 434 | $value = str_pad($value, strlen($value) + (int) $spaces, " ", STR_PAD_LEFT); |
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| 435 | } |
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| 436 | ); |
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| 437 | |||
| 438 | return Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($parts); |
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| 439 | } |
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| 440 | |||
| 441 | /** |
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| 442 | * @param mixed $item |
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| 443 | * @return UnrecognizedItemToRenderException |
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| 444 | */ |
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| 445 | protected function getExceptionUnrecognizedItem($item) |
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| 446 | { |
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| 447 | return new UnrecognizedItemToRenderException(sprintf("Unrecognized item: %s", get_class($item))); |
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| 448 | } |
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| 449 | |||
| 450 | /** |
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| 451 | * Update source file with rendered elements |
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| 452 | * |
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| 453 | * @param string $content |
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| 454 | * @param integer $startPosition |
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| 455 | * @param array $renderedElements |
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| 456 | * @return string |
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| 457 | */ |
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| 458 | protected function updateSourceWithElements($content, $startPosition = 0, array $renderedElements = []) |
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| 459 | { |
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| 460 | $source = Tools::explodeTemplateStringToArray($content); |
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| 461 | foreach ($renderedElements as $renderedElement) { |
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| 462 | $this->putElementIntoSource($source, $startPosition, $renderedElement); |
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| 463 | } |
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| 464 | |||
| 465 | return Tools::implodeArrayToTemplate($source); |
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| 466 | } |
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| 467 | |||
| 468 | /** |
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| 469 | * @param array $source |
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| 470 | * @param integer $offset |
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| 471 | * @param string $element |
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| 472 | */ |
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| 473 | protected function putElementIntoSource(&$source, $offset, $element) |
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| 474 | { |
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| 475 | array_splice($source, $offset, 0, [$element]); |
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| 476 | } |
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| 477 | |||
| 478 | /** |
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| 479 | * Put new line to the end of conent |
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| 480 | * |
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| 481 | * @param string $content |
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| 482 | * @return string |
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| 483 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 484 | */ |
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| 485 | View Code Duplication | protected function addNewLineAfter($content) |
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| 486 | { |
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| 487 | if (false === is_string($content)) { |
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| 488 | throw new RendererException("Invalid string!"); |
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| 489 | } |
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| 490 | |||
| 491 | return sprintf("%s\n", $content); |
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| 492 | } |
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| 493 | |||
| 494 | /** |
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| 495 | * Put new line before conent |
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| 496 | * |
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| 497 | * @param string $content |
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| 498 | * @return string |
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| 499 | * @throws RendererException |
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| 500 | */ |
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| 501 | View Code Duplication | protected function addNewLineBefore($content) |
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| 509 | |||
| 510 | /** |
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| 511 | * @param \ArrayCollection $collection |
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| 512 | * @return string |
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| 513 | */ |
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| 514 | protected function prepareMultilineCommentForCollection(ArrayCollection $collection) |
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| 533 | |||
| 534 | /** |
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| 535 | * @param PropertyManager $property |
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| 536 | * @return string |
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| 537 | * @throws \Exception |
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| 538 | */ |
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| 539 | protected function getScalarTypeOrAbsoluteObjectTypeFromProperty(PropertyManager $property) |
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| 547 | } |
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| 548 |
Adding an explicit array definition is generally preferable to implicit array definition as it guarantees a stable state of the code.
Let’s take a look at an example:
As you can see in this example, the array
$myArrayis initialized the first time when the foreach loop is entered. You can also see that the value of thebarkey is only written conditionally; thus, its value might result from a previous iteration.This might or might not be intended. To make your intention clear, your code more readible and to avoid accidental bugs, we recommend to add an explicit initialization $myArray = array() either outside or inside the foreach loop.