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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace Scriptotek\GoogleBooks;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use GuzzleHttp\Client;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class GoogleBooks  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var string  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected $baseUri = 'https://www.googleapis.com/books/v1/';  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var integer (Number of results to retrieve per batch, between 1 and 40)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected $batchSize = 40;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var Client  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected $http;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var key string API key  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected $key;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var Volumes  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public $volumes;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var Bookshelves  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public $bookshelves;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __construct($options = [])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->http = new Client([  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            'base_uri' => $this->baseUri,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            'handler' => isset($options['handler']) ? $options['handler'] : null,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        ]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->key = isset($options['key']) ? $options['key'] : null;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->volumes = new Volumes($this);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->bookshelves = new Bookshelves($this);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->batchSize = isset($options['batchSize']) ? $options['batchSize'] : 40;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected function raw($endpoint, $params = [], $method='GET')  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if (!is_null($this->key)) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $params['key'] = $this->key;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        try { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $response = $this->http->request($method, $endpoint, [  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                'query' => $params,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            ]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        } catch (\GuzzleHttp\Exception\ClientException $e) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            // 400 level errors  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if ($e->getResponse()->getStatusCode() == 403) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $json = json_decode($e->getResponse()->getBody());  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $domain = $json->error->errors[0]->domain;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $reason = $json->error->errors[0]->reason;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $message = $json->error->errors[0]->message;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                if ($domain == 'usageLimits') { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    throw new Exceptions\UsageLimitExceeded($message, $reason);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            throw $e;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        } catch (\GuzzleHttp\Exception\RequestException $e) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            // networking error (connection timeout, DNS errors, etc.)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            // TODO: sleep and retry  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            throw $e;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return json_decode($response->getBody());  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function getItem($path)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->raw($path);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function listItems($endpoint, $params = [])  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $params['maxResults'] = $this->batchSize;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $i = 0;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        while (true) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $n = $i % $this->batchSize;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if ($n == 0) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $params['startIndex'] = $i;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $response = $this->raw($endpoint, $params);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if (isset($response->totalItems) && $i >= $response->totalItems) { | 
            
                            
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                                return;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if (!isset($response->items[$n])) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                return;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            yield $response->items[$n];  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $i++;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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If you define a variable conditionally, it can happen that it is not defined for all execution paths.
Let’s take a look at an example:
In the above example, the variable $x is defined if you pass “foo” or “bar” as argument for $a. However, since the switch statement has no default case statement, if you pass any other value, the variable $x would be undefined.
Available Fixes
Check for existence of the variable explicitly:
Define a default value for the variable:
Add a value for the missing path: