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                <?php  | 
            
                            
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                require_once dirname(__DIR__) . '/vendor/autoload.php';  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Class Item  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * A simple item.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class Item  | 
            
                            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public $position;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Class ItemCollection  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * A simple collection of items.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class ItemCollection extends \RQuadling\TypedArray\TypedArray  | 
            
                            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    const ARRAY_TYPE = 'Item';  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Class Collections  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * An example abstract collections class that implements an each() method.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                abstract class Collections extends \RQuadling\TypedArray\TypedArray  | 
            
                            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param callable $callable  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return $this  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function each(callable $callable)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        foreach ($this as $key => $value) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $callable($value, $key);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Class ItemCollectionEx  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * A extended collection of items.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class ItemCollectionEx extends Collections  | 
            
                            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    const ARRAY_TYPE = 'Item';  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Create a new item collection and add a second item to it.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $items = new ItemCollection([new Item]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $items[] = new Item;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Create an extended collection and add a second item to it.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $itemsEx = new ItemCollectionEx([new Item]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $itemsEx[] = new Item;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Use the each() method to set the position property in the item.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $itemsEx->each(function(Item $item, $key){ | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    $item->position = $key;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                });  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Clone the extended items collection.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $itemsEx2 = clone $itemsEx;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Use the each() method to make further changes to the position property of  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * the cloned collection.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $itemsEx2->each(function(Item $item, $key){ | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    $item->position += $key;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                });  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Make a new simple collection using the same items as the cloned collection.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                $items2 = new ItemCollection( $itemsEx2);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Show the results of all of this work.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Pay special attention to the object #'s.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Firstly the simple collection #2[#3, #4]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                var_dump($items);  | 
            
                            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Secondly the extended collection #5[#6, #7]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                var_dump($itemsEx);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Thirdly, the cloned extended collection #8[#11, #12]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                var_dump($itemsEx2);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Finally, the copied simple collection #9[#11, #12]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * NOTE: These items are the same ones as in $itemsEx2.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                var_dump($items2);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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The PSR-1: Basic Coding Standard recommends that a file should either introduce new symbols, that is classes, functions, constants or similar, or have side effects. Side effects are anything that executes logic, like for example printing output, changing ini settings or writing to a file.
The idea behind this recommendation is that merely auto-loading a class should not change the state of an application. It also promotes a cleaner style of programming and makes your code less prone to errors, because the logic is not spread out all over the place.
To learn more about the PSR-1, please see the PHP-FIG site on the PSR-1.