ospaceteam / outerspace

    randomdata = os.urandom(nbytes)

    return bytes2int(randomdata)

def randint(minvalue, maxvalue):

    """Returns a random integer x with minvalue <= x <= maxvalue"""

    # Safety - get a lot of random data even if the range is fairly

    # small

    min_nbits = 32

    # The range of the random numbers we need to generate

    range = (maxvalue - minvalue) + 1

    # Which is this number of bytes

    rangebytes = ((bit_size(range) + 7) / 8)

    # Convert to bits, but make sure it's always at least min_nbits*2

    rangebits = max(rangebytes * 8, min_nbits * 2)

    # Take a random number of bits between min_nbits and rangebits

    nbits = random.randint(min_nbits, rangebits)

    return (read_random_int(nbits) % range) + minvalue

def jacobi(a, b):

    """Calculates the value of the Jacobi symbol (a/b)

    return int(math.ceil(x))

def randint(minvalue, maxvalue):

    """Returns a random integer x with minvalue <= x <= maxvalue"""

    # Safety - get a lot of random data even if the range is fairly

    # small

    min_nbits = 32

    # The range of the random numbers we need to generate

    range = maxvalue - minvalue

    # Which is this number of bytes

    rangebytes = ceil(math.log(range, 2) / 8.)

    # Convert to bits, but make sure it's always at least min_nbits*2

    rangebits = max(rangebytes * 8, min_nbits * 2)

    # Take a random number of bits between min_nbits and rangebits

    nbits = random.randint(min_nbits, rangebits)

    return (read_random_int(nbits) % range) + minvalue

def fermat_little_theorem(p):

    """Returns 1 if p may be prime, and something else if p definitely