AbstractQueryBuilder::countAll() - Code Metrics - Inspection of "update results and row object structure" - o2system/database - Measure and Improve Code Quality continuously with Scrutinizer

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Push — master ( 3121b4...19602e )

by Steeven
created 2019-08-31 06:11 UTC
AbstractQueryBuilder::countAll() B

↳ Parent: AbstractQueryBuilder
Complexity

Conditions	6
Paths	8
Size

Total Lines	44
Code Lines	23
Duplication

Lines	0
Ratio	0 %
Importance

Changes	4
Bugs	1	Features	1
Metric	Value
eloc	23
c	4
b	1
f	1
dl	0
loc	44
rs	8.9297
cc	6
nc	8
nop	1
<?php
/**
 * This file is part of the O2System Framework package.
 *
 * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 * file that was distributed with this source code.
 *
 * @author         Steeve Andrian Salim
 * @copyright      Copyright (c) Steeve Andrian Salim
 */

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace O2System\Database\Sql\Abstracts;

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

use O2System\Database\DataObjects\Result;
use O2System\Database\Sql\DataStructures\Query;
use O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException;

/**
 * Class AbstractQueryBuilder
 *
 * @package O2System\Database\Sql\Abstracts
 */
abstract class AbstractQueryBuilder
{
    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::testMode
     *
     * If true, no queries will actually be
     * ran against the database.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $testMode = false;

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::testMode
     *
     * If true, no queries will actually be
     * ran against the database.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $cacheMode = false;

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::$conn
     *
     * Query Builder database connection instance.
     *
     * @var AbstractConnection
     */
    protected $conn;

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::$builderCache
     *
     * Query builder cache instance.
     *
     * @var QueryBuilderCache
filter:
    dependency_paths: ["lib/*"]
     */
    protected $builderCache;

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::$arrayObjectConversionMethod
     *
     * Query Builder insert, update array object value conversion method.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $arrayObjectConversionMethod = 'json_encode';

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::$SqlRandomKeywords
     *
     * ORDER BY random keyword list.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $SqlOrderByRandomKeywords = ['RAND()', 'RAND(%d)'];

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::isSubQuery
     *
     * Is Sub Query instance flag.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $isSubQuery = false;

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::__construct.
     *
     * @param \O2System\Database\Sql\Abstracts\AbstractConnection $conn
     */
    public function __construct(AbstractConnection &$conn)
    {
        $this->conn =& $conn;
        $this->builderCache = new Query\BuilderCache();

        $this->cacheMode = $this->conn->getConfig('cacheEnable');
class Id
{
    public $id;

    public function __construct($id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;
    }

}

class Account
{
    /** @var  Id $id */
    public $id;
}

$account_id = false;

if (starsAreRight()) {
    $account_id = new Id(42);
}

$account = new Account();
if ($account instanceof Id)
{
    $account->id = $account_id;
}
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::cache
     *
     * @param boolean $mode
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function cache($mode = true)
    {
        $this->cacheEnable = (bool)$mode;


        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::distinct
     *
     * Sets a flag which tells the query string compiler to add DISTINCT
     * keyword on SELECT statement
     *
     * @param bool $distinct
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function distinct($distinct = true)
    {
        $this->builderCache->distinct = is_bool($distinct)

            ? $distinct
            : true;

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::into
     *
     * Add SELECT INTO Sql statement portions into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param string      $table    Table name
     * @param string|null $database Other database name
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function into($table, $database = null)
    {
        $this->builderCache->into = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
            $table
        ) . empty($database)
            ? ''
            : ' IN ' . $this->conn->escape($database);

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::union
     *
     * Add SELECT UNION Sql statement portions into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param \O2System\Database\Sql\Abstracts\AbstractQueryBuilder $select
     * @param bool                                                  $isUnionAll
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function union(AbstractQueryBuilder $select, $isUnionAll = false)
    {
        $this->builderCache->store(($isUnionAll
            ? 'union_all'
            : 'union'), $select->getSqlStatement());

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::getSqlStatement
     *
     * Gets Sql statement.
     *
     * @param bool $reset If sets TRUE the Query Builder cache will be reset.
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    public function getSqlStatement($reset = true)
    {
        $sqlStatementsSequence = [
            'Select',
            'Union',
            'Into',
            'From',
            'Join',
            'Where',
            'Having',
            'GroupBy',
            'OrderBy',
            'Limit',
        ];

        if (empty($this->builderCache->getStatement())) {
            $sqlStatement = [];
            foreach ($sqlStatementsSequence as $compileMethod) {
                $sqlStatement[] = trim(call_user_func([&$this, 'compile' . $compileMethod . 'Statement']));
            }

            $sqlStatement = implode(PHP_EOL, array_filter($sqlStatement));

            if ($reset) {
                $this->builderCache->reset();

                return $sqlStatement;
            }

            $this->builderCache->setStatement($sqlStatement);
        }

        return $this->builderCache->getStatement();
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::first
     *
     * Add SELECT FIRST(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function first($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'FIRST');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::prepareAggregateStatement
     *
     * Prepare string of Sql Aggregate Functions statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     * @param string $type  AVG|COUNT|FIRST|LAST|MAX|MIN|SUM
     *
     * @return static
     */
    protected function prepareAggregateStatement($field = '', $alias = '', $type = '')
    {
        $SqlAggregateFunctions = [
            'AVG'   => 'AVG(%s)', // Returns the average value
            'COUNT' => 'COUNT(%s)', // Returns the number of rows
            'FIRST' => 'FIRST(%s)', // Returns the first value
            'LAST'  => 'LAST(%s)', // Returns the largest value
            'MAX'   => 'MAX(%s)', // Returns the largest value
            'MIN'   => 'MIN(%s)', // Returns the smallest value
            'SUM'   => 'SUM(%s)' // Returns the sum
        ];

        if ($field !== '*' && $this->conn->protectIdentifiers) {
            $field = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($field);
        }

        $alias = empty($alias)
            ? strtolower($type) . '_' . $field
            : $alias;
        $sqlStatement = sprintf($SqlAggregateFunctions[ $type ], $field)
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers($alias);

        $this->select($sqlStatement);

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::select
     *
     * Add SELECT Sql statement portions into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param string|array $field        String of field name
     *                                   Array list of string field names
     *                                   Array list of static
     * @param null|bool    $escape       Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function select($field = '*', $escape = null)
    {
        // If the escape value was not set, we will base it on the global setting
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        if (is_string($field)) {
            $field = str_replace(' as ', ' AS ', $field);

            if (strpos($field, '+') !== false || strpos($field, '(') !== false) {
                $field = [$field];
            } else {
                $field = explode(',', $field);
            }

            foreach ($field as $name) {
                $name = trim($name);

                $this->builderCache->select[] = $name;
                $this->builderCache->noEscape[] = $escape;
            }
        } elseif (is_array($field)) {

            foreach ($field as $fieldName => $fieldAlias) {
                if (is_numeric($fieldName)) {
                    $fieldName = $fieldAlias;
                } elseif (is_string($fieldName)) {
                    if (is_string($fieldAlias)) {
                        $fieldName = $fieldName . ' AS ' . $fieldAlias;
                    } elseif (is_array($fieldAlias)) {
                        $countFieldAlias = count($fieldAlias);

                        for ($i = 0; $i < $countFieldAlias; $i++) {
                            if ($i == 0) {
                                $fieldAlias[ $i ] = $fieldAlias[ $i ] . "'+";
                            } elseif ($i == ($countFieldAlias - 1)) {
                                $fieldAlias[ $i ] = "'+" . $fieldAlias[ $i ];
                            } else {
                                $fieldAlias[ $i ] = "'+" . $fieldAlias[ $i ] . "'+";
                            }
                        }

                        $fieldName = implode(', ', $fieldAlias) . ' AS ' . $fieldName;
                    } elseif ($fieldAlias instanceof AbstractQueryBuilder) {
                        $fieldName = '( ' . $fieldAlias->getSqlStatement() . ' ) AS ' . $fieldName;
                    }
                }

                $this->select($fieldName, $escape);
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::last
     *
     * Add SELECT LAST(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function last($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'LAST');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::avg
     *
     * Add SELECT AVG(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function avg($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'AVG');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::max
     *
     * Add SELECT MAX(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function max($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'MAX');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::min
     *
     * Add SELECT MIN(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function min($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'MIN');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::sum
     *
     * Add SELECT SUM(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function sum($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'SUM');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::ucase
     *
     * Add SELECT UCASE(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/Sql_func_ucase.asp
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function ucase($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareScalarStatement($field, $alias, 'UCASE');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::prepareScalarStatement
     *
     * Prepare string of Sql Scalar Functions statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     * @param string $type  UCASE|LCASE|MID|LEN|ROUND|FORMAT
     *
     * @return static
     */
    protected function prepareScalarStatement($field = '', $alias = '', $type = '')
    {
        $SqlScalarFunctions = [
            'UCASE'  => 'UCASE(%s)', // Converts a field to uppercase
            'LCASE'  => 'LCASE(%s)', // Converts a field to lowercase
            'LENGTH' => 'LENGTH(%s)', // Returns the length of a text field
        ];

        $alias = $alias === ''
            ? strtolower($type) . '_' . $field
            : $alias;

        if ($field !== '*' && $this->conn->protectIdentifiers) {
            $field = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($field, true);
        }

        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                $SqlScalarFunctions[ $type ],
                $field,
                $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers($alias)
            )
        );

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::lcase
     *
     * Add SELECT LCASE(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/Sql_func_lcase.asp
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function lcase($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareScalarStatement($field, $alias, 'LCASE');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::mid
     *
     * Add SELECT MID(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/Sql_func_mid.asp
     *
     * @param string   $field             Required. The field to extract characters from
     * @param int      $start             Required. Specifies the starting position (starts at 1)
     * @param null|int $length            Optional. The number of characters to return. If omitted, the MID() function
     *                                    returns the rest of the text
     * @param string   $alias             Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function mid($field, $start = 1, $length = null, $alias = '')
    {
        if ($this->conn->protectIdentifiers) {
            $field = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($field, true);
        }

        $fields = [
            $field,
            $start,
        ];

        if (isset($length)) {
            array_push($fields, intval($length));
        }

        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                'MID(%s)', // Extract characters from a text field
                implode(',', $fields)
            )
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers(
                empty($alias)
                    ? 'mid_' . $field
                    : $alias
            )
        );

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::len
     *
     * Add SELECT LEN(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/Sql_func_len.asp
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function len($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareScalarStatement($field, $alias, 'LENGTH');
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::round
     *
     * Add SELECT ROUND(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/Sql_func_round.asp
     *
     * @param string $field    Required. The field to round.
     * @param int    $decimals Required. Specifies the number of decimals to be returned.
     * @param string $alias    Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function round($field, $decimals = 0, $alias = '')
    {
        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                'ROUND(%s, %s)', // Rounds a numeric field to the number of decimals specified
                $field,
                $decimals
            )
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers(
                empty($alias)
                    ? 'mid_' . $field
                    : $alias
            )
        );

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::format
     *
     * Add SELECT FORMAT(field, format) AS alias statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/Sql_func_format.asp
     *
     * @param string $field  Input name.
     * @param string $format Input format.
     * @param string $alias  Input alias.
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function format($field, $format, $alias = '')
    {
        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                'FORMAT(%s, %s)', // Formats how a field is to be displayed
                $field,
                $format
            )
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers(
                empty($alias)
                    ? 'mid_' . $field
                    : $alias
            )
        );

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::now
     *
     * Add / Create SELECT NOW() Sql statement.
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function now()
    {
        $this->select('NOW()'); // Returns the current date and time

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::extract
     *
     * Add / Create SELECT EXTRACT(unit FROM field) AS alias Sql statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/func_extract.asp
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $unit  UPPERCASE unit value
     * @param string $alias Alias field name.
     *
     * @return static|string
     */
    public function dateExtract($field, $unit, $alias = '')
    {
        $unit = strtoupper($unit);

        if (in_array($unit, $this->getDateTypes())) {

            $fieldName = $field;
            $fieldAlias = $alias;

            if (is_array($field)) {

                $fieldName = key($field);
                $fieldAlias = $field[ $fieldName ];
            } elseif (strpos($field, ' AS ') !== false) {
                $xField = explode(' AS ', $field);
                $xField = array_map('trim', $xField);

                @list($fieldName, $fieldAlias) = $xField;
            } elseif (strpos($field, ' as ') !== false) {
                $xField = explode(' as ', $field);
                $xField = array_map('trim', $xField);

                @list($fieldName, $fieldAlias) = $xField;
            }

            if (strpos($fieldName, '.') !== false AND empty($fieldAlias)) {
                $xFieldName = explode('.', $fieldName);
                $xFieldName = array_map('trim', $xFieldName);

                $fieldAlias = end($xFieldName);
            }

            $sqlStatement = sprintf(
                    'EXTRACT(%s FROM %s)', // Returns a single part of a date/time
                    $unit,
                    $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($fieldName)
                ) . ' AS ' . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers($fieldAlias);
                ) . ' AS ' . /** @scrutinizer ignore-type */ $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers($fieldAlias);

            $this->select($sqlStatement);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::getDateTypes
     *
     * Gets Generic Sql Date Types.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getDateTypes()
    {
        return [
            'MICROSECOND',
            'SECOND',
            'MINUTE',
            'HOUR',
            'DAY',
            'WEEK',
            'MONTH',
            'QUARTER',
            'YEAR',
            'SECOND_MICROSECOND',
            'MINUTE_MICROSECOND',
            'MINUTE_SECOND',
            'HOUR_MICROSECOND',
            'HOUR_SECOND',
            'HOUR_MINUTE',
            'DAY_MICROSECOND',
            'DAY_SECOND',
            'DAY_MINUTE',
            'DAY_HOUR',
            'YEAR_MONTH',
        ];
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::date
     *
     * Add / Create SELECT DATE(field) AS alias Sql statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/func_date.asp
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input name alias
     *
     * @return static|string
     */
    public function date($field, $alias = '')
    {
        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                'DATE(%s)', // Extracts the date part of a date or date/time expression
                $field
            )
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers(
                empty($alias)
                    ? 'mid_' . $field
                    : $alias
            )
        );

        return $this;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::dateAdd
     *
     * Add / Create SELECT DATE_ADD(field, INTERVAL expression type) AS alias Sql statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/func_date.asp
     *
     * @param string $field    Input name
     * @param string $interval Number of interval expression
     * @param string $alias    Input alias
     *
     * @return string|static
     */
    public function dateAdd($field, $interval, $alias = '')
    {
        if ($this->hasDateType($interval)) {

            $this->select(
                sprintf(
                    'DATE_ADD(%s, INTERVAL %s)', // Adds a specified time interval to a date
                    $field,
                    $interval
                )
                . ' AS '
                . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers(
                    empty($alias)
                        ? 'date_add_' . $field
                        : $alias
                )
            );

        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::hasDateType
     *
     * Validate whether the string has an Sql Date unit type
     *
     * @param $string
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function hasDateType($string)
    {
        return (bool)preg_match(
            '/(' . implode('|\s', $this->getDateTypes()) . '\s*\(|\s)/i',
            trim($string)
        );
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::dateSub
     *
     * Add / Create SELECT DATE_SUB(field, INTERVAL expression type) AS alias Sql statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/func_date.asp
     *
     * @param string $field    Input name
     * @param string $interval Number of interval expression
     * @param string $alias    Input alias
     *
     * @return static|string
     */
    public function dateSub($field, $interval, $alias = '')
    {
        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                'DATE_SUB(%s, INTERVAL %s)', // Subtracts a specified time interval from a date
                $field,
                $interval
            )
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers(
                empty($alias)
                    ? 'date_sub_' . $field
                    : $alias
            )
        );

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::dateDiff
     *
     * Add / Create SELECT DATEDIFF(datetime_start, datetime_end) AS alias Sql statement
     *
     * @see http://www.w3schools.com/Sql/func_datediff_mySql.asp
     *
     * @param array       $fields [datetime_start => datetime_end]
     * @param string|null $alias  Input alias
     *
     * @return static|string
     */
    public function dateDiff(array $fields, $alias)
    {
        $dateTimeStart = key($fields);
        $dateTimeEnd = $fields[ $dateTimeStart ];

        if (preg_match("/^[0-9]{4}-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-1])$/", $dateTimeStart)) {
            $dateTimeStart = $this->conn->escape($dateTimeStart);
        } elseif ($this->conn->protectIdentifiers) {
            $dateTimeStart = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($dateTimeStart);
        }

        if (preg_match("/^[0-9]{4}-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-1])$/", $dateTimeEnd)) {
            $dateTimeEnd = $this->conn->escape($dateTimeEnd);
        } elseif ($this->conn->protectIdentifiers) {
            $dateTimeEnd = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($dateTimeEnd);
        }

        $this->select(
            sprintf(
                'DATEDIFF(%s, %s)', // Returns the number of days between two dates
                $dateTimeStart,
                $dateTimeEnd
            )
            . ' AS '
            . $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers($alias)
        );

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::table
     *
     * Used for modifier query builder process (insert, update, replace, delete).
     *
     * @param string $table Table name.
     *
     * @return  static
     */
    public function table($table)
    {
        return $this->from($table, true);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::from
     *
     * Generates FROM Sql statement portions into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param string|array $table
     * @param bool         $overwrite Should we remove the first table existing?
     *
     * @return  static
     */
    public function from($table, $overwrite = false)
    {
        if ($overwrite === true) {
            $this->builderCache->from = [];
            $this->builderCache->aliasedTables = [];
        }

        if (is_string($table)) {
            $table = explode(',', $table);

            foreach ($table as $name) {
                $name = trim($name);

                // Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
                // in the protectIdentifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
                $this->trackAliases($name);

                $this->builderCache->from[] = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($name, true, null, false);
            }
        } elseif (is_array($table)) {

            foreach ($table as $alias => $name) {
                $name = trim($name) . ' AS ' . trim($alias);

                // Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
                // in the protectIdentifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
                $this->trackAliases($name);

                $this->builderCache->from[] = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($name, true, null, false);
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::trackAliases
     *
     * Used to track Sql statements written with aliased tables.
     *
     * @param string|array $table Inspected table name.
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    protected function trackAliases($table)
    {
        if (is_array($table)) {
            foreach ($table as $name) {
                $this->trackAliases($name);
            }

            return;
        }

        // Does the string contain a comma?  If so, we need to separate
        // the string into discreet statements
        if (strpos($table, ',') !== false) {
            $this->trackAliases(explode(',', $table));

            return;
        }

        // if a table alias is used we can recognize it by a space
        if (strpos($table, ' ') !== false) {
            // if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
            //$table = preg_replace('/\s+AS\s+/i', ' ', $table);

            // Grab the alias
            //$table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
            $table = str_replace([' AS ', ' as '], '.', $table);

            // Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
            if ( ! in_array($table, $this->builderCache->aliasedTables)) {
                $this->builderCache->aliasedTables[] = $table;
            }
        }
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::getAliasedTables
     *
     * Returns list of tracked aliased tables.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getAliasedTables()
    {
        if (empty($this->builderCache->aliasedTables)) {
            return [];
        }

        return $this->builderCache->aliasedTables;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::join
     *
     * Add JOIN Sql statement portions into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param string    $table     Table name
     * @param null      $condition Join conditions: table.column = other_table.column

     * @param string    $type      UPPERCASE join type LEFT|LEFT_OUTER|RIGHT|RIGHT_OUTER|INNER|OUTER|FULL|JOIN
     * @param null|bool $escape    Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function join($table, $condition = null, $type = 'LEFT', $escape = null)
    {
        if ($type !== '') {
            $type = strtoupper(trim($type));

            if ( ! in_array($type, ['LEFT', 'RIGHT', 'OUTER', 'INNER', 'LEFT OUTER', 'RIGHT OUTER'], true)) {
                $type = '';
            } else {
                $type .= ' ';
            }
        }

        // Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
        // in the protectIdentifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
        $this->trackAliases($table);

        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        if ( ! $this->hasOperator($condition)) {
            $condition = ' USING (' . ($escape
            $condition = ' USING (' . (/** @scrutinizer ignore-type */ $escape
                    ? $this->conn->escapeIdentifiers($condition)
                    : $condition) . ')';
        } elseif ($escape === false) {
            $condition = ' ON ' . $condition;
        } else {
            // Split multiple conditions
            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $condition, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
                $conditions = [];
                $joints = $joints[ 0 ];
                array_unshift($joints, ['', 0]);

                for ($i = count($joints) - 1, $pos = strlen($condition); $i >= 0; $i--) {
                    $joints[ $i ][ 1 ] += strlen($joints[ $i ][ 0 ]); // offset
                    $conditions[ $i ] = substr($condition, $joints[ $i ][ 1 ], $pos - $joints[ $i ][ 1 ]);
                    $pos = $joints[ $i ][ 1 ] - strlen($joints[ $i ][ 0 ]);
                    $joints[ $i ] = $joints[ $i ][ 0 ];
                }
            } else {
                $conditions = [$condition];
                $joints = [''];
            }

            $condition = ' ON ';
            for ($i = 0, $c = count($conditions); $i < $c; $i++) {
                $operator = $this->getOperator($conditions[ $i ]);
                $condition .= $joints[ $i ];
                $condition .= preg_match(
                    "/(\(*)?([\[\]\w\.'-]+)" . preg_quote($operator) . "(.*)/i",
                    $conditions[ $i ],
                    $match
                )
                    ? $match[ 1 ] . $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                        $match[ 2 ]
                    ) . $operator . $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($match[ 3 ])
                    : $conditions[ $i ];
            }
        }

        // Do we want to escape the table name?
        if ($escape === true) {
            $table = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
        }

        // Assemble the JOIN statement
        $this->builderCache->join[] = $type . 'JOIN ' . $table . $condition;

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::hasOperator
     *
     * Tests whether the string has an Sql operator
     *
     * @param string
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    protected function hasOperator($string)
    {
        return (bool)preg_match(
            '/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sEXISTS|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i',
            trim($string)
        );
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::getOperator
     *
     * Returns the Sql string operator
     *
     * @param string
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function getOperator($string)
    {
        static $operator;

        if (empty($operator)) {

            $likeEscapeString = ($this->conn->getConfig('likeEscapeString') !== '')
                ? '\s+' . preg_quote(
                    trim(
                        sprintf(
                            $this->conn->getConfig('likeEscapeString'),
                            $this->conn->getConfig('likeEscapeCharacter')
                        )
                    ),
                    '/'
                )
                : '';

            $operator = [
                '\s*(?:<|>|!)?=\s*',             // =, <=, >=, !=
                '\s*<>?\s*',                     // <, <>
                '\s*>\s*',                       // >
                '\s+IS NULL',                    // IS NULL
                '\s+IS NOT NULL',                // IS NOT NULL
                '\s+EXISTS\s*\(.*\)',        // EXISTS(Sql)
                '\s+NOT EXISTS\s*\(.*\)',    // NOT EXISTS(Sql)
                '\s+BETWEEN\s+',                 // BETWEEN value AND value
                '\s+IN\s*\(.*\)',            // IN(list)
                '\s+NOT IN\s*\(.*\)',        // NOT IN (list)
                '\s+LIKE\s+\S.*(' . $likeEscapeString . ')?',    // LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
                '\s+NOT LIKE\s+\S.*(' . $likeEscapeString . ')?' // NOT LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
            ];
        }

        return preg_match('/' . implode('|', $operator) . '/i', $string, $match)

            ? $match[ 0 ]
            : false;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orWhere
     *
     * Add OR WHERE Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string|array $field  Input name, array of [field => value] (grouped where)
     * @param null|string  $value  Input criteria or UPPERCASE grouped type AND|OR
     * @param null|bool    $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orWhere($field, $value = null, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, $value, 'OR ', $escape, 'where');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::prepareWhereHavingStatement
     *
     * Add WHERE, HAVING Sql statement portion into Query Builder.
     *
     * @used-by    where()
     * @used-by    orWhere()
     * @used-by    having()
     * @used-by    orHaving()
     *
     * @param string    $cacheKey 'QBWhere' or 'QBHaving'
     * @param mixed     $field
     * @param mixed     $value
     * @param string    $type
     * @param null|bool $escape   Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    protected function prepareWhereStatement($field, $value = null, $type = 'AND ', $escape = null, $cacheKey)
    {
        if ( ! is_array($field)) {
            $field = [$field => $value];
        }

        // If the escape value was not set will base it on the global setting
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        foreach ($field as $fieldName => $fieldValue) {
            if ($fieldValue !== null) {
                $operator = $this->getOperator($fieldName);
                $fieldName = trim(str_replace($operator, '', $fieldName));

                $fieldBind = $this->bind($fieldName, $fieldValue);

                if (empty($operator) && ! in_array($cacheKey, ['between', 'notBetween'])) {
                    $fieldName .= ' =';
                } else {
                    $fieldName .= $operator;
                }
            } elseif ( ! $this->hasOperator($fieldName)) {
                // value appears not to have been set, assign the test to IS NULL
                $fieldName .= ' IS NULL';
            } elseif (preg_match('/\s*(!?=|<>|IS(?:\s+NOT)?)\s*$/i', $fieldName, $match, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
                $fieldName = substr(
                        $fieldName,
                        0,
                        $match[ 0 ][ 1 ]
                    ) . ($match[ 1 ][ 0 ] === '='
                        ? ' IS NULL'
                        : ' IS NOT NULL');
            } elseif ($fieldValue instanceof AbstractQueryBuilder) {
                $fieldValue = $fieldValue->getSqlStatement();
            }

            $fieldValue = ! is_null($fieldValue)
                ? ' :' . $fieldBind

                : $fieldValue;

            if ($cacheKey === 'having') {
                $prefix = (count($this->builderCache->having) === 0)
                    ? $this->getBracketType('')
                    : $this->getBracketType($type);

                $this->builderCache->having[] = [
                    'condition' => $prefix . $fieldName . $fieldValue,
                    'escape'    => $escape,
                ];
            } else {
                $prefix = (count($this->builderCache->where) === 0)
                    ? $this->getBracketType('')
                    : $this->getBracketType($type);

                if ($cacheKey === 'between') {
                    $condition = $prefix . $fieldName . ' BETWEEN' . $fieldValue;
                } elseif ($cacheKey === 'notBetween') {
                    $condition = $prefix . $fieldName . ' NOT BETWEEN' . $fieldValue;
                } else {
                    $condition = $prefix . $fieldName . $fieldValue;
                }

                $this->builderCache->where[] = [
                    'condition' => $condition,
                    'escape'    => $escape,
                ];
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::binds
     *
     * @param $field
     * @param $value
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function bind($field, $value)
    {
        if ( ! array_key_exists($field, $this->builderCache->binds)) {
            $this->builderCache->binds[ $field ] = $value;

            return $field;
        }

        $count = 0;

        while (array_key_exists($field . '_' . $count, $this->builderCache->binds)) {
            ++$count;
        }

        $this->builderCache->binds[ $field . '_' . $count ] = $value;

        return $field . '_' . $count;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::getBracketType
     *
     * @used-by    bracketOpen()
     * @used-by    prepareLikeStatement()
     * @used-by    whereHaving()
     * @used-by    prepareWhereInStatement()
     *
     * @param string $type
     *
     * @return  string
     */
    protected function getBracketType($type)
    {
        if ($this->builderCache->bracketOpen) {
            $type = '';
            $this->builderCache->bracketOpen = false;
        }

        return $type;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::having
     *
     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
     *
     * @param string    $field
     * @param string    $value
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function having($field, $value = null, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, $value, 'AND ', $escape, 'having');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orHaving
     *
     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
     *
     * @param string    $field
     * @param string    $value
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function orHaving($field, $value = null, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, $value, 'OR ', $escape, 'having');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::whereBetween
     *
     * Add WHERE BETWEEN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string $field  Input name
     * @param array  $values Array of between values
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function whereBetween($field, array $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, implode(' AND ', $values), 'AND ', $escape, 'between');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orWhereBetween
     *
     * Add OR WHERE BETWEEN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string $field  Input name
     * @param array  $values Array of between values
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orWhereBetween($field, array $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, implode(' AND ', $values), 'OR ', $escape, 'between');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::whereNotBetween
     *
     * Add WHERE NOT BETWEEN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string $field  Input name
     * @param array  $values Array of between values
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function whereNotBetween($field, array $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, implode(' AND ', $values), 'OR ', $escape, 'notBetween');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::whereIn
     *
     * Add WHERE IN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field  Input name
     * @param array     $values Array of values criteria
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function whereIn($field, $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereInStatement($field, $values, false, 'AND ', $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::prepareWhereInStatement
     *
     * Internal WHERE IN
     *
     * @used-by    WhereIn()
     * @used-by    orWhereIn()
     * @used-by    whereNotIn()
     * @used-by    orWhereNotIn()
     *
     * @param string    $field  The field to search
     * @param array     $values The values searched on
     * @param bool      $not    If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
     * @param string    $type   AND|OR
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    protected function prepareWhereInStatement(
        $field = null,
        $values = null,
        $not = false,
        $type = 'AND ',
        $escape = null
    ) {
        if ($field === null OR $values === null) {
            return $this;
        }

        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $fieldKey = $field;

        if (is_string($values) || is_numeric($values)) {

            $values = [$values];
        }

        $not = ($not)
            ? ' NOT'
            : '';

        $prefix = (count($this->builderCache->where) === 0)
            ? $this->getBracketType('')
            : $this->getBracketType($type);

        if (is_array($values)) {

            $fieldValue = array_values($values);
            $fieldBind = $this->bind($fieldKey, $fieldValue);

            if ($escape === true) {
                $fieldKey = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($field);
            }

            $whereIn = [
                'condition' => $prefix . $fieldKey . $not . ' IN (:' . $fieldBind . ')',
                'escape'    => false,
            ];

        } elseif ($values instanceof AbstractQueryBuilder) {

            if ($escape === true) {
                $fieldKey = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($field);
            }

            $importBindsPattern = [];
            $importBindsReplacement = [];
            foreach ($values->builderCache->binds as $bindKey => $bindValue) {
                $importBindKey = $this->bind($bindKey, $bindValue);

                $importBindsPattern[] = ':' . $bindKey;
                $importBindsReplacement[] = ':' . $importBindKey;
            }

            $sqlStatement = $values->getSqlStatement();
            $sqlStatement = str_replace($importBindsPattern, $importBindsReplacement, $sqlStatement);

            $whereIn = [
                'condition' => $prefix . $fieldKey . $not . ' IN (' . $sqlStatement . ')',
                'escape'    => false,
            ];
        }

        if (isset($whereIn)) {
            $this->builderCache->where[] = $whereIn;
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orWhereIn
     *
     * Add OR WHERE IN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field  Input name
     * @param array     $values Array of values criteria
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orWhereIn($field, $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereInStatement($field, $values, false, 'OR ', $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::whereNotIn
     *
     * Add WHERE NOT IN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field  Input name
     * @param array     $values Array of values criteria
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function whereNotIn($field, $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereInStatement($field, $values, true, 'AND ', $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orWhereNotIn
     *
     * Add OR WHERE NOT IN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field  Input name
     * @param array     $values Array of values criteria
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orWhereNotIn($field, $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereInStatement($field, $values, true, 'OR ', $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orWhereNotBetween
     *
     * Add OR WHERE NOT BETWEEN Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string $field  Input name
     * @param array  $values Array of between values
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orWhereNotBetween($field, array $values = [], $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, implode(' OR ', $values), 'OR ', $escape, 'notBetween');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::like
     *
     * Generates a %LIKE% Sql statement portions of the query.
     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
     *
     * @param string    $field         Input name
     * @param string    $match         Input criteria match
     * @param string    $wildcard      UPPERCASE positions of wildcard character BOTH|BEFORE|AFTER
     * @param bool      $caseSensitive Whether perform case sensitive LIKE or not
     * @param null|bool $escape        Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function like($field, $match = '', $wildcard = 'BOTH', $caseSensitive = true, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareLikeStatement($field, $match, 'AND ', $wildcard, '', $caseSensitive, $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Internal LIKE
     *
     * @used-by    like()
     * @used-by    orLike()
     * @used-by    notLike()
     * @used-by    orNotLike()
     *
     * @param mixed     $field
     * @param string    $match
     * @param string    $type
     * @param string    $side
     * @param string    $not
     * @param bool      $caseSensitive IF true, will force a case-insensitive search
     * @param null|bool $escape        Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    protected function prepareLikeStatement(
        $field,
        $match = '',
        $type = 'AND ',
        $side = 'both',
        $not = '',
        $escape = null,
        $caseSensitive = false
    ) {
        if ( ! is_array($field)) {
            $field = [$field => $match];
        }

        $escape = is_bool($escape)
            ? $escape
            : $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        // lowercase $side in case somebody writes e.g. 'BEFORE' instead of 'before' (doh)
        $side = strtolower($side);

        foreach ($field as $fieldName => $fieldValue) {
            $prefix = (count($this->builderCache->where) === 0)
                ? $this->getBracketType('')
                : $this->getBracketType($type);

            if ($caseSensitive === true) {
                $fieldValue = strtolower($fieldValue);
            }

            if ($side === 'none') {
                $bind = $this->bind($fieldName, $fieldValue);
            } elseif ($side === 'before') {
                $bind = $this->bind($fieldName, "%$fieldValue");
            } elseif ($side === 'after') {
                $bind = $this->bind($fieldName, "$fieldValue%");
            } else {
                $bind = $this->bind($fieldName, "%$fieldValue%");
            }

            $likeStatement = $this->platformPrepareLikeStatement($prefix, $fieldName, $not, $bind, $caseSensitive);

            // some platforms require an escape sequence definition for LIKE wildcards
            if ($escape === true && $this->conn->getConfig('likeEscapeString') !== '') {
                $likeStatement .= sprintf(
                    $this->conn->getConfig('likeEscapeString'),
                    $this->conn->getConfig('likeEscapeCharacter')
                );
            }

            $this->builderCache->where[] = ['condition' => $likeStatement, 'escape' => $escape];
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformPrepareLikeStatement
     *
     * Platform independent LIKE statement builder.
     *
     * @param string|null $prefix
     * @param string      $column
     * @param string|null $not
     * @param string      $bind
     * @param bool        $caseSensitive
     *
     * @return string
     */
    abstract protected function platformPrepareLikeStatement(
        $prefix = null,
        $column,
        $not = null,
        $bind,
        $caseSensitive = false
    );

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orLike
     *
     * Add OR LIKE Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field         Input name
     * @param string    $match         Input criteria match
     * @param string    $wildcard      UPPERCASE positions of wildcard character BOTH|BEFORE|AFTER
     * @param bool      $caseSensitive Whether perform case sensitive LIKE or not
     * @param null|bool $escape        Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orLike($field, $match = '', $wildcard = 'BOTH', $caseSensitive = true, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareLikeStatement($field, $match, 'OR ', $wildcard, '', $caseSensitive, $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::notLike
     *
     * Add NOT LIKE Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field         Input name
     * @param string    $match         Input criteria match
     * @param string    $wildcard      UPPERCASE positions of wildcard character BOTH|BEFORE|AFTER
     * @param bool      $caseSensitive Whether perform case sensitive LIKE or not
     * @param null|bool $escape        Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function notLike($field, $match = '', $wildcard = 'BOTH', $caseSensitive = true, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareLikeStatement($field, $match, 'AND ', $wildcard, 'NOT', $caseSensitive, $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orNotLike
     *
     * Add OR NOT LIKE Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string    $field         Input name
     * @param string    $match         Input criteria match
     * @param string    $wildcard      UPPERCASE positions of wildcard character BOTH|BEFORE|AFTER
     * @param bool      $caseSensitive Whether perform case sensitive LIKE or not
     * @param null|bool $escape        Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function orNotLike($field, $match = '', $wildcard = 'BOTH', $caseSensitive = true, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareLikeStatement($field, $match, 'OR ', $wildcard, 'NOT', $caseSensitive, $escape);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::groupBy
     *
     * Add GROUP BY Sql statement into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param string    $field
     * @param null|bool $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function groupBy($field, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        if (is_string($field)) {

            $field = ($escape === true)
                ? explode(',', $field)
                : [$field];
        }

        foreach ($field as $fieldName) {
            $fieldName = trim($fieldName);

            if ($fieldName !== '') {
                $fieldName = ['field' => $fieldName, 'escape' => $escape];

                $this->builderCache->groupBy[] = $fieldName;
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orderBy
     *
     * Add ORDER BY Sql statement portions into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param string|array $fields
     * @param string       $direction
     * @param null|bool    $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function orderBy($fields, $direction = 'ASC', $escape = null)
    {
        $orderBy = [];
        $direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));

        if ($direction === 'RANDOM') {
            $direction = '';

            // Do we have a seed value?
            $fields = ctype_digit((string)$fields)
                ? sprintf($this->SqlOrderByRandomKeywords[ 1 ], $fields)
                ? sprintf($this->SqlOrderByRandomKeywords[ 1 ], /** @scrutinizer ignore-type */ $fields)
                : $this->SqlOrderByRandomKeywords[ 0 ];
        } elseif (empty($fields)) {
            return $this;
        } elseif ($direction !== '') {
            $direction = in_array($direction, ['ASC', 'DESC'], true)
                ? ' ' . $direction
                : '';
        }

        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        if ($escape === false) {
            $orderBy[] = ['field' => $fields, 'direction' => $direction, 'escape' => false];
        } elseif (is_array($fields)) {
            foreach ($fields as $field_name => $field_direction) {
                $field_direction = is_numeric($field_name) ? $direction : $field_direction;
                $orderBy[] = ['field' => trim($field_name), 'direction' => $field_direction, 'escape' => true];
            }
        } else {
            foreach (explode(',', $fields) as $fields) {

                $orderBy[] = ($direction === ''
                    && preg_match(
                        '/\s+(ASC|DESC)$/i',
                        rtrim($fields),
                        $match,
                        PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE
                    ))
                    ? [
                        'field'     => ltrim(substr($fields, 0, $match[ 0 ][ 1 ])),
                        'direction' => ' ' . $match[ 1 ][ 0 ],
                        'escape'    => true,
                    ]
                    : ['field' => trim($fields), 'direction' => $direction, 'escape' => true];
            }
        }

        $this->builderCache->orderBy = array_merge($this->builderCache->orderBy, $orderBy);

        return $this;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::page
     *
     * Add Set LIMIT, OFFSET Sql statement by page number and entries.
     *
     * @param int  $page  Page number
     * @param null $limit Num entries of each page

     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function page($page = 1, $limit = null)
    {
        $page = (int)intval($page);

        $limit = (int)(isset($limit)
            ? $limit
            : ($this->builderCache->limit === false
                ? 5
                : $this->builderCache->limit
            )
        );

        $offset = ($page - 1) * $limit;

        $this->limit($limit, $offset);

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::limit
     *
     * Add LIMIT,OFFSET Sql statement into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param int $limit  LIMIT value
     * @param int $offset OFFSET value
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function limit($limit, $offset = null)
    {
        if ( ! is_null($limit)) {

            $this->builderCache->limit = (int)$limit;
        }

        $this->offset($offset);

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::offset
     *
     * Add OFFSET Sql statement into Query Builder.
     *
     * @param int $offset OFFSET value
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function offset($offset)
    {
        if ( ! empty($offset)) {
            $this->builderCache->offset = (int)$offset;
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::get
     *
     * Perform execution of Sql Query Builder and run ConnectionInterface::query()
     *
     * @param null|int $limit
     * @param null|int $offset
     *
     * @return Result
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function get($limit = null, $offset = null)
    {
        if ( ! empty($limit)) {
            $this->limit($limit, $offset);
        }

        if ($this->cacheMode) {
            $this->conn->cache($this->cacheMode);
        }

        $result = $this->testMode
            ? $this->getSqlStatement(false)
            : $this->conn->query($this->getSqlStatement(false), $this->builderCache->binds);

        if ($result) {
            $result->setNumPerPage($this->builderCache->limit);
            $result->setNumFounds($this->countAllResults(false));
            $result->setNumTotal($this->countAll(false));
        }

        $this->builderCache->reset();

        $this->cacheMode = $this->conn->getConfig('cacheEnable');
class Id
{
    public $id;

    public function __construct($id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;
    }

}

class Account
{
    /** @var  Id $id */
    public $id;
}

$account_id = false;

if (starsAreRight()) {
    $account_id = new Id(42);
}

$account = new Account();
if ($account instanceof Id)
{
    $account->id = $account_id;
}

        return $result;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::countAllResult
     *
     * Perform execution of count all result from Query Builder along with WHERE, LIKE, HAVING, GROUP BY, and LIMIT Sql
     * statement.
     *
     * @return int
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function countAllResults($reset = true)
    {
        // save previous
        $previousSelect = $this->builderCache->select;
        $previousLimit = $this->builderCache->limit;
        $previousOffset = $this->builderCache->offset;

        // add select counter
        array_unshift($this->builderCache->select, 'COUNT(*) AS numrows');

        // generate Sql statement
        $sqlStatement = $this->getSqlStatement();

        // restore previous select
        $this->builderCache->select = $previousSelect;
        $this->builderCache->limit = $previousLimit;
        $this->builderCache->offset = $previousOffset;

        if ($this->testMode) {
            return $sqlStatement;

        } elseif ($this->isSubQuery) {
            $statement = new Query\Statement();
            $statement->setSqlStatement($sqlStatement, $this->builderCache->binds);
            $statement->setSqlFinalStatement($this->conn->compileSqlBinds($sqlStatement,
                $this->builderCache->binds));

            $sqlStatement = $statement->getSqlFinalStatement();

            return '( ' . $sqlStatement . ' )';

        }

        $result = $this->conn->query($sqlStatement, $this->builderCache->binds);

        if($reset) {
            $this->builderCache->reset();
        }

        if ($result->count() == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        return (int)$result->first()->numrows;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::getWhere
     *
     * Perform execution of Sql Query Builder and run ConnectionInterface::query()
     *
     * @param array    $where
     * @param null|int $limit
     * @param null|int $offset
     *
     * @return Result
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function getWhere(array $where = [], $limit = null, $offset = null)
    {
        $this->where($where);

        if ( ! empty($limit)) {
            $this->limit($limit, $offset);
        }

        if ($this->cacheMode) {
            $this->conn->cache($this->cacheMode);
        }

        $result = $this->testMode
            ? $this->getSqlStatement()
            : $this->conn->query($this->getSqlStatement(false), $this->builderCache->binds);

        if ($result) {
            $result->setNumPerPage($this->builderCache->limit);
            $result->setNumFounds($this->countAllResults(false));
            $result->setNumTotal($this->countAll(false));
        }

        $this->builderCache->reset();

        $this->cacheMode = $this->conn->getConfig('cacheEnable');
class Id
{
    public $id;

    public function __construct($id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;
    }

}

class Account
{
    /** @var  Id $id */
    public $id;
}

$account_id = false;

if (starsAreRight()) {
    $account_id = new Id(42);
}

$account = new Account();
if ($account instanceof Id)
{
    $account->id = $account_id;
}

        return $result;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::where
     *
     * Add WHERE Sql statement portions into Query Builder
     *
     * @param string|array $field  Input name, array of [field => value] (grouped where)
     * @param null|string  $value  Input criteria or UPPERCASE grouped type AND|OR
     * @param null|bool    $escape Whether not to try to escape identifiers
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function where($field, $value = null, $escape = null)
    {
        return $this->prepareWhereStatement($field, $value, 'AND ', $escape, 'where');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::countAll
     *
     * Perform execution of count all records of a table.
     *
     * @access  public
     * @return int
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function countAll($reset = true)
    {
        // save previous cache
        $previousQueryBuilderCache = clone $this->builderCache;

        // reset cache
        $this->builderCache->reset();

        $this->builderCache->from = $previousQueryBuilderCache->from;

        $this->count('*', 'numrows');

        // generate Sql statement
        $sqlStatement = $this->getSqlStatement();

        // restore previous cache
        $this->builderCache = $previousQueryBuilderCache;
        unset($previousQueryBuilderCache);

        if ($this->testMode) {
            return $sqlStatement;

        } elseif ($this->isSubQuery) {
            $statement = new Query\Statement();
            $statement->setSqlStatement($sqlStatement, $this->builderCache->binds);
            $statement->setSqlFinalStatement($this->conn->compileSqlBinds($sqlStatement,
                $this->builderCache->binds));

            $sqlStatement = $statement->getSqlFinalStatement();

            return '( ' . $sqlStatement . ' )';

        }

        $numrows = 0;
        if($result = $this->conn->query($sqlStatement, $this->builderCache->binds)) {
            if($result->count()) {
                $numrows = $result->first()->numrows;

            }
        }

        if($reset) {
            $this->builderCache->reset();
        }

        return $numrows;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::count
     *
     * Add SELECT COUNT(field) AS alias statement
     *
     * @param string $field Input name
     * @param string $alias Input alias
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function count($field, $alias = '')
    {
        return $this->prepareAggregateStatement($field, $alias, 'COUNT');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orBracketOpen
     *
     * Starts a query group, but ORs the group
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function orBracketOpen()
    {
        return $this->bracketOpen('', 'OR ');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::bracketOpen
     *
     * Starts a query group.
     *
     * @param string $not  (Internal use only)
     * @param string $type (Internal use only)
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function bracketOpen($not = '', $type = 'AND ')
    {
        $type = $this->getBracketType($type);

        $this->builderCache->bracketOpen = true;
        $prefix = count($this->builderCache->where) === 0
            ? ''
            : $type;
        $where = [
            'condition' => $prefix . $not . str_repeat(' ', ++$this->builderCache->bracketCount) . ' (',
            'escape'    => false,
        ];

        $this->builderCache->where[] = $where;

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::notBracketOpen
     *
     * Starts a query group, but NOTs the group
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function notBracketOpen()
    {
        return $this->bracketOpen('NOT ', 'AND ');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::orNotBracketOpen
     *
     * Starts a query group, but OR NOTs the group
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function orNotBracketOpen()
    {
        return $this->bracketOpen('NOT ', 'OR ');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::bracketClose
     *
     * Ends a query group
     *
     * @return    static
     */
    public function bracketClose()
    {
        $this->builderCache->bracketOpen = false;

        $where = [
            'condition' => str_repeat(' ', $this->builderCache->bracketCount--) . ')',
            'escape'    => false,
        ];

        $this->builderCache->where[] = $where;

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::insert
     *
     * Execute INSERT Sql Query
     *
     * @param array $sets     An associative array of set values.
     *                        sets[][field => value]
     * @param bool  $escape   Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return bool
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function insert(array $sets, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $this->set($sets, null, $escape);

        $result = false;

        /**
         * @bugs
         *
         * @issued_by: Triyana Suryapraja Sukmana <https://github.com/tss182>
         * @fixed_by : Mohamad Rafi Randoni <https://github.com/rafirandoni>
         */
        if (count($this->builderCache->sets)) {
            $sqlStatement = $this->platformInsertStatement(
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                    $this->builderCache->from[ 0 ],
                    true,
                    $escape,
                    false
                ),
                array_keys($this->builderCache->sets),
                array_values($this->builderCache->sets)
            );

            if ($this->testMode) {
                return $sqlStatement;

            }

            $result = $this->conn->query($sqlStatement, $this->builderCache->binds);
        }

        $this->builderCache->resetModifier();

        return $result;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::set
     *
     * Allows key/value pairs to be set for inserting or updating
     *
     * @param string|array $field
     * @param mixed        $value
     * @param null         $escape

     *
     * @return static|array
     */
    public function set($field, $value = '', $escape = null)
    {
        $field = $this->objectToArray($field);

        if ( ! is_array($field)) {

            $field = [$field => $value];
        }

        $escape = is_bool($escape)

            ? $escape
            : $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        foreach ($field as $key => $value) {
            if ($key === 'birthday' || $key === 'date') {
                if (is_array($value)) {
                    $value = $value[ 'year' ] . '-' . $value[ 'month' ] . '-' . $value[ 'date' ];
                } elseif (is_object($value)) {
                    $value = $value->year . '-' . $value->month . '-' . $value->date;
                }
            } elseif (is_array($value) || is_object($value)) {
                $value = call_user_func_array($this->arrayObjectConversionMethod, [$value]);
            }

            $this->builderCache->binds[ $key ] = $value;
            $this->builderCache->sets[ $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($key, false,
                $escape) ] = ':' . $key;
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::objectToArray
     *
     * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
     *
     * @param mixed $object
     *
     * @return  array
     */
    protected function objectToArray($object)
    {
        if ( ! is_object($object)) {
            return $object;
        }

        $array = [];
        foreach (get_object_vars($object) as $key => $value) {
            // There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
            if ( ! is_object($value) && ! is_array($value) && $key !== '_parent_name') {
                $array[ $key ] = $value;
            }
        }

        return $array;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformInsertStatement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
     *
     * @param string $table  Table name.
     * @param array  $keys   Insert keys.
     * @param array  $values Insert values.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    abstract protected function platformInsertStatement($table, array $keys, array $values);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::insertBatch
     *
     * Execute INSERT batch Sql Query
     *
     * @param array $sets        An associative array of set values.
     *                           sets[][field => value]
     * @param int   $batchSize   Maximum batch size
     * @param bool  $escape      Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return bool
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     */
    public function insertBatch(array $sets, $batchSize = 1000, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $this->setInsertReplaceBatch($sets);

        // Batch this baby
        $affectedRows = 0;
        for ($i = 0, $total = count($sets); $i < $total; $i += $batchSize) {
            $Sql = $this->platformInsertBatchStatement(
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($this->builderCache->from[ 0 ], true, $escape, false),
                $this->builderCache->keys,
                array_slice($this->builderCache->sets, $i, $batchSize)
            );

            if ($this->testMode) {
                ++$affectedRows;
            } else {
                $this->conn->query($Sql, $this->builderCache->binds);
                $affectedRows += $this->conn->getAffectedRows();
            }
        }

        if ( ! $this->testMode) {
            $this->builderCache->resetModifier();
        }

        return $affectedRows;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::setInsertBatch
     *
     * The "setInsertBatch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch inserts
     *
     * @param mixed  $field
     * @param string $value
     * @param bool   $escape Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return  void
     */
    protected function setInsertReplaceBatch($field, $value = '', $escape = null)
    {
        $field = $this->batchObjectToArray($field);

        if ( ! is_array($field)) {

            $field = [$field => $value];
        }

        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $rowKeys = array_keys($this->objectToArray(current($field)));
        sort($rowKeys);

        foreach ($field as $row) {
            $row = $this->objectToArray($row);
            if (count(array_diff($rowKeys, array_keys($row))) > 0
                || count(
                    array_diff(array_keys($row), $rowKeys)
                ) > 0
            ) {
                // batch function above returns an error on an empty array
                $this->builderCache->sets[] = [];

                return;
            }

            ksort($row); // puts $row in the same order as our keys

            $clean = [];
            foreach ($row as $key => $value) {
                $clean[] = ':' . $this->bind($key, $value);
            }

            $row = $clean;

            $this->builderCache->sets[] = '(' . implode(',', $row) . ')';
        }

        foreach ($rowKeys as $rowKey) {
            $this->builderCache->keys[] = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($rowKey, false, $escape);
        }
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Object to Array
     *
     * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
     *
     * @param object
     *
     * @return    array
     */
    protected function batchObjectToArray($object)
    {
        if ( ! is_object($object)) {
            return $object;
        }

        $array = [];
        $out = get_object_vars($object);
        $fields = array_keys($out);

        foreach ($fields as $field) {
            // There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
            if ($field !== '_parent_name') {
                $i = 0;
                foreach ($out[ $field ] as $data) {
                    $array[ $i++ ][ $field ] = $data;
                }
            }
        }

        return $array;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformInsertBatchStatement
     *
     * @param string $table
     * @param array  $keys
     * @param array  $values
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    abstract protected function platformInsertBatchStatement($table, array $keys, array $values);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::replace
     *
     * Compiles an replace into string and runs the query
     *
     * @param array $sets     An associative array of set values.
     *                        sets[][field => value]
     * @param bool  $escape   Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return bool
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     */
    public function replace(array $sets, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $this->set($sets, null, $escape);

        /**
         * @bugs
         *
         * @issued_by: Triyana Suryapraja Sukmana <https://github.com/tss182>
         * @fixed_by : Mohamad Rafi Randoni <https://github.com/rafirandoni>
         */
        if (count($this->builderCache->sets)) {
            $sqlStatement = $this->platformReplaceStatement(
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                    $this->builderCache->from[ 0 ],
                    true,
                    $escape,
                    false
                ),
                array_keys($this->builderCache->sets),
                array_values($this->builderCache->sets)
            );

            if ($this->testMode) {
                return $sqlStatement;

            }

            $sqlBinds = $this->builderCache->binds;
            $this->builderCache->resetModifier();

            return $this->conn->query($sqlStatement, $sqlBinds);

        }

        return false;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformReplaceStatement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data.
     *
     * @param string $table  Table name.
     * @param array  $keys   Insert keys.
     * @param array  $values Insert values.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    abstract protected function platformReplaceStatement($table, array $keys, array $values);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::replaceBatch
     *
     * Execute REPLACE batch Sql Query
     *
     * @param array $sets        An associative array of set values.
     *                           sets[][field => value]
     * @param int   $batchSize   Maximum batch size
     * @param bool  $escape      Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return bool
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     */
    public function replaceBatch(array $sets, $batchSize = 1000, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $this->setInsertReplaceBatch($sets);

        // Batch this baby
        $affectedRows = 0;
        for ($i = 0, $total = count($sets); $i < $total; $i += $batchSize) {
            $Sql = $this->platformReplaceStatement(
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($this->builderCache->from[ 0 ], true, $escape, false),
                $this->builderCache->keys,
                array_slice($this->builderCache->sets, $i, $batchSize)
            );

            if ($this->testMode) {
                ++$affectedRows;
            } else {
                $this->conn->query($Sql, $this->builderCache->binds);
                $affectedRows += $this->conn->getAffectedRows();
            }
        }

        if ( ! $this->testMode) {
            $this->builderCache->resetModifier();
        }

        return $affectedRows;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::update
     *
     * Compiles an update string and runs the query.
     *
     * @param array $sets      An associative array of set values.
     *                         sets[][field => value]
     * @param array $where     WHERE [field => match]
     * @param bool  $escape    Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return bool
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     */
    public function update(array $sets, array $where = [], $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $this->set($sets, null, $escape);
        $this->where($where);

        /**
         * @bugs
         *
         * @issued_by: Triyana Suryapraja Sukmana <https://github.com/tss182>
         * @fixed_by : Mohamad Rafi Randoni <https://github.com/rafirandoni>
         */
        if (count($this->builderCache->sets) && count($this->builderCache->from)) {
            $sqlStatement = $this->platformUpdateStatement(
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                    $this->builderCache->from[ 0 ],
                    true,
                    $escape,
                    false
                ),
                $this->builderCache->sets
            );

            if ($this->testMode) {
                return $sqlStatement;

            }

            $sqlBinds = $this->builderCache->binds;
            $this->builderCache->resetModifier();

            return $this->conn->query($sqlStatement, $sqlBinds);

        }

        return false;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformUpdateStatement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data.
     *
     * @param string $table    Table name.
     * @param array  $sets     An associative array of set values.
     *                         sets[][field => value]
     *
     * @return string
     */
    abstract protected function platformUpdateStatement($table, array $sets);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::updateBatch
     *
     * Execute UPDATE batch Sql Query
     *
     * @param array  $sets      Array of data sets[][field => value]
     * @param string $index     Index field
     * @param int    $batchSize Maximum batch size
     * @param bool   $escape    Whether to escape values and identifiers
     *
     * @return bool
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     */
    public function updateBatch(array $sets, $index = null, $batchSize = 1000, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        $this->setUpdateBatch($sets, $index);

        $affectedRows = 0;
        for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->builderCache->sets); $i < $total; $i += $batchSize) {
            $sql = $this->platformUpdateBatchStatement(
                $this->builderCache->from[ 0 ],
                array_slice($this->builderCache->sets, $i, $batchSize),
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($index, false, $escape, false)
            );

            if ($this->testMode) {
                ++$affectedRows;
            } else {
                $this->conn->query($sql, $this->builderCache->binds);
                $affectedRows += $this->conn->getAffectedRows();
            }

            $this->builderCache[ 'where' ] = [];
        }

        if ( ! $this->testMode) {
            $this->builderCache->resetModifier();
        }

        return $affectedRows;

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::setUpdateBatch
     *
     * The "setUpdateBatch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch updating
     *
     * @param mixed  $sets
     * @param string $index
     * @param bool   $escape
     *
     * @return static
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     */
    protected function setUpdateBatch(array $sets, $index = '', $escape = null)
    {
        $sets = $this->batchObjectToArray($sets);

        if ( ! is_array($sets)) {

            // @todo error
        }

        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        foreach ($sets as $set) {
            $indexSet = false;
            $row = [];
            foreach ($set as $key => $value) {
                if ($key === $index) {
                    $indexSet = true;
                }

                $bind = $this->bind($key, $value);

                $row[ $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($key, false, $escape) ] = ':' . $bind;
            }

            if ($indexSet === false) {
                // 'One or more rows submitted for batch updating is missing the specified index.'
                throw new RuntimeException('E_DATABASE_BATCH_UPDATE_MISSING_INDEX');
            }

            $this->builderCache->sets[] = $row;
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformUpdateBatchStatement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data.
     *
     * @param string $table  Table name
     * @param array  $values Update data
     * @param string $index  WHERE key
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    abstract protected function platformUpdateBatchStatement($table, $values, $index);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::delete
     *
     * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
     *
     * @param array $where Where clause.
     * @param int   $limit Limit clause.
     *
     * @return string
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function delete($where = [], $limit = null)
    {
        $this->where($where);

        if (isset($limit)) {
            $this->limit($limit);
        }

        $sqlStatement = $this->platformDeleteStatement(
            $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                $this->builderCache->from[ 0 ],
                true,
                $this->conn->protectIdentifiers,
                false
            )
        );

        if ($this->testMode) {
            return $sqlStatement;
        }

        $sqlBinds = $this->builderCache->binds;
        $this->builderCache->resetModifier();

        return $this->conn->query($sqlStatement, $sqlBinds);

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformDeleteStatement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
     *
     * @param string $table The table name.
     *
     * @return  string
     */
    abstract protected function platformDeleteStatement($table);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::flush
     *
     * Compiles a truncate string and runs the query
     * If the database does not support the truncate() command
     * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
     *
     * @param bool $escape Whether to table identifiers
     *
     * @return bool TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function flush($table, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        if ($escape) {
            $table = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($table, true, true);
        }

        $sqlStatement = $this->platformDeleteStatement($table);

        if ($this->testMode === true) {
            return $sqlStatement;

        }

        $this->builderCache->resetModifier();

        return $this->conn->query($sqlStatement);

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::truncate
     *
     * Compiles a truncate string and runs the query
     * If the database does not support the truncate() command
     * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
     *
     * @param bool $escape Whether to table identifiers
     *
     * @return bool TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
     * @throws \O2System\Spl\Exceptions\RuntimeException
     * @throws \Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function truncate($table, $escape = null)
    {
        is_bool($escape) || $escape = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers;

        if ($escape) {
            $table = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($table, true, true);
        }

        $sqlStatement = $this->platformTruncateStatement($table);

        if ($this->testMode === true) {
            return $sqlStatement;

        }

        $this->builderCache->resetModifier();

        return $this->conn->query($sqlStatement);

    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::platformTruncateStatement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific truncate statement.
     *
     * @param string    the table name
filter:
    dependency_paths: ["lib/*"]
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    abstract protected function platformTruncateStatement($table);

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::binds
     *
     * @param array $binds
     *
     * @return static
     */
    public function binds(array $binds)
    {
        foreach ($binds as $field => $value) {
            $this->bind($field, $value);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::subQuery
     *
     * Performs Query Builder sub query mode.
     *
     * @return \O2System\Database\Sql\Abstracts\AbstractQueryBuilder
     */
    public function subQuery()
    {
        $subQuery = clone $this;
        $subQuery->builderCache = new Query\BuilderCache();


        $subQuery->isSubQuery = true;

        return $subQuery;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileSelectStatement
     *
     * Compile the SELECT statement
     *
     * Generates a query string based on which functions were used.
     * Should not be called directly.
     *
     * @param bool $selectOverride
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function compileSelectStatement($selectOverride = false)
    {
        // Write the "select" portion of the query
        if ($selectOverride !== false) {
            $sqlStatement = $selectOverride;
        } else {
            $sqlStatement = ( ! $this->builderCache->distinct)
                ? 'SELECT %s'
                : 'SELECT DISTINCT %s';

            if (count($this->builderCache->select) === 0) {
                $SqlSelectStatement = "*";
            } else {
                // Cycle through the "select" portion of the query and prep each column name.
                // The reason we protect identifiers here rather than in the select() function
                // is because until the user calls the from() function we don't know if there are aliases
                foreach ($this->builderCache->select as $selectKey => $selectField) {
                    $noEscape = isset($this->builderCache->noEscape [ $selectKey ])
                        ? $this->builderCache->noEscape [ $selectKey ]
                        : null;
                    $this->builderCache->select [ $selectKey ] = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                        $selectField,
                        false,
                        $noEscape
                    );
                }

                $SqlSelectStatement = implode(", \n\t", $this->builderCache->select);
            }

            $sqlStatement = sprintf($sqlStatement, $SqlSelectStatement);
        }

        return trim($sqlStatement);
        return trim(/** @scrutinizer ignore-type */ $sqlStatement);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileIntoStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileUnionStatement()
    {
        $sqlStatement = '';

        if (count($this->builderCache->union)) {
            foreach ($this->builderCache->union as $union) {
                $sqlStatement .= "\n UNION \n" . $union;
            }
        }

        if (count($this->builderCache->unionAll)) {
            foreach ($this->builderCache->unionAll as $union) {
                $sqlStatement .= "\n UNION ALL \n" . $union;
            }
        }

        return trim($sqlStatement);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileIntoStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileIntoStatement()
    {
        return "\n" . $this->builderCache->into;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileFromStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileFromStatement()
    {
        if (count($this->builderCache->from) > 0) {
            return "\n" . sprintf(
                    'FROM %s',
                    implode(',', array_unique($this->builderCache->from))
                );
        }
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileJoinStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileJoinStatement()
    {
        if (count($this->builderCache->join) > 0) {
            return "\n" . implode("\n", $this->builderCache->join);
        }
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileWhereStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileWhereStatement()
    {
        return $this->compileWhereHavingStatement('where');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileWhereHavingStatement
     *
     * Compile WHERE, HAVING statements
     *
     * Escapes identifiers in WHERE and HAVING statements at execution time.
     *
     * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
     * where(), orWhere(), having(), orHaving are called prior to from(),
     * join() and prefixTable is added only if needed.
     *
     * @param string $cacheKey 'QBWhere' or 'QBHaving'
     *
     * @return    string    Sql statement
     */
    protected function compileWhereHavingStatement($cacheKey)
    {
        if (count($this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}) > 0) {
            for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}); $i < $c; $i++) {
                // Is this condition already compiled?
                if (is_string($this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ])) {
                    continue;
                } elseif ($this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ][ 'escape' ] === false) {
                    $this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ]
                        = $this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ][ 'condition' ];
                    continue;
                }

                // Split multiple conditions
                $conditions = preg_split(
                    '/((?:^|\s+)AND\s+|(?:^|\s+)OR\s+)/i',
                    $this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ][ 'condition' ],
                    -1,
                    PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
                );

                for ($ci = 0, $cc = count($conditions); $ci < $cc; $ci++) {
                for ($ci = 0, $cc = count(/** @scrutinizer ignore-type */ $conditions); $ci < $cc; $ci++) {
                    if (($op = $this->getOperator($conditions[ $ci ])) === false
                        OR
                        ! preg_match(
                            '/^(\(?)(.*)(' . preg_quote($op, '/') . ')\s*(.*(?<!\)))?(\)?)$/i',
                            $conditions[ $ci ],
                            $matches
                        )
                    ) {
                        continue;
                    }

                    // $matches = array(
                    //  0 => '(test <= foo)',   /* the whole thing */
                    //  1 => '(',       /* optional */
                    //  2 => 'test',        /* the field name */
                    //  3 => ' <= ',        /* $op */
                    //  4 => 'foo',     /* optional, if $op is e.g. 'IS NULL' */
                    //  5 => ')'        /* optional */
                    // );

                    if ( ! empty($matches[ 4 ])) {
                        //$this->isLiteral($matches[4]) OR $matches[4] = $this->protectIdentifiers(trim($matches[4]));
                        $matches[ 4 ] = ' ' . $matches[ 4 ];
                    }

                    $conditions[ $ci ] = $matches[ 1 ] . $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(trim($matches[ 2 ]))
                        . ' ' . trim($matches[ 3 ]) . $matches[ 4 ] . $matches[ 5 ];
                }

                $this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ] = implode('', $conditions);
                $this->builderCache->{$cacheKey}[ $i ] = implode('', /** @scrutinizer ignore-type */ $conditions);
            }

            if ($cacheKey === 'having') {
                return "\n" . sprintf(
                        'HAVING %s',
                        implode("\n", $this->builderCache->having)
                    );
            }

            return "\n" . sprintf(
                    'WHERE %s',
                    implode("\n", $this->builderCache->{$cacheKey})
                );
        }

        return '';
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileGroupByStatement
     *
     * Compile GROUP BY
     *
     * Escapes identifiers in GROUP BY statements at execution time.
     *
     * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of wether
     * groupBy() is called prior to from(), join() and prefixTable is added
     * only if needed.
     *
     * @return    string    Sql statement
     */
    protected function compileGroupByStatement()
    {
        if (count($this->builderCache->groupBy) > 0) {
            for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->builderCache->groupBy); $i < $c; $i++) {
                // Is it already compiled?
                if (is_string($this->builderCache->groupBy[ $i ])) {
                    continue;
                }

                $this->builderCache->groupBy[ $i ] = ($this->builderCache->groupBy[ $i ][ 'escape' ]
                    === false OR
                    $this->isLiteral(
                        $this->builderCache->groupBy[ $i ][ 'field' ]
                    ))
                    ? $this->builderCache->groupBy[ $i ][ 'field' ]
                    : $this->conn->protectIdentifiers($this->builderCache->groupBy[ $i ][ 'field' ]);
            }

            return "\n" . sprintf(
                    'GROUP BY %s',
                    implode(', ', $this->builderCache->groupBy)
                );
        }

        return '';
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::isLiteral
     *
     * Determines if a string represents a literal value or a field name
     *
     * @param string $string
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    protected function isLiteral($string)
    {
        $string = trim($string);

        if (empty($string) || ctype_digit($string) || (string)(float)$string === $string
            || in_array(
                strtoupper($string),
                ['TRUE', 'FALSE'],
                true
            )
        ) {
            return true;
        }

        static $stringArray;

        if (empty($stringArray)) {
            $stringArray = ($this->conn->getConfig('escapeCharacter') !== '"')
                ? ['"', "'"]
                : ["'"];
        }

        return in_array($string[ 0 ], $stringArray, true);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileHavingStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileHavingStatement()
    {
        return $this->compileWhereHavingStatement('having');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileHavingStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileBetweenStatement()
    {
        return $this->compileWhereHavingStatement('between');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileHavingStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileNotBetweenStatement()
    {
        return $this->compileWhereHavingStatement('notBetween');
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileOrderByStatement
     *
     * Compile ORDER BY
     *
     * Escapes identifiers in ORDER BY statements at execution time.
     *
     * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of wether
     * orderBy() is called prior to from(), join() and prefixTable is added
     * only if needed.
     *
     * @return    string    Sql statement
     */
    protected function compileOrderByStatement()
    {
        if (is_array($this->builderCache->orderBy) && count($this->builderCache->orderBy) > 0) {
            for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->builderCache->orderBy); $i < $c; $i++) {
                if ($this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ][ 'escape' ] !== false
                    && ! $this->isLiteral(
                        $this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ][ 'field' ]
                    )
                ) {
                    $this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ][ 'field' ] = $this->conn->protectIdentifiers(
                        $this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ][ 'field' ]
                    );
                }

                $this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ] = $this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ][ 'field' ]
                    . $this->builderCache->orderBy[ $i ][ 'direction' ];
            }

            return $this->builderCache->orderBy = "\n" . sprintf(
                    'ORDER BY %s',
                    implode(', ', $this->builderCache->orderBy)
                );
        } elseif (is_string($this->builderCache->orderBy)) {
            return $this->builderCache->orderBy;
        }

        return '';
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * AbstractQueryBuilder::compileLimitStatement
     *
     * @return string
     */
    protected function compileLimitStatement()
    {
        if ($this->builderCache->limit) {
            if ($this->builderCache->offset) {
                return sprintf(
                    'LIMIT %s OFFSET %s',
                    $this->builderCache->limit,
                    $this->builderCache->offset
                );
            }

            return "\n" . sprintf(
                    'LIMIT %s',
                    $this->builderCache->limit
                );
        }
    }
}

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