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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Copyright (c) 2015-2015 Andreas Heigl<[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * THE SOFTWARE.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author    Andreas Heigl<[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @copyright 2015-2015 Andreas Heigl/callingallpapers.com  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @license   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php MIT-License  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @version   0.0  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @since     06.03.2012  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @link      http://github.com/joindin/callingallpapers  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace Callingallpapers\Parser\Lanyrd;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Callingallpapers\Entity\Cfp;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Callingallpapers\Parser\Lanyrd\LanyrdEntryParser;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Callingallpapers\Parser\ParserInterface;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Callingallpapers\Writer\WriterInterface;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class LanyrdCfpParser implements ParserInterface  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function parse(WriterInterface $writer)  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $uri = 'http://lanyrd.com/calls/';  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $i = 0;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $pages = 0;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        do { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $dom = new \DOMDocument('1.0', 'UTF-8'); | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $dom->loadHTMLFile($uri . '?page=' . ($i+1));  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $dom->preserveWhiteSpace = false;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $xpath = new \DOMXPath($dom);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $nodes = $xpath->query("//div[@class='pagination']/ol/li[last()]/a"); | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if ($nodes->length < 1) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                continue;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $pages = $nodes[0]->textContent;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $xpath = new \DOMXPath($dom);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $nodes = $xpath->query("//*[contains(@class, 'call-list-open')]"); | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $cfp = new Cfp();  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $lanyrdEntryParser = new Entry($cfp);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            foreach ($nodes as $node) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                try { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    /** @var \DOMNode $node */  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    $links = $xpath->query('.//a[text()="Call for speakers"]', | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                        $node);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    if ($links->length < 1) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                        continue;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    $eventPageUrl = $links->item(0)->attributes->getNamedItem('href')->textContent; | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    error_log($eventPageUrl);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    if (! $eventPageUrl) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                        continue;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    $writer->write($lanyrdEntryParser->parse($eventPageUrl));  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                } catch (\Exception $e) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                    error_log($e->getMEssage());  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        } while (++$i < $pages);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return true;  | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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If you return a value from a function or method, it should be a sub-type of the type that is given by the parent type f.e. an interface, or abstract method. This is more formally defined by the Lizkov substitution principle, and guarantees that classes that depend on the parent type can use any instance of a child type interchangably. This principle also belongs to the SOLID principles for object oriented design.
Let’s take a look at an example:
Our function
my_functionexpects aPostobject, and outputs the author of the post. The base classPostreturns a simple string and outputting a simple string will work just fine. However, the child classBlogPostwhich is a sub-type ofPostinstead decided to return anobject, and is therefore violating the SOLID principles. If aBlogPostwere passed tomy_function, PHP would not complain, but ultimately fail when executing thestrtouppercall in its body.