Duplicate code is one of the most pungent code smells. A rule that is often used is to re-structure code once it is duplicated in three or more places.
Common duplication problems, and corresponding solutions are:
Complex classes like MailContext often do a lot of different things. To break such a class down, we need to identify a cohesive component within that class. A common approach to find such a component is to look for fields/methods that share the same prefixes, or suffixes. You can also have a look at the cohesion graph to spot any un-connected, or weakly-connected components.
Once you have determined the fields that belong together, you can apply the Extract Class refactoring. If the component makes sense as a sub-class, Extract Subclass is also a candidate, and is often faster.
While breaking up the class, it is a good idea to analyze how other classes use MailContext, and based on these observations, apply Extract Interface, too.
1 | <?php |
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11 | class MailContext extends RawDrupalContext { |
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12 | |||
13 | /** |
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14 | * The mail manager. |
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15 | * |
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16 | * @var \Drupal\DrupalMailManagerInterface |
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17 | */ |
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18 | protected $mailManager; |
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19 | |||
20 | /** |
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21 | * The number of mails received so far in this scenario, for each mail store. |
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22 | * |
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23 | * @var array |
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24 | */ |
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25 | protected $mailCount = []; |
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26 | |||
27 | /** |
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28 | * Get the mail manager service that handles stored test mail. |
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29 | * |
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30 | * @return \Drupal\DrupalMailManagerInterface |
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31 | * The mail manager service. |
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32 | */ |
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33 | protected function getMailManager() { |
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41 | |||
42 | /** |
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43 | * Get collected mail, matching certain specifications. |
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44 | * |
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45 | * @param array $matches |
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46 | * Associative array of mail fields and the values to filter by. |
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47 | * @param bool $new |
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48 | * Whether to ignore previously seen mail. |
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49 | * @param null|int $index |
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50 | * A particular mail to return, e.g. 0 for first or -1 for last. |
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51 | * @param string $store |
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52 | * The name of the mail store to get mail from. |
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53 | * |
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54 | * @return \stdClass[] |
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55 | * An array of mail, each formatted as a Drupal 8 |
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56 | * \Drupal\Core\Mail\MailInterface::mail $message array. |
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57 | */ |
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58 | protected function getMail($matches = [], $new = FALSE, $index = NULL, $store = 'default') { |
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82 | |||
83 | /** |
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84 | * Get the number of mails received in a particular mail store. |
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85 | * |
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86 | * @return int |
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87 | * The number of mails received during this scenario. |
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88 | */ |
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89 | protected function getMailCount($store) { |
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98 | |||
99 | /** |
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100 | * Determine if a mail meets criteria. |
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101 | * |
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102 | * @param array $mail |
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103 | * The mail, as an array of mail fields. |
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104 | * @param array $matches |
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105 | * The criteria: an associative array of mail fields and desired values. |
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106 | * |
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107 | * @return bool |
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108 | * Whether the mail matches the criteria. |
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109 | */ |
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110 | protected function matchesMail($mail = [], $matches = []) { |
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121 | |||
122 | /** |
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123 | * Compare actual mail with expected mail. |
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124 | * |
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125 | * @param array $actualMail |
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126 | * An array of actual mail. |
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127 | * @param array $expectedMail |
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128 | * An array of expected mail. |
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129 | */ |
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130 | protected function compareMail($actualMail, $expectedMail) { |
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153 | |||
154 | /** |
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155 | * Sort mail by to, subject and body. |
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156 | * |
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157 | * @param array $mail |
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158 | * An array of mail to sort. |
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159 | * |
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160 | * @return array |
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161 | * The same mail, but sorted. |
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162 | */ |
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163 | protected function sortMail($mail) { |
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200 | |||
201 | /** |
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202 | * Get the mink context, so we can visit pages using the mink session. |
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203 | */ |
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204 | protected function getMinkContext() { |
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211 | |||
212 | /** |
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213 | * By default, prevent mail from being actually sent out during tests. |
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214 | * |
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215 | * @BeforeScenario |
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216 | */ |
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217 | public function disableMail() { |
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224 | |||
225 | /** |
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226 | * Restore mail sending. |
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227 | * |
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228 | * @AfterScenario |
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229 | */ |
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230 | public function enableMail() { |
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233 | |||
234 | /** |
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235 | * Allow opting in to actually sending mail out. |
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236 | * |
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237 | * @BeforeScenario @sendmail @sendemail |
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238 | */ |
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239 | public function sendMail() { |
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242 | |||
243 | /** |
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244 | * Allow opting in to mail collection. When using the default mail manager |
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245 | * service, it is not necessary to use this tag. |
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246 | * |
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247 | * @BeforeScenario @mail @email |
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248 | */ |
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249 | public function collectMail() { |
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252 | |||
253 | /** |
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254 | * Stop collecting mail at scenario end. |
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255 | * |
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256 | * @AfterScenario @mail @email |
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257 | */ |
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258 | public function stopCollectingMail() { |
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261 | |||
262 | /** |
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263 | * This is mainly useful for testing this context. |
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264 | * |
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265 | * @When Drupal sends a/an (e)mail: |
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266 | */ |
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267 | public function DrupalSendsMail(TableNode $fields) { |
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279 | |||
280 | /** |
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281 | * Check all mail sent during the scenario. |
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282 | * |
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283 | * @Then (e)mail(s) has/have been sent: |
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284 | * @Then (e)mail(s) has/have been sent to :to: |
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285 | */ |
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286 | View Code Duplication | public function mailHasBeenSent(TableNode $expectedMailTable, $to = NULL) { |
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295 | |||
296 | /** |
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297 | * Check mail sent since the last step that checked mail. |
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298 | * |
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299 | * @Then new (e)mail(s) is/are sent: |
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300 | * @Then new (e)mail(s) is/are sent to :to: |
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301 | */ |
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302 | View Code Duplication | public function newMailIsSent(TableNode $expectedMailTable, $to = NULL) { |
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311 | |||
312 | /** |
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313 | * Check all mail sent during the scenario. |
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314 | * |
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315 | * @Then no (e)mail(s) has/have been sent |
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316 | * @Then no (e)mail(s) has/have been sent to :to |
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317 | */ |
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318 | View Code Duplication | public function noMailHasBeenSent($to = NULL) { |
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326 | |||
327 | /** |
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328 | * Check mail sent since the last step that checked mail. |
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329 | * |
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330 | * @Then no new (e)mail(s) is/are sent |
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331 | * @Then no new (e)mail(s) is/are sent to :to |
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332 | */ |
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333 | View Code Duplication | public function noNewMailIsSent($to = NULL) { |
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341 | |||
342 | /** |
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343 | * @When I follow the link to :urlFragment from the (e)mail |
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344 | * @When I follow the link to :urlFragment from the (e)mail to :to |
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345 | * @When I follow the link to :urlFragment from the (e)mail with the subject :subject |
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346 | * @When I follow the link to :urlFragment from the (e)mail to :to with the subject :subject |
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347 | */ |
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348 | public function followLinkInMail($urlFragment, $to = '', $subject = '') { |
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371 | |||
372 | } |
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373 |
Adding an explicit array definition is generally preferable to implicit array definition as it guarantees a stable state of the code.
Let’s take a look at an example:
As you can see in this example, the array
$myArray
is initialized the first time when the foreach loop is entered. You can also see that the value of thebar
key is only written conditionally; thus, its value might result from a previous iteration.This might or might not be intended. To make your intention clear, your code more readible and to avoid accidental bugs, we recommend to add an explicit initialization $myArray = array() either outside or inside the foreach loop.