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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * The libsodium Random Number Source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * This uses the libsodium secure generator to generate high strength numbers  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * PHP version 5.3  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @category   PHPCryptLib  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @package    Random  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @subpackage Source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author     Anthony Ferrara <[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author     Ben Ramsey <[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @copyright  2011 The Authors  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @license    http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html  MIT License  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @version    Build @@version@@  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @link       https://paragonie.com/book/pecl-libsodium  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @link       http://pecl.php.net/package/libsodium  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace RandomLib\Source;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use SecurityLib\Strength;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * The libsodium Random Number Source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * This uses the libsodium secure generator to generate high strength numbers  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @category   PHPCryptLib  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @package    Random  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @subpackage Source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author     Anthony Ferrara <[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author     Ben Ramsey <[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class Sodium implements \RandomLib\Source { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * A property that may be forcibly set to `false` in the constructor, for  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * the purpose of testing this source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var bool  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    private $hasLibsodium = false;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Constructs a libsodium Random Number Source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param bool $useLibsodium May be set to `false` to disable libsodium for  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *                           testing purposes  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __construct($useLibsodium = true) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if ($useLibsodium && extension_loaded('libsodium')) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $this->hasLibsodium = true;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Return an instance of Strength indicating the strength of the source  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return Strength An instance of one of the strength classes  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public static function getStrength() { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new Strength(Strength::HIGH);  | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Generate a random string of the specified size  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param int $size The size of the requested random string  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return string A string of the requested size  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function generate($size) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if (!$this->hasLibsodium || $size < 1) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return str_repeat(chr(0), $size);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return \Sodium\randombytes_buf($size);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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If you return a value from a function or method, it should be a sub-type of the type that is given by the parent type f.e. an interface, or abstract method. This is more formally defined by the Lizkov substitution principle, and guarantees that classes that depend on the parent type can use any instance of a child type interchangably. This principle also belongs to the SOLID principles for object oriented design.
Let’s take a look at an example:
Our function
my_functionexpects aPostobject, and outputs the author of the post. The base classPostreturns a simple string and outputting a simple string will work just fine. However, the child classBlogPostwhich is a sub-type ofPostinstead decided to return anobject, and is therefore violating the SOLID principles. If aBlogPostwere passed tomy_function, PHP would not complain, but ultimately fail when executing thestrtouppercall in its body.