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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                declare(strict_types=1);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace Np\linAlgb;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Np\core\{blas,lapack}; | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Np\matrix, Np\vector;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Linear Algebra  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *   | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *   | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *   | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @package   Np  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @category  Scientific Computing  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author    ghost (Shubham Chaudhary)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @email     [email protected]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @copyright (c) 2020-2021, Shubham Chaudhary  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                trait linAlg { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *    | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * get dot product of m.m | m.v | v.v  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *   | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param \Np\matrix|\Np\vector $d  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return matrix|vector  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function dot(matrix|vector $d): matrix|vector { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if ($this instanceof matrix) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if ($d instanceof matrix) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                return $this->dotMatrix($d);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $this->dotVector($d);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return blas::dot($this, $d);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * get matrix & matrix dot product  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param \Np\matrix $matrix  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return \Np\matrix  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected function dotMatrix(matrix $matrix): matrix { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if ($this->checkDimensions($this,$matrix)) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $ar = self::factory($this->row, $matrix->col);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            blas::gemm($this, $matrix, $ar);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $ar;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * get dot product of matrix & a vector  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param \Np\vector $vector  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return \Np\vector  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected function dotVector(vector $vector): vector { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if ($this->checkDimensions($vector, $this)) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $mvr = vector::factory($this->col);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            blas::gemv($this, $vector, $mvr);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $mvr;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *   | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Compute the multiplicative inverse of the matrix.  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return matrix|null  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function inverse(): matrix|null { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if ($this->isSquare()) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $imat = $this->copy();  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $ipiv = vector::factory($this->row, vector::INT);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $lp = lapack::getrf($imat, $ipiv);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if ($lp != 0) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                return null;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $lp = lapack::getri($imat, $ipiv);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if ($lp != 0) { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                return null;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            unset($ipiv);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            unset($lp);  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $imat;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        self::_err('Error::invalid Size of matrix!'); | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * FIXEME:-Bug noticed on 10/06/21  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Compute the (Moore-Penrose) pseudo inverse of the general matrix.  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return matrix|null  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function pseudoInverse(): matrix|null { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $k = min($this->row, $this->col);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $s = vector::factory($k);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $u = self::factory($this->row, $this->row);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $vt = self::factory($this->col, $this->col);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $imat = $this->copy();  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $lp = lapack::gesdd($imat, $s, $u, $vt);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        if ($lp != 0) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return null;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        for ($i = 0; $i < $k; ++$i) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            blas::scale(1.0 / $s->data[$i], $vt->rowAsVector($i));  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        unset($imat);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        unset($k);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        unset($lp);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        unset($s);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $mr = self::factory($this->col, $this->row, $this->dtype);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        blas::gemm($vt, $u, $mr);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        unset($u);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        unset($vt);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $mr;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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For hinted functions/methods where all return statements with the correct type are only reachable via conditions, ?null? gets implicitly returned which may be incompatible with the hinted type. Let?s take a look at an example: