eventespresso / event-espresso-core

core/libraries/messages/messenger/EE_Email_messenger.class.php

Doc Comments +1 added lines, -1 removed lines

@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
      * be empty
      *
      * @since 4.3.1
-     * @return array
+     * @return string[]
      */
     private function _parse_from()
     {

Indentation +644 added lines, -644 removed lines

@@ -6,648 +6,648 @@
 class EE_Email_messenger extends EE_messenger
 {
 
-    /**
-     * To field for email
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_to = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * CC field for email.
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_cc = '';
-
-    /**
-     * From field for email
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_from = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * Subject field for email
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_subject = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * Content field for email
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_content = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * constructor
-     *
-     * @access public
-     */
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        // set name and description properties
-        $this->name                = 'email';
-        $this->description         = sprintf(
-            esc_html__(
-                'This messenger delivers messages via email using the built-in %s function included with WordPress',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            '<code>wp_mail</code>'
-        );
-        $this->label               = array(
-            'singular' => esc_html__('email', 'event_espresso'),
-            'plural'   => esc_html__('emails', 'event_espresso'),
-        );
-        $this->activate_on_install = true;
-
-        // we're using defaults so let's call parent constructor that will take care of setting up all the other
-        // properties
-        parent::__construct();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see abstract declaration in parent class for details.
-     */
-    protected function _set_admin_pages()
-    {
-        $this->admin_registered_pages = array(
-            'events_edit' => true,
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
-     */
-    protected function _set_valid_shortcodes()
-    {
-        // remember by leaving the other fields not set, those fields will inherit the valid shortcodes from the
-        // message type.
-        $this->_valid_shortcodes = array(
-            'to'   => array('email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'),
-            'cc' => array('email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'),
-            'from' => array('email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'),
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_validator_config()
-    {
-        $valid_shortcodes = $this->get_valid_shortcodes();
-
-        $this->_validator_config = array(
-            'to'            => array(
-                'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
-                'type'       => 'email',
-            ),
-            'cc' => array(
-                'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
-                'type' => 'email',
-            ),
-            'from'          => array(
-                'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['from'],
-                'type'       => 'email',
-            ),
-            'subject'       => array(
-                'shortcodes' => array(
-                    'organization',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'event_author',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                ),
-            ),
-            'content'       => array(
-                'shortcodes' => array(
-                    'event_list',
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket_list',
-                    'organization',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'primary_registration_list',
-                    'event_author',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                    'recipient_list',
-                    'transaction',
-                    'messenger',
-                ),
-            ),
-            'attendee_list' => array(
-                'shortcodes' => array('attendee', 'event_list', 'ticket_list'),
-                'required'   => array('[ATTENDEE_LIST]'),
-            ),
-            'event_list'    => array(
-                'shortcodes' => array(
-                    'event',
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket_list',
-                    'venue',
-                    'datetime_list',
-                    'attendee',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'primary_registration_list',
-                    'event_author',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                    'recipient_list',
-                ),
-                'required'   => array('[EVENT_LIST]'),
-            ),
-            'ticket_list'   => array(
-                'shortcodes' => array(
-                    'event_list',
-                    'attendee_list',
-                    'ticket',
-                    'datetime_list',
-                    'primary_registration_details',
-                    'recipient_details',
-                ),
-                'required'   => array('[TICKET_LIST]'),
-            ),
-            'datetime_list' => array(
-                'shortcodes' => array('datetime'),
-                'required'   => array('[DATETIME_LIST]'),
-            ),
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see   parent EE_messenger class for docs
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
-    {
-        if ($sending_messenger_name = 'html') {
-            add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', array($this, 'add_email_css'), 10, 8);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    public function add_email_css(
-        $variation_path,
-        $messenger,
-        $message_type,
-        $type,
-        $variation,
-        $file_extension,
-        $url,
-        EE_Messages_Template_Pack $template_pack
-    ) {
-        // prevent recursion on this callback.
-        remove_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', array($this, 'add_email_css'), 10);
-        $variation = $this->get_variation($template_pack, $message_type, $url, 'main', $variation, false);
-
-        add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', array($this, 'add_email_css'), 10, 8);
-        return $variation;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * See parent for details
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_test_settings_fields()
-    {
-        $this->_test_settings_fields = array(
-            'to'      => array(
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html__('Send a test email to', 'event_espresso'),
-                'type'       => 'email',
-                'required'   => true,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-                'default'    => get_bloginfo('admin_email'),
-            ),
-            'subject' => array(
-                'input'      => 'hidden',
-                'label'      => '',
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => false,
-                'format'     => '%s',
-                'value'      => sprintf(__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name')),
-                'default'    => '',
-                'css_class'  => '',
-            ),
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_template_fields
-     * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
-     *
-     * @access  protected
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_template_fields()
-    {
-        // any extra template fields that are NOT used by the messenger but will get used by a messenger field for
-        // shortcode replacement get added to the 'extra' key in an associated array indexed by the messenger field
-        // they relate to.  This is important for the Messages_admin to know what fields to display to the user.
-        //  Also, notice that the "values" are equal to the field type that messages admin will use to know what
-        // kind of field to display. The values ALSO have one index labeled "shortcode".  the values in that array
-        // indicate which ACTUAL SHORTCODE (i.e. [SHORTCODE]) is required in order for this extra field to be
-        // displayed.  If the required shortcode isn't part of the shortcodes array then the field is not needed and
-        // will not be displayed/parsed.
-        $this->_template_fields = array(
-            'to'      => array(
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'To',
-                    'Label for the "To" field for email addresses',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => true,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ),
-            'cc'      => array(
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'CC',
-                    'Label for the "Carbon Copy" field used for additional email addresses',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => false,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ),
-            'from'    => array(
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'From',
-                    'Label for the "From" field for email addresses.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => true,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ),
-            'subject' => array(
-                'input'      => 'text',
-                'label'      => esc_html_x(
-                    'Subject',
-                    'Label for the "Subject" field (short description of contents) for emails.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                'type'       => 'string',
-                'required'   => true,
-                'validation' => true,
-                'css_class'  => 'large-text',
-                'format'     => '%s',
-            ),
-            'content' => '',
-            // left empty b/c it is in the "extra array" but messenger still needs needs to know this is a field.
-            'extra'   => array(
-                'content' => array(
-                    'main'          => array(
-                        'input'      => 'wp_editor',
-                        'label'      => esc_html__('Main Content', 'event_espresso'),
-                        'type'       => 'string',
-                        'required'   => true,
-                        'validation' => true,
-                        'format'     => '%s',
-                        'rows'       => '15',
-                    ),
-                    'event_list'    => array(
-                        'input'               => 'wp_editor',
-                        'label'               => '[EVENT_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => true,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'rows'                => '15',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => array('[EVENT_LIST]'),
-                    ),
-                    'attendee_list' => array(
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[ATTENDEE_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => true,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '5',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => array('[ATTENDEE_LIST]'),
-                    ),
-                    'ticket_list'   => array(
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[TICKET_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => true,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '10',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => array('[TICKET_LIST]'),
-                    ),
-                    'datetime_list' => array(
-                        'input'               => 'textarea',
-                        'label'               => '[DATETIME_LIST]',
-                        'type'                => 'string',
-                        'required'            => true,
-                        'validation'          => true,
-                        'format'              => '%s',
-                        'css_class'           => 'large-text',
-                        'rows'                => '10',
-                        'shortcodes_required' => array('[DATETIME_LIST]'),
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ),
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * See definition of this class in parent
-     */
-    protected function _set_default_message_types()
-    {
-        $this->_default_message_types = array(
-            'payment',
-            'payment_refund',
-            'registration',
-            'not_approved_registration',
-            'pending_approval',
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @see   definition of this class in parent
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    protected function _set_valid_message_types()
-    {
-        $this->_valid_message_types = array(
-            'payment',
-            'registration',
-            'not_approved_registration',
-            'declined_registration',
-            'cancelled_registration',
-            'pending_approval',
-            'registration_summary',
-            'payment_reminder',
-            'payment_declined',
-            'payment_refund',
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * setting up admin_settings_fields for messenger.
-     */
-    protected function _set_admin_settings_fields()
-    {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * We just deliver the messages don't kill us!!
-     *
-     * @return bool|WP_Error true if message delivered, false if it didn't deliver OR bubble up any error object if
-     *              present.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws \TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\Exception
-     */
-    protected function _send_message()
-    {
-        $success = wp_mail(
-            $this->_to,
-            // some old values for subject may be expecting HTML entities to be decoded in the subject
-            // and subjects aren't interpreted as HTML, so there should be no HTML in them
-            wp_strip_all_tags(wp_specialchars_decode($this->_subject, ENT_QUOTES)),
-            $this->_body(),
-            $this->_headers()
-        );
-        if (! $success) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The email did not send successfully.%3$sThe WordPress wp_mail function is used for sending mails but does not give any useful information when an email fails to send.%3$sIt is possible the "to" address (%1$s) or "from" address (%2$s) is invalid.%3$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $this->_to,
-                    $this->_from,
-                    '<br />'
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        return $success;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * see parent for definition
-     *
-     * @return string html body of the message content and the related css.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws \TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\Exception
-     */
-    protected function _preview()
-    {
-        return $this->_body(true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Setup headers for email
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @return string formatted header for email
-     */
-    protected function _headers()
-    {
-        $this->_ensure_has_from_email_address();
-        $from    = $this->_from;
-        $headers = array(
-            'From:' . $from,
-            'Reply-To:' . $from,
-            'Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8',
-        );
-
-        /**
-         * Second condition added as a result of https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/11416 to
-         * cover back compat where there may be users who have saved cc values in their db for the newsletter message
-         * type which they are no longer able to change.
-         */
-        if (! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
-            $headers[] = 'cc: ' . $this->_cc;
-        }
-
-        // but wait!  Header's for the from is NOT reliable because some plugins don't respect From: as set in the
-        // header.
-        add_filter('wp_mail_from', array($this, 'set_from_address'), 100);
-        add_filter('wp_mail_from_name', array($this, 'set_from_name'), 100);
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger___headers', $headers, $this->_incoming_message_type, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply ensures that the from address is not empty.  If it is, then we use whatever is set as the site email
-     * address for the from address to avoid problems with sending emails.
-     */
-    protected function _ensure_has_from_email_address()
-    {
-        if (empty($this->_from)) {
-            $this->_from = get_bloginfo('admin_email');
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply parses whatever is set as the $_from address and determines if it is in the format {name} <{email}>
-     * or just {email} and returns an array with the "from_name" and "from_email" as the values. Note from_name *MAY*
-     * be empty
-     *
-     * @since 4.3.1
-     * @return array
-     */
-    private function _parse_from()
-    {
-        if (strpos($this->_from, '<') !== false) {
-            $from_name = substr($this->_from, 0, strpos($this->_from, '<') - 1);
-            $from_name = str_replace('"', '', $from_name);
-            $from_name = trim($from_name);
-
-            $from_email = substr($this->_from, strpos($this->_from, '<') + 1);
-            $from_email = str_replace('>', '', $from_email);
-            $from_email = trim($from_email);
-        } elseif (trim($this->_from) !== '') {
-            $from_name  = '';
-            $from_email = trim($this->_from);
-        } else {
-            $from_name = $from_email = '';
-        }
-        return array($from_name, $from_email);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Callback for the wp_mail_from filter.
-     *
-     * @since 4.3.1
-     * @param string $from_email What the original from_email is.
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function set_from_address($from_email)
-    {
-        $parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
-        // includes fallback if the parsing failed.
-        $from_email = is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[1])
-            ? $parsed_from[1]
-            : get_bloginfo('admin_email');
-        return $from_email;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Callback fro the wp_mail_from_name filter.
-     *
-     * @since 4.3.1
-     * @param string $from_name The original from_name.
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function set_from_name($from_name)
-    {
-        $parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
-        if (is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[0])) {
-            $from_name = $parsed_from[0];
-        }
-
-        // if from name is "WordPress" let's sub in the site name instead (more friendly!)
-        // but realize the default name is HTML entity-encoded
-        $from_name = $from_name == 'WordPress' ? wp_specialchars_decode(get_bloginfo(), ENT_QUOTES) : $from_name;
-
-        return $from_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * setup body for email
-     *
-     * @param bool $preview will determine whether this is preview template or not.
-     * @return string formatted body for email.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws \TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\Exception
-     */
-    protected function _body($preview = false)
-    {
-        // setup template args!
-        $this->_template_args = array(
-            'subject'   => $this->_subject,
-            'from'      => $this->_from,
-            'main_body' => wpautop($this->_content),
-        );
-        $body                 = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
-
-        /**
-         * This filter allows one to bypass the CSSToInlineStyles tool and leave the body untouched.
-         *
-         * @type    bool $preview Indicates whether a preview is being generated or not.
-         * @return  bool    true  indicates to use the inliner, false bypasses it.
-         */
-        if (apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger__apply_CSSInliner ', true, $preview)) {
-            // require CssToInlineStyles library and its dependencies via composer autoloader
-            require_once EE_THIRD_PARTY . 'cssinliner/vendor/autoload.php';
-
-            // now if this isn't a preview, let's setup the body so it has inline styles
-            if (! $preview || ($preview && defined('DOING_AJAX'))) {
-                $style = file_get_contents(
-                    $this->get_variation(
-                        $this->_tmp_pack,
-                        $this->_incoming_message_type->name,
-                        false,
-                        'main',
-                        $this->_variation
-                    ),
-                    true
-                );
-                $CSS   = new TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\CssToInlineStyles($body, $style);
-                // for some reason the library has a bracket and new line at the beginning.  This takes care of that.
-                $body  = ltrim($CSS->convert(true), ">\n");
-                // see https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/8609
-                $body  = ltrim($body, "<?");
-            }
-        }
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns any existing test settings that might be saved in the database
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_existing_test_settings()
-    {
-        $settings = parent::get_existing_test_settings();
-        // override subject if present because we always want it to be fresh.
-        if (is_array($settings) && ! empty($settings['subject'])) {
-            $settings['subject'] = sprintf(__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name'));
-        }
-        return $settings;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * To field for email
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_to = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * CC field for email.
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_cc = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * From field for email
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_from = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Subject field for email
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_subject = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Content field for email
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_content = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constructor
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		// set name and description properties
+		$this->name                = 'email';
+		$this->description         = sprintf(
+			esc_html__(
+				'This messenger delivers messages via email using the built-in %s function included with WordPress',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			'<code>wp_mail</code>'
+		);
+		$this->label               = array(
+			'singular' => esc_html__('email', 'event_espresso'),
+			'plural'   => esc_html__('emails', 'event_espresso'),
+		);
+		$this->activate_on_install = true;
+
+		// we're using defaults so let's call parent constructor that will take care of setting up all the other
+		// properties
+		parent::__construct();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see abstract declaration in parent class for details.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_admin_pages()
+	{
+		$this->admin_registered_pages = array(
+			'events_edit' => true,
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
+	 */
+	protected function _set_valid_shortcodes()
+	{
+		// remember by leaving the other fields not set, those fields will inherit the valid shortcodes from the
+		// message type.
+		$this->_valid_shortcodes = array(
+			'to'   => array('email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'),
+			'cc' => array('email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'),
+			'from' => array('email', 'event_author', 'primary_registration_details', 'recipient_details'),
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see abstract declaration in parent class for details
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_validator_config()
+	{
+		$valid_shortcodes = $this->get_valid_shortcodes();
+
+		$this->_validator_config = array(
+			'to'            => array(
+				'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
+				'type'       => 'email',
+			),
+			'cc' => array(
+				'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['to'],
+				'type' => 'email',
+			),
+			'from'          => array(
+				'shortcodes' => $valid_shortcodes['from'],
+				'type'       => 'email',
+			),
+			'subject'       => array(
+				'shortcodes' => array(
+					'organization',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'event_author',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'recipient_details',
+				),
+			),
+			'content'       => array(
+				'shortcodes' => array(
+					'event_list',
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket_list',
+					'organization',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'primary_registration_list',
+					'event_author',
+					'recipient_details',
+					'recipient_list',
+					'transaction',
+					'messenger',
+				),
+			),
+			'attendee_list' => array(
+				'shortcodes' => array('attendee', 'event_list', 'ticket_list'),
+				'required'   => array('[ATTENDEE_LIST]'),
+			),
+			'event_list'    => array(
+				'shortcodes' => array(
+					'event',
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket_list',
+					'venue',
+					'datetime_list',
+					'attendee',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'primary_registration_list',
+					'event_author',
+					'recipient_details',
+					'recipient_list',
+				),
+				'required'   => array('[EVENT_LIST]'),
+			),
+			'ticket_list'   => array(
+				'shortcodes' => array(
+					'event_list',
+					'attendee_list',
+					'ticket',
+					'datetime_list',
+					'primary_registration_details',
+					'recipient_details',
+				),
+				'required'   => array('[TICKET_LIST]'),
+			),
+			'datetime_list' => array(
+				'shortcodes' => array('datetime'),
+				'required'   => array('[DATETIME_LIST]'),
+			),
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see   parent EE_messenger class for docs
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	public function do_secondary_messenger_hooks($sending_messenger_name)
+	{
+		if ($sending_messenger_name = 'html') {
+			add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', array($this, 'add_email_css'), 10, 8);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	public function add_email_css(
+		$variation_path,
+		$messenger,
+		$message_type,
+		$type,
+		$variation,
+		$file_extension,
+		$url,
+		EE_Messages_Template_Pack $template_pack
+	) {
+		// prevent recursion on this callback.
+		remove_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', array($this, 'add_email_css'), 10);
+		$variation = $this->get_variation($template_pack, $message_type, $url, 'main', $variation, false);
+
+		add_filter('FHEE__EE_Messages_Template_Pack__get_variation', array($this, 'add_email_css'), 10, 8);
+		return $variation;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * See parent for details
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_test_settings_fields()
+	{
+		$this->_test_settings_fields = array(
+			'to'      => array(
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html__('Send a test email to', 'event_espresso'),
+				'type'       => 'email',
+				'required'   => true,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+				'default'    => get_bloginfo('admin_email'),
+			),
+			'subject' => array(
+				'input'      => 'hidden',
+				'label'      => '',
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => false,
+				'format'     => '%s',
+				'value'      => sprintf(__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name')),
+				'default'    => '',
+				'css_class'  => '',
+			),
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_template_fields
+	 * This sets up the fields that a messenger requires for the message to go out.
+	 *
+	 * @access  protected
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_template_fields()
+	{
+		// any extra template fields that are NOT used by the messenger but will get used by a messenger field for
+		// shortcode replacement get added to the 'extra' key in an associated array indexed by the messenger field
+		// they relate to.  This is important for the Messages_admin to know what fields to display to the user.
+		//  Also, notice that the "values" are equal to the field type that messages admin will use to know what
+		// kind of field to display. The values ALSO have one index labeled "shortcode".  the values in that array
+		// indicate which ACTUAL SHORTCODE (i.e. [SHORTCODE]) is required in order for this extra field to be
+		// displayed.  If the required shortcode isn't part of the shortcodes array then the field is not needed and
+		// will not be displayed/parsed.
+		$this->_template_fields = array(
+			'to'      => array(
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'To',
+					'Label for the "To" field for email addresses',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => true,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			),
+			'cc'      => array(
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'CC',
+					'Label for the "Carbon Copy" field used for additional email addresses',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => false,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			),
+			'from'    => array(
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'From',
+					'Label for the "From" field for email addresses.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => true,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			),
+			'subject' => array(
+				'input'      => 'text',
+				'label'      => esc_html_x(
+					'Subject',
+					'Label for the "Subject" field (short description of contents) for emails.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				'type'       => 'string',
+				'required'   => true,
+				'validation' => true,
+				'css_class'  => 'large-text',
+				'format'     => '%s',
+			),
+			'content' => '',
+			// left empty b/c it is in the "extra array" but messenger still needs needs to know this is a field.
+			'extra'   => array(
+				'content' => array(
+					'main'          => array(
+						'input'      => 'wp_editor',
+						'label'      => esc_html__('Main Content', 'event_espresso'),
+						'type'       => 'string',
+						'required'   => true,
+						'validation' => true,
+						'format'     => '%s',
+						'rows'       => '15',
+					),
+					'event_list'    => array(
+						'input'               => 'wp_editor',
+						'label'               => '[EVENT_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => true,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'rows'                => '15',
+						'shortcodes_required' => array('[EVENT_LIST]'),
+					),
+					'attendee_list' => array(
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[ATTENDEE_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => true,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '5',
+						'shortcodes_required' => array('[ATTENDEE_LIST]'),
+					),
+					'ticket_list'   => array(
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[TICKET_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => true,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '10',
+						'shortcodes_required' => array('[TICKET_LIST]'),
+					),
+					'datetime_list' => array(
+						'input'               => 'textarea',
+						'label'               => '[DATETIME_LIST]',
+						'type'                => 'string',
+						'required'            => true,
+						'validation'          => true,
+						'format'              => '%s',
+						'css_class'           => 'large-text',
+						'rows'                => '10',
+						'shortcodes_required' => array('[DATETIME_LIST]'),
+					),
+				),
+			),
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * See definition of this class in parent
+	 */
+	protected function _set_default_message_types()
+	{
+		$this->_default_message_types = array(
+			'payment',
+			'payment_refund',
+			'registration',
+			'not_approved_registration',
+			'pending_approval',
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @see   definition of this class in parent
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	protected function _set_valid_message_types()
+	{
+		$this->_valid_message_types = array(
+			'payment',
+			'registration',
+			'not_approved_registration',
+			'declined_registration',
+			'cancelled_registration',
+			'pending_approval',
+			'registration_summary',
+			'payment_reminder',
+			'payment_declined',
+			'payment_refund',
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * setting up admin_settings_fields for messenger.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_admin_settings_fields()
+	{
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * We just deliver the messages don't kill us!!
+	 *
+	 * @return bool|WP_Error true if message delivered, false if it didn't deliver OR bubble up any error object if
+	 *              present.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws \TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\Exception
+	 */
+	protected function _send_message()
+	{
+		$success = wp_mail(
+			$this->_to,
+			// some old values for subject may be expecting HTML entities to be decoded in the subject
+			// and subjects aren't interpreted as HTML, so there should be no HTML in them
+			wp_strip_all_tags(wp_specialchars_decode($this->_subject, ENT_QUOTES)),
+			$this->_body(),
+			$this->_headers()
+		);
+		if (! $success) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The email did not send successfully.%3$sThe WordPress wp_mail function is used for sending mails but does not give any useful information when an email fails to send.%3$sIt is possible the "to" address (%1$s) or "from" address (%2$s) is invalid.%3$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$this->_to,
+					$this->_from,
+					'<br />'
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		return $success;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * see parent for definition
+	 *
+	 * @return string html body of the message content and the related css.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws \TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\Exception
+	 */
+	protected function _preview()
+	{
+		return $this->_body(true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Setup headers for email
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @return string formatted header for email
+	 */
+	protected function _headers()
+	{
+		$this->_ensure_has_from_email_address();
+		$from    = $this->_from;
+		$headers = array(
+			'From:' . $from,
+			'Reply-To:' . $from,
+			'Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8',
+		);
+
+		/**
+		 * Second condition added as a result of https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/11416 to
+		 * cover back compat where there may be users who have saved cc values in their db for the newsletter message
+		 * type which they are no longer able to change.
+		 */
+		if (! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
+			$headers[] = 'cc: ' . $this->_cc;
+		}
+
+		// but wait!  Header's for the from is NOT reliable because some plugins don't respect From: as set in the
+		// header.
+		add_filter('wp_mail_from', array($this, 'set_from_address'), 100);
+		add_filter('wp_mail_from_name', array($this, 'set_from_name'), 100);
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger___headers', $headers, $this->_incoming_message_type, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply ensures that the from address is not empty.  If it is, then we use whatever is set as the site email
+	 * address for the from address to avoid problems with sending emails.
+	 */
+	protected function _ensure_has_from_email_address()
+	{
+		if (empty($this->_from)) {
+			$this->_from = get_bloginfo('admin_email');
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply parses whatever is set as the $_from address and determines if it is in the format {name} <{email}>
+	 * or just {email} and returns an array with the "from_name" and "from_email" as the values. Note from_name *MAY*
+	 * be empty
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.3.1
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	private function _parse_from()
+	{
+		if (strpos($this->_from, '<') !== false) {
+			$from_name = substr($this->_from, 0, strpos($this->_from, '<') - 1);
+			$from_name = str_replace('"', '', $from_name);
+			$from_name = trim($from_name);
+
+			$from_email = substr($this->_from, strpos($this->_from, '<') + 1);
+			$from_email = str_replace('>', '', $from_email);
+			$from_email = trim($from_email);
+		} elseif (trim($this->_from) !== '') {
+			$from_name  = '';
+			$from_email = trim($this->_from);
+		} else {
+			$from_name = $from_email = '';
+		}
+		return array($from_name, $from_email);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for the wp_mail_from filter.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.3.1
+	 * @param string $from_email What the original from_email is.
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function set_from_address($from_email)
+	{
+		$parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
+		// includes fallback if the parsing failed.
+		$from_email = is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[1])
+			? $parsed_from[1]
+			: get_bloginfo('admin_email');
+		return $from_email;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback fro the wp_mail_from_name filter.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.3.1
+	 * @param string $from_name The original from_name.
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function set_from_name($from_name)
+	{
+		$parsed_from = $this->_parse_from();
+		if (is_array($parsed_from) && ! empty($parsed_from[0])) {
+			$from_name = $parsed_from[0];
+		}
+
+		// if from name is "WordPress" let's sub in the site name instead (more friendly!)
+		// but realize the default name is HTML entity-encoded
+		$from_name = $from_name == 'WordPress' ? wp_specialchars_decode(get_bloginfo(), ENT_QUOTES) : $from_name;
+
+		return $from_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * setup body for email
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $preview will determine whether this is preview template or not.
+	 * @return string formatted body for email.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws \TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\Exception
+	 */
+	protected function _body($preview = false)
+	{
+		// setup template args!
+		$this->_template_args = array(
+			'subject'   => $this->_subject,
+			'from'      => $this->_from,
+			'main_body' => wpautop($this->_content),
+		);
+		$body                 = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
+
+		/**
+		 * This filter allows one to bypass the CSSToInlineStyles tool and leave the body untouched.
+		 *
+		 * @type    bool $preview Indicates whether a preview is being generated or not.
+		 * @return  bool    true  indicates to use the inliner, false bypasses it.
+		 */
+		if (apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger__apply_CSSInliner ', true, $preview)) {
+			// require CssToInlineStyles library and its dependencies via composer autoloader
+			require_once EE_THIRD_PARTY . 'cssinliner/vendor/autoload.php';
+
+			// now if this isn't a preview, let's setup the body so it has inline styles
+			if (! $preview || ($preview && defined('DOING_AJAX'))) {
+				$style = file_get_contents(
+					$this->get_variation(
+						$this->_tmp_pack,
+						$this->_incoming_message_type->name,
+						false,
+						'main',
+						$this->_variation
+					),
+					true
+				);
+				$CSS   = new TijsVerkoyen\CssToInlineStyles\CssToInlineStyles($body, $style);
+				// for some reason the library has a bracket and new line at the beginning.  This takes care of that.
+				$body  = ltrim($CSS->convert(true), ">\n");
+				// see https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/8609
+				$body  = ltrim($body, "<?");
+			}
+		}
+		return $body;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns any existing test settings that might be saved in the database
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_existing_test_settings()
+	{
+		$settings = parent::get_existing_test_settings();
+		// override subject if present because we always want it to be fresh.
+		if (is_array($settings) && ! empty($settings['subject'])) {
+			$settings['subject'] = sprintf(__('Test email sent from %s', 'event_espresso'), get_bloginfo('name'));
+		}
+		return $settings;
+	}
 }

Spacing +9 added lines, -9 removed lines

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ 
             ),
             '<code>wp_mail</code>'
         );
-        $this->label               = array(
+        $this->label = array(
             'singular' => esc_html__('email', 'event_espresso'),
             'plural'   => esc_html__('emails', 'event_espresso'),
         );
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ 
             $this->_body(),
             $this->_headers()
         );
-        if (! $success) {
+        if ( ! $success) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -482,8 +482,8 @@ 
         $this->_ensure_has_from_email_address();
         $from    = $this->_from;
         $headers = array(
-            'From:' . $from,
-            'Reply-To:' . $from,
+            'From:'.$from,
+            'Reply-To:'.$from,
             'Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8',
         );
 
@@ -492,8 +492,8 @@ 
          * cover back compat where there may be users who have saved cc values in their db for the newsletter message
          * type which they are no longer able to change.
          */
-        if (! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
-            $headers[] = 'cc: ' . $this->_cc;
+        if ( ! empty($this->_cc) && ! $this->_incoming_message_type instanceof EE_Newsletter_message_type) {
+            $headers[] = 'cc: '.$this->_cc;
         }
 
         // but wait!  Header's for the from is NOT reliable because some plugins don't respect From: as set in the
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ 
             'from'      => $this->_from,
             'main_body' => wpautop($this->_content),
         );
-        $body                 = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
+        $body = $this->_get_main_template($preview);
 
         /**
          * This filter allows one to bypass the CSSToInlineStyles tool and leave the body untouched.
@@ -610,10 +610,10 @@ 
          */
         if (apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Email_messenger__apply_CSSInliner ', true, $preview)) {
             // require CssToInlineStyles library and its dependencies via composer autoloader
-            require_once EE_THIRD_PARTY . 'cssinliner/vendor/autoload.php';
+            require_once EE_THIRD_PARTY.'cssinliner/vendor/autoload.php';
 
             // now if this isn't a preview, let's setup the body so it has inline styles
-            if (! $preview || ($preview && defined('DOING_AJAX'))) {
+            if ( ! $preview || ($preview && defined('DOING_AJAX'))) {
                 $style = file_get_contents(
                     $this->get_variation(
                         $this->_tmp_pack,

core/domain/services/event/EventSpacesCalculator.php

Doc Comments +1 added lines, -1 removed lines

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
 
 
     /**
-     * @param $ticket
+     * @param \EE_Base_Class $ticket
      * @throws DomainException
      * @throws EE_Error
      * @throws UnexpectedEntityException

Indentation +698 added lines, -698 removed lines

@@ -26,702 +26,702 @@
 class EventSpacesCalculator
 {
 
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Event $event
-     */
-    private $event;
-
-    /**
-     * @var array $datetime_query_params
-     */
-    private $datetime_query_params;
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Ticket[] $active_tickets
-     */
-    private $active_tickets = array();
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Datetime[] $datetimes
-     */
-    private $datetimes = array();
-
-    /**
-     * Array of Ticket IDs grouped by Datetime
-     *
-     * @var array $datetimes
-     */
-    private $datetime_tickets = array();
-
-    /**
-     * Max spaces for each Datetime (reg limit - previous sold)
-     *
-     * @var array $datetime_spaces
-     */
-    private $datetime_spaces = array();
-
-    /**
-     * Array of Datetime IDs grouped by Ticket
-     *
-     * @var array[] $ticket_datetimes
-     */
-    private $ticket_datetimes = array();
-
-    /**
-     * maximum ticket quantities for each ticket (adjusted for reg limit)
-     *
-     * @var array $ticket_quantities
-     */
-    private $ticket_quantities = array();
-
-    /**
-     * total quantity of sold and reserved for each ticket
-     *
-     * @var array $tickets_sold
-     */
-    private $tickets_sold = array();
-
-    /**
-     * total spaces available across all datetimes
-     *
-     * @var array $total_spaces
-     */
-    private $total_spaces = array();
-
-    /**
-     * @var boolean $debug
-     */
-    private $debug = false; // true false
-
-    /**
-     * @var null|int $spaces_remaining
-     */
-    private $spaces_remaining;
-
-    /**
-     * @var null|int $total_spaces_available
-     */
-    private $total_spaces_available;
-
-
-    /**
-     * EventSpacesCalculator constructor.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Event $event
-     * @param array    $datetime_query_params
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function __construct(EE_Event $event, array $datetime_query_params = array())
-    {
-        $this->event = $event;
-        $this->datetime_query_params = $datetime_query_params + array('order_by' => array('DTT_reg_limit' => 'ASC'));
-        $this->setHooks();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function setHooks()
-    {
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__increase_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__decrease_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__increase_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__decrease_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__increase_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__decrease_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__increase_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-        add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__decrease_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function clearResults()
-    {
-        $this->spaces_remaining = null;
-        $this->total_spaces_available = null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return EE_Ticket[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function getActiveTickets()
-    {
-        if (empty($this->active_tickets)) {
-            $this->active_tickets = $this->event->tickets(
-                array(
-                    array('TKT_deleted' => false),
-                    'order_by' => array('TKT_qty' => 'ASC'),
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $this->active_tickets;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Ticket[] $active_tickets
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     */
-    public function setActiveTickets(array $active_tickets = array())
-    {
-        if (! empty($active_tickets)) {
-            foreach ($active_tickets as $active_ticket) {
-                $this->validateTicket($active_ticket);
-            }
-            // sort incoming array by ticket quantity (asc)
-            usort(
-                $active_tickets,
-                function (EE_Ticket $a, EE_Ticket $b) {
-                    if ($a->qty() === $b->qty()) {
-                        return 0;
-                    }
-                    return ($a->qty() < $b->qty())
-                        ? -1
-                        : 1;
-                }
-            );
-        }
-        $this->active_tickets = $active_tickets;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $ticket
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     */
-    private function validateTicket($ticket)
-    {
-        if (! $ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Invalid Ticket. Only EE_Ticket objects can be used to calculate event space availability.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if ($ticket->get_event_ID() !== $this->event->ID()) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'An EE_Ticket for Event %1$d was supplied while calculating event space availability for Event %2$d.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $ticket->get_event_ID(),
-                    $this->event->ID()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return EE_Datetime[]
-     */
-    public function getDatetimes()
-    {
-        return $this->datetimes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Datetime $datetime
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws DomainException
-     */
-    public function setDatetime(EE_Datetime $datetime)
-    {
-        if ($datetime->event()->ID() !== $this->event->ID()) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'An EE_Datetime for Event %1$d was supplied while calculating event space availability for Event %2$d.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $datetime->event()->ID(),
-                    $this->event->ID()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $this->datetimes[ $datetime->ID() ] = $datetime;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * calculate spaces remaining based on "saleable" tickets
-     *
-     * @return float|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function spacesRemaining()
-    {
-        if ($this->spaces_remaining === null) {
-            $this->initialize();
-            $this->spaces_remaining = $this->calculate();
-        }
-        return $this->spaces_remaining;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * calculates total available spaces for an event with no regard for sold tickets
-     *
-     * @return int|float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function totalSpacesAvailable()
-    {
-        if ($this->total_spaces_available === null) {
-            $this->initialize();
-            $this->total_spaces_available = $this->calculate(false);
-        }
-        return $this->total_spaces_available;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Loops through the active tickets for the event
-     * and builds a series of data arrays that will be used for calculating
-     * the total maximum available spaces, as well as the spaces remaining.
-     * Because ticket quantities affect datetime spaces and vice versa,
-     * we need to be constantly updating these data arrays as things change,
-     * which is the entire reason for their existence.
-     *
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    private function initialize()
-    {
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
-        }
-        $this->datetime_tickets = array();
-        $this->datetime_spaces = array();
-        $this->ticket_datetimes = array();
-        $this->ticket_quantities = array();
-        $this->tickets_sold = array();
-        $this->total_spaces = array();
-        $active_tickets = $this->getActiveTickets();
-        if (! empty($active_tickets)) {
-            foreach ($active_tickets as $ticket) {
-                $this->validateTicket($ticket);
-                // we need to index our data arrays using strings for the purpose of sorting,
-                // but we also need them to be unique, so  we'll just prepend a letter T to the ID
-                $ticket_identifier = "T{$ticket->ID()}";
-                // to start, we'll just consider the raw qty to be the maximum availability for this ticket,
-                // unless the ticket is past its "sell until" date, in which case the qty will be 0
-                $max_tickets = $ticket->is_expired() ? 0 : $ticket->qty();
-                // but we'll adjust that after looping over each datetime for the ticket and checking reg limits
-                $ticket_datetimes = $ticket->datetimes($this->datetime_query_params);
-                foreach ($ticket_datetimes as $datetime) {
-                    // save all datetimes
-                    $this->setDatetime($datetime);
-                    $datetime_identifier = "D{$datetime->ID()}";
-                    $reg_limit = $datetime->reg_limit();
-                    // ticket quantity can not exceed datetime reg limit
-                    $max_tickets = min($max_tickets, $reg_limit);
-                    // as described earlier, because we need to be able to constantly adjust numbers for things,
-                    // we are going to move all of our data into the following arrays:
-                    // datetime spaces initially represents the reg limit for each datetime,
-                    // but this will get adjusted as tickets are accounted for
-                    $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = $reg_limit;
-                    // just an array of ticket IDs grouped by datetime
-                    $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ][] = $ticket_identifier;
-                    // and an array of datetime IDs grouped by ticket
-                    $this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ][] = $datetime_identifier;
-                }
-                // total quantity of sold and reserved for each ticket
-                $this->tickets_sold[ $ticket_identifier ] = $ticket->sold() + $ticket->reserved();
-                // and the maximum ticket quantities for each ticket (adjusted for reg limit)
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] = $max_tickets;
-            }
-        }
-        // sort datetime spaces by reg limit, but maintain our string indexes
-        asort($this->datetime_spaces, SORT_NUMERIC);
-        // datetime tickets need to be sorted in the SAME order as the above array...
-        // so we'll just use array_merge() to take the structure of datetime_spaces
-        // but overwrite all of the data with that from datetime_tickets
-        $this->datetime_tickets = array_merge(
-            $this->datetime_spaces,
-            $this->datetime_tickets
-        );
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->datetime_spaces, 'datetime_spaces', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->datetime_tickets, 'datetime_tickets', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->ticket_quantities, 'ticket_quantities', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * performs calculations on initialized data
-     *
-     * @param bool $consider_sold
-     * @return int|float
-     */
-    private function calculate($consider_sold = true)
-    {
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($consider_sold, '$consider_sold', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-        }
-        if ($consider_sold) {
-            // subtract amounts sold from all ticket quantities and datetime spaces
-            $this->adjustTicketQuantitiesDueToSales();
-        }
-        foreach ($this->datetime_tickets as $datetime_identifier => $tickets) {
-            $this->trackAvailableSpacesForDatetimes($datetime_identifier, $tickets);
-        }
-        // total spaces available is just the sum of the spaces available for each datetime
-        $spaces_remaining = array_sum($this->total_spaces);
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->total_spaces, '$this->total_spaces', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->tickets_sold, '$this->tickets_sold', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($spaces_remaining, '$spaces_remaining', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-        }
-        return $spaces_remaining;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * subtracts amount of  tickets sold from ticket quantities and datetime spaces
-     */
-    private function adjustTicketQuantitiesDueToSales()
-    {
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
-        }
-        foreach ($this->tickets_sold as $ticket_identifier => $tickets_sold) {
-            if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])) {
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] -= $tickets_sold;
-                // don't let values go below zero
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] = max(
-                    $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ],
-                    0
-                );
-                if ($this->debug) {
-                    \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                        "{$tickets_sold} sales for ticket {$ticket_identifier} ",
-                        'subtracting',
-                        __FILE__,
-                        __LINE__
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ])
-                && is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ])
-            ) {
-                foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ] as $ticket_datetime) {
-                    if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])) {
-                        $this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ] -= $tickets_sold;
-                        // don't let values go below zero
-                        $this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ] = max(
-                            $this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ],
-                            0
-                        );
-                        if ($this->debug) {
-                            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                                "{$tickets_sold} sales for datetime {$ticket_datetime} ",
-                                'subtracting',
-                                __FILE__,
-                                __LINE__
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $datetime_identifier
-     * @param array  $tickets
-     */
-    private function trackAvailableSpacesForDatetimes($datetime_identifier, array $tickets)
-    {
-        // make sure a reg limit is set for the datetime
-        $reg_limit = isset($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ])
-            ? $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ]
-            : 0;
-        // and bail if it is not
-        if (! $reg_limit) {
-            if ($this->debug) {
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr('AT CAPACITY', " . {$datetime_identifier}", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($datetime_identifier, '* $datetime_identifier', __FILE__, __LINE__, 1);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                "{$reg_limit}",
-                'REG LIMIT',
-                __FILE__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        // number of allocated spaces always starts at zero
-        $spaces_allocated = 0;
-        $this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = 0;
-        foreach ($tickets as $ticket_identifier) {
-            $spaces_allocated = $this->calculateAvailableSpacesForTicket(
-                $datetime_identifier,
-                $reg_limit,
-                $ticket_identifier,
-                $spaces_allocated
-            );
-        }
-        // spaces can't be negative
-        $spaces_allocated = max($spaces_allocated, 0);
-        if ($spaces_allocated) {
-            // track any non-zero values
-            $this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] += $spaces_allocated;
-            if ($this->debug) {
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr((string) $spaces_allocated, ' . $spaces_allocated: ', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            }
-        } else {
-            if ($this->debug) {
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(' ', ' . NO TICKETS AVAILABLE FOR DATETIME', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            }
-        }
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                $this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ],
-                '$total_spaces',
-                __FILE__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->ticket_quantities, '$ticket_quantities', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->datetime_spaces, 'datetime_spaces', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $datetime_identifier
-     * @param int    $reg_limit
-     * @param string $ticket_identifier
-     * @param int    $spaces_allocated
-     * @return int
-     */
-    private function calculateAvailableSpacesForTicket(
-        $datetime_identifier,
-        $reg_limit,
-        $ticket_identifier,
-        $spaces_allocated
-    ) {
-        // make sure ticket quantity is set
-        $ticket_quantity = isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])
-            ? $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ]
-            : 0;
-        if ($this->debug) {
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr("{$spaces_allocated}", '$spaces_allocated', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                "{$ticket_quantity}",
-                "ticket $ticket_identifier quantity: ",
-                __FILE__,
-                __LINE__,
-                2
-            );
-        }
-        if ($ticket_quantity) {
-            if ($this->debug) {
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                    ($spaces_allocated <= $reg_limit)
-                        ? 'true'
-                        : 'false',
-                    ' . spaces_allocated <= reg_limit = ',
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-            }
-            // if the datetime is NOT at full capacity yet
-            if ($spaces_allocated <= $reg_limit) {
-                // then the maximum ticket quantity we can allocate is the lowest value of either:
-                //  the number of remaining spaces for the datetime, which is the limit - spaces already taken
-                //  or the maximum ticket quantity
-                $ticket_quantity = min($reg_limit - $spaces_allocated, $ticket_quantity);
-                // adjust the available quantity in our tracking array
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] -= $ticket_quantity;
-                // and increment spaces allocated for this datetime
-                $spaces_allocated += $ticket_quantity;
-                $at_capacity = $spaces_allocated >= $reg_limit;
-                if ($this->debug) {
-                    \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                        "{$ticket_quantity} {$ticket_identifier} tickets",
-                        ' > > allocate ',
-                        __FILE__,
-                        __LINE__,
-                        3
-                    );
-                    if ($at_capacity) {
-                        \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr('AT CAPACITY', " . {$datetime_identifier}", __FILE__, __LINE__, 3);
-                    }
-                }
-                // now adjust all other datetimes that allow access to this ticket
-                $this->adjustDatetimes(
-                    $datetime_identifier,
-                    $ticket_identifier,
-                    $ticket_quantity,
-                    $at_capacity
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $spaces_allocated;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * subtracts ticket amounts from all datetime reg limits
-     * that allow access to the ticket specified,
-     * because that ticket could be used
-     * to attend any of the datetimes it has access to
-     *
-     * @param string $datetime_identifier
-     * @param string $ticket_identifier
-     * @param bool   $at_capacity
-     * @param int    $ticket_quantity
-     */
-    private function adjustDatetimes(
-        $datetime_identifier,
-        $ticket_identifier,
-        $ticket_quantity,
-        $at_capacity
-    ) {
-        /** @var array $datetime_tickets */
-        foreach ($this->datetime_tickets as $datetime_ID => $datetime_tickets) {
-            if ($datetime_ID !== $datetime_identifier || ! is_array($datetime_tickets)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            $adjusted = $this->adjustDatetimeSpaces(
-                $datetime_ID,
-                $ticket_identifier,
-                $ticket_quantity
-            );
-            // skip to next ticket if nothing changed
-            if (! ($adjusted || $at_capacity)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // then all of it's tickets are now unavailable
-            foreach ($datetime_tickets as $datetime_ticket) {
-                if (($ticket_identifier === $datetime_ticket || $at_capacity)
-                    && isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ])
-                    && $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] > 0
-                ) {
-                    if ($this->debug) {
-                        \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                            $datetime_ticket,
-                            ' . . . adjust ticket quantities for',
-                            __FILE__,
-                            __LINE__
-                        );
-                    }
-                    // if this datetime is at full capacity, set any tracked available quantities to zero
-                    // otherwise just subtract the ticket quantity
-                    $new_quantity = $at_capacity
-                        ? 0
-                        : $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] - $ticket_quantity;
-                    // don't let ticket quantity go below zero
-                    $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] = max($new_quantity, 0);
-                    if ($this->debug) {
-                        \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                            $at_capacity
-                                ? "0 because Datetime {$datetime_identifier} is at capacity"
-                                : "{$this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ]}",
-                            " . . . . {$datetime_ticket} quantity set to ",
-                            __FILE__,
-                            __LINE__
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-                // but we also need to adjust spaces for any other datetimes this ticket has access to
-                if ($datetime_ticket === $ticket_identifier) {
-                    if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ])
-                        && is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ])
-                    ) {
-                        if ($this->debug) {
-                            \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                                $datetime_ticket,
-                                ' . . adjust other Datetimes for',
-                                __FILE__,
-                                __LINE__
-                            );
-                        }
-                        foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ] as $datetime) {
-                            // don't adjust the current datetime twice
-                            if ($datetime !== $datetime_identifier) {
-                                $this->adjustDatetimeSpaces(
-                                    $datetime,
-                                    $datetime_ticket,
-                                    $ticket_quantity
-                                );
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private function adjustDatetimeSpaces($datetime_identifier, $ticket_identifier, $ticket_quantity = 0)
-    {
-        // does datetime have spaces available?
-        // and does the supplied ticket have access to this datetime ?
-        if ($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] > 0
-            && isset($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ], $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ])
-            && in_array($ticket_identifier, $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ], true)
-        ) {
-            if ($this->debug) {
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($datetime_identifier, ' . . adjust Datetime Spaces for', __FILE__, __LINE__);
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                    "{$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ]}",
-                    " . . current  {$datetime_identifier} spaces available",
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-            }
-            // then decrement the available spaces for the datetime
-            $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] -= $ticket_quantity;
-            // but don't let quantities go below zero
-            $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = max(
-                $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ],
-                0
-            );
-            if ($this->debug) {
-                \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                    "{$ticket_quantity}",
-                    " . . . {$datetime_identifier} capacity reduced by",
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Event $event
+	 */
+	private $event;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var array $datetime_query_params
+	 */
+	private $datetime_query_params;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Ticket[] $active_tickets
+	 */
+	private $active_tickets = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Datetime[] $datetimes
+	 */
+	private $datetimes = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of Ticket IDs grouped by Datetime
+	 *
+	 * @var array $datetimes
+	 */
+	private $datetime_tickets = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Max spaces for each Datetime (reg limit - previous sold)
+	 *
+	 * @var array $datetime_spaces
+	 */
+	private $datetime_spaces = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of Datetime IDs grouped by Ticket
+	 *
+	 * @var array[] $ticket_datetimes
+	 */
+	private $ticket_datetimes = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * maximum ticket quantities for each ticket (adjusted for reg limit)
+	 *
+	 * @var array $ticket_quantities
+	 */
+	private $ticket_quantities = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * total quantity of sold and reserved for each ticket
+	 *
+	 * @var array $tickets_sold
+	 */
+	private $tickets_sold = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * total spaces available across all datetimes
+	 *
+	 * @var array $total_spaces
+	 */
+	private $total_spaces = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * @var boolean $debug
+	 */
+	private $debug = false; // true false
+
+	/**
+	 * @var null|int $spaces_remaining
+	 */
+	private $spaces_remaining;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var null|int $total_spaces_available
+	 */
+	private $total_spaces_available;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * EventSpacesCalculator constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Event $event
+	 * @param array    $datetime_query_params
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function __construct(EE_Event $event, array $datetime_query_params = array())
+	{
+		$this->event = $event;
+		$this->datetime_query_params = $datetime_query_params + array('order_by' => array('DTT_reg_limit' => 'ASC'));
+		$this->setHooks();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function setHooks()
+	{
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__increase_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__decrease_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__increase_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__decrease_sold', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__increase_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Ticket__decrease_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__increase_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+		add_action('AHEE__EE_Datetime__decrease_reserved', array($this, 'clearResults'));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function clearResults()
+	{
+		$this->spaces_remaining = null;
+		$this->total_spaces_available = null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return EE_Ticket[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function getActiveTickets()
+	{
+		if (empty($this->active_tickets)) {
+			$this->active_tickets = $this->event->tickets(
+				array(
+					array('TKT_deleted' => false),
+					'order_by' => array('TKT_qty' => 'ASC'),
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $this->active_tickets;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Ticket[] $active_tickets
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 */
+	public function setActiveTickets(array $active_tickets = array())
+	{
+		if (! empty($active_tickets)) {
+			foreach ($active_tickets as $active_ticket) {
+				$this->validateTicket($active_ticket);
+			}
+			// sort incoming array by ticket quantity (asc)
+			usort(
+				$active_tickets,
+				function (EE_Ticket $a, EE_Ticket $b) {
+					if ($a->qty() === $b->qty()) {
+						return 0;
+					}
+					return ($a->qty() < $b->qty())
+						? -1
+						: 1;
+				}
+			);
+		}
+		$this->active_tickets = $active_tickets;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $ticket
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 */
+	private function validateTicket($ticket)
+	{
+		if (! $ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Invalid Ticket. Only EE_Ticket objects can be used to calculate event space availability.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($ticket->get_event_ID() !== $this->event->ID()) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'An EE_Ticket for Event %1$d was supplied while calculating event space availability for Event %2$d.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$ticket->get_event_ID(),
+					$this->event->ID()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return EE_Datetime[]
+	 */
+	public function getDatetimes()
+	{
+		return $this->datetimes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Datetime $datetime
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 */
+	public function setDatetime(EE_Datetime $datetime)
+	{
+		if ($datetime->event()->ID() !== $this->event->ID()) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'An EE_Datetime for Event %1$d was supplied while calculating event space availability for Event %2$d.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$datetime->event()->ID(),
+					$this->event->ID()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$this->datetimes[ $datetime->ID() ] = $datetime;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * calculate spaces remaining based on "saleable" tickets
+	 *
+	 * @return float|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function spacesRemaining()
+	{
+		if ($this->spaces_remaining === null) {
+			$this->initialize();
+			$this->spaces_remaining = $this->calculate();
+		}
+		return $this->spaces_remaining;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * calculates total available spaces for an event with no regard for sold tickets
+	 *
+	 * @return int|float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function totalSpacesAvailable()
+	{
+		if ($this->total_spaces_available === null) {
+			$this->initialize();
+			$this->total_spaces_available = $this->calculate(false);
+		}
+		return $this->total_spaces_available;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Loops through the active tickets for the event
+	 * and builds a series of data arrays that will be used for calculating
+	 * the total maximum available spaces, as well as the spaces remaining.
+	 * Because ticket quantities affect datetime spaces and vice versa,
+	 * we need to be constantly updating these data arrays as things change,
+	 * which is the entire reason for their existence.
+	 *
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	private function initialize()
+	{
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
+		}
+		$this->datetime_tickets = array();
+		$this->datetime_spaces = array();
+		$this->ticket_datetimes = array();
+		$this->ticket_quantities = array();
+		$this->tickets_sold = array();
+		$this->total_spaces = array();
+		$active_tickets = $this->getActiveTickets();
+		if (! empty($active_tickets)) {
+			foreach ($active_tickets as $ticket) {
+				$this->validateTicket($ticket);
+				// we need to index our data arrays using strings for the purpose of sorting,
+				// but we also need them to be unique, so  we'll just prepend a letter T to the ID
+				$ticket_identifier = "T{$ticket->ID()}";
+				// to start, we'll just consider the raw qty to be the maximum availability for this ticket,
+				// unless the ticket is past its "sell until" date, in which case the qty will be 0
+				$max_tickets = $ticket->is_expired() ? 0 : $ticket->qty();
+				// but we'll adjust that after looping over each datetime for the ticket and checking reg limits
+				$ticket_datetimes = $ticket->datetimes($this->datetime_query_params);
+				foreach ($ticket_datetimes as $datetime) {
+					// save all datetimes
+					$this->setDatetime($datetime);
+					$datetime_identifier = "D{$datetime->ID()}";
+					$reg_limit = $datetime->reg_limit();
+					// ticket quantity can not exceed datetime reg limit
+					$max_tickets = min($max_tickets, $reg_limit);
+					// as described earlier, because we need to be able to constantly adjust numbers for things,
+					// we are going to move all of our data into the following arrays:
+					// datetime spaces initially represents the reg limit for each datetime,
+					// but this will get adjusted as tickets are accounted for
+					$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = $reg_limit;
+					// just an array of ticket IDs grouped by datetime
+					$this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ][] = $ticket_identifier;
+					// and an array of datetime IDs grouped by ticket
+					$this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ][] = $datetime_identifier;
+				}
+				// total quantity of sold and reserved for each ticket
+				$this->tickets_sold[ $ticket_identifier ] = $ticket->sold() + $ticket->reserved();
+				// and the maximum ticket quantities for each ticket (adjusted for reg limit)
+				$this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] = $max_tickets;
+			}
+		}
+		// sort datetime spaces by reg limit, but maintain our string indexes
+		asort($this->datetime_spaces, SORT_NUMERIC);
+		// datetime tickets need to be sorted in the SAME order as the above array...
+		// so we'll just use array_merge() to take the structure of datetime_spaces
+		// but overwrite all of the data with that from datetime_tickets
+		$this->datetime_tickets = array_merge(
+			$this->datetime_spaces,
+			$this->datetime_tickets
+		);
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->datetime_spaces, 'datetime_spaces', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->datetime_tickets, 'datetime_tickets', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->ticket_quantities, 'ticket_quantities', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * performs calculations on initialized data
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $consider_sold
+	 * @return int|float
+	 */
+	private function calculate($consider_sold = true)
+	{
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($consider_sold, '$consider_sold', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+		}
+		if ($consider_sold) {
+			// subtract amounts sold from all ticket quantities and datetime spaces
+			$this->adjustTicketQuantitiesDueToSales();
+		}
+		foreach ($this->datetime_tickets as $datetime_identifier => $tickets) {
+			$this->trackAvailableSpacesForDatetimes($datetime_identifier, $tickets);
+		}
+		// total spaces available is just the sum of the spaces available for each datetime
+		$spaces_remaining = array_sum($this->total_spaces);
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->total_spaces, '$this->total_spaces', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->tickets_sold, '$this->tickets_sold', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($spaces_remaining, '$spaces_remaining', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+		}
+		return $spaces_remaining;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * subtracts amount of  tickets sold from ticket quantities and datetime spaces
+	 */
+	private function adjustTicketQuantitiesDueToSales()
+	{
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
+		}
+		foreach ($this->tickets_sold as $ticket_identifier => $tickets_sold) {
+			if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])) {
+				$this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] -= $tickets_sold;
+				// don't let values go below zero
+				$this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] = max(
+					$this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ],
+					0
+				);
+				if ($this->debug) {
+					\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+						"{$tickets_sold} sales for ticket {$ticket_identifier} ",
+						'subtracting',
+						__FILE__,
+						__LINE__
+					);
+				}
+			}
+			if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ])
+				&& is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ])
+			) {
+				foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ] as $ticket_datetime) {
+					if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])) {
+						$this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ] -= $tickets_sold;
+						// don't let values go below zero
+						$this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ] = max(
+							$this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ],
+							0
+						);
+						if ($this->debug) {
+							\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+								"{$tickets_sold} sales for datetime {$ticket_datetime} ",
+								'subtracting',
+								__FILE__,
+								__LINE__
+							);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $datetime_identifier
+	 * @param array  $tickets
+	 */
+	private function trackAvailableSpacesForDatetimes($datetime_identifier, array $tickets)
+	{
+		// make sure a reg limit is set for the datetime
+		$reg_limit = isset($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ])
+			? $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ]
+			: 0;
+		// and bail if it is not
+		if (! $reg_limit) {
+			if ($this->debug) {
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr('AT CAPACITY', " . {$datetime_identifier}", __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($datetime_identifier, '* $datetime_identifier', __FILE__, __LINE__, 1);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+				"{$reg_limit}",
+				'REG LIMIT',
+				__FILE__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		// number of allocated spaces always starts at zero
+		$spaces_allocated = 0;
+		$this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = 0;
+		foreach ($tickets as $ticket_identifier) {
+			$spaces_allocated = $this->calculateAvailableSpacesForTicket(
+				$datetime_identifier,
+				$reg_limit,
+				$ticket_identifier,
+				$spaces_allocated
+			);
+		}
+		// spaces can't be negative
+		$spaces_allocated = max($spaces_allocated, 0);
+		if ($spaces_allocated) {
+			// track any non-zero values
+			$this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] += $spaces_allocated;
+			if ($this->debug) {
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr((string) $spaces_allocated, ' . $spaces_allocated: ', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ($this->debug) {
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(' ', ' . NO TICKETS AVAILABLE FOR DATETIME', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			}
+		}
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+				$this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ],
+				'$total_spaces',
+				__FILE__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->ticket_quantities, '$ticket_quantities', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($this->datetime_spaces, 'datetime_spaces', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $datetime_identifier
+	 * @param int    $reg_limit
+	 * @param string $ticket_identifier
+	 * @param int    $spaces_allocated
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	private function calculateAvailableSpacesForTicket(
+		$datetime_identifier,
+		$reg_limit,
+		$ticket_identifier,
+		$spaces_allocated
+	) {
+		// make sure ticket quantity is set
+		$ticket_quantity = isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])
+			? $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ]
+			: 0;
+		if ($this->debug) {
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr("{$spaces_allocated}", '$spaces_allocated', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+			\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+				"{$ticket_quantity}",
+				"ticket $ticket_identifier quantity: ",
+				__FILE__,
+				__LINE__,
+				2
+			);
+		}
+		if ($ticket_quantity) {
+			if ($this->debug) {
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+					($spaces_allocated <= $reg_limit)
+						? 'true'
+						: 'false',
+					' . spaces_allocated <= reg_limit = ',
+					__FILE__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+			}
+			// if the datetime is NOT at full capacity yet
+			if ($spaces_allocated <= $reg_limit) {
+				// then the maximum ticket quantity we can allocate is the lowest value of either:
+				//  the number of remaining spaces for the datetime, which is the limit - spaces already taken
+				//  or the maximum ticket quantity
+				$ticket_quantity = min($reg_limit - $spaces_allocated, $ticket_quantity);
+				// adjust the available quantity in our tracking array
+				$this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] -= $ticket_quantity;
+				// and increment spaces allocated for this datetime
+				$spaces_allocated += $ticket_quantity;
+				$at_capacity = $spaces_allocated >= $reg_limit;
+				if ($this->debug) {
+					\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+						"{$ticket_quantity} {$ticket_identifier} tickets",
+						' > > allocate ',
+						__FILE__,
+						__LINE__,
+						3
+					);
+					if ($at_capacity) {
+						\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr('AT CAPACITY', " . {$datetime_identifier}", __FILE__, __LINE__, 3);
+					}
+				}
+				// now adjust all other datetimes that allow access to this ticket
+				$this->adjustDatetimes(
+					$datetime_identifier,
+					$ticket_identifier,
+					$ticket_quantity,
+					$at_capacity
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $spaces_allocated;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * subtracts ticket amounts from all datetime reg limits
+	 * that allow access to the ticket specified,
+	 * because that ticket could be used
+	 * to attend any of the datetimes it has access to
+	 *
+	 * @param string $datetime_identifier
+	 * @param string $ticket_identifier
+	 * @param bool   $at_capacity
+	 * @param int    $ticket_quantity
+	 */
+	private function adjustDatetimes(
+		$datetime_identifier,
+		$ticket_identifier,
+		$ticket_quantity,
+		$at_capacity
+	) {
+		/** @var array $datetime_tickets */
+		foreach ($this->datetime_tickets as $datetime_ID => $datetime_tickets) {
+			if ($datetime_ID !== $datetime_identifier || ! is_array($datetime_tickets)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			$adjusted = $this->adjustDatetimeSpaces(
+				$datetime_ID,
+				$ticket_identifier,
+				$ticket_quantity
+			);
+			// skip to next ticket if nothing changed
+			if (! ($adjusted || $at_capacity)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			// then all of it's tickets are now unavailable
+			foreach ($datetime_tickets as $datetime_ticket) {
+				if (($ticket_identifier === $datetime_ticket || $at_capacity)
+					&& isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ])
+					&& $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] > 0
+				) {
+					if ($this->debug) {
+						\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+							$datetime_ticket,
+							' . . . adjust ticket quantities for',
+							__FILE__,
+							__LINE__
+						);
+					}
+					// if this datetime is at full capacity, set any tracked available quantities to zero
+					// otherwise just subtract the ticket quantity
+					$new_quantity = $at_capacity
+						? 0
+						: $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] - $ticket_quantity;
+					// don't let ticket quantity go below zero
+					$this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] = max($new_quantity, 0);
+					if ($this->debug) {
+						\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+							$at_capacity
+								? "0 because Datetime {$datetime_identifier} is at capacity"
+								: "{$this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ]}",
+							" . . . . {$datetime_ticket} quantity set to ",
+							__FILE__,
+							__LINE__
+						);
+					}
+				}
+				// but we also need to adjust spaces for any other datetimes this ticket has access to
+				if ($datetime_ticket === $ticket_identifier) {
+					if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ])
+						&& is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ])
+					) {
+						if ($this->debug) {
+							\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+								$datetime_ticket,
+								' . . adjust other Datetimes for',
+								__FILE__,
+								__LINE__
+							);
+						}
+						foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ] as $datetime) {
+							// don't adjust the current datetime twice
+							if ($datetime !== $datetime_identifier) {
+								$this->adjustDatetimeSpaces(
+									$datetime,
+									$datetime_ticket,
+									$ticket_quantity
+								);
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private function adjustDatetimeSpaces($datetime_identifier, $ticket_identifier, $ticket_quantity = 0)
+	{
+		// does datetime have spaces available?
+		// and does the supplied ticket have access to this datetime ?
+		if ($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] > 0
+			&& isset($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ], $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ])
+			&& in_array($ticket_identifier, $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ], true)
+		) {
+			if ($this->debug) {
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($datetime_identifier, ' . . adjust Datetime Spaces for', __FILE__, __LINE__);
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+					"{$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ]}",
+					" . . current  {$datetime_identifier} spaces available",
+					__FILE__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+			}
+			// then decrement the available spaces for the datetime
+			$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] -= $ticket_quantity;
+			// but don't let quantities go below zero
+			$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = max(
+				$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ],
+				0
+			);
+			if ($this->debug) {
+				\EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
+					"{$ticket_quantity}",
+					" . . . {$datetime_identifier} capacity reduced by",
+					__FILE__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
 }

Spacing +46 added lines, -46 removed lines

@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ 
      */
     public function setActiveTickets(array $active_tickets = array())
     {
-        if (! empty($active_tickets)) {
+        if ( ! empty($active_tickets)) {
             foreach ($active_tickets as $active_ticket) {
                 $this->validateTicket($active_ticket);
             }
             // sort incoming array by ticket quantity (asc)
             usort(
                 $active_tickets,
-                function (EE_Ticket $a, EE_Ticket $b) {
+                function(EE_Ticket $a, EE_Ticket $b) {
                     if ($a->qty() === $b->qty()) {
                         return 0;
                     }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ 
      */
     private function validateTicket($ticket)
     {
-        if (! $ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
+        if ( ! $ticket instanceof EE_Ticket) {
             throw new DomainException(
                 esc_html__(
                     'Invalid Ticket. Only EE_Ticket objects can be used to calculate event space availability.',
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        $this->datetimes[ $datetime->ID() ] = $datetime;
+        $this->datetimes[$datetime->ID()] = $datetime;
     }
 
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ 
         $this->tickets_sold = array();
         $this->total_spaces = array();
         $active_tickets = $this->getActiveTickets();
-        if (! empty($active_tickets)) {
+        if ( ! empty($active_tickets)) {
             foreach ($active_tickets as $ticket) {
                 $this->validateTicket($ticket);
                 // we need to index our data arrays using strings for the purpose of sorting,
@@ -349,16 +349,16 @@ 
                     // we are going to move all of our data into the following arrays:
                     // datetime spaces initially represents the reg limit for each datetime,
                     // but this will get adjusted as tickets are accounted for
-                    $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = $reg_limit;
+                    $this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier] = $reg_limit;
                     // just an array of ticket IDs grouped by datetime
-                    $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ][] = $ticket_identifier;
+                    $this->datetime_tickets[$datetime_identifier][] = $ticket_identifier;
                     // and an array of datetime IDs grouped by ticket
-                    $this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ][] = $datetime_identifier;
+                    $this->ticket_datetimes[$ticket_identifier][] = $datetime_identifier;
                 }
                 // total quantity of sold and reserved for each ticket
-                $this->tickets_sold[ $ticket_identifier ] = $ticket->sold() + $ticket->reserved();
+                $this->tickets_sold[$ticket_identifier] = $ticket->sold() + $ticket->reserved();
                 // and the maximum ticket quantities for each ticket (adjusted for reg limit)
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] = $max_tickets;
+                $this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier] = $max_tickets;
             }
         }
         // sort datetime spaces by reg limit, but maintain our string indexes
@@ -417,11 +417,11 @@ 
             \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(__FUNCTION__, __CLASS__, __FILE__, __LINE__, 2);
         }
         foreach ($this->tickets_sold as $ticket_identifier => $tickets_sold) {
-            if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])) {
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] -= $tickets_sold;
+            if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier])) {
+                $this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier] -= $tickets_sold;
                 // don't let values go below zero
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] = max(
-                    $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ],
+                $this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier] = max(
+                    $this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier],
                     0
                 );
                 if ($this->debug) {
@@ -433,15 +433,15 @@ 
                     );
                 }
             }
-            if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ])
-                && is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ])
+            if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[$ticket_identifier])
+                && is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[$ticket_identifier])
             ) {
-                foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[ $ticket_identifier ] as $ticket_datetime) {
-                    if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])) {
-                        $this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ] -= $tickets_sold;
+                foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[$ticket_identifier] as $ticket_datetime) {
+                    if (isset($this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier])) {
+                        $this->datetime_spaces[$ticket_datetime] -= $tickets_sold;
                         // don't let values go below zero
-                        $this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ] = max(
-                            $this->datetime_spaces[ $ticket_datetime ],
+                        $this->datetime_spaces[$ticket_datetime] = max(
+                            $this->datetime_spaces[$ticket_datetime],
                             0
                         );
                         if ($this->debug) {
@@ -466,11 +466,11 @@ 
     private function trackAvailableSpacesForDatetimes($datetime_identifier, array $tickets)
     {
         // make sure a reg limit is set for the datetime
-        $reg_limit = isset($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ])
-            ? $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ]
+        $reg_limit = isset($this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier])
+            ? $this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier]
             : 0;
         // and bail if it is not
-        if (! $reg_limit) {
+        if ( ! $reg_limit) {
             if ($this->debug) {
                 \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr('AT CAPACITY', " . {$datetime_identifier}", __FILE__, __LINE__);
             }
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ 
         }
         // number of allocated spaces always starts at zero
         $spaces_allocated = 0;
-        $this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = 0;
+        $this->total_spaces[$datetime_identifier] = 0;
         foreach ($tickets as $ticket_identifier) {
             $spaces_allocated = $this->calculateAvailableSpacesForTicket(
                 $datetime_identifier,
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ 
         $spaces_allocated = max($spaces_allocated, 0);
         if ($spaces_allocated) {
             // track any non-zero values
-            $this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] += $spaces_allocated;
+            $this->total_spaces[$datetime_identifier] += $spaces_allocated;
             if ($this->debug) {
                 \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr((string) $spaces_allocated, ' . $spaces_allocated: ', __FILE__, __LINE__);
             }
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ 
         }
         if ($this->debug) {
             \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                $this->total_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ],
+                $this->total_spaces[$datetime_identifier],
                 '$total_spaces',
                 __FILE__,
                 __LINE__
@@ -536,8 +536,8 @@ 
         $spaces_allocated
     ) {
         // make sure ticket quantity is set
-        $ticket_quantity = isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ])
-            ? $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ]
+        $ticket_quantity = isset($this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier])
+            ? $this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier]
             : 0;
         if ($this->debug) {
             \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr("{$spaces_allocated}", '$spaces_allocated', __FILE__, __LINE__);
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ 
                 //  or the maximum ticket quantity
                 $ticket_quantity = min($reg_limit - $spaces_allocated, $ticket_quantity);
                 // adjust the available quantity in our tracking array
-                $this->ticket_quantities[ $ticket_identifier ] -= $ticket_quantity;
+                $this->ticket_quantities[$ticket_identifier] -= $ticket_quantity;
                 // and increment spaces allocated for this datetime
                 $spaces_allocated += $ticket_quantity;
                 $at_capacity = $spaces_allocated >= $reg_limit;
@@ -624,14 +624,14 @@ 
                 $ticket_quantity
             );
             // skip to next ticket if nothing changed
-            if (! ($adjusted || $at_capacity)) {
+            if ( ! ($adjusted || $at_capacity)) {
                 continue;
             }
             // then all of it's tickets are now unavailable
             foreach ($datetime_tickets as $datetime_ticket) {
                 if (($ticket_identifier === $datetime_ticket || $at_capacity)
-                    && isset($this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ])
-                    && $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] > 0
+                    && isset($this->ticket_quantities[$datetime_ticket])
+                    && $this->ticket_quantities[$datetime_ticket] > 0
                 ) {
                     if ($this->debug) {
                         \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
@@ -645,14 +645,14 @@ 
                     // otherwise just subtract the ticket quantity
                     $new_quantity = $at_capacity
                         ? 0
-                        : $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] - $ticket_quantity;
+                        : $this->ticket_quantities[$datetime_ticket] - $ticket_quantity;
                     // don't let ticket quantity go below zero
-                    $this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ] = max($new_quantity, 0);
+                    $this->ticket_quantities[$datetime_ticket] = max($new_quantity, 0);
                     if ($this->debug) {
                         \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
                             $at_capacity
                                 ? "0 because Datetime {$datetime_identifier} is at capacity"
-                                : "{$this->ticket_quantities[ $datetime_ticket ]}",
+                                : "{$this->ticket_quantities[$datetime_ticket]}",
                             " . . . . {$datetime_ticket} quantity set to ",
                             __FILE__,
                             __LINE__
@@ -661,8 +661,8 @@ 
                 }
                 // but we also need to adjust spaces for any other datetimes this ticket has access to
                 if ($datetime_ticket === $ticket_identifier) {
-                    if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ])
-                        && is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ])
+                    if (isset($this->ticket_datetimes[$datetime_ticket])
+                        && is_array($this->ticket_datetimes[$datetime_ticket])
                     ) {
                         if ($this->debug) {
                             \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ 
                                 __LINE__
                             );
                         }
-                        foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[ $datetime_ticket ] as $datetime) {
+                        foreach ($this->ticket_datetimes[$datetime_ticket] as $datetime) {
                             // don't adjust the current datetime twice
                             if ($datetime !== $datetime_identifier) {
                                 $this->adjustDatetimeSpaces(
@@ -692,24 +692,24 @@ 
     {
         // does datetime have spaces available?
         // and does the supplied ticket have access to this datetime ?
-        if ($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] > 0
-            && isset($this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ], $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ])
-            && in_array($ticket_identifier, $this->datetime_tickets[ $datetime_identifier ], true)
+        if ($this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier] > 0
+            && isset($this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier], $this->datetime_tickets[$datetime_identifier])
+            && in_array($ticket_identifier, $this->datetime_tickets[$datetime_identifier], true)
         ) {
             if ($this->debug) {
                 \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr($datetime_identifier, ' . . adjust Datetime Spaces for', __FILE__, __LINE__);
                 \EEH_Debug_Tools::printr(
-                    "{$this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ]}",
+                    "{$this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier]}",
                     " . . current  {$datetime_identifier} spaces available",
                     __FILE__,
                     __LINE__
                 );
             }
             // then decrement the available spaces for the datetime
-            $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] -= $ticket_quantity;
+            $this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier] -= $ticket_quantity;
             // but don't let quantities go below zero
-            $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ] = max(
-                $this->datetime_spaces[ $datetime_identifier ],
+            $this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier] = max(
+                $this->datetime_spaces[$datetime_identifier],
                 0
             );
             if ($this->debug) {

core/libraries/form_sections/strategies/display/EE_Number_Input_Display_Strategy.php

Doc Comments +3 added lines

@@ -64,6 +64,9 @@
     }
 
 
+    /**
+     * @param string $argument_label
+     */
     private function throwValidationException($argument_label, $argument_value)
     {
         throw new InvalidArgumentException(

Indentation +93 added lines, -93 removed lines

@@ -11,109 +11,109 @@
 class EE_Number_Input_Display_Strategy extends EE_Display_Strategy_Base
 {
 
-    /**
-     * minimum value for number field
-     *
-     * @var int|null $min
-     */
-    protected $min;
+	/**
+	 * minimum value for number field
+	 *
+	 * @var int|null $min
+	 */
+	protected $min;
 
-    /**
-     * maximum value for number field
-     *
-     * @var int|null $max
-     */
-    protected $max;
+	/**
+	 * maximum value for number field
+	 *
+	 * @var int|null $max
+	 */
+	protected $max;
 
 
-    /**
-     * This is used to set the "step" attribute for the html5 number input.
-     * Controls the increments on the input when incrementing or decrementing the value.
-     * Note:  Although the step attribute allows for the string "any" to be used, Firefox and Chrome will interpret that
-     * to increment by 1.  So although "any" is accepted as a value, it is converted to 1.
-     * @var float
-     */
-    protected $step;
+	/**
+	 * This is used to set the "step" attribute for the html5 number input.
+	 * Controls the increments on the input when incrementing or decrementing the value.
+	 * Note:  Although the step attribute allows for the string "any" to be used, Firefox and Chrome will interpret that
+	 * to increment by 1.  So although "any" is accepted as a value, it is converted to 1.
+	 * @var float
+	 */
+	protected $step;
 
 
-    /**
-     * EE_Number_Input_Display_Strategy constructor.
-     * Null is the default value for the incoming arguments because 0 is a valid value.  So we use null
-     * to indicate NOT setting this attribute.
-     *
-     * @param int|null $min
-     * @param int|null $max
-     * @param int|null $step
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function __construct($min = null, $max = null, $step = null)
-    {
-        $this->min = is_numeric($min) || $min === null
-            ? $min
-            : $this->throwValidationException('min', $min);
-        $this->max = is_numeric($max) || $max === null
-            ? $max
-            : $this->throwValidationException('max', $max);
-        $step = $step === 'any' ? 1 : $step;
-        $this->step = is_numeric($step) || $step === null
-            ? $step
-            : $this->throwValidationException('step', $step);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * EE_Number_Input_Display_Strategy constructor.
+	 * Null is the default value for the incoming arguments because 0 is a valid value.  So we use null
+	 * to indicate NOT setting this attribute.
+	 *
+	 * @param int|null $min
+	 * @param int|null $max
+	 * @param int|null $step
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function __construct($min = null, $max = null, $step = null)
+	{
+		$this->min = is_numeric($min) || $min === null
+			? $min
+			: $this->throwValidationException('min', $min);
+		$this->max = is_numeric($max) || $max === null
+			? $max
+			: $this->throwValidationException('max', $max);
+		$step = $step === 'any' ? 1 : $step;
+		$this->step = is_numeric($step) || $step === null
+			? $step
+			: $this->throwValidationException('step', $step);
+	}
 
 
-    private function throwValidationException($argument_label, $argument_value)
-    {
-        throw new InvalidArgumentException(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'The %1$s parameter value for %2$s must be numeric or null, %3$s was passed into the constructor.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $argument_label,
-                __CLASS__,
-                $argument_value
-            )
-        );
-    }
+	private function throwValidationException($argument_label, $argument_value)
+	{
+		throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'The %1$s parameter value for %2$s must be numeric or null, %3$s was passed into the constructor.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$argument_label,
+				__CLASS__,
+				$argument_value
+			)
+		);
+	}
 
 
 
-    /**
-     * @return string of html to display the field
-     */
-    public function display()
-    {
-        $input = $this->_opening_tag('input');
-        $input .= $this->_attributes_string(
-            array_merge(
-                $this->_standard_attributes_array(),
-                $this->getNumberInputAttributes()
-            )
-        );
-        $input .= $this->_close_tag();
-        return $input;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @return string of html to display the field
+	 */
+	public function display()
+	{
+		$input = $this->_opening_tag('input');
+		$input .= $this->_attributes_string(
+			array_merge(
+				$this->_standard_attributes_array(),
+				$this->getNumberInputAttributes()
+			)
+		);
+		$input .= $this->_close_tag();
+		return $input;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Return the attributes specific to this display strategy
-     * @return array
-     */
-    private function getNumberInputAttributes()
-    {
-        $attributes = array(
-            'type' => 'number',
-            'value' => $this->_input->raw_value_in_form()
-        );
-        if ($this->min !== null) {
-            $attributes['min'] = $this->min;
-        }
-        if ($this->max !== null) {
-            $attributes['max'] = $this->max;
-        }
-        if ($this->step !== null) {
-            $attributes['step'] = $this->step;
-        }
-        return $attributes;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Return the attributes specific to this display strategy
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	private function getNumberInputAttributes()
+	{
+		$attributes = array(
+			'type' => 'number',
+			'value' => $this->_input->raw_value_in_form()
+		);
+		if ($this->min !== null) {
+			$attributes['min'] = $this->min;
+		}
+		if ($this->max !== null) {
+			$attributes['max'] = $this->max;
+		}
+		if ($this->step !== null) {
+			$attributes['step'] = $this->step;
+		}
+		return $attributes;
+	}
 }

core/libraries/form_sections/inputs/EE_Float_Input.input.php

Indentation +29 added lines, -29 removed lines

@@ -11,33 +11,33 @@
 class EE_Float_Input extends EE_Form_Input_Base
 {
 
-    /**
-     * @param array $input_settings
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function __construct($input_settings = array())
-    {
-        $this->_set_display_strategy(
-            new EE_Number_Input_Display_Strategy(
-                isset($input_settings['min_value'])
-                    ? $input_settings['min_value']
-                    : null,
-                isset($input_settings['max_value'])
-                    ? $input_settings['max_value']
-                    : null,
-                isset($input_settings['step_value'])
-                    ? $input_settings['step_value']
-                    : null
-            )
-        );
-        $this->_set_normalization_strategy(new EE_Float_Normalization());
-        $this->_add_validation_strategy(
-            new EE_Float_Validation_Strategy(
-                isset($input_settings['validation_error_message'])
-                    ? $input_settings['validation_error_message']
-                    : null
-            )
-        );
-        parent::__construct($input_settings);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param array $input_settings
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function __construct($input_settings = array())
+	{
+		$this->_set_display_strategy(
+			new EE_Number_Input_Display_Strategy(
+				isset($input_settings['min_value'])
+					? $input_settings['min_value']
+					: null,
+				isset($input_settings['max_value'])
+					? $input_settings['max_value']
+					: null,
+				isset($input_settings['step_value'])
+					? $input_settings['step_value']
+					: null
+			)
+		);
+		$this->_set_normalization_strategy(new EE_Float_Normalization());
+		$this->_add_validation_strategy(
+			new EE_Float_Validation_Strategy(
+				isset($input_settings['validation_error_message'])
+					? $input_settings['validation_error_message']
+					: null
+			)
+		);
+		parent::__construct($input_settings);
+	}
 }

admin_pages/events/Events_Admin_List_Table.class.php

Doc Comments +1 added lines, -1 removed lines

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
 
     /**
      * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return mixed|string
+     * @return string
      * @throws EE_Error
      */
     public function column_id(EE_Event $item)

Indentation +500 added lines, -500 removed lines

@@ -15,504 +15,504 @@
 class Events_Admin_List_Table extends EE_Admin_List_Table
 {
 
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Datetime
-     */
-    private $_dtt;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Initial setup of data properties for the list table.
-     */
-    protected function _setup_data()
-    {
-        $this->_data = $this->_admin_page->get_events($this->_per_page, $this->_current_page);
-        $this->_all_data_count = $this->_admin_page->get_events(0, 0, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set up of additional properties for the list table.
-     */
-    protected function _set_properties()
-    {
-        $this->_wp_list_args = array(
-            'singular' => esc_html__('event', 'event_espresso'),
-            'plural'   => esc_html__('events', 'event_espresso'),
-            'ajax'     => true, // for now
-            'screen'   => $this->_admin_page->get_current_screen()->id,
-        );
-        $this->_columns = array(
-            'cb'              => '<input type="checkbox" />',
-            'id'              => esc_html__('ID', 'event_espresso'),
-            'name'            => esc_html__('Name', 'event_espresso'),
-            'author'          => esc_html__('Author', 'event_espresso'),
-            'venue'           => esc_html__('Venue', 'event_espresso'),
-            'start_date_time' => esc_html__('Event Start', 'event_espresso'),
-            'reg_begins'      => esc_html__('On Sale', 'event_espresso'),
-            'attendees'       => '<span class="dashicons dashicons-groups ee-icon-color-ee-green ee-icon-size-20">'
-                                 . '<span class="screen-reader-text">'
-                                 . esc_html__('Approved Registrations', 'event_espresso')
-                                 . '</span>'
-                                 . '</span>',
-            // 'tkts_sold' => esc_html__('Tickets Sold', 'event_espresso'),
-            'actions'         => esc_html__('Actions', 'event_espresso'),
-        );
-        $this->_sortable_columns = array(
-            'id'              => array('EVT_ID' => true),
-            'name'            => array('EVT_name' => false),
-            'author'          => array('EVT_wp_user' => false),
-            'venue'           => array('Venue.VNU_name' => false),
-            'start_date_time' => array('Datetime.DTT_EVT_start' => false),
-            'reg_begins'      => array('Datetime.Ticket.TKT_start_date' => false),
-        );
-        $this->_primary_column = 'id';
-        $this->_hidden_columns = array('author');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function _get_table_filters()
-    {
-        return array(); // no filters with decaf
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Setup of views properties.
-     *
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    protected function _add_view_counts()
-    {
-        $this->_views['all']['count'] = $this->_admin_page->total_events();
-        $this->_views['draft']['count'] = $this->_admin_page->total_events_draft();
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_delete_events',
-            'espresso_events_trash_events'
-        )) {
-            $this->_views['trash']['count'] = $this->_admin_page->total_trashed_events();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_row_class($item)
-    {
-        $class = parent::_get_row_class($item);
-        // add status class
-        $class .= $item instanceof EE_Event
-            ? ' ee-status-strip event-status-' . $item->get_active_status()
-            : '';
-        if ($this->_has_checkbox_column) {
-            $class .= ' has-checkbox-column';
-        }
-        return $class;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_status(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        return '<span class="ee-status-strip ee-status-strip-td event-status-'
-               . $item->get_active_status()
-               . '"></span>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param  EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_cb($item)
-    {
-        if (! $item instanceof EE_Event) {
-            return '';
-        }
-        $this->_dtt = $item->primary_datetime(); // set this for use in other columns
-        // does event have any attached registrations?
-        $regs = $item->count_related('Registration');
-        return $regs > 0 && $this->_view === 'trash'
-            ? '<span class="ee-lock-icon"></span>'
-            : sprintf(
-                '<input type="checkbox" name="EVT_IDs[]" value="%s" />',
-                $item->ID()
-            );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return mixed|string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_id(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        $content = $item->ID();
-        $content .= '  <span class="show-on-mobile-view-only">' . $item->name() . '</span>';
-        return $content;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function column_name(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        $edit_query_args = array(
-            'action' => 'edit',
-            'post'   => $item->ID(),
-        );
-        $edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-        $actions = $this->_column_name_action_setup($item);
-        $status = ''; // $item->status() !== 'publish' ? ' (' . $item->status() . ')' : '';
-        $content = '<strong><a class="row-title" href="'
-                   . $edit_link . '">'
-                   . $item->name()
-                   . '</a></strong>'
-                   . $status;
-        $content .= '<br><span class="ee-status-text-small">'
-                    . EEH_Template::pretty_status(
-                        $item->get_active_status(),
-                        false,
-                        'sentence'
-                    )
-                    . '</span>';
-        $content .= $this->row_actions($actions);
-        return $content;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just a method for setting up the actions for the name column
-     *
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return array array of actions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _column_name_action_setup(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        // todo: remove when attendees is active
-        if (! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
-            define('REG_ADMIN_URL', EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-        }
-        $actions = array();
-        $restore_event_link = '';
-        $delete_event_link = '';
-        $trash_event_link = '';
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_edit_event',
-            'espresso_events_edit',
-            $item->ID()
-        )) {
-            $edit_query_args = array(
-                'action' => 'edit',
-                'post'   => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-            $actions['edit'] = '<a href="' . $edit_link . '"'
-                               . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                               . esc_html__('Edit', 'event_espresso')
-                               . '</a>';
-        }
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_read_registrations',
-            'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
-        )
-            && EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                'ee_read_event',
-                'espresso_registrations_view_registration',
-                $item->ID()
-            )
-        ) {
-            $attendees_query_args = array(
-                'action'   => 'default',
-                'event_id' => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
-            $actions['attendees'] = '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '"'
-                                    . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Registrations', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                                    . esc_html__('Registrations', 'event_espresso')
-                                    . '</a>';
-        }
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_delete_event',
-            'espresso_events_trash_event',
-            $item->ID()
-        )) {
-            $trash_event_query_args = array(
-                'action' => 'trash_event',
-                'EVT_ID' => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $trash_event_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-                $trash_event_query_args,
-                EVENTS_ADMIN_URL
-            );
-        }
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_delete_event',
-            'espresso_events_restore_event',
-            $item->ID()
-        )) {
-            $restore_event_query_args = array(
-                'action' => 'restore_event',
-                'EVT_ID' => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $restore_event_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-                $restore_event_query_args,
-                EVENTS_ADMIN_URL
-            );
-        }
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_delete_event',
-            'espresso_events_delete_event',
-            $item->ID()
-        )) {
-            $delete_event_query_args = array(
-                'action' => 'delete_event',
-                'EVT_ID' => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $delete_event_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-                $delete_event_query_args,
-                EVENTS_ADMIN_URL
-            );
-        }
-        $view_link = get_permalink($item->ID());
-        $actions['view'] = '<a href="' . $view_link . '"'
-                           . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                           . esc_html__('View', 'event_espresso')
-                           . '</a>';
-        if ($item->get('status') === 'trash') {
-            if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                'ee_delete_event',
-                'espresso_events_restore_event',
-                $item->ID()
-            )) {
-                $actions['restore_from_trash'] = '<a href="' . $restore_event_link . '"'
-                                                 . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
-                                                 . '">'
-                                                 . esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
-                                                 . '</a>';
-            }
-            if ($item->count_related('Registration') === 0
-                && EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                    'ee_delete_event',
-                    'espresso_events_delete_event',
-                    $item->ID()
-                )
-            ) {
-                $actions['delete'] = '<a href="' . $delete_event_link . '"'
-                                     . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                                     . esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso')
-                                     . '</a>';
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                'ee_delete_event',
-                'espresso_events_trash_event',
-                $item->ID()
-            )) {
-                $actions['move to trash'] = '<a href="' . $trash_event_link . '"'
-                                            . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Trash Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                                            . esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso')
-                                            . '</a>';
-            }
-        }
-        return $actions;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_author(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        // user author info
-        $event_author = get_userdata($item->wp_user());
-        $gravatar = get_avatar($item->wp_user(), '15');
-        // filter link
-        $query_args = array(
-            'action'      => 'default',
-            'EVT_wp_user' => $item->wp_user(),
-        );
-        $filter_url = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-        return $gravatar . '  <a href="' . $filter_url . '"'
-               . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Click to filter events by this author.', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-               . $event_author->display_name
-               . '</a>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_venue(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        $venue = $item->get_first_related('Venue');
-        return ! empty($venue)
-            ? $venue->name()
-            : '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_start_date_time(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        return $this->_dtt instanceof EE_Datetime
-            ? $this->_dtt->get_i18n_datetime('DTT_EVT_start')
-            : esc_html__('No Date was saved for this Event', 'event_espresso');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function column_reg_begins(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        $reg_start = $item->get_ticket_with_earliest_start_time();
-        return $reg_start instanceof EE_Ticket
-            ? $reg_start->get_i18n_datetime('TKT_start_date')
-            : esc_html__('No Tickets have been setup for this Event', 'event_espresso');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return int|string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function column_attendees(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        $attendees_query_args = array(
-            'action'   => 'default',
-            'event_id' => $item->ID(),
-        );
-        $attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
-        $registered_attendees = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_event_registration_count($item->ID());
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_read_event',
-            'espresso_registrations_view_registration',
-            $item->ID()
-        )
-               && EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-                   'ee_read_registrations',
-                   'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
-               )
-            ? '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '">' . $registered_attendees . '</a>'
-            : $registered_attendees;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function column_tkts_sold(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        return EEM_Ticket::instance()->sum(array(array('Datetime.EVT_ID' => $item->ID())), 'TKT_sold');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Event $item
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function column_actions(EE_Event $item)
-    {
-        // todo: remove when attendees is active
-        if (! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
-            define('REG_ADMIN_URL', EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-        }
-        $action_links = array();
-        $view_link = get_permalink($item->ID());
-        $action_links[] = '<a href="' . $view_link . '"'
-                          . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso') . '" target="_blank">';
-        $action_links[] = '<div class="dashicons dashicons-search"></div></a>';
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_edit_event',
-            'espresso_events_edit',
-            $item->ID()
-        )) {
-            $edit_query_args = array(
-                'action' => 'edit',
-                'post'   => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-            $action_links[] = '<a href="' . $edit_link . '"'
-                              . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                              . '<div class="ee-icon ee-icon-calendar-edit"></div>'
-                              . '</a>';
-        }
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_read_registrations',
-            'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
-        ) && EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
-            'ee_read_event',
-            'espresso_registrations_view_registration',
-            $item->ID()
-        )
-        ) {
-            $attendees_query_args = array(
-                'action'   => 'default',
-                'event_id' => $item->ID(),
-            );
-            $attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
-            $action_links[] = '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '"'
-                              . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Registrants', 'event_espresso') . '">'
-                              . '<div class="dashicons dashicons-groups"></div>'
-                              . '</a>';
-        }
-        $action_links = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__Events_Admin_List_Table__column_actions__action_links',
-            $action_links,
-            $item
-        );
-        return $this->_action_string(
-            implode("\n\t", $action_links),
-            $item,
-            'div'
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Datetime
+	 */
+	private $_dtt;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Initial setup of data properties for the list table.
+	 */
+	protected function _setup_data()
+	{
+		$this->_data = $this->_admin_page->get_events($this->_per_page, $this->_current_page);
+		$this->_all_data_count = $this->_admin_page->get_events(0, 0, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set up of additional properties for the list table.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_properties()
+	{
+		$this->_wp_list_args = array(
+			'singular' => esc_html__('event', 'event_espresso'),
+			'plural'   => esc_html__('events', 'event_espresso'),
+			'ajax'     => true, // for now
+			'screen'   => $this->_admin_page->get_current_screen()->id,
+		);
+		$this->_columns = array(
+			'cb'              => '<input type="checkbox" />',
+			'id'              => esc_html__('ID', 'event_espresso'),
+			'name'            => esc_html__('Name', 'event_espresso'),
+			'author'          => esc_html__('Author', 'event_espresso'),
+			'venue'           => esc_html__('Venue', 'event_espresso'),
+			'start_date_time' => esc_html__('Event Start', 'event_espresso'),
+			'reg_begins'      => esc_html__('On Sale', 'event_espresso'),
+			'attendees'       => '<span class="dashicons dashicons-groups ee-icon-color-ee-green ee-icon-size-20">'
+								 . '<span class="screen-reader-text">'
+								 . esc_html__('Approved Registrations', 'event_espresso')
+								 . '</span>'
+								 . '</span>',
+			// 'tkts_sold' => esc_html__('Tickets Sold', 'event_espresso'),
+			'actions'         => esc_html__('Actions', 'event_espresso'),
+		);
+		$this->_sortable_columns = array(
+			'id'              => array('EVT_ID' => true),
+			'name'            => array('EVT_name' => false),
+			'author'          => array('EVT_wp_user' => false),
+			'venue'           => array('Venue.VNU_name' => false),
+			'start_date_time' => array('Datetime.DTT_EVT_start' => false),
+			'reg_begins'      => array('Datetime.Ticket.TKT_start_date' => false),
+		);
+		$this->_primary_column = 'id';
+		$this->_hidden_columns = array('author');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function _get_table_filters()
+	{
+		return array(); // no filters with decaf
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Setup of views properties.
+	 *
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	protected function _add_view_counts()
+	{
+		$this->_views['all']['count'] = $this->_admin_page->total_events();
+		$this->_views['draft']['count'] = $this->_admin_page->total_events_draft();
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_delete_events',
+			'espresso_events_trash_events'
+		)) {
+			$this->_views['trash']['count'] = $this->_admin_page->total_trashed_events();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_row_class($item)
+	{
+		$class = parent::_get_row_class($item);
+		// add status class
+		$class .= $item instanceof EE_Event
+			? ' ee-status-strip event-status-' . $item->get_active_status()
+			: '';
+		if ($this->_has_checkbox_column) {
+			$class .= ' has-checkbox-column';
+		}
+		return $class;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_status(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		return '<span class="ee-status-strip ee-status-strip-td event-status-'
+			   . $item->get_active_status()
+			   . '"></span>';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param  EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_cb($item)
+	{
+		if (! $item instanceof EE_Event) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		$this->_dtt = $item->primary_datetime(); // set this for use in other columns
+		// does event have any attached registrations?
+		$regs = $item->count_related('Registration');
+		return $regs > 0 && $this->_view === 'trash'
+			? '<span class="ee-lock-icon"></span>'
+			: sprintf(
+				'<input type="checkbox" name="EVT_IDs[]" value="%s" />',
+				$item->ID()
+			);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return mixed|string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_id(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		$content = $item->ID();
+		$content .= '  <span class="show-on-mobile-view-only">' . $item->name() . '</span>';
+		return $content;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function column_name(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		$edit_query_args = array(
+			'action' => 'edit',
+			'post'   => $item->ID(),
+		);
+		$edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
+		$actions = $this->_column_name_action_setup($item);
+		$status = ''; // $item->status() !== 'publish' ? ' (' . $item->status() . ')' : '';
+		$content = '<strong><a class="row-title" href="'
+				   . $edit_link . '">'
+				   . $item->name()
+				   . '</a></strong>'
+				   . $status;
+		$content .= '<br><span class="ee-status-text-small">'
+					. EEH_Template::pretty_status(
+						$item->get_active_status(),
+						false,
+						'sentence'
+					)
+					. '</span>';
+		$content .= $this->row_actions($actions);
+		return $content;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just a method for setting up the actions for the name column
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return array array of actions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _column_name_action_setup(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		// todo: remove when attendees is active
+		if (! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
+			define('REG_ADMIN_URL', EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
+		}
+		$actions = array();
+		$restore_event_link = '';
+		$delete_event_link = '';
+		$trash_event_link = '';
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_edit_event',
+			'espresso_events_edit',
+			$item->ID()
+		)) {
+			$edit_query_args = array(
+				'action' => 'edit',
+				'post'   => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
+			$actions['edit'] = '<a href="' . $edit_link . '"'
+							   . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+							   . esc_html__('Edit', 'event_espresso')
+							   . '</a>';
+		}
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_read_registrations',
+			'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
+		)
+			&& EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+				'ee_read_event',
+				'espresso_registrations_view_registration',
+				$item->ID()
+			)
+		) {
+			$attendees_query_args = array(
+				'action'   => 'default',
+				'event_id' => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
+			$actions['attendees'] = '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '"'
+									. ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Registrations', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+									. esc_html__('Registrations', 'event_espresso')
+									. '</a>';
+		}
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_delete_event',
+			'espresso_events_trash_event',
+			$item->ID()
+		)) {
+			$trash_event_query_args = array(
+				'action' => 'trash_event',
+				'EVT_ID' => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$trash_event_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+				$trash_event_query_args,
+				EVENTS_ADMIN_URL
+			);
+		}
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_delete_event',
+			'espresso_events_restore_event',
+			$item->ID()
+		)) {
+			$restore_event_query_args = array(
+				'action' => 'restore_event',
+				'EVT_ID' => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$restore_event_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+				$restore_event_query_args,
+				EVENTS_ADMIN_URL
+			);
+		}
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_delete_event',
+			'espresso_events_delete_event',
+			$item->ID()
+		)) {
+			$delete_event_query_args = array(
+				'action' => 'delete_event',
+				'EVT_ID' => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$delete_event_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+				$delete_event_query_args,
+				EVENTS_ADMIN_URL
+			);
+		}
+		$view_link = get_permalink($item->ID());
+		$actions['view'] = '<a href="' . $view_link . '"'
+						   . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+						   . esc_html__('View', 'event_espresso')
+						   . '</a>';
+		if ($item->get('status') === 'trash') {
+			if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+				'ee_delete_event',
+				'espresso_events_restore_event',
+				$item->ID()
+			)) {
+				$actions['restore_from_trash'] = '<a href="' . $restore_event_link . '"'
+												 . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
+												 . '">'
+												 . esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
+												 . '</a>';
+			}
+			if ($item->count_related('Registration') === 0
+				&& EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+					'ee_delete_event',
+					'espresso_events_delete_event',
+					$item->ID()
+				)
+			) {
+				$actions['delete'] = '<a href="' . $delete_event_link . '"'
+									 . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+									 . esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso')
+									 . '</a>';
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+				'ee_delete_event',
+				'espresso_events_trash_event',
+				$item->ID()
+			)) {
+				$actions['move to trash'] = '<a href="' . $trash_event_link . '"'
+											. ' title="' . esc_attr__('Trash Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+											. esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso')
+											. '</a>';
+			}
+		}
+		return $actions;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_author(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		// user author info
+		$event_author = get_userdata($item->wp_user());
+		$gravatar = get_avatar($item->wp_user(), '15');
+		// filter link
+		$query_args = array(
+			'action'      => 'default',
+			'EVT_wp_user' => $item->wp_user(),
+		);
+		$filter_url = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
+		return $gravatar . '  <a href="' . $filter_url . '"'
+			   . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Click to filter events by this author.', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+			   . $event_author->display_name
+			   . '</a>';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_venue(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		$venue = $item->get_first_related('Venue');
+		return ! empty($venue)
+			? $venue->name()
+			: '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_start_date_time(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		return $this->_dtt instanceof EE_Datetime
+			? $this->_dtt->get_i18n_datetime('DTT_EVT_start')
+			: esc_html__('No Date was saved for this Event', 'event_espresso');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function column_reg_begins(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		$reg_start = $item->get_ticket_with_earliest_start_time();
+		return $reg_start instanceof EE_Ticket
+			? $reg_start->get_i18n_datetime('TKT_start_date')
+			: esc_html__('No Tickets have been setup for this Event', 'event_espresso');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return int|string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function column_attendees(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		$attendees_query_args = array(
+			'action'   => 'default',
+			'event_id' => $item->ID(),
+		);
+		$attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
+		$registered_attendees = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_event_registration_count($item->ID());
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_read_event',
+			'espresso_registrations_view_registration',
+			$item->ID()
+		)
+			   && EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+				   'ee_read_registrations',
+				   'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
+			   )
+			? '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '">' . $registered_attendees . '</a>'
+			: $registered_attendees;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function column_tkts_sold(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		return EEM_Ticket::instance()->sum(array(array('Datetime.EVT_ID' => $item->ID())), 'TKT_sold');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Event $item
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function column_actions(EE_Event $item)
+	{
+		// todo: remove when attendees is active
+		if (! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
+			define('REG_ADMIN_URL', EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
+		}
+		$action_links = array();
+		$view_link = get_permalink($item->ID());
+		$action_links[] = '<a href="' . $view_link . '"'
+						  . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso') . '" target="_blank">';
+		$action_links[] = '<div class="dashicons dashicons-search"></div></a>';
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_edit_event',
+			'espresso_events_edit',
+			$item->ID()
+		)) {
+			$edit_query_args = array(
+				'action' => 'edit',
+				'post'   => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
+			$action_links[] = '<a href="' . $edit_link . '"'
+							  . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+							  . '<div class="ee-icon ee-icon-calendar-edit"></div>'
+							  . '</a>';
+		}
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_read_registrations',
+			'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
+		) && EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
+			'ee_read_event',
+			'espresso_registrations_view_registration',
+			$item->ID()
+		)
+		) {
+			$attendees_query_args = array(
+				'action'   => 'default',
+				'event_id' => $item->ID(),
+			);
+			$attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
+			$action_links[] = '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '"'
+							  . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Registrants', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+							  . '<div class="dashicons dashicons-groups"></div>'
+							  . '</a>';
+		}
+		$action_links = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__Events_Admin_List_Table__column_actions__action_links',
+			$action_links,
+			$item
+		);
+		return $this->_action_string(
+			implode("\n\t", $action_links),
+			$item,
+			'div'
+		);
+	}
 }

Spacing +27 added lines, -27 removed lines

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ 
         $class = parent::_get_row_class($item);
         // add status class
         $class .= $item instanceof EE_Event
-            ? ' ee-status-strip event-status-' . $item->get_active_status()
+            ? ' ee-status-strip event-status-'.$item->get_active_status()
             : '';
         if ($this->_has_checkbox_column) {
             $class .= ' has-checkbox-column';
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ 
      */
     public function column_cb($item)
     {
-        if (! $item instanceof EE_Event) {
+        if ( ! $item instanceof EE_Event) {
             return '';
         }
         $this->_dtt = $item->primary_datetime(); // set this for use in other columns
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ 
     public function column_id(EE_Event $item)
     {
         $content = $item->ID();
-        $content .= '  <span class="show-on-mobile-view-only">' . $item->name() . '</span>';
+        $content .= '  <span class="show-on-mobile-view-only">'.$item->name().'</span>';
         return $content;
     }
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ 
         $actions = $this->_column_name_action_setup($item);
         $status = ''; // $item->status() !== 'publish' ? ' (' . $item->status() . ')' : '';
         $content = '<strong><a class="row-title" href="'
-                   . $edit_link . '">'
+                   . $edit_link.'">'
                    . $item->name()
                    . '</a></strong>'
                    . $status;
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ 
     protected function _column_name_action_setup(EE_Event $item)
     {
         // todo: remove when attendees is active
-        if (! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
+        if ( ! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
             define('REG_ADMIN_URL', EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
         }
         $actions = array();
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ 
                 'post'   => $item->ID(),
             );
             $edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-            $actions['edit'] = '<a href="' . $edit_link . '"'
-                               . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+            $actions['edit'] = '<a href="'.$edit_link.'"'
+                               . ' title="'.esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso').'">'
                                . esc_html__('Edit', 'event_espresso')
                                . '</a>';
         }
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ 
                 'event_id' => $item->ID(),
             );
             $attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
-            $actions['attendees'] = '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '"'
-                                    . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Registrations', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+            $actions['attendees'] = '<a href="'.$attendees_link.'"'
+                                    . ' title="'.esc_attr__('View Registrations', 'event_espresso').'">'
                                     . esc_html__('Registrations', 'event_espresso')
                                     . '</a>';
         }
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ 
             );
         }
         $view_link = get_permalink($item->ID());
-        $actions['view'] = '<a href="' . $view_link . '"'
-                           . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+        $actions['view'] = '<a href="'.$view_link.'"'
+                           . ' title="'.esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso').'">'
                            . esc_html__('View', 'event_espresso')
                            . '</a>';
         if ($item->get('status') === 'trash') {
@@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ 
                 'espresso_events_restore_event',
                 $item->ID()
             )) {
-                $actions['restore_from_trash'] = '<a href="' . $restore_event_link . '"'
-                                                 . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
+                $actions['restore_from_trash'] = '<a href="'.$restore_event_link.'"'
+                                                 . ' title="'.esc_attr__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
                                                  . '">'
                                                  . esc_html__('Restore from Trash', 'event_espresso')
                                                  . '</a>';
@@ -322,8 +322,8 @@ 
                     $item->ID()
                 )
             ) {
-                $actions['delete'] = '<a href="' . $delete_event_link . '"'
-                                     . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+                $actions['delete'] = '<a href="'.$delete_event_link.'"'
+                                     . ' title="'.esc_attr__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso').'">'
                                      . esc_html__('Delete Permanently', 'event_espresso')
                                      . '</a>';
             }
@@ -333,8 +333,8 @@ 
                 'espresso_events_trash_event',
                 $item->ID()
             )) {
-                $actions['move to trash'] = '<a href="' . $trash_event_link . '"'
-                                            . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Trash Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+                $actions['move to trash'] = '<a href="'.$trash_event_link.'"'
+                                            . ' title="'.esc_attr__('Trash Event', 'event_espresso').'">'
                                             . esc_html__('Trash', 'event_espresso')
                                             . '</a>';
             }
@@ -359,8 +359,8 @@ 
             'EVT_wp_user' => $item->wp_user(),
         );
         $filter_url = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-        return $gravatar . '  <a href="' . $filter_url . '"'
-               . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Click to filter events by this author.', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+        return $gravatar.'  <a href="'.$filter_url.'"'
+               . ' title="'.esc_attr__('Click to filter events by this author.', 'event_espresso').'">'
                . $event_author->display_name
                . '</a>';
     }
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ 
                    'ee_read_registrations',
                    'espresso_registrations_view_registration'
                )
-            ? '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '">' . $registered_attendees . '</a>'
+            ? '<a href="'.$attendees_link.'">'.$registered_attendees.'</a>'
             : $registered_attendees;
     }
 
@@ -462,13 +462,13 @@ 
     public function column_actions(EE_Event $item)
     {
         // todo: remove when attendees is active
-        if (! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
+        if ( ! defined('REG_ADMIN_URL')) {
             define('REG_ADMIN_URL', EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
         }
         $action_links = array();
         $view_link = get_permalink($item->ID());
-        $action_links[] = '<a href="' . $view_link . '"'
-                          . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso') . '" target="_blank">';
+        $action_links[] = '<a href="'.$view_link.'"'
+                          . ' title="'.esc_attr__('View Event', 'event_espresso').'" target="_blank">';
         $action_links[] = '<div class="dashicons dashicons-search"></div></a>';
         if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can(
             'ee_edit_event',
@@ -480,8 +480,8 @@ 
                 'post'   => $item->ID(),
             );
             $edit_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($edit_query_args, EVENTS_ADMIN_URL);
-            $action_links[] = '<a href="' . $edit_link . '"'
-                              . ' title="' . esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+            $action_links[] = '<a href="'.$edit_link.'"'
+                              . ' title="'.esc_attr__('Edit Event', 'event_espresso').'">'
                               . '<div class="ee-icon ee-icon-calendar-edit"></div>'
                               . '</a>';
         }
@@ -499,8 +499,8 @@ 
                 'event_id' => $item->ID(),
             );
             $attendees_link = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($attendees_query_args, REG_ADMIN_URL);
-            $action_links[] = '<a href="' . $attendees_link . '"'
-                              . ' title="' . esc_attr__('View Registrants', 'event_espresso') . '">'
+            $action_links[] = '<a href="'.$attendees_link.'"'
+                              . ' title="'.esc_attr__('View Registrants', 'event_espresso').'">'
                               . '<div class="dashicons dashicons-groups"></div>'
                               . '</a>';
         }

core/services/orm/ModelFieldFactory.php

Unused Use Statements -3 removed lines

@@ -33,9 +33,6 @@
 use EE_WP_Post_Status_Field;
 use EE_WP_Post_Type_Field;
 use EE_WP_User_Field;
-use EventEspresso\core\exceptions\InvalidDataTypeException;
-use EventEspresso\core\exceptions\InvalidInterfaceException;
-use EventEspresso\core\services\loaders\LoaderFactory;
 use EventEspresso\core\services\loaders\LoaderInterface;
 use InvalidArgumentException;
 

Doc Comments +4 added lines, -5 removed lines

@@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ 
     /**
      * @param string $table_column
      * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param string $timezone_string
      * @param bool   $nullable
      * @param string $default_value
      * @throws EE_Error
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ 
      * @param string $table_column
      * @param string $nice_name
      * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
+     * @param integer   $default_value
      * @return EE_DB_Only_Int_Field
      */
     public function createDbOnlyIntField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ 
      * @param string $table_column
      * @param string $nice_name
      * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
+     * @param integer   $default_value
      * @param string $model_name
      * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field
      */
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@ 
      * @param string $table_column
      * @param string $nice_name
      * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
+     * @param string   $default_value
      * @param string $model_name
      * @return EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field
      */
@@ -533,7 +532,7 @@ 
      * @param string $table_column
      * @param string $nice_name
      * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param mixed  $default_value
+     * @param string  $default_value
      * @param array  $values                            If additional stati are to be used other than the default WP
      *                                                  statuses, then they can be registered via this property. The
      *                                                  format of the array should be as follows: array(

Indentation +543 added lines, -543 removed lines

@@ -51,547 +51,547 @@
 class ModelFieldFactory
 {
 
-    /**
-     * @var LoaderInterface $loader
-     */
-    private $loader;
-
-
-    /**
-     * ModelFieldFactory constructor.
-     *
-     * @param LoaderInterface $loader
-     */
-    public function __construct(LoaderInterface $loader)
-    {
-        $this->loader = $loader;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_All_Caps_Text_Field
-     */
-    public function createAllCapsTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_All_Caps_Text_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @param string $model_name
-     * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     */
-    public function createAnyForeignModelNameField(
-        $table_column,
-        $nice_name,
-        $nullable,
-        $default_value = null,
-        $model_name
-    ) {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Boolean_Field
-     */
-    public function createBooleanField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Boolean_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param string $timezone_string
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param string $default_value
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @return EE_Datetime_Field
-     */
-    public function createDatetimeField(
-        $table_column,
-        $nice_name,
-        $nullable = false,
-        $default_value = EE_Datetime_Field::now
-    ) {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Datetime_Field',
-            array(
-                $table_column,
-                $nice_name,
-                $nullable,
-                $default_value,
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_DB_Only_Float_Field
-     */
-    public function createDbOnlyFloatField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_DB_Only_Float_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_DB_Only_Int_Field
-     */
-    public function createDbOnlyIntField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_DB_Only_Int_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_DB_Only_Text_Field
-     */
-    public function createDbOnlyTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_DB_Only_Text_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param string $default_value
-     * @return EE_Email_Field
-     */
-    public function createEmailField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = true, $default_value = '')
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Email_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @param array  $allowed_enum_values keys are values to be used in the DB,
-     *                                    values are how they should be displayed
-     * @return EE_Enum_Integer_Field
-     */
-    public function createEnumIntegerField(
-        $table_column,
-        $nice_name,
-        $nullable,
-        $default_value = null,
-        array $allowed_enum_values
-    ) {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Enum_Integer_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $allowed_enum_values)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @param array  $allowed_enum_values keys are values to be used in the DB,
-     *                                    values are how they should be displayed
-     * @return EE_Enum_Text_Field
-     */
-    public function createEnumTextField(
-        $table_column,
-        $nice_name,
-        $nullable,
-        $default_value,
-        array $allowed_enum_values
-    ) {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Enum_Text_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $allowed_enum_values)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Float_Field
-     */
-    public function createFloatField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Float_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @param string $model_name
-     * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field
-     */
-    public function createForeignKeyIntField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @param string $model_name
-     * @return EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field
-     */
-    public function createForeignKeyStringField(
-        $table_column,
-        $nice_name,
-        $nullable,
-        $default_value,
-        $model_name
-    ) {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Full_HTML_Field
-     */
-    public function createFullHtmlField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Full_HTML_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Infinite_Integer_Field
-     */
-    public function createInfiniteIntegerField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Infinite_Integer_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string  $table_column
-     * @param string  $nice_name
-     * @param bool    $nullable
-     * @param integer $default_value
-     * @return EE_Integer_Field
-     */
-    public function createIntegerField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = false, $default_value = 0)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Integer_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Maybe_Serialized_Simple_HTML_Field
-     */
-    public function createMaybeSerializedSimpleHtmlField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Maybe_Serialized_Simple_HTML_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Maybe_Serialized_Text_Field
-     */
-    public function createMaybeSerializedTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Maybe_Serialized_Text_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Money_Field
-     */
-    public function createMoneyField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Money_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param string $default_value
-     * @return EE_Plain_Text_Field
-     */
-    public function createPlainTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = true, $default_value = '')
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Plain_Text_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Post_Content_Field
-     */
-    public function createPostContentField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Post_Content_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @return EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
-     */
-    public function createPrimaryKeyIntField($table_column, $nice_name)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew('EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field', array($table_column, $nice_name));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @return EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
-     */
-    public function createPrimaryKeyStringField($table_column, $nice_name)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew('EE_Primary_Key_String_Field', array($table_column, $nice_name));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Serialized_Text_Field
-     */
-    public function createSerializedTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Serialized_Text_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Simple_HTML_Field
-     */
-    public function createSimpleHtmlField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Simple_HTML_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Slug_Field
-     */
-    public function createSlugField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = false, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Slug_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     * @return EE_Trashed_Flag_Field
-     */
-    public function createTrashedFlagField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_Trashed_Flag_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param mixed  $default_value
-     * @param array  $values                            If additional stati are to be used other than the default WP
-     *                                                  statuses, then they can be registered via this property. The
-     *                                                  format of the array should be as follows: array(
-     *                                                  'status_reference' => array(
-     *                                                  'label' => __('Status Reference Label', 'event_espresso'),
-     *                                                  'public' => true,                 // whether this status should
-     *                                                  be shown on the frontend of the site
-     *                                                  'exclude_from_search' => false,   // whether this status should
-     *                                                  be excluded from wp searches
-     *                                                  'show_in_admin_all_list' => true, // whether this status is
-     *                                                  included in queries for the admin "all" view in list table
-     *                                                  views.
-     *                                                  'show_in_admin_status_list' => true, // show in the list of
-     *                                                  statuses with post counts at the top of the admin list tables
-     *                                                  (i.e. Status Reference(2) )
-     *                                                  'label_count' => _n_noop(
-     *                                                  'Status Reference <span class="count">(%s)</span>',
-     *                                                  'Status References <span class="count">(%s)</span>'
-     *                                                  ),                                   // the text to display on
-     *                                                  the admin screen
-     *                                                  ( or you won't see your status count ).
-     *                                                  )
-     *                                                  )
-     * @link http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/register_post_status for more info
-     * @return EE_WP_Post_Status_Field
-     */
-    public function createWpPostStatusField(
-        $table_column,
-        $nice_name,
-        $nullable,
-        $default_value = null,
-        array $values = array()
-    ) {
-        return $this->loader->getNew(
-            'EE_WP_Post_Status_Field',
-            array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $values)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $post_type
-     * @return EE_WP_Post_Type_Field
-     */
-    public function createWpPostTypeField($post_type)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew('EE_WP_Post_Type_Field', array($post_type));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nice_name
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @return EE_WP_User_Field
-     */
-    public function createWpUserField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable)
-    {
-        return $this->loader->getNew('EE_WP_User_Field', array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable));
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @var LoaderInterface $loader
+	 */
+	private $loader;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * ModelFieldFactory constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @param LoaderInterface $loader
+	 */
+	public function __construct(LoaderInterface $loader)
+	{
+		$this->loader = $loader;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_All_Caps_Text_Field
+	 */
+	public function createAllCapsTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_All_Caps_Text_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @param string $model_name
+	 * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 */
+	public function createAnyForeignModelNameField(
+		$table_column,
+		$nice_name,
+		$nullable,
+		$default_value = null,
+		$model_name
+	) {
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Boolean_Field
+	 */
+	public function createBooleanField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Boolean_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param string $timezone_string
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param string $default_value
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @return EE_Datetime_Field
+	 */
+	public function createDatetimeField(
+		$table_column,
+		$nice_name,
+		$nullable = false,
+		$default_value = EE_Datetime_Field::now
+	) {
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Datetime_Field',
+			array(
+				$table_column,
+				$nice_name,
+				$nullable,
+				$default_value,
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_DB_Only_Float_Field
+	 */
+	public function createDbOnlyFloatField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_DB_Only_Float_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_DB_Only_Int_Field
+	 */
+	public function createDbOnlyIntField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_DB_Only_Int_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_DB_Only_Text_Field
+	 */
+	public function createDbOnlyTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_DB_Only_Text_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param string $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Email_Field
+	 */
+	public function createEmailField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = true, $default_value = '')
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Email_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @param array  $allowed_enum_values keys are values to be used in the DB,
+	 *                                    values are how they should be displayed
+	 * @return EE_Enum_Integer_Field
+	 */
+	public function createEnumIntegerField(
+		$table_column,
+		$nice_name,
+		$nullable,
+		$default_value = null,
+		array $allowed_enum_values
+	) {
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Enum_Integer_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $allowed_enum_values)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @param array  $allowed_enum_values keys are values to be used in the DB,
+	 *                                    values are how they should be displayed
+	 * @return EE_Enum_Text_Field
+	 */
+	public function createEnumTextField(
+		$table_column,
+		$nice_name,
+		$nullable,
+		$default_value,
+		array $allowed_enum_values
+	) {
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Enum_Text_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $allowed_enum_values)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Float_Field
+	 */
+	public function createFloatField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Float_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @param string $model_name
+	 * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field
+	 */
+	public function createForeignKeyIntField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @param string $model_name
+	 * @return EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field
+	 */
+	public function createForeignKeyStringField(
+		$table_column,
+		$nice_name,
+		$nullable,
+		$default_value,
+		$model_name
+	) {
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Full_HTML_Field
+	 */
+	public function createFullHtmlField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Full_HTML_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Infinite_Integer_Field
+	 */
+	public function createInfiniteIntegerField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Infinite_Integer_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string  $table_column
+	 * @param string  $nice_name
+	 * @param bool    $nullable
+	 * @param integer $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Integer_Field
+	 */
+	public function createIntegerField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = false, $default_value = 0)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Integer_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Maybe_Serialized_Simple_HTML_Field
+	 */
+	public function createMaybeSerializedSimpleHtmlField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Maybe_Serialized_Simple_HTML_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Maybe_Serialized_Text_Field
+	 */
+	public function createMaybeSerializedTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Maybe_Serialized_Text_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Money_Field
+	 */
+	public function createMoneyField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Money_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param string $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Plain_Text_Field
+	 */
+	public function createPlainTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = true, $default_value = '')
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Plain_Text_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Post_Content_Field
+	 */
+	public function createPostContentField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Post_Content_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
+	 */
+	public function createPrimaryKeyIntField($table_column, $nice_name)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew('EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field', array($table_column, $nice_name));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
+	 */
+	public function createPrimaryKeyStringField($table_column, $nice_name)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew('EE_Primary_Key_String_Field', array($table_column, $nice_name));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Serialized_Text_Field
+	 */
+	public function createSerializedTextField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Serialized_Text_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Simple_HTML_Field
+	 */
+	public function createSimpleHtmlField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Simple_HTML_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Slug_Field
+	 */
+	public function createSlugField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable = false, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Slug_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 * @return EE_Trashed_Flag_Field
+	 */
+	public function createTrashedFlagField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value = null)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_Trashed_Flag_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param mixed  $default_value
+	 * @param array  $values                            If additional stati are to be used other than the default WP
+	 *                                                  statuses, then they can be registered via this property. The
+	 *                                                  format of the array should be as follows: array(
+	 *                                                  'status_reference' => array(
+	 *                                                  'label' => __('Status Reference Label', 'event_espresso'),
+	 *                                                  'public' => true,                 // whether this status should
+	 *                                                  be shown on the frontend of the site
+	 *                                                  'exclude_from_search' => false,   // whether this status should
+	 *                                                  be excluded from wp searches
+	 *                                                  'show_in_admin_all_list' => true, // whether this status is
+	 *                                                  included in queries for the admin "all" view in list table
+	 *                                                  views.
+	 *                                                  'show_in_admin_status_list' => true, // show in the list of
+	 *                                                  statuses with post counts at the top of the admin list tables
+	 *                                                  (i.e. Status Reference(2) )
+	 *                                                  'label_count' => _n_noop(
+	 *                                                  'Status Reference <span class="count">(%s)</span>',
+	 *                                                  'Status References <span class="count">(%s)</span>'
+	 *                                                  ),                                   // the text to display on
+	 *                                                  the admin screen
+	 *                                                  ( or you won't see your status count ).
+	 *                                                  )
+	 *                                                  )
+	 * @link http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/register_post_status for more info
+	 * @return EE_WP_Post_Status_Field
+	 */
+	public function createWpPostStatusField(
+		$table_column,
+		$nice_name,
+		$nullable,
+		$default_value = null,
+		array $values = array()
+	) {
+		return $this->loader->getNew(
+			'EE_WP_Post_Status_Field',
+			array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, $values)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $post_type
+	 * @return EE_WP_Post_Type_Field
+	 */
+	public function createWpPostTypeField($post_type)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew('EE_WP_Post_Type_Field', array($post_type));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nice_name
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @return EE_WP_User_Field
+	 */
+	public function createWpUserField($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable)
+	{
+		return $this->loader->getNew('EE_WP_User_Field', array($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable));
+	}
 }

core/EE_Request_Handler.core.php

Doc Comments +3 added lines, -3 removed lines

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ 
 
 
     /**
-     * @param $string
+     * @param string $string
      * @return void
      */
     public function add_output($string)
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ 
 
 
     /**
-     * @return    mixed
+     * @return    boolean
      */
     public function is_espresso_page()
     {
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ 
     /**
      * remove param
      *
-     * @param $key
+     * @param string $key
      * @return    void
      */
     public function un_set($key)

Indentation +365 added lines, -365 removed lines

@@ -12,369 +12,369 @@
 final class EE_Request_Handler implements InterminableInterface
 {
 
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Request $request
-     */
-    private $request;
-
-    /**
-     * @var array $_notice
-     */
-    private $_notice = array();
-
-    /**
-     * rendered output to be returned to WP
-     *
-     * @var string $_output
-     */
-    private $_output = '';
-
-    /**
-     * whether current request is via AJAX
-     *
-     * @var boolean $ajax
-     */
-    public $ajax = false;
-
-    /**
-     * whether current request is via AJAX from the frontend of the site
-     *
-     * @var boolean $front_ajax
-     */
-    public $front_ajax = false;
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param  EE_Request $request
-     */
-    public function __construct(EE_Request $request)
-    {
-        $this->request = $request;
-        $this->ajax = $this->request->ajax;
-        $this->front_ajax = $this->request->front_ajax;
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Request_Handler__construct__complete');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param WP $wp
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function parse_request($wp = null)
-    {
-        // if somebody forgot to provide us with WP, that's ok because its global
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
-            global $wp;
-        }
-        $this->set_request_vars($wp);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param WP $wp
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set_request_vars($wp = null)
-    {
-        if (! is_admin()) {
-            // set request post_id
-            $this->request->set('post_id', $this->get_post_id_from_request($wp));
-            // set request post name
-            $this->request->set('post_name', $this->get_post_name_from_request($wp));
-            // set request post_type
-            $this->request->set('post_type', $this->get_post_type_from_request($wp));
-            // true or false ? is this page being used by EE ?
-            $this->set_espresso_page();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param WP $wp
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public function get_post_id_from_request($wp = null)
-    {
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
-            global $wp;
-        }
-        $post_id = null;
-        if (isset($wp->query_vars['p'])) {
-            $post_id = $wp->query_vars['p'];
-        }
-        if (! $post_id && isset($wp->query_vars['page_id'])) {
-            $post_id = $wp->query_vars['page_id'];
-        }
-        if (! $post_id && $wp->request !== null && is_numeric(basename($wp->request))) {
-            $post_id = basename($wp->request);
-        }
-        return $post_id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param WP $wp
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_post_name_from_request($wp = null)
-    {
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
-            global $wp;
-        }
-        $post_name = null;
-        if (isset($wp->query_vars['name']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['name'])) {
-            $post_name = $wp->query_vars['name'];
-        }
-        if (! $post_name && isset($wp->query_vars['pagename']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['pagename'])) {
-            $post_name = $wp->query_vars['pagename'];
-        }
-        if (! $post_name && $wp->request !== null && ! empty($wp->request)) {
-            $possible_post_name = basename($wp->request);
-            if (! is_numeric($possible_post_name)) {
-                /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-                global $wpdb;
-                $SQL =
-                    "SELECT ID from {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_status NOT IN ('auto-draft', 'inherit', 'trash') AND post_name=%s";
-                $possible_post_name = $wpdb->get_var($wpdb->prepare($SQL, $possible_post_name));
-                if ($possible_post_name) {
-                    $post_name = $possible_post_name;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (! $post_name && $this->get('post_id')) {
-            /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-            global $wpdb;
-            $SQL =
-                "SELECT post_name from {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_status NOT IN ('auto-draft', 'inherit', 'trash') AND ID=%d";
-            $possible_post_name = $wpdb->get_var($wpdb->prepare($SQL, $this->get('post_id')));
-            if ($possible_post_name) {
-                $post_name = $possible_post_name;
-            }
-        }
-        return $post_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param WP $wp
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    public function get_post_type_from_request($wp = null)
-    {
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
-            global $wp;
-        }
-        return isset($wp->query_vars['post_type'])
-            ? $wp->query_vars['post_type']
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just a helper method for getting the url for the displayed page.
-     *
-     * @param  WP $wp
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_current_page_permalink($wp = null)
-    {
-        $post_id = $this->get_post_id_from_request($wp);
-        if ($post_id) {
-            $current_page_permalink = get_permalink($post_id);
-        } else {
-            if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
-                global $wp;
-            }
-            if ($wp->request) {
-                $current_page_permalink = site_url($wp->request);
-            } else {
-                $current_page_permalink = esc_url(site_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']));
-            }
-        }
-        return $current_page_permalink;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function test_for_espresso_page()
-    {
-        global $wp;
-        /** @type EE_CPT_Strategy $EE_CPT_Strategy */
-        $EE_CPT_Strategy = EE_Registry::instance()->load_core('CPT_Strategy');
-        $espresso_CPT_taxonomies = $EE_CPT_Strategy->get_CPT_taxonomies();
-        if (is_array($espresso_CPT_taxonomies)) {
-            foreach ($espresso_CPT_taxonomies as $espresso_CPT_taxonomy => $details) {
-                if (isset($wp->query_vars, $wp->query_vars[ $espresso_CPT_taxonomy ])) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // load espresso CPT endpoints
-        $espresso_CPT_endpoints = $EE_CPT_Strategy->get_CPT_endpoints();
-        $post_type_CPT_endpoints = array_flip($espresso_CPT_endpoints);
-        $post_types = (array) $this->get('post_type');
-        foreach ($post_types as $post_type) {
-            // was a post name passed ?
-            if (isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $post_type ])) {
-                // kk we know this is an espresso page, but is it a specific post ?
-                if (! $this->get('post_name')) {
-                    // there's no specific post name set, so maybe it's one of our endpoints like www.domain.com/events
-                    $post_name = isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $this->get('post_type') ])
-                        ? $post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $this->get('post_type') ]
-                        : '';
-                    // if the post type matches on of our then set the endpoint
-                    if ($post_name) {
-                        $this->set('post_name', $post_name);
-                    }
-                }
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param $key
-     * @param $value
-     * @return    void
-     */
-    public function set_notice($key, $value)
-    {
-        $this->_notice[ $key ] = $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $key
-     * @return    mixed
-     */
-    public function get_notice($key)
-    {
-        return isset($this->_notice[ $key ])
-            ? $this->_notice[ $key ]
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $string
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function add_output($string)
-    {
-        $this->_output .= $string;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_output()
-    {
-        return $this->_output;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $item
-     * @param $key
-     */
-    public function sanitize_text_field_for_array_walk(&$item, &$key)
-    {
-        $item = strpos($item, 'email') !== false
-            ? sanitize_email($item)
-            : sanitize_text_field($item);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param null|bool $value
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set_espresso_page($value = null)
-    {
-        $this->request->set(
-            'is_espresso_page',
-            ! empty($value)
-                ? $value
-                : $this->test_for_espresso_page()
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return    mixed
-     */
-    public function is_espresso_page()
-    {
-        return $this->request->is_set('is_espresso_page');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * returns contents of $_REQUEST
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function params()
-    {
-        return $this->request->params();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param      $key
-     * @param      $value
-     * @param bool $override_ee
-     * @return    void
-     */
-    public function set($key, $value, $override_ee = false)
-    {
-        $this->request->set($key, $value, $override_ee);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param      $key
-     * @param null $default
-     * @return    mixed
-     */
-    public function get($key, $default = null)
-    {
-        return $this->request->get($key, $default);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * check if param exists
-     *
-     * @param $key
-     * @return    boolean
-     */
-    public function is_set($key)
-    {
-        return $this->request->is_set($key);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * remove param
-     *
-     * @param $key
-     * @return    void
-     */
-    public function un_set($key)
-    {
-        $this->request->un_set($key);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Request $request
+	 */
+	private $request;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var array $_notice
+	 */
+	private $_notice = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * rendered output to be returned to WP
+	 *
+	 * @var string $_output
+	 */
+	private $_output = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * whether current request is via AJAX
+	 *
+	 * @var boolean $ajax
+	 */
+	public $ajax = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether current request is via AJAX from the frontend of the site
+	 *
+	 * @var boolean $front_ajax
+	 */
+	public $front_ajax = false;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param  EE_Request $request
+	 */
+	public function __construct(EE_Request $request)
+	{
+		$this->request = $request;
+		$this->ajax = $this->request->ajax;
+		$this->front_ajax = $this->request->front_ajax;
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Request_Handler__construct__complete');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param WP $wp
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function parse_request($wp = null)
+	{
+		// if somebody forgot to provide us with WP, that's ok because its global
+		if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+			global $wp;
+		}
+		$this->set_request_vars($wp);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param WP $wp
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set_request_vars($wp = null)
+	{
+		if (! is_admin()) {
+			// set request post_id
+			$this->request->set('post_id', $this->get_post_id_from_request($wp));
+			// set request post name
+			$this->request->set('post_name', $this->get_post_name_from_request($wp));
+			// set request post_type
+			$this->request->set('post_type', $this->get_post_type_from_request($wp));
+			// true or false ? is this page being used by EE ?
+			$this->set_espresso_page();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param WP $wp
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public function get_post_id_from_request($wp = null)
+	{
+		if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+			global $wp;
+		}
+		$post_id = null;
+		if (isset($wp->query_vars['p'])) {
+			$post_id = $wp->query_vars['p'];
+		}
+		if (! $post_id && isset($wp->query_vars['page_id'])) {
+			$post_id = $wp->query_vars['page_id'];
+		}
+		if (! $post_id && $wp->request !== null && is_numeric(basename($wp->request))) {
+			$post_id = basename($wp->request);
+		}
+		return $post_id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param WP $wp
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_post_name_from_request($wp = null)
+	{
+		if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+			global $wp;
+		}
+		$post_name = null;
+		if (isset($wp->query_vars['name']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['name'])) {
+			$post_name = $wp->query_vars['name'];
+		}
+		if (! $post_name && isset($wp->query_vars['pagename']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['pagename'])) {
+			$post_name = $wp->query_vars['pagename'];
+		}
+		if (! $post_name && $wp->request !== null && ! empty($wp->request)) {
+			$possible_post_name = basename($wp->request);
+			if (! is_numeric($possible_post_name)) {
+				/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+				global $wpdb;
+				$SQL =
+					"SELECT ID from {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_status NOT IN ('auto-draft', 'inherit', 'trash') AND post_name=%s";
+				$possible_post_name = $wpdb->get_var($wpdb->prepare($SQL, $possible_post_name));
+				if ($possible_post_name) {
+					$post_name = $possible_post_name;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (! $post_name && $this->get('post_id')) {
+			/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+			global $wpdb;
+			$SQL =
+				"SELECT post_name from {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_status NOT IN ('auto-draft', 'inherit', 'trash') AND ID=%d";
+			$possible_post_name = $wpdb->get_var($wpdb->prepare($SQL, $this->get('post_id')));
+			if ($possible_post_name) {
+				$post_name = $possible_post_name;
+			}
+		}
+		return $post_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param WP $wp
+	 * @return mixed
+	 */
+	public function get_post_type_from_request($wp = null)
+	{
+		if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+			global $wp;
+		}
+		return isset($wp->query_vars['post_type'])
+			? $wp->query_vars['post_type']
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just a helper method for getting the url for the displayed page.
+	 *
+	 * @param  WP $wp
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_current_page_permalink($wp = null)
+	{
+		$post_id = $this->get_post_id_from_request($wp);
+		if ($post_id) {
+			$current_page_permalink = get_permalink($post_id);
+		} else {
+			if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+				global $wp;
+			}
+			if ($wp->request) {
+				$current_page_permalink = site_url($wp->request);
+			} else {
+				$current_page_permalink = esc_url(site_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']));
+			}
+		}
+		return $current_page_permalink;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function test_for_espresso_page()
+	{
+		global $wp;
+		/** @type EE_CPT_Strategy $EE_CPT_Strategy */
+		$EE_CPT_Strategy = EE_Registry::instance()->load_core('CPT_Strategy');
+		$espresso_CPT_taxonomies = $EE_CPT_Strategy->get_CPT_taxonomies();
+		if (is_array($espresso_CPT_taxonomies)) {
+			foreach ($espresso_CPT_taxonomies as $espresso_CPT_taxonomy => $details) {
+				if (isset($wp->query_vars, $wp->query_vars[ $espresso_CPT_taxonomy ])) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// load espresso CPT endpoints
+		$espresso_CPT_endpoints = $EE_CPT_Strategy->get_CPT_endpoints();
+		$post_type_CPT_endpoints = array_flip($espresso_CPT_endpoints);
+		$post_types = (array) $this->get('post_type');
+		foreach ($post_types as $post_type) {
+			// was a post name passed ?
+			if (isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $post_type ])) {
+				// kk we know this is an espresso page, but is it a specific post ?
+				if (! $this->get('post_name')) {
+					// there's no specific post name set, so maybe it's one of our endpoints like www.domain.com/events
+					$post_name = isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $this->get('post_type') ])
+						? $post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $this->get('post_type') ]
+						: '';
+					// if the post type matches on of our then set the endpoint
+					if ($post_name) {
+						$this->set('post_name', $post_name);
+					}
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $key
+	 * @param $value
+	 * @return    void
+	 */
+	public function set_notice($key, $value)
+	{
+		$this->_notice[ $key ] = $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $key
+	 * @return    mixed
+	 */
+	public function get_notice($key)
+	{
+		return isset($this->_notice[ $key ])
+			? $this->_notice[ $key ]
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $string
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function add_output($string)
+	{
+		$this->_output .= $string;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_output()
+	{
+		return $this->_output;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $item
+	 * @param $key
+	 */
+	public function sanitize_text_field_for_array_walk(&$item, &$key)
+	{
+		$item = strpos($item, 'email') !== false
+			? sanitize_email($item)
+			: sanitize_text_field($item);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param null|bool $value
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set_espresso_page($value = null)
+	{
+		$this->request->set(
+			'is_espresso_page',
+			! empty($value)
+				? $value
+				: $this->test_for_espresso_page()
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return    mixed
+	 */
+	public function is_espresso_page()
+	{
+		return $this->request->is_set('is_espresso_page');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * returns contents of $_REQUEST
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function params()
+	{
+		return $this->request->params();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param      $key
+	 * @param      $value
+	 * @param bool $override_ee
+	 * @return    void
+	 */
+	public function set($key, $value, $override_ee = false)
+	{
+		$this->request->set($key, $value, $override_ee);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param      $key
+	 * @param null $default
+	 * @return    mixed
+	 */
+	public function get($key, $default = null)
+	{
+		return $this->request->get($key, $default);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * check if param exists
+	 *
+	 * @param $key
+	 * @return    boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_set($key)
+	{
+		return $this->request->is_set($key);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * remove param
+	 *
+	 * @param $key
+	 * @return    void
+	 */
+	public function un_set($key)
+	{
+		$this->request->un_set($key);
+	}
 }

Spacing +20 added lines, -20 removed lines

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ 
     public function parse_request($wp = null)
     {
         // if somebody forgot to provide us with WP, that's ok because its global
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+        if ( ! $wp instanceof WP) {
             global $wp;
         }
         $this->set_request_vars($wp);
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ 
      */
     public function set_request_vars($wp = null)
     {
-        if (! is_admin()) {
+        if ( ! is_admin()) {
             // set request post_id
             $this->request->set('post_id', $this->get_post_id_from_request($wp));
             // set request post name
@@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ 
      */
     public function get_post_id_from_request($wp = null)
     {
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+        if ( ! $wp instanceof WP) {
             global $wp;
         }
         $post_id = null;
         if (isset($wp->query_vars['p'])) {
             $post_id = $wp->query_vars['p'];
         }
-        if (! $post_id && isset($wp->query_vars['page_id'])) {
+        if ( ! $post_id && isset($wp->query_vars['page_id'])) {
             $post_id = $wp->query_vars['page_id'];
         }
-        if (! $post_id && $wp->request !== null && is_numeric(basename($wp->request))) {
+        if ( ! $post_id && $wp->request !== null && is_numeric(basename($wp->request))) {
             $post_id = basename($wp->request);
         }
         return $post_id;
@@ -122,19 +122,19 @@ 
      */
     public function get_post_name_from_request($wp = null)
     {
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+        if ( ! $wp instanceof WP) {
             global $wp;
         }
         $post_name = null;
         if (isset($wp->query_vars['name']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['name'])) {
             $post_name = $wp->query_vars['name'];
         }
-        if (! $post_name && isset($wp->query_vars['pagename']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['pagename'])) {
+        if ( ! $post_name && isset($wp->query_vars['pagename']) && ! empty($wp->query_vars['pagename'])) {
             $post_name = $wp->query_vars['pagename'];
         }
-        if (! $post_name && $wp->request !== null && ! empty($wp->request)) {
+        if ( ! $post_name && $wp->request !== null && ! empty($wp->request)) {
             $possible_post_name = basename($wp->request);
-            if (! is_numeric($possible_post_name)) {
+            if ( ! is_numeric($possible_post_name)) {
                 /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
                 global $wpdb;
                 $SQL =
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ 
                 }
             }
         }
-        if (! $post_name && $this->get('post_id')) {
+        if ( ! $post_name && $this->get('post_id')) {
             /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
             global $wpdb;
             $SQL =
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_post_type_from_request($wp = null)
     {
-        if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+        if ( ! $wp instanceof WP) {
             global $wp;
         }
         return isset($wp->query_vars['post_type'])
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ 
         if ($post_id) {
             $current_page_permalink = get_permalink($post_id);
         } else {
-            if (! $wp instanceof WP) {
+            if ( ! $wp instanceof WP) {
                 global $wp;
             }
             if ($wp->request) {
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ 
         $espresso_CPT_taxonomies = $EE_CPT_Strategy->get_CPT_taxonomies();
         if (is_array($espresso_CPT_taxonomies)) {
             foreach ($espresso_CPT_taxonomies as $espresso_CPT_taxonomy => $details) {
-                if (isset($wp->query_vars, $wp->query_vars[ $espresso_CPT_taxonomy ])) {
+                if (isset($wp->query_vars, $wp->query_vars[$espresso_CPT_taxonomy])) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ 
         $post_types = (array) $this->get('post_type');
         foreach ($post_types as $post_type) {
             // was a post name passed ?
-            if (isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $post_type ])) {
+            if (isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[$post_type])) {
                 // kk we know this is an espresso page, but is it a specific post ?
-                if (! $this->get('post_name')) {
+                if ( ! $this->get('post_name')) {
                     // there's no specific post name set, so maybe it's one of our endpoints like www.domain.com/events
-                    $post_name = isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $this->get('post_type') ])
-                        ? $post_type_CPT_endpoints[ $this->get('post_type') ]
+                    $post_name = isset($post_type_CPT_endpoints[$this->get('post_type')])
+                        ? $post_type_CPT_endpoints[$this->get('post_type')]
                         : '';
                     // if the post type matches on of our then set the endpoint
                     if ($post_name) {
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ 
      */
     public function set_notice($key, $value)
     {
-        $this->_notice[ $key ] = $value;
+        $this->_notice[$key] = $value;
     }
 
 
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ 
      */
     public function get_notice($key)
     {
-        return isset($this->_notice[ $key ])
-            ? $this->_notice[ $key ]
+        return isset($this->_notice[$key])
+            ? $this->_notice[$key]
             : null;
     }
 

core/db_models/EEM_Base.model.php

Doc Comments +15 added lines, -13 removed lines

@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ 
      *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
      * foreign key to the WP_User table)
      *
-     * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
+     * @return string|false string on success, boolean false when there is no
      * foreign key to the WP_User table
      */
     public function wp_user_field_name()
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ 
      *
      * @param array  $query_params      like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
      * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+     * @param string  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
      *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
      *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
      *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
@@ -1486,7 +1486,7 @@ 
      * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
      * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
      * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
+     * @return string[] formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
      */
     public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
     {
@@ -1521,7 +1521,7 @@ 
      *                                 be returned.
      * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
      * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
+     * @return string|null  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
      *                                 exception is triggered.
      */
     public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
@@ -1561,7 +1561,7 @@ 
      *                                the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If incoming
      *                                format is
      *                                'U', this is ignored.
-     * @return DateTime
+     * @return string
      * @throws EE_Error
      */
     public function convert_datetime_for_query($field_name, $timestring, $incoming_format, $timezone = '')
@@ -2426,7 +2426,7 @@ 
      * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
      * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
      *
-     * @param $wpdb_method
+     * @param string $wpdb_method
      * @param $arguments_to_provide
      * @return string
      */
@@ -2550,6 +2550,7 @@ 
      *                             methods that allow you to further specify extra columns to join by (such as HABTM).
      *                             Keep in mind that the only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
      *                             because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
+     * @param EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
      */
     public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = array())
     {
@@ -2560,7 +2561,7 @@ 
 
 
     /**
-     * @param mixed           $id_or_obj
+     * @param EE_Base_Class           $id_or_obj
      * @param string          $relationName
      * @param array           $where_query_params
      * @param EE_Base_Class[] objects to which relations were removed
@@ -2601,7 +2602,7 @@ 
      * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
      * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
      *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+     * @param EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
      * @param string                   $model_name
      * @param array                    $query_params
      * @return int how many deleted
@@ -2622,7 +2623,7 @@ 
      * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
      * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
      *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+     * @param EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
      * @param string                   $model_name
      * @param array                    $query_params
      * @return int how many deleted
@@ -2679,6 +2680,7 @@ 
      * @param string $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
      * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's
      * @param string $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+     * @param EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
      * @return float
      * @throws EE_Error
      */
@@ -3639,7 +3641,7 @@ 
      * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
      * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
      * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+     * @param      string $default_where_conditions_value
      * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
      * @return bool
      */
@@ -3677,7 +3679,7 @@ 
      * where conditions.
      * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
      * on this model or others
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+     * @param      string $default_where_conditions_value
      * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
      * @return bool
      */
@@ -4732,7 +4734,7 @@ 
      * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
      * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
      *
-     * @param $field_obj
+     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
      * @return boolean
      */
     public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj)
@@ -5450,7 +5452,7 @@ 
     /**
      * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
      *
-     * @return int
+     * @return boolean
      */
     public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
     {

Indentation +6342 added lines, -6342 removed lines

@@ -34,6348 +34,6348 @@
 abstract class EEM_Base extends EE_Base implements ResettableInterface
 {
 
-    /**
-     * Flag to indicate whether the values provided to EEM_Base have already been prepared
-     * by the model object or not (ie, the model object has used the field's _prepare_for_set function on the values).
-     * They almost always WILL NOT, but it's not necessarily a requirement.
-     * For example, if you want to run EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('EVT_ID'=>$_GET['event_id'])));
-     *
-     * @var boolean
-     */
-    private $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
-     * the data is just like form input that needs to have the model fields'
-     * prepare_for_set and prepare_for_use_in_db called on it
-     */
-    const not_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we
-     * assume this value is coming from a model object and doesn't need to have
-     * prepare_for_set called on it, just prepare_for_use_in_db is used
-     */
-    const prepared_by_model_object = 1;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
-     * the values are already to be used in the database (ie no processing is done
-     * on them by the model's fields)
-     */
-    const prepared_for_use_in_db = 2;
-
-
-    protected $singular_item = 'Item';
-
-    protected $plural_item   = 'Items';
-
-    /**
-     * @type \EE_Table_Base[] $_tables array of EE_Table objects for defining which tables comprise this model.
-     */
-    protected $_tables;
-
-    /**
-     * with two levels: top-level has array keys which are database table aliases (ie, keys in _tables)
-     * and the value is an array. Each of those sub-arrays have keys of field names (eg 'ATT_ID', which should also be
-     * variable names on the model objects (eg, EE_Attendee), and the keys should be children of EE_Model_Field
-     *
-     * @var \EE_Model_Field_Base[][] $_fields
-     */
-    protected $_fields;
-
-    /**
-     * array of different kinds of relations
-     *
-     * @var \EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
-     */
-    protected $_model_relations;
-
-    /**
-     * @var \EE_Index[] $_indexes
-     */
-    protected $_indexes = array();
-
-    /**
-     * Default strategy for getting where conditions on this model. This strategy is used to get default
-     * where conditions which are added to get_all, update, and delete queries. They can be overridden
-     * by setting the same columns as used in these queries in the query yourself.
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions
-     */
-    protected $_default_where_conditions_strategy;
-
-    /**
-     * Strategy for getting conditions on this model when 'default_where_conditions' equals 'minimum'.
-     * This is particularly useful when you want something between 'none' and 'default'
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions
-     */
-    protected $_minimum_where_conditions_strategy;
-
-    /**
-     * String describing how to find the "owner" of this model's objects.
-     * When there is a foreign key on this model to the wp_users table, this isn't needed.
-     * But when there isn't, this indicates which related model, or transiently-related model,
-     * has the foreign key to the wp_users table.
-     * Eg, for EEM_Registration this would be 'Event' because registrations are directly
-     * related to events, and events have a foreign key to wp_users.
-     * On EEM_Transaction, this would be 'Transaction.Event'
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
-
-    /**
-     * This is a flag typically set by updates so that we don't load the where strategy on updates because updates
-     * don't need it (particularly CPT models)
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected $_ignore_where_strategy = false;
-
-    /**
-     * String used in caps relating to this model. Eg, if the caps relating to this
-     * model are 'ee_edit_events', 'ee_read_events', etc, it would be 'events'.
-     *
-     * @var string. If null it hasn't been initialized yet. If false then we
-     * have indicated capabilities don't apply to this
-     */
-    protected $_caps_slug = null;
-
-    /**
-     * 2d array where top-level keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(),
-     * and next-level keys are capability names, and each's value is a
-     * EE_Default_Where_Condition. If the requester requests to apply caps to the query,
-     * they specify which context to use (ie, frontend, backend, edit or delete)
-     * and then each capability in the corresponding sub-array that they're missing
-     * adds the where conditions onto the query.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_cap_restrictions = array(
-        self::caps_read       => array(),
-        self::caps_read_admin => array(),
-        self::caps_edit       => array(),
-        self::caps_delete     => array(),
-    );
-
-    /**
-     * Array defining which cap restriction generators to use to create default
-     * cap restrictions to put in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions.
-     * Array-keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are a child of
-     * EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. If you don't want any cap restrictions generated
-     * automatically set this to false (not just null).
-     *
-     * @var EE_Restriction_Generator_Base[]
-     */
-    protected $_cap_restriction_generators = array();
-
-    /**
-     * constants used to categorize capability restrictions on EEM_Base::_caps_restrictions
-     */
-    const caps_read       = 'read';
-
-    const caps_read_admin = 'read_admin';
-
-    const caps_edit       = 'edit';
-
-    const caps_delete     = 'delete';
-
-    /**
-     * Keys are all the cap contexts (ie constants EEM_Base::_caps_*) and values are their 'action'
-     * as how they'd be used in capability names. Eg EEM_Base::caps_read ('read_frontend')
-     * maps to 'read' because when looking for relevant permissions we're going to use
-     * 'read' in teh capabilities names like 'ee_read_events' etc.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = array(
-        self::caps_read       => 'read',
-        self::caps_read_admin => 'read',
-        self::caps_edit       => 'edit',
-        self::caps_delete     => 'delete',
-    );
-
-    /**
-     * Timezone
-     * This gets set via the constructor so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in when there
-     * are EE_Datetime_Fields in use.  This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming
-     * out of the created objects.  NOT all EEM_Base child classes use this property but any that use a
-     * EE_Datetime_Field data type will have access to it.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_timezone;
-
-
-    /**
-     * This holds the id of the blog currently making the query.  Has no bearing on single site but is used for
-     * multisite.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected static $_model_query_blog_id;
-
-    /**
-     * A copy of _fields, except the array keys are the model names pointed to by
-     * the field
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private $_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = array();
-
-    /**
-     * Cached list of all the fields on the model, indexed by their name
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private $_cached_fields = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Cached list of all the fields on the model, except those that are
-     * marked as only pertinent to the database
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private $_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
-
-    /**
-     * A cached reference to the primary key for quick lookup
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base
-     */
-    private $_primary_key_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Flag indicating whether this model has a primary key or not
-     *
-     * @var boolean
-     */
-    protected $_has_primary_key_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Whether or not this model is based off a table in WP core only (CPTs should set
-     * this to FALSE, but if we were to make an EE_WP_Post model, it should set this to true).
-     * This should be true for models that deal with data that should exist independent of EE.
-     * For example, if the model can read and insert data that isn't used by EE, this should be true.
-     * It would be false, however, if you could guarantee the model would only interact with EE data,
-     * even if it uses a WP core table (eg event and venue models set this to false for that reason:
-     * they can only read and insert events and venues custom post types, not arbitrary post types)
-     * @var boolean
-     */
-    protected $_wp_core_model = false;
-
-    /**
-     *    List of valid operators that can be used for querying.
-     * The keys are all operators we'll accept, the values are the real SQL
-     * operators used
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_valid_operators = array(
-        '='           => '=',
-        '<='          => '<=',
-        '<'           => '<',
-        '>='          => '>=',
-        '>'           => '>',
-        '!='          => '!=',
-        'LIKE'        => 'LIKE',
-        'like'        => 'LIKE',
-        'NOT_LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'not_like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'NOT LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'not like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'IN'          => 'IN',
-        'in'          => 'IN',
-        'NOT_IN'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'not_in'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'NOT IN'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'not in'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'between'     => 'BETWEEN',
-        'BETWEEN'     => 'BETWEEN',
-        'IS_NOT_NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'is_not_null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'IS NOT NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'is not null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'IS_NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'is_null'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'IS NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'is null'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'REGEXP'      => 'REGEXP',
-        'regexp'      => 'REGEXP',
-        'NOT_REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'not_regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'NOT REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'not regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-    );
-
-    /**
-     * operators that work like 'IN', accepting a comma-separated list of values inside brackets. Eg '(1,2,3)'
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_in_style_operators = array('IN', 'NOT IN');
-
-    /**
-     * operators that work like 'BETWEEN'.  Typically used for datetime calculations, i.e. "BETWEEN '12-1-2011' AND
-     * '12-31-2012'"
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_between_style_operators = array('BETWEEN');
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like SQL's like: input should be assumed to be a string, already prepared for a LIKE query.
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_like_style_operators = array('LIKE', 'NOT LIKE');
-    /**
-     * operators that are used for handling NUll and !NULL queries.  Typically used for when checking if a row exists
-     * on a join table.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_null_style_operators = array('IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL');
-
-    /**
-     * Allowed values for $query_params['order'] for ordering in queries
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_allowed_order_values = array('asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC');
-
-    /**
-     * When these are keys in a WHERE or HAVING clause, they are handled much differently
-     * than regular field names. It is assumed that their values are an array of WHERE conditions
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private $_logic_query_param_keys = array('not', 'and', 'or', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OR');
-
-    /**
-     * Allowed keys in $query_params arrays passed into queries. Note that 0 is meant to always be a
-     * 'where', but 'where' clauses are so common that we thought we'd omit it
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private $_allowed_query_params = array(
-        0,
-        'limit',
-        'order_by',
-        'group_by',
-        'having',
-        'force_join',
-        'order',
-        'on_join_limit',
-        'default_where_conditions',
-        'caps',
-        'extra_selects'
-    );
-
-    /**
-     * All the data types that can be used in $wpdb->prepare statements.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private $_valid_wpdb_data_types = array('%d', '%s', '%f');
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Registry $EE
-     */
-    protected $EE = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Property which, when set, will have this model echo out the next X queries to the page for debugging.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected $_show_next_x_db_queries = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * When using _get_all_wpdb_results, you can specify a custom selection. If you do so,
-     * it gets saved on this property as an instance of CustomSelects so those selections can be used in
-     * WHERE, GROUP_BY, etc.
-     *
-     * @var CustomSelects
-     */
-    protected $_custom_selections = array();
-
-    /**
-     * key => value Entity Map using  array( EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id => array( ID => model object ) )
-     * caches every model object we've fetched from the DB on this request
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_entity_map;
-
-    /**
-     * @var LoaderInterface $loader
-     */
-    private static $loader;
-
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has not yet verified the db on this http request
-     */
-    const db_verified_none = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the EE core db on this http request,
-     * but not the addons' dbs
-     */
-    const db_verified_core = 1;
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the addons' dbs (and implicitly
-     * the EE core db too)
-     */
-    const db_verified_addons = 2;
-
-    /**
-     * indicates whether an EEM_Base child has already re-verified the DB
-     * is ok (we don't want to do it repetitively). Should be set to one the constants
-     * looking like EEM_Base::db_verified_*
-     *
-     * @var int - 0 = none, 1 = core, 2 = addons
-     */
-    protected static $_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_none;
-
-    /**
-     * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply default where conditions to ALL queried models
-     *        (eg, if retrieving registrations ordered by their datetimes, this will only return non-trashed
-     *        registrations for non-trashed tickets for non-trashed datetimes)
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_all = 'all';
-
-    /**
-     * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply default where conditions to THIS model only, but
-     *        no other models which are joined to (eg, if retrieving registrations ordered by their datetimes, this will
-     *        return non-trashed registrations, regardless of the related datetimes and tickets' statuses).
-     *        It is preferred to use EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others because, when joining to
-     *        models which share tables with other models, this can return data for the wrong model.
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_this_only = 'this_model_only';
-
-    /**
-     * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply default where conditions to other models queried,
-     *        but not the current model (eg, if retrieving registrations ordered by their datetimes, this will
-     *        return all registrations related to non-trashed tickets and non-trashed datetimes)
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_others_only = 'other_models_only';
-
-    /**
-     * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply minimum where conditions to all models queried.
-     *        For most models this the same as EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none, except for models which share
-     *        their table with other models, like the Event and Venue models. For example, when querying for events
-     *        ordered by their venues' name, this will be sure to only return real events with associated real venues
-     *        (regardless of whether those events and venues are trashed)
-     *        In contrast, using EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none would could return WP posts other than EE
-     *        events.
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_minimum_all = 'minimum';
-
-    /**
-     * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply apply where conditions to other models, and full default
-     *        where conditions for the queried model (eg, when querying events ordered by venues' names, this will
-     *        return non-trashed events for any venues, regardless of whether those associated venues are trashed or
-     *        not)
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_minimum_others = 'full_this_minimum_others';
-
-    /**
-     * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to NOT apply any where conditions. This should very rarely be
-     *        used, because when querying from a model which shares its table with another model (eg Events and Venues)
-     *        it's possible it will return table entries for other models. You should use
-     *        EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all instead.
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_none = 'none';
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * About all child constructors:
-     * they should define the _tables, _fields and _model_relations arrays.
-     * Should ALWAYS be called after child constructor.
-     * In order to make the child constructors to be as simple as possible, this parent constructor
-     * finalizes constructing all the object's attributes.
-     * Generally, rather than requiring a child to code
-     * $this->_tables = array(
-     *        'Event_Post_Table' => new EE_Table('Event_Post_Table','wp_posts')
-     *        ...);
-     *  (thus repeating itself in the array key and in the constructor of the new EE_Table,)
-     * each EE_Table has a function to set the table's alias after the constructor, using
-     * the array key ('Event_Post_Table'), instead of repeating it. The model fields and model relations
-     * do something similar.
-     *
-     * @param null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function __construct($timezone = null)
-    {
-        // check that the model has not been loaded too soon
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        'The %1$s model can not be loaded before the "AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons" hook has been called. This gives other addons a chance to extend this model.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        /**
-         * Set blogid for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
-         */
-        if (empty(EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id)) {
-            EEM_Base::set_model_query_blog_id();
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of tables on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead
-         * just use EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
-         */
-        $this->_tables = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__tables', $this->_tables);
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
-            /** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
-            $table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                /** @var $table_obj EE_Secondary_Table */
-                $table_obj->_construct_finalize_set_table_to_join_with($this->_get_main_table());
-            }
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of fields on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
-         * EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
-         */
-        $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__fields', $this->_fields);
-        $this->_invalidate_field_caches();
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
-            if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                    "Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ), $table_alias, implode(",", $this->_fields)));
-            }
-            foreach ($fields_for_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base | EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base */
-                // primary key field base has a slightly different _construct_finalize
-                /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                $field_obj->_construct_finalize($table_alias, $field_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
-            }
-        }
-        // everything is related to Extra_Meta
-        if (get_class($this) !== 'EEM_Extra_Meta') {
-            // make extra meta related to everything, but don't block deleting things just
-            // because they have related extra meta info. For now just orphan those extra meta
-            // in the future we should automatically delete them
-            $this->_model_relations['Extra_Meta'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
-        }
-        // and change logs
-        if (get_class($this) !== 'EEM_Change_Log') {
-            $this->_model_relations['Change_Log'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of relations on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
-         * EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
-         */
-        $this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__model_relations',
-            $this->_model_relations
-        );
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            /** @var $relation_obj EE_Model_Relation_Base */
-            $relation_obj->_construct_finalize_set_models($this->get_this_model_name(), $model_name);
-        }
-        foreach ($this->_indexes as $index_name => $index_obj) {
-            /** @var $index_obj EE_Index */
-            $index_obj->_construct_finalize($index_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
-        }
-        $this->set_timezone($timezone);
-        // finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
-        if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
-            // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
-            $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
-            // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
-            $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        // if the cap slug hasn't been set, and we haven't set it to false on purpose
-        // to indicate to NOT set it, set it to the logical default
-        if ($this->_caps_slug === null) {
-            $this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
-        }
-        // initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
-        if ($this->_cap_restriction_generators !== false) {
-            foreach ($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() as $cap_context => $action) {
-                if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
-                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
-                        'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
-                        new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
-                        $cap_context,
-                        $this
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
-        if ($this->_cap_restriction_generators !== false) {
-            foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
-                if (! $generator_object) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            __(
-                                'Index "%1$s" in the model %2$s\'s _cap_restriction_generators is not a child of EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. It should be that or NULL.',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $context,
-                            $this->get_this_model_name()
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
-                if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
-                    $generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        do_action('AHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__end');
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to set the $_model_query_blog_id static property.
-     *
-     * @param int $blog_id  If provided then will set the blog_id for the models to this id.  If not provided then the
-     *                      value for get_current_blog_id() will be used.
-     */
-    public static function set_model_query_blog_id($blog_id = 0)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id = $blog_id > 0 ? (int) $blog_id : get_current_blog_id();
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whatever is set as the internal $model_query_blog_id.
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public static function get_model_query_blog_id()
-    {
-        return EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * This function is a singleton method used to instantiate the Espresso_model object
-     *
-     * @param string $timezone string representing the timezone we want to set for returned Date Time Strings
-     *                                (and any incoming timezone data that gets saved).
-     *                                Note this just sends the timezone info to the date time model field objects.
-     *                                Default is NULL
-     *                                (and will be assumed using the set timezone in the 'timezone_string' wp option)
-     * @return static (as in the concrete child class)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public static function instance($timezone = null)
-    {
-        // check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
-            // instantiate Espresso_model
-            static::$_instance = new static(
-                $timezone,
-                LoaderFactory::getLoader()->load('EventEspresso\core\services\orm\ModelFieldFactory')
-            );
-        }
-        // we might have a timezone set, let set_timezone decide what to do with it
-        static::$_instance->set_timezone($timezone);
-        // Espresso_model object
-        return static::$_instance;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * resets the model and returns it
-     *
-     * @param null | string $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base|null (if the model was already instantiated, returns it, with
-     * all its properties reset; if it wasn't instantiated, returns null)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public static function reset($timezone = null)
-    {
-        if (static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
-            // let's try to NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
-            // because if someone has a reference to it, we can't remove their reference
-            // so it's best to keep using the same reference, but change the original object
-            // reset all its properties to their original values as defined in the class
-            $r = new ReflectionClass(get_class(static::$_instance));
-            $static_properties = $r->getStaticProperties();
-            foreach ($r->getDefaultProperties() as $property => $value) {
-                // don't set instance to null like it was originally,
-                // but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
-                if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
-                    static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
-                }
-            }
-            // and then directly call its constructor again, like we would if we were creating a new one
-            static::$_instance->__construct(
-                $timezone,
-                LoaderFactory::getLoader()->load('EventEspresso\core\services\orm\ModelFieldFactory')
-            );
-            return self::instance();
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return LoaderInterface
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    private static function getLoader()
-    {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
-            EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
-        }
-        return EEM_Base::$loader;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * retrieve the status details from esp_status table as an array IF this model has the status table as a relation.
-     *
-     * @param  boolean $translated return localized strings or JUST the array.
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function status_array($translated = false)
-    {
-        if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        $model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $status_type = str_replace(' ', '_', strtolower(str_replace('_', ' ', $model_name)));
-        $stati = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all(array(array('STS_type' => $status_type)));
-        $status_array = array();
-        foreach ($stati as $status) {
-            $status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
-        }
-        return $translated
-            ? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
-            : $status_array;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the EE_Base_Class objects which match the $query_params, by querying the DB.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params             {
-     * @var array $0 (where) array {
-     *                                        eg: array('QST_display_text'=>'Are you bob?','QST_admin_text'=>'Determine
-     *                                        if user is bob') becomes SQL >> "...WHERE QST_display_text = 'Are you
-     *                                        bob?' AND QST_admin_text = 'Determine if user is bob'...") To add WHERE
-     *                                        conditions based on related models (and even
-     *                                        models-related-to-related-models) prepend the model's name onto the field
-     *                                        name. Eg,
-     *                                        EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>12))); becomes
-     *                                        SQL >> "SELECT * FROM wp_posts AS Event_CPT LEFT JOIN wp_esp_event_meta
-     *                                        AS Event_Meta ON Event_CPT.ID = Event_Meta.EVT_ID LEFT JOIN
-     *                                        wp_esp_event_venue AS Event_Venue ON Event_Venue.EVT_ID=Event_CPT.ID LEFT
-     *                                        JOIN wp_posts AS Venue_CPT ON Venue_CPT.ID=Event_Venue.VNU_ID LEFT JOIN
-     *                                        wp_esp_venue_meta AS Venue_Meta ON Venue_CPT.ID = Venue_Meta.VNU_ID WHERE
-     *                                        Venue_CPT.ID = 12 Notice that automatically took care of joining Events
-     *                                        to Venues (even when each of those models actually consisted of two
-     *                                        tables). Also, you may chain the model relations together. Eg instead of
-     *                                        just having
-     *                                        "Venue.VNU_ID", you could have
-     *                                        "Registration.Attendee.ATT_ID" as a field on a query for events (because
-     *                                        events are related to Registrations, which are related to Attendees). You
-     *                                        can take it even further with
-     *                                        "Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount" etc. To change the operator
-     *                                        (from the default of '='), change the value to an numerically-indexed
-     *                                        array, where the first item in the list is the operator. eg: array(
-     *                                        'QST_display_text' => array('LIKE','%bob%'), 'QST_ID' => array('<',34),
-     *                                        'QST_wp_user' => array('in',array(1,2,7,23))) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE
-     *                                        QST_display_text LIKE '%bob%' AND QST_ID < 34 AND QST_wp_user IN
-     *                                        (1,2,7,23)...". Valid operators so far: =, !=, <, <=, >, >=, LIKE, NOT
-     *                                        LIKE, IN (followed by numeric-indexed array), NOT IN (dido), BETWEEN
-     *                                        (followed by an array with exactly 2 date strings), IS NULL, and IS NOT
-     *                                        NULL Values can be a string, int, or float. They can also be arrays IFF
-     *                                        the operator is IN. Also, values can actually be field names. To indicate
-     *                                        the value is a field, simply provide a third array item (true) to the
-     *                                        operator-value array like so: eg: array( 'DTT_reg_limit' => array('>',
-     *                                        'DTT_sold', TRUE) ) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE DTT_reg_limit > DTT_sold"
-     *                                        Note: you can also use related model field names like you would any other
-     *                                        field name. eg:
-     *                                        array('Datetime.DTT_reg_limit'=>array('=','Datetime.DTT_sold',TRUE) could
-     *                                        be used if you were querying EEM_Tickets (because Datetime is directly related to tickets) Also, by default all the where conditions are AND'd together. To override this, add an array key 'OR' (or 'AND') and the array to be OR'd together eg: array('OR'=>array('TXN_ID' => 23 , 'TXN_timestamp__>' =>
-     *                                        345678912)) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE TXN_ID = 23 OR TXN_timestamp =
-     *                                        345678912...". Also, to negate an entire set of conditions, use 'NOT' as
-     *                                        an array key. eg: array('NOT'=>array('TXN_total' =>
-     *                                        50, 'TXN_paid'=>23) becomes SQL >> "...where ! (TXN_total =50 AND
-     *                                        TXN_paid =23) Note: the 'glue' used to join each condition will continue
-     *                                        to be what you last specified. IE, "AND"s by default, but if you had
-     *                                        previously specified to use ORs to join, ORs will continue to be used.
-     *                                        So, if you specify to use an "OR" to join conditions, it will continue to
-     *                                        "stick" until you specify an AND. eg
-     *                                        array('OR'=>array('NOT'=>array('TXN_total' => 50,
-     *                                        'TXN_paid'=>23)),AND=>array('TXN_ID'=>1,'STS_ID'=>'TIN') becomes SQL >>
-     *                                        "...where ! (TXN_total =50 OR TXN_paid =23) AND TXN_ID=1 AND
-     *                                        STS_ID='TIN'" They can be nested indefinitely. eg:
-     *                                        array('OR'=>array('TXN_total' => 23, 'NOT'=> array( 'TXN_timestamp'=> 345678912, 'AND'=>array('TXN_paid' => 53, 'STS_ID' => 'TIN')))) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE TXN_total = 23 OR ! (TXN_timestamp = 345678912 OR (TXN_paid = 53 AND STS_ID = 'TIN'))..." GOTCHA: because this is an array, array keys must be unique, making it impossible to place two or more where conditions applying to the same field. eg: array('PAY_timestamp'=>array('>',$start_date),'PAY_timestamp'=>array('<',$end_date),'PAY_timestamp'=>array('!=',$special_date)), as PHP enforces that the array keys must be unique, thus removing the first two array entries with key 'PAY_timestamp'. becomes SQL >> "PAY_timestamp !=  4234232", ignoring the first two PAY_timestamp conditions). To overcome this, you can add a '*' character to the end of the field's name, followed by anything. These will be removed when generating the SQL string, but allow for the array keys to be unique. eg: you could rewrite the previous query as: array('PAY_timestamp'=>array('>',$start_date),'PAY_timestamp*1st'=>array('<',$end_date),'PAY_timestamp*2nd'=>array('!=',$special_date)) which correctly becomes SQL >>
-     *                                        "PAY_timestamp > 123412341 AND PAY_timestamp < 2354235235234 AND
-     *                                        PAY_timestamp != 1241234123" This can be applied to condition operators
-     *                                        too, eg:
-     *                                        array('OR'=>array('REG_ID'=>3,'Transaction.TXN_ID'=>23),'OR*whatever'=>array('Attendee.ATT_fname'=>'bob','Attendee.ATT_lname'=>'wilson')));
-     * @var mixed   $limit                    int|array    adds a limit to the query just like the SQL limit clause, so
-     *                                        limits of "23", "25,50", and array(23,42) are all valid would become SQL
-     *                                        "...LIMIT 23", "...LIMIT 25,50", and "...LIMIT 23,42" respectively.
-     *                                        Remember when you provide two numbers for the limit, the 1st number is
-     *                                        the OFFSET, the 2nd is the LIMIT
-     * @var array   $on_join_limit            allows the setting of a special select join with a internal limit so you
-     *                                        can do paging on one-to-many multi-table-joins. Send an array in the
-     *                                        following format array('on_join_limit'
-     *                                        => array( 'table_alias', array(1,2) ) ).
-     * @var mixed   $order_by                 name of a column to order by, or an array where keys are field names and
-     *                                        values are either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.
-     *                                        'limit'=>array('STS_ID'=>'ASC','REG_date'=>'DESC'), which would becomes
-     *                                        SQL "...ORDER BY TXN_timestamp..." and "...ORDER BY STS_ID ASC, REG_date
-     *                                        DESC..." respectively. Like the
-     *                                        'where' conditions, these fields can be on related models. Eg
-     *                                        'order_by'=>array('Registration.Transaction.TXN_amount'=>'ASC') is
-     *                                        perfectly valid from any model related to 'Registration' (like Event,
-     *                                        Attendee, Price, Datetime, etc.)
-     * @var string  $order                    If 'order_by' is used and its value is a string (NOT an array), then
-     *                                        'order' specifies whether to order the field specified in 'order_by' in
-     *                                        ascending or descending order. Acceptable values are 'ASC' or 'DESC'. If,
-     *                                        'order_by' isn't used, but 'order' is, then it is assumed you want to
-     *                                        order by the primary key. Eg,
-     *                                        EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array('order_by'=>'Datetime.DTT_EVT_start','order'=>'ASC');
-     *                                        //(will join with the Datetime model's table(s) and order by its field
-     *                                        DTT_EVT_start) or
-     *                                        EEM_Registration::instance()->get_all(array('order'=>'ASC'));//will make
-     *                                        SQL "SELECT * FROM wp_esp_registration ORDER BY REG_ID ASC"
-     * @var mixed   $group_by                 name of field to order by, or an array of fields. Eg either
-     *                                        'group_by'=>'VNU_ID', or
-     *                                        'group_by'=>array('EVT_name','Registration.Transaction.TXN_total') Note:
-     *                                        if no
-     *                                        $group_by is specified, and a limit is set, automatically groups by the
-     *                                        model's primary key (or combined primary keys). This avoids some
-     *                                        weirdness that results when using limits, tons of joins, and no group by,
-     *                                        see https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/9389
-     * @var array   $having                   exactly like WHERE parameters array, except these conditions apply to the
-     *                                        grouped results (whereas WHERE conditions apply to the pre-grouped
-     *                                        results)
-     * @var array   $force_join               forces a join with the models named. Should be a numerically-indexed
-     *                                        array where values are models to be joined in the query.Eg
-     *                                        array('Attendee','Payment','Datetime'). You may join with transient
-     *                                        models using period, eg "Registration.Transaction.Payment". You will
-     *                                        probably only want to do this in hopes of increasing efficiency, as
-     *                                        related models which belongs to the current model
-     *                                        (ie, the current model has a foreign key to them, like how Registration
-     *                                        belongs to Attendee) can be cached in order to avoid future queries
-     * @var string  $default_where_conditions can be set to 'none', 'this_model_only', 'other_models_only', or 'all'.
-     *                                        set this to 'none' to disable all default where conditions. Eg, usually
-     *                                        soft-deleted objects are filtered-out if you want to include them, set
-     *                                        this query param to 'none'. If you want to ONLY disable THIS model's
-     *                                        default where conditions set it to 'other_models_only'. If you only want
-     *                                        this model's default where conditions added to the query, use
-     *                                        'this_model_only'. If you want to use all default where conditions
-     *                                        (default), set to 'all'.
-     * @var string  $caps                     controls what capability requirements to apply to the query; ie, should
-     *                                        we just NOT apply any capabilities/permissions/restrictions and return
-     *                                        everything? Or should we only show the current user items they should be
-     *                                        able to view on the frontend, backend, edit, or delete? can be set to
-     *                                        'none' (default), 'read_frontend', 'read_backend', 'edit' or 'delete'
-     *                                        }
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]  *note that there is NO option to pass the output type. If you want results different
-     *                                        from EE_Base_Class[], use _get_all_wpdb_results()and make it public
-     *                                        again. Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model.
-     *                                        if not, numerically indexed) Some full examples: get 10 transactions
-     *                                        which have Scottish attendees: EEM_Transaction::instance()->get_all(
-     *                                        array( array(
-     *                                        'OR'=>array(
-     *                                        'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname'=>array('like','Mc%'),
-     *                                        'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname*other'=>array('like','Mac%')
-     *                                        )
-     *                                        ),
-     *                                        'limit'=>10,
-     *                                        'group_by'=>'TXN_ID'
-     *                                        ));
-     *                                        get all the answers to the question titled "shirt size" for event with id
-     *                                        12, ordered by their answer EEM_Answer::instance()->get_all(array( array(
-     *                                        'Question.QST_display_text'=>'shirt size',
-     *                                        'Registration.Event.EVT_ID'=>12
-     *                                        ),
-     *                                        'order_by'=>array('ANS_value'=>'ASC')
-     *                                        ));
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_all($query_params = array())
-    {
-        if (isset($query_params['limit'])
-            && ! isset($query_params['group_by'])
-        ) {
-            $query_params['group_by'] = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
-        }
-        return $this->_create_objects($this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, null));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies the query parameters so we only get back model objects
-     * that "belong" to the current user
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-     * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all
-     */
-    public function alter_query_params_to_only_include_mine($query_params = array())
-    {
-        $wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
-        if ($wp_user_field_name) {
-            $query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
-        }
-        return $query_params;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the name of the field's name that points to the WP_User table
-     *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
-     * foreign key to the WP_User table)
-     *
-     * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
-     * foreign key to the WP_User table
-     */
-    public function wp_user_field_name()
-    {
-        try {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
-                $models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
-                $last_model_name = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
-                $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
-            } else {
-                $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
-            }
-            $wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the _model_chain_to_wp_user string, which indicates which related model
-     * (or transiently-related model) has a foreign key to the wp_users table;
-     * useful for finding if model objects of this type are 'owned' by the current user.
-     * This is an empty string when the foreign key is on this model and when it isn't,
-     * but is only non-empty when this model's ownership is indicated by a RELATED model
-     * (or transiently-related model)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function model_chain_to_wp_user()
-    {
-        return $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Whether this model is 'owned' by a specific wordpress user (even indirectly,
-     * like how registrations don't have a foreign key to wp_users, but the
-     * events they are for are), or is unrelated to wp users.
-     * generally available
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_owned()
-    {
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_wp_user()) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        try {
-            $this->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return true;
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used internally to get WPDB results, because other functions, besides get_all, may want to do some queries, but
-     * may want to preserve the WPDB results (eg, update, which first queries to make sure we have all the tables on
-     * the model)
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params      like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
-     * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
-     *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
-     *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
-     *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
-     *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
-     *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
-     *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
-     *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
-     * @return array | stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    protected function _get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = array(), $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $this->_custom_selections = $this->getCustomSelection($query_params, $columns_to_select);
-        ;
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $select_expressions = $columns_to_select === null
-            ? $this->_construct_default_select_sql($model_query_info)
-            : '';
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-            $custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
-            $select_expressions .= $select_expressions
-                ? ', ' . $custom_expressions
-                : $custom_expressions;
-        }
-
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', array($SQL, $output));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get a CustomSelects object if the $query_params or $columns_to_select allows for it.
-     * Note: $query_params['extra_selects'] will always override any $columns_to_select values. It is the preferred
-     * method of including extra select information.
-     *
-     * @param array             $query_params
-     * @param null|array|string $columns_to_select
-     * @return null|CustomSelects
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        $selects = isset($query_params['extra_selects']) ? $query_params['extra_selects'] : $columns_to_select;
-        $selects = is_string($selects) ? explode(',', $selects) : $selects;
-        return new CustomSelects($selects);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of rows from the database just like $wpdb->get_results would,
-     * but you can use the $query_params like on EEM_Base::get_all() to more easily
-     * take care of joins, field preparation etc.
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params      like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
-     * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
-     *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
-     *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
-     *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
-     *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
-     *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
-     *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
-     *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
-     * @return array|stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = array(), $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, $output, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * For creating a custom select statement
-     *
-     * @param mixed $columns_to_select either a string to be inserted directly as the select statement,
-     *                                 or an array where keys are aliases, and values are arrays where 0=>the selection
-     *                                 SQL, and 1=>is the datatype
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _construct_select_from_input($columns_to_select)
-    {
-        if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
-            $select_sql_array = array();
-            foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
-                if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            __(
-                                "Custom selection %s (alias %s) needs to be an array like array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%%d')",
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $selection_and_datatype,
-                            $alias
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Datatype %s (for selection '%s' and alias '%s') is not a valid wpdb datatype (eg %%s)",
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $selection_and_datatype[1],
-                            $selection_and_datatype[0],
-                            $alias,
-                            implode(', ', $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $select_sql_array[] = "{$selection_and_datatype[0]} AS $alias";
-            }
-            $columns_to_select_string = implode(', ', $select_sql_array);
-        } else {
-            $columns_to_select_string = $columns_to_select;
-        }
-        return $columns_to_select_string;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Convenient wrapper for getting the primary key field's name. Eg, on Registration, this would be 'REG_ID'
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function primary_key_name()
-    {
-        return $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given only its ID (or null if none is found).
-     * If there is no primary key on this model, $id is treated as primary key string
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id int or string, depending on the type of the model's primary key
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function get_one_by_ID($id)
-    {
-        if ($this->get_from_entity_map($id)) {
-            return $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        }
-        return $this->get_one(
-            $this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                $id,
-                array('default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Alters query parameters to only get items with this ID are returned.
-     * Takes into account that the ID might be a string produced by EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string(),
-     * or could just be a simple primary key ID
-     *
-     * @param int   $id
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return array of normal query params, @see EEM_Base::get_all
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
-            $query_params[0] = array();
-        }
-        $conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
-        if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
-            $query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
-        } else {
-            // no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
-            $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
-        }
-        return $query_params;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given the $query_params. Only returns a single class, not an
-     * array. If no item is found, null is returned.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base's $query_params variable.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|NULL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_one($query_params = array())
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::get_one',
-                sprintf(
-                    __('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = array();
-        }
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $items = $this->get_all($query_params);
-        if (empty($items)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return array_shift($items);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next x number of items in sequence from the given value as
-     * found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
-     *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
-     *                                      columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function next_x(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        return $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '>',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            $limit,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous x number of items in sequence from the given value
-     * as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
-     *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
-     *                                      columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function previous_x(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        return $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '<',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            $limit,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next item in sequence from the given value as found in the
-     * database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
-     *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
-     *                                      can indicate just the columns you
-     *                                      want and a single array indexed by
-     *                                      the columns will be returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function next(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $results = $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '>',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            1,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-        return empty($results) ? null : reset($results);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous item in sequence from the given value as found in
-     * the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
-     *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
-     *                                      can indicate just the columns you
-     *                                      want and a single array indexed by
-     *                                      the columns will be returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function previous(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $results = $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '<',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            1,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-        return empty($results) ? null : reset($results);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the a consecutive number of items in sequence from the given
-     * value as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $current_field_value   Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param string $operand               What operand is used for the sequence.
-     * @param string $field_to_order_by     What field is used for the reference point.
-     * @param int    $limit                 How many to return.
-     * @param array  $query_params          Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null   $columns_to_select     If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_consecutive(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $operand = '>',
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        // if $field_to_order_by is empty then let's assume we're ordering by the primary key.
-        if (empty($field_to_order_by)) {
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $field_to_order_by = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-            } else {
-                if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(__(
-                        'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive() has been called with no $field_to_order_by argument and there is no primary key on the field.  Please provide the field you would like to use as the base for retrieving the next item(s).',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ));
-                }
-                EE_Error::add_error(__('There was an error with the query.', 'event_espresso'));
-                return array();
-            }
-        }
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
-                sprintf(
-                    __('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = array();
-        }
-        // let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
-        $query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = array($operand, $current_field_value);
-        $query_params['limit'] = $limit;
-        // set direction
-        $incoming_orderby = isset($query_params['order_by']) ? (array) $query_params['order_by'] : array();
-        $query_params['order_by'] = $operand === '>'
-            ? array($field_to_order_by => 'ASC') + $incoming_orderby
-            : array($field_to_order_by => 'DESC') + $incoming_orderby;
-        // if $columns_to_select is empty then that means we're returning EE_Base_Class objects
-        if (empty($columns_to_select)) {
-            return $this->get_all($query_params);
-        }
-        // getting just the fields
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the _timezone property after model object has been instantiated.
-     *
-     * @param null | string $timezone valid PHP DateTimeZone timezone string
-     */
-    public function set_timezone($timezone)
-    {
-        if ($timezone !== null) {
-            $this->_timezone = $timezone;
-        }
-        // note we need to loop through relations and set the timezone on those objects as well.
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation) {
-            $relation->set_timezone($timezone);
-        }
-        // and finally we do the same for any datetime fields
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                $field->set_timezone($timezone);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_timezone()
-    {
-        // first validate if timezone is set.  If not, then let's set it be whatever is set on the model fields.
-        if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
-            foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
-                if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                    $this->set_timezone($field->get_timezone());
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // if timezone STILL empty then return the default timezone for the site.
-        if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
-            $this->set_timezone(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone());
-        }
-        return $this->_timezone;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the date formats set for the given field name and also ensures that
-     * $this->_timezone property is set correctly.
-     *
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
-     * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
-     * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
-     */
-    public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        // if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ), $field_name));
-        }
-        // while we are here, let's make sure the timezone internally in EEM_Base matches what is stored on
-        // the field.
-        $this->_timezone = $field_settings->get_timezone();
-        return array($field_settings->get_date_format($pretty), $field_settings->get_time_format($pretty));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the current time in a format setup for a query on this model.
-     * Usage of this method makes it easier to setup queries against EE_Datetime_Field columns because
-     * it will return:
-     *  - a formatted string in the timezone and format currently set on the EE_Datetime_Field for the given field for
-     *  NOW
-     *  - or a unix timestamp (equivalent to time())
-     * Note: When requesting a formatted string, if the date or time format doesn't include seconds, for example,
-     * the time returned, because it uses that format, will also NOT include seconds. For this reason, if you want
-     * the time returned to be the current time down to the exact second, set $timestamp to true.
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     * @param string $field_name       The field the current time is needed for.
-     * @param bool   $timestamp        True means to return a unix timestamp. Otherwise a
-     *                                 formatted string matching the set format for the field in the set timezone will
-     *                                 be returned.
-     * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
-     * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
-     *                                 exception is triggered.
-     */
-    public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
-    {
-        $formats = $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
-        $DateTime = new DateTime("now", new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-        if ($timestamp) {
-            return $DateTime->format('U');
-        }
-        // not returning timestamp, so return formatted string in timezone.
-        switch ($what) {
-            case 'time':
-                return $DateTime->format($formats[1]);
-                break;
-            case 'date':
-                return $DateTime->format($formats[0]);
-                break;
-            default:
-                return $DateTime->format(implode(' ', $formats));
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * This receives a time string for a given field and ensures that it is setup to match what the internal settings
-     * for the model are.  Returns a DateTime object.
-     * Note: a gotcha for when you send in unix timestamp.  Remember a unix timestamp is already timezone agnostic,
-     * (functionally the equivalent of UTC+0).  So when you send it in, whatever timezone string you include is
-     * ignored.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name      The field being setup.
-     * @param string $timestring      The date time string being used.
-     * @param string $incoming_format The format for the time string.
-     * @param string $timezone        By default, it is assumed the incoming time string is in timezone for
-     *                                the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If incoming
-     *                                format is
-     *                                'U', this is ignored.
-     * @return DateTime
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function convert_datetime_for_query($field_name, $timestring, $incoming_format, $timezone = '')
-    {
-        // just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
-        $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
-        // load EEH_DTT_Helper
-        $set_timezone = empty($timezone) ? EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone() : $timezone;
-        $incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($set_timezone));
-        EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-        return \EventEspresso\core\domain\entities\DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the tables comprising this model. Array keys are the table aliases, and values are EE_Table objects
-     *
-     * @return EE_Table_Base[]
-     */
-    public function get_tables()
-    {
-        return $this->_tables;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates all the database entries (in each table for this model) according to $fields_n_values and optionally
-     * also updates all the model objects, where the criteria expressed in $query_params are met..
-     * Also note: if this model has multiple tables, this update verifies all the secondary tables have an entry for
-     * each row (in the primary table) we're trying to update; if not, it inserts an entry in the secondary table. Eg:
-     * if our model has 2 tables: wp_posts (primary), and wp_esp_event (secondary). Let's say we are trying to update a
-     * model object with EVT_ID = 1
-     * (which means where wp_posts has ID = 1, because wp_posts.ID is the primary key's column), which exists, but
-     * there is no entry in wp_esp_event for this entry in wp_posts. So, this update script will insert a row into
-     * wp_esp_event, using any available parameters from $fields_n_values (eg, if "EVT_limit" => 40 is in
-     * $fields_n_values, the new entry in wp_esp_event will set EVT_limit = 40, and use default for other columns which
-     * are not specified)
-     *
-     * @param array   $fields_n_values         keys are model fields (exactly like keys in EEM_Base::_fields, NOT db
-     *                                         columns!), values are strings, ints, floats, and maybe arrays if they
-     *                                         are to be serialized. Basically, the values are what you'd expect to be
-     *                                         values on the model, NOT necessarily what's in the DB. For example, if
-     *                                         we wanted to update only the TXN_details on any Transactions where its
-     *                                         ID=34, we'd use this method as follows:
-     *                                         EEM_Transaction::instance()->update(
-     *                                         array('TXN_details'=>array('detail1'=>'monkey','detail2'=>'banana'),
-     *                                         array(array('TXN_ID'=>34)));
-     * @param array   $query_params            very much like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
-     *                                         in client code into what's expected to be stored on each field. Eg,
-     *                                         consider updating Question's QST_admin_label field is of type
-     *                                         Simple_HTML. If you use this function to update that field to $new_value
-     *                                         = (note replace 8's with appropriate opening and closing tags in the
-     *                                         following example)"8script8alert('I hack all');8/script88b8boom
-     *                                         baby8/b8", then if you set $values_already_prepared_by_model_object to
-     *                                         TRUE, it is assumed that you've already called
-     *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value), which removes the
-     *                                         malicious javascript. However, if
-     *                                         $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is left as FALSE, then
-     *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value) will be called on it,
-     *                                         and every other field, before insertion. We provide this parameter
-     *                                         because model objects perform their prepare_for_set function on all
-     *                                         their values, and so don't need to be called again (and in many cases,
-     *                                         shouldn't be called again. Eg: if we escape HTML characters in the
-     *                                         prepare_for_set method...)
-     * @param boolean $keep_model_objs_in_sync if TRUE, makes sure we ALSO update model objects
-     *                                         in this model's entity map according to $fields_n_values that match
-     *                                         $query_params. This obviously has some overhead, so you can disable it
-     *                                         by setting this to FALSE, but be aware that model objects being used
-     *                                         could get out-of-sync with the database
-     * @return int how many rows got updated or FALSE if something went wrong with the query (wp returns FALSE or num
-     *                                         rows affected which *could* include 0 which DOES NOT mean the query was
-     *                                         bad)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::update',
-                sprintf(
-                    __('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = array();
-        }
-        /**
-         * Action called before a model update call has been made.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__begin', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params);
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields about to be updated given the query parameters. You can provide the
-         * $query_params to $this->get_all() to find exactly which records will be updated
-         *
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their new values
-         * @param EEM_Base $model           the model being queried
-         * @param array    $query_params    see EEM_Base::get_all()
-         */
-        $fields_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__update__fields_n_values',
-            $fields_n_values,
-            $this,
-            $query_params
-        );
-        // need to verify that, for any entry we want to update, there are entries in each secondary table.
-        // to do that, for each table, verify that it's PK isn't null.
-        $tables = $this->get_tables();
-        // and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
-        // NOTE: we should make this code more efficient by NOT querying twice
-        // before the real update, but that needs to first go through ALPHA testing
-        // as it's dangerous. says Mike August 8 2014
-        // we want to make sure the default_where strategy is ignored
-        $this->_ignore_where_strategy = true;
-        $wpdb_select_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-        foreach ($wpdb_select_results as $wpdb_result) {
-            // type cast stdClass as array
-            $wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
-            // get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
-            } else {
-                // if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
-                $main_table_pk_value = null;
-            }
-            // if there are more than 1 tables, we'll want to verify that each table for this model has an entry in the other tables
-            // and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
-            if (count($tables) > 1) {
-                // foreach matching row in the DB, ensure that each table's PK isn't null. If so, there must not be an entry
-                // in that table, and so we'll want to insert one
-                foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
-                    $this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                    // if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
-                    // in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
-                    if (! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
-                           && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
-                    ) {
-                        $success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
-                            $table_obj,
-                            $fields_n_values,
-                            $main_table_pk_value
-                        );
-                        // if we died here, report the error
-                        if (! $success) {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            //              //and now check that if we have cached any models by that ID on the model, that
-            //              //they also get updated properly
-            //              $model_object = $this->get_from_entity_map( $main_table_pk_value );
-            //              if( $model_object ){
-            //                  foreach( $fields_n_values as $field => $value ){
-            //                      $model_object->set($field, $value);
-            // let's make sure default_where strategy is followed now
-            $this->_ignore_where_strategy = false;
-        }
-        // if we want to keep model objects in sync, AND
-        // if this wasn't called from a model object (to update itself)
-        // then we want to make sure we keep all the existing
-        // model objects in sync with the db
-        if ($keep_model_objs_in_sync && ! $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $model_objs_affected_ids = $this->get_col($query_params);
-            } else {
-                // we need to select a bunch of columns and then combine them into the the "index primary key string"s
-                $models_affected_key_columns = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A);
-                $model_objs_affected_ids = array();
-                foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
-                    $combined_index_key = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
-                    $model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
-                // wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
-                return 0;
-            }
-            foreach ($model_objs_affected_ids as $id) {
-                $model_obj_in_entity_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-                if ($model_obj_in_entity_map) {
-                    foreach ($fields_n_values as $field => $new_value) {
-                        $model_obj_in_entity_map->set($field, $new_value);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // if there is a primary key on this model, we can now do a slight optimization
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                // we already know what we want to update. So let's make the query simpler so it's a little more efficient
-                $query_params = array(
-                    array($this->primary_key_name() => array('IN', $model_objs_affected_ids)),
-                    'limit'                    => count($model_objs_affected_ids),
-                    'default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none,
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $SQL = "UPDATE "
-               . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-               . " SET "
-               . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-               . $model_query_info->get_where_sql();// note: doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query() because doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
-        $rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', array($SQL));
-        /**
-         * Action called after a model update call has been made.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-         * @param int      $rows_affected
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
-        return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Analogous to $wpdb->get_col, returns a 1-dimensional array where teh values
-     * are teh values of the field specified (or by default the primary key field)
-     * that matched the query params. Note that you should pass the name of the
-     * model FIELD, not the database table's column name.
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-     * @param string $field_to_select
-     * @return array just like $wpdb->get_col()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_col($query_params = array(), $field_to_select = null)
-    {
-        if ($field_to_select) {
-            $field = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_select);
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-        } else {
-            // no primary key, just grab the first column
-            $field = reset($this->field_settings());
-        }
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', array($SQL));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a single column value for a single row from the database
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params    @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-     * @param string $field_to_select @see EEM_Base::get_col()
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_var($query_params = array(), $field_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $col = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
-        if (! empty($col)) {
-            return reset($col);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the SQL for after "UPDATE table_X inner join table_Y..." and before "...WHERE". Eg "Question.name='party
-     * time?', Question.desc='what do you think?',..." Values are filtered through wpdb->prepare to avoid against SQL
-     * injection, but currently no further filtering is done
-     *
-     * @global      $wpdb
-     * @param array $fields_n_values array keys are field names on this model, and values are what those fields should
-     *                               be updated to in the DB
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        $cols_n_values = array();
-        foreach ($fields_n_values as $field_name => $value) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-            // if the value is NULL, we want to assign the value to that.
-            // wpdb->prepare doesn't really handle that properly
-            $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
-            $value_sql = $prepared_value === null ? 'NULL'
-                : $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
-            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
-        }
-        return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
-     * Performs a HARD delete, meaning the database row should always be removed,
-     * not just have a flag field on it switched
-     * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete_permanently()
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id
-     * @param boolean $allow_blocking
-     * @return int the number of rows deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently_by_ID($id, $allow_blocking = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently(
-            array(
-                array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id),
-                'limit' => 1,
-            ),
-            $allow_blocking
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
-     * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete()
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id
-     * @param boolean $allow_blocking
-     * @return int the number of rows deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_by_ID($id, $allow_blocking = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete(
-            array(
-                array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id),
-                'limit' => 1,
-            ),
-            $allow_blocking
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Identical to delete_permanently, but does a "soft" delete if possible,
-     * meaning if the model has a field that indicates its been "trashed" or
-     * "soft deleted", we will just set that instead of actually deleting the rows.
-     *
-     * @see EEM_Base::delete_permanently
-     * @param array   $query_params
-     * @param boolean $allow_blocking
-     * @return int how many rows got deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete($query_params, $allow_blocking = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently($query_params, $allow_blocking);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes the model objects that meet the query params. Note: this method is overridden
-     * in EEM_Soft_Delete_Base so that soft-deleted model objects are instead only flagged
-     * as archived, not actually deleted
-     *
-     * @param array   $query_params   very much like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
-     * @param boolean $allow_blocking if TRUE, matched objects will only be deleted if there is no related model info
-     *                                that blocks it (ie, there' sno other data that depends on this data); if false,
-     *                                deletes regardless of other objects which may depend on it. Its generally
-     *                                advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could easily corrupt your
-     *                                DB
-     * @return int how many rows got deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently($query_params, $allow_blocking = true)
-    {
-        /**
-         * Action called just before performing a real deletion query. You can use the
-         * model and its $query_params to find exactly which items will be deleted
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $query_params   @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-         * @param boolean  $allow_blocking whether or not to allow related model objects
-         *                                 to block (prevent) this deletion
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__begin', $this, $query_params, $allow_blocking);
-        // some MySQL databases may be running safe mode, which may restrict
-        // deletion if there is no KEY column used in the WHERE statement of a deletion.
-        // to get around this, we first do a SELECT, get all the IDs, and then run another query
-        // to delete them
-        $items_for_deletion = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-        $columns_and_ids_for_deleting = $this->_get_ids_for_delete($items_for_deletion, $allow_blocking);
-        $deletion_where_query_part = $this->_build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(
-            $columns_and_ids_for_deleting
-        );
-        /**
-         * Allows client code to act on the items being deleted before the query is actually executed.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $this  The model instance being acted on.
-         * @param array    $query_params  The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
-         * @param bool     $allow_blocking @see param description in method phpdoc block.
-         * @param array $columns_and_ids_for_deleting       An array indicating what entities will get removed as
-         *                                                  derived from the incoming query parameters.
-         *                                                  @see details on the structure of this array in the phpdocs
-         *                                                  for the `_get_ids_for_delete_method`
-         *
-         */
-        do_action(
-            'AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__before_query',
-            $this,
-            $query_params,
-            $allow_blocking,
-            $columns_and_ids_for_deleting
-        );
-        if ($deletion_where_query_part) {
-            $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-            $table_aliases = array_keys($this->_tables);
-            $SQL = "DELETE "
-                   . implode(", ", $table_aliases)
-                   . " FROM "
-                   . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                   . " WHERE "
-                   . $deletion_where_query_part;
-            $rows_deleted = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', array($SQL));
-        } else {
-            $rows_deleted = 0;
-        }
-
-        // Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
-        // there was no error with the delete query.
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()
-            && $rows_deleted !== false
-            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
-        ) {
-            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
-            foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
-                if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-                    unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // delete any extra meta attached to the deleted entities but ONLY if this model is not an instance of
-            // `EEM_Extra_Meta`.  In other words we want to prevent recursion on EEM_Extra_Meta::delete_permanently calls
-            // unnecessarily.  It's very unlikely that users will have assigned Extra Meta to Extra Meta
-            // (although it is possible).
-            // Note this can be skipped by using the provided filter and returning false.
-            if (apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EEM_Base__delete_permanently__dont_delete_extra_meta_for_extra_meta',
-                ! $this instanceof EEM_Extra_Meta,
-                $this
-            )) {
-                EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete_permanently(array(
-                    0 => array(
-                        'EXM_type' => $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                        'OBJ_ID'   => array(
-                            'IN',
-                            $ids_for_removal
-                        )
-                    )
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Action called just after performing a real deletion query. Although at this point the
-         * items should have been deleted
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $query_params @see EEM_Base::get_all()
-         * @param int      $rows_deleted
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
-        return $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks all the relations that throw error messages when there are blocking related objects
-     * for related model objects. If there are any related model objects on those relations,
-     * adds an EE_Error, and return true
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $this_model_obj_or_id
-     * @param EE_Base_Class     $ignore_this_model_obj a model object like 'EE_Event', or 'EE_Term_Taxonomy', which
-     *                                                 should be ignored when determining whether there are related
-     *                                                 model objects which block this model object's deletion. Useful
-     *                                                 if you know A is related to B and are considering deleting A,
-     *                                                 but want to see if A has any other objects blocking its deletion
-     *                                                 before removing the relation between A and B
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_is_blocked_by_related_models($this_model_obj_or_id, $ignore_this_model_obj = null)
-    {
-        // first, if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, get its model
-        if ($ignore_this_model_obj && $ignore_this_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $ignored_model = $ignore_this_model_obj->get_model();
-        } else {
-            $ignored_model = null;
-        }
-        // now check all the relations of $this_model_obj_or_id and see if there
-        // are any related model objects blocking it?
-        $is_blocked = false;
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj->block_delete_if_related_models_exist()) {
-                // if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, then for the query
-                // on that model needs to be told to ignore $ignore_this_model_obj
-                if ($ignored_model && $relation_name === $ignored_model->get_this_model_name()) {
-                    $related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id, array(
-                        array(
-                            $ignored_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => array(
-                                '!=',
-                                $ignore_this_model_obj->ID(),
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                    ));
-                } else {
-                    $related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id);
-                }
-                if ($related_model_objects) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error($relation_obj->get_deletion_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-                    $is_blocked = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $is_blocked;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the columns and values for items to delete from the incoming $row_results_for_deleting array.
-     * @param array $row_results_for_deleting
-     * @param bool  $allow_blocking
-     * @return array   The shape of this array depends on whether the model `has_primary_key_field` or not.  If the
-     *                 model DOES have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a simple single dimension array where
-     *                 the key is the fully qualified primary key column and the value is an array of ids that will be
-     *                 deleted. Example:
-     *                      array('Event.EVT_ID' => array( 1,2,3))
-     *                 If the model DOES NOT have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a two dimensional array
-     *                 where each element is a group of columns and values that get deleted. Example:
-     *                      array(
-     *                          0 => array(
-     *                              'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
-     *                              'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 5
-     *                          ),
-     *                          1 => array(
-     *                              'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
-     *                              'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 6
-     *                          )
-     *                      )
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_ids_for_delete(array $row_results_for_deleting, $allow_blocking = true)
-    {
-        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = array();
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $primary_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $primary_table_pk_field = $this->get_field_by_column($primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column());
-            $other_tables = $this->_get_other_tables();
-            $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = $query = array();
-            foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
-                // before we mark this item for deletion,
-                // make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
-                if ($allow_blocking
-                    && $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
-                    )
-                ) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // primary table deletes
-                if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
-                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
-                }
-            }
-        } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
-            $fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
-            foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
-                $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = array();
-                foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
-                    if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
-                            $item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
-                    }
-                }
-                $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
-            }
-        } else {
-            // so there's no primary key and no combined key...
-            // sorry, can't help you
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        "Cannot delete objects of type %s because there is no primary key NOR combined key",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    get_class($this)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This receives an array of columns and values set to be deleted (as prepared by _get_ids_for_delete) and prepares
-     * the corresponding query_part for the query performing the delete.
-     *
-     * @param array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column @see _get_ids_for_delete for how this array might be shaped.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)
-    {
-        $query_part = '';
-        if (empty($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)) {
-            return $query_part;
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $query = array();
-            foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
-                // make sure we have unique $ids
-                $ids = array_unique($ids);
-                $query[] = $column . ' IN(' . implode(',', $ids) . ')';
-            }
-            $query_part = ! empty($query) ? implode(' AND ', $query) : $query_part;
-        } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
-            $ways_to_identify_a_row = array();
-            foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
-                $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = array();
-                foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
-                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
-                }
-                $ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
-                                            . implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
-                                            . ')';
-            }
-            $query_part = implode(' OR ', $ways_to_identify_a_row);
-        }
-        return $query_part;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model field by the fully qualified name
-     * @param string $qualified_column_name eg 'Event_CPT.post_name' or $field_obj->get_qualified_column()
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     */
-    public function get_field_by_column($qualified_column_name)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if ($field_obj->get_qualified_column() === $qualified_column_name) {
-                return $field_obj;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__('Could not find a field on the model "%1$s" for qualified column "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
-                $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                $qualified_column_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Count all the rows that match criteria expressed in $query_params (an array just like arg to EEM_Base::get_all).
-     * If $field_to_count isn't provided, the model's primary key is used. Otherwise, we count by field_to_count's
-     * column
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params   like EEM_Base::get_all's
-     * @param string $field_to_count field on model to count by (not column name)
-     * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
-     *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function count($query_params = array(), $field_to_count = null, $distinct = false)
-    {
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        if ($field_to_count) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_count);
-            $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $pk_field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            $column_to_count = $pk_field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        } else {
-            // there's no primary key
-            // if we're counting distinct items, and there's no primary key,
-            // we need to list out the columns for distinction;
-            // otherwise we can just use star
-            if ($distinct) {
-                $columns_to_use = array();
-                foreach ($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields() as $field_obj) {
-                    $columns_to_use[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-                }
-                $column_to_count = implode(',', $columns_to_use);
-            } else {
-                $column_to_count = '*';
-            }
-        }
-        $column_to_count = $distinct ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count : $column_to_count;
-        $SQL = "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', array($SQL));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sums up the value of the $field_to_sum (defaults to the primary key, which isn't terribly useful)
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all
-     * @param string $field_to_sum name of field (array key in $_fields array)
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function sum($query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        if ($field_to_sum) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_sum);
-        } else {
-            $field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-        }
-        $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL = "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        $return_value = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', array($SQL));
-        $data_type = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-        if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
-            return (float) $return_value;
-        }
-        // must be %f
-        return (float) $return_value;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just calls the specified method on $wpdb with the given arguments
-     * Consolidates a little extra error handling code
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global wpdb  $wpdb
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    protected function _do_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        // if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
-        // because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
-        // is probably out of sync with the code
-        if (! EE_Maintenance_Mode::instance()->models_can_query()) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                "Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
-                "event_espresso"
-            )));
-        }
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ), $wpdb_method));
-        }
-        if (WP_DEBUG) {
-            $old_show_errors_value = $wpdb->show_errors;
-            $wpdb->show_errors(false);
-        }
-        $result = $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-        $this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
-        if (WP_DEBUG) {
-            $wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
-            if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
-            }
-            if ($result === false) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                    'WPDB Error occurred, but no error message was logged by wpdb! The wpdb method called was "%1$s" and the arguments were "%2$s"',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ), $wpdb_method, var_export($arguments_to_provide, true)));
-            }
-        } elseif ($result === false) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        'A database error has occurred. Turn on WP_DEBUG for more information.||A database error occurred doing wpdb method "%1$s", with arguments "%2$s". The error was "%3$s"',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $wpdb_method,
-                    var_export($arguments_to_provide, true),
-                    $wpdb->last_error
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Attempts to run the indicated WPDB method with the provided arguments,
-     * and if there's an error tries to verify the DB is correct. Uses
-     * the static property EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level to determine whether
-     * we should try to fix the EE core db, the addons, or just give up
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    private function _process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        $wpdb->last_error = null;
-        $result = call_user_func_array(array($wpdb, $wpdb_method), $arguments_to_provide);
-        // was there an error running the query? but we don't care on new activations
-        // (we're going to setup the DB anyway on new activations)
-        if (($result === false || ! empty($wpdb->last_error))
-            && EE_System::instance()->detect_req_type() !== EE_System::req_type_new_activation
-        ) {
-            switch (EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level) {
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_none:
-                    // let's double-check core's DB
-                    $error_message = $this->_verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-                    break;
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_core:
-                    // STILL NO LOVE?? verify all the addons too. Maybe they need to be fixed
-                    $error_message = $this->_verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-                    break;
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_addons:
-                    // ummmm... you in trouble
-                    return $result;
-                    break;
-            }
-            if (! empty($error_message)) {
-                EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
-                trigger_error($error_message);
-            }
-            return $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the EE core database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
-     * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        // ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the core db, in case the problem persists
-        EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_core;
-        $error_message = sprintf(
-            __(
-                'WPDB Error "%1$s" while running wpdb method "%2$s" with arguments %3$s. Automatically attempting to fix EE Core DB',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            $wpdb->last_error,
-            $wpdb_method,
-            wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
-        );
-        EE_System::instance()->initialize_db_if_no_migrations_required(false, true);
-        return $error_message;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
-     * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
-     *
-     * @param $wpdb_method
-     * @param $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        // ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the addons dbs, in case the problem persists
-        EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_addons;
-        $error_message = sprintf(
-            __(
-                'WPDB AGAIN: Error "%1$s" while running the same method and arguments as before. Automatically attempting to fix EE Addons DB',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            $wpdb->last_error,
-            $wpdb_method,
-            wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
-        );
-        EE_System::instance()->initialize_addons();
-        return $error_message;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * In order to avoid repeating this code for the get_all, sum, and count functions, put the code parts
-     * that are identical in here. Returns a string of SQL of everything in a SELECT query except the beginning
-     * SELECT clause, eg " FROM wp_posts AS Event INNER JOIN ... WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT ... GROUP BY ... HAVING
-     * ..."
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
-    {
-        return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set to easily debug the next X queries ran from this model.
-     *
-     * @param int $count
-     */
-    public function show_next_x_db_queries($count = 1)
-    {
-        $this->_show_next_x_db_queries = $count;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $sql_query
-     */
-    public function show_db_query_if_previously_requested($sql_query)
-    {
-        if ($this->_show_next_x_db_queries > 0) {
-            echo $sql_query;
-            $this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
-     * There are the 3 cases:
-     * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $other_model_id_or_obj's primary_key. If
-     * $otherModelObject has no ID, it is first saved.
-     * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $other_model_id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $id_or_obj's primary_key. If $id_or_obj
-     * has no ID, it is first saved.
-     * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships: checks that there isn't already an entry in the join table, and adds one.
-     * If one of the model Objects has not yet been saved to the database, it is saved before adding the entry in the
-     * join table
-     *
-     * @param        EE_Base_Class                     /int $thisModelObject
-     * @param        EE_Base_Class                     /int $id_or_obj EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
-     * @param string $relationName                     , key in EEM_Base::_relations
-     *                                                 an attendee to a group, you also want to specify which role they
-     *                                                 will have in that group. So you would use this parameter to
-     *                                                 specify array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
-     * @param array  $extra_join_model_fields_n_values This allows you to enter further query params for the relation
-     *                                                 to for relation to methods that allow you to further specify
-     *                                                 extra columns to join by (such as HABTM).  Keep in mind that the
-     *                                                 only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
-     *                                                 because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class which was added as a relation. Object referred to by $other_model_id_or_obj
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function add_relationship_to(
-        $id_or_obj,
-        $other_model_id_or_obj,
-        $relationName,
-        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values = array()
-    ) {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->add_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $extra_join_model_fields_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
-     * There are the 3 cases:
-     * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $modelObject's foreign_key to null, if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws an
-     * error
-     * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $otherModelObject's foreign_key to null,if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws
-     * an error
-     * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships:removes any existing entry in the join table between the two models.
-     *
-     * @param        EE_Base_Class /int $id_or_obj
-     * @param        EE_Base_Class /int $other_model_id_or_obj EE_Base_Class or ID of other Model Object
-     * @param string $relationName key in EEM_Base::_relations
-     * @return boolean of success
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @param array  $where_query  This allows you to enter further query params for the relation to for relation to
-     *                             methods that allow you to further specify extra columns to join by (such as HABTM).
-     *                             Keep in mind that the only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
-     *                             because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
-     */
-    public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = array())
-    {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->remove_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $where_query);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed           $id_or_obj
-     * @param string          $relationName
-     * @param array           $where_query_params
-     * @param EE_Base_Class[] objects to which relations were removed
-     * @return \EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function remove_relations($id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query_params = array())
-    {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->remove_relations($id_or_obj, $where_query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the related items of the specified $model_name, using $query_params.
-     * Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
-     * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $id_or_obj    EE_Base_Class child or its ID
-     * @param string $model_name   like 'Event', 'Registration', etc. always singular
-     * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_all_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = null)
-    {
-        $model_obj = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->get_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
-     * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params.
-     * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
-     * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name
-     * @param array                    $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        $model_obj = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->delete_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Hard deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
-     * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params. If
-     * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
-     * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name
-     * @param array                    $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete_related_permanently($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        $model_obj = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->delete_related_permanently($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
-     * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param        int             /EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
-     * @param string $model_name     like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array  $query_params   like EEM_Base::get_all's
-     * @param string $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
-     *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function count_related(
-        $id_or_obj,
-        $model_name,
-        $query_params = array(),
-        $field_to_count = null,
-        $distinct = false
-    ) {
-        $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
-        // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none;
-        }
-        $this_model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $this_pk_field_name = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
-        return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
-     * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param        int           /EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
-     * @param string $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's
-     * @param string $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::sum_related',
-                sprintf(
-                    __('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = array();
-        }
-        // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
-        // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none;
-        }
-        $this_model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $this_pk_field_name = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
-        return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses $this->_relatedModels info to find the first related model object of relation $relationName to the given
-     * $modelObject
-     *
-     * @param int | EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj        EE_Base_Class child or its ID
-     * @param string              $other_model_name , key in $this->_relatedModels, eg 'Registration', or 'Events'
-     * @param array               $query_params     like EEM_Base::get_all's
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_first_related(EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $results = $this->get_all_related($id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params);
-        if ($results) {
-            return array_shift($results);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model's name as it's expected in queries. For example, if this is EEM_Event model, that would be Event
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_this_model_name()
-    {
-        return str_replace("EEM_", "", get_class($this));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model field on this model which is of type EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     *
-     * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_containing_related_model_name()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field) {
-                $field_with_model_name = $field;
-            }
-        }
-        if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                __("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
-                $this->get_this_model_name()
-            ));
-        }
-        return $field_with_model_name;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new entry into the database, for each table.
-     * Note: does not add the item to the entity map because that is done by EE_Base_Class::save() right after this.
-     * If client code uses EEM_Base::insert() directly, then although the item isn't in the entity map,
-     * we also know there is no model object with the newly inserted item's ID at the moment (because
-     * if there were, then they would already be in the DB and this would fail); and in the future if someone
-     * creates a model object with this ID (or grabs it from the DB) then it will be added to the
-     * entity map at that time anyways. SO, no need for EEM_Base::insert ot add to the entity map
-     *
-     * @param array $field_n_values keys are field names, values are their values (in the client code's domain if
-     *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is false, in the model object's domain if
-     *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is true. See comment about this at the top
-     *                              of EEM_Base)
-     * @return int new primary key on main table that got inserted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function insert($field_n_values)
-    {
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields and their values before inserting an item using the models
-         *
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values keys are the fields and values are their new values
-         * @param EEM_Base $model           the model used
-         */
-        $field_n_values = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__insert__fields_n_values', $field_n_values, $this);
-        if ($this->_satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values)) {
-            $main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $new_id = $this->_insert_into_specific_table($main_table, $field_n_values, false);
-            if ($new_id !== false) {
-                foreach ($this->_get_other_tables() as $other_table) {
-                    $this->_insert_into_specific_table($other_table, $field_n_values, $new_id);
-                }
-            }
-            /**
-             * Done just after attempting to insert a new model object
-             *
-             * @param EEM_Base   $model           used
-             * @param array      $fields_n_values fields and their values
-             * @param int|string the              ID of the newly-inserted model object
-             */
-            do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__insert__end', $this, $field_n_values, $new_id);
-            return $new_id;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks that the result would satisfy the unique indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @param array  $field_n_values
-     * @param string $action
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values, $action = 'insert')
-    {
-        foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $index_name => $index) {
-            $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($field_n_values, $index->fields());
-            if ($this->exists(array($uniqueness_where_params))) {
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "Could not %s %s. %s uniqueness index failed. Fields %s must form a unique set, but an entry already exists with values %s.",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $action,
-                        $this->_get_class_name(),
-                        $index_name,
-                        implode(",", $index->field_names()),
-                        http_build_query($uniqueness_where_params)
-                    ),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks the database for an item that conflicts (ie, if this item were
-     * saved to the DB would break some uniqueness requirement, like a primary key
-     * or an index primary key set) with the item specified. $id_obj_or_fields_array
-     * can be either an EE_Base_Class or an array of fields n values
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|array $obj_or_fields_array
-     * @param boolean             $include_primary_key whether to use the model object's primary key
-     *                                                 when looking for conflicts
-     *                                                 (ie, if false, we ignore the model object's primary key
-     *                                                 when finding "conflicts". If true, it's also considered).
-     *                                                 Only works for INT primary key,
-     *                                                 STRING primary keys cannot be ignored
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|array
-     */
-    public function get_one_conflicting($obj_or_fields_array, $include_primary_key = true)
-    {
-        if ($obj_or_fields_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array->model_field_array();
-        } elseif (is_array($obj_or_fields_array)) {
-            $fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        "%s get_all_conflicting should be called with a model object or an array of field names and values, you provided %d",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    get_class($this),
-                    $obj_or_fields_array
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $query_params = array();
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()
-            && ($include_primary_key
-                || $this->get_primary_key_field()
-                   instanceof
-                   EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
-            && isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
-        ) {
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
-            $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
-        }
-        // if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
-        if (empty($query_params)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $this->get_one($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Like count, but is optimized and returns a boolean instead of an int
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function exists($query_params)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        return $this->count($query_params) > 0;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Wrapper for exists, except ignores default query parameters so we're only considering ID
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function exists_by_ID($id)
-    {
-        return $this->exists(
-            array(
-                'default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none,
-                array(
-                    $this->primary_key_name() => $id,
-                ),
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new row in $table, using the $cols_n_values which apply to that table.
-     * If a $new_id is supplied and if $table is an EE_Other_Table, we assume
-     * we need to add a foreign key column to point to $new_id (which should be the primary key's value
-     * on the main table)
-     * This is protected rather than private because private is not accessible to any child methods and there MAY be
-     * cases where we want to call it directly rather than via insert().
-     *
-     * @access   protected
-     * @param EE_Table_Base $table
-     * @param array         $fields_n_values each key should be in field's keys, and value should be an int, string or
-     *                                       float
-     * @param int           $new_id          for now we assume only int keys
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global WPDB         $wpdb            only used to get the $wpdb->insert_id after performing an insert
-     * @return int ID of new row inserted, or FALSE on failure
-     */
-    protected function _insert_into_specific_table(EE_Table_Base $table, $fields_n_values, $new_id = 0)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        $insertion_col_n_values = array();
-        $format_for_insertion = array();
-        $fields_on_table = $this->_get_fields_for_table($table->get_table_alias());
-        foreach ($fields_on_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            // check if its an auto-incrementing column, in which case we should just leave it to do its autoincrement thing
-            if ($field_obj->is_auto_increment()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
-            // if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
-            if ($prepared_value !== null) {
-                $insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
-                $format_for_insertion[] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-            }
-        }
-        if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
-            // its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
-            // so add the fk to the main table as a column
-            $insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
-            $format_for_insertion[] = '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
-        }
-        // insert the new entry
-        $result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
-            'insert',
-            array($table->get_table_name(), $insertion_col_n_values, $format_for_insertion)
-        );
-        if ($result === false) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // ok, now what do we return for the ID of the newly-inserted thing?
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if ($this->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-                return $wpdb->insert_id;
-            }
-            // it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
-            // it must have been supplied
-            return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
-        }
-        // we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
-        // a unique string indicating this model
-        return $this->get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Prepare the $field_obj 's value in $fields_n_values for use in the database.
-     * If the field doesn't allow NULL, try to use its default. (If it doesn't allow NULL,
-     * and there is no default, we pass it along. WPDB will take care of it)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
-     * @param array               $fields_n_values
-     * @return mixed string|int|float depending on what the table column will be expecting
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
-    {
-        // if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
-        if (! $field_obj->is_nullable()
-            && (
-                ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ])
-                || $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ] === null
-            )
-        ) {
-            $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-        }
-        $unprepared_value = isset($fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ])
-            ? $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ]
-            : null;
-        return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Consolidates code for preparing  a value supplied to the model for use int eh db. Calls the field's
-     * prepare_for_use_in_db method on the value, and depending on $value_already_prepare_by_model_obj, may also call
-     * the field's prepare_for_set() method.
-     *
-     * @param mixed               $value value in the client code domain if $value_already_prepared_by_model_object is
-     *                                   false, otherwise a value in the model object's domain (see lengthy comment at
-     *                                   top of file)
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field field which will be doing the preparing of the value. If null, we assume
-     *                                   $value is a custom selection
-     * @return mixed a value ready for use in the database for insertions, updating, or in a where clause
-     */
-    private function _prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field)
-    {
-        if ($field && $field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            // phpcs:disable PSR2.ControlStructures.SwitchDeclaration.TerminatingComment
-            switch ($this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
-                /** @noinspection PhpMissingBreakStatementInspection */
-                case self::not_prepared_by_model_object:
-                    $value = $field->prepare_for_set($value);
-                // purposefully left out "return"
-                case self::prepared_by_model_object:
-                    /** @noinspection SuspiciousAssignmentsInspection */
-                    $value = $field->prepare_for_use_in_db($value);
-                case self::prepared_for_use_in_db:
-                    // leave the value alone
-            }
-            return $value;
-            // phpcs:enable
-        }
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the main table on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Primary_Table
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_main_table()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table) {
-            if ($table instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
-                return $table;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-            'There are no main tables on %s. They should be added to _tables array in the constructor',
-            'event_espresso'
-        ), get_class($this)));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * table
-     * returns EE_Primary_Table table name
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function table()
-    {
-        return $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_name();
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * table
-     * returns first EE_Secondary_Table table name
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function second_table()
-    {
-        // grab second table from tables array
-        $second_table = end($this->_tables);
-        return $second_table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table ? $second_table->get_table_name() : null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_table_obj_by_alias
-     * returns table name given it's alias
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias
-     * @return EE_Primary_Table | EE_Secondary_Table
-     */
-    public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
-    {
-        return isset($this->_tables[ $table_alias ]) ? $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] : null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the tables of type EE_Other_Table from EEM_CPT_Basel_Model::_tables
-     *
-     * @return EE_Secondary_Table[]
-     */
-    protected function _get_other_tables()
-    {
-        $other_tables = array();
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
-            if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
-            }
-        }
-        return $other_tables;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all the fields that correspond to the given table
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias , array key in EEM_Base::_tables
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
-    {
-        return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Recurses through all the where parameters, and finds all the related models we'll need
-     * to complete this query. Eg, given where parameters like array('EVT_ID'=>3) from within Event model, we won't
-     * need any related models. But if the array were array('Registrations.REG_ID'=>3), we'd need the related
-     * Registration model. If it were array('Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_ID'=>3), then we'd need the
-     * related Registration, Transaction, and Payment models.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_parameters['where']
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _extract_related_models_from_query($query_params)
-    {
-        $query_info_carrier = new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier();
-        if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys($query_params[0], $query_info_carrier, 0);
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-                    $query_params['group_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'group_by'
-                );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['group_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'group_by'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                $query_params[0],
-                $query_info_carrier,
-                'having'
-            );
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('force_join', $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-                $query_params['force_join'],
-                $query_info_carrier,
-                'force_join'
-            );
-        }
-        $this->extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects($query_info_carrier);
-        return $query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * For extracting related models from WHERE (0), HAVING (having), ORDER BY (order_by) or forced joins (force_join)
-     *
-     * @param array                       $sub_query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] or
-     *                                                      $query_params['having']
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return \EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-        $sub_query_params,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
-        $query_param_type
-    ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            $sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
-            foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
-                // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $param,
-                    $model_query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_param_type
-                );
-                // if $possibly_array_of_params is an array, try recursing into it, searching for keys which
-                // indicate needed joins. Eg, array('NOT'=>array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)). In this case, we tried
-                // extracting models out of the 'NOT', which obviously wasn't successful, and then we recurse into the value
-                // of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
-                $query_param_sans_stars = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
-                if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                    if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                            __(
-                                "You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            $param,
-                            $possibly_array_of_params
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                        $possibly_array_of_params,
-                        $model_query_info_carrier,
-                        $query_param_type
-                    );
-                } elseif ($query_param_type === 0 // ie WHERE
-                          && is_array($possibly_array_of_params)
-                          && isset($possibly_array_of_params[2])
-                          && $possibly_array_of_params[2] == true
-                ) {
-                    // then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
-                    // indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
-                    // from which we should extract query parameters!
-                    if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                            "Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ), $query_param_type, implode(",", $possibly_array_of_params)));
-                    }
-                    $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                        $possibly_array_of_params[1],
-                        $model_query_info_carrier,
-                        $query_param_type
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $model_query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * For extracting related models from forced_joins, where the array values contain the info about what
-     * models to join with. Eg an array like array('Attendee','Price.Price_Type');
-     *
-     * @param array                       $sub_query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] or
-     *                                                      $query_params['having']
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return \EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-        $sub_query_params,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
-        $query_param_type
-    ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                    __("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
-                    $sub_query_params
-                ));
-            }
-            foreach ($sub_query_params as $param) {
-                // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $param,
-                    $model_query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_param_type
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $model_query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extract all the query parts from $query_params (an array like whats passed to EEM_Base::get_all)
-     * and put into a EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier for easy extraction into a query. We create this object
-     * instead of directly constructing the SQL because often we need to extract info from the $query_params
-     * but use them in a different order. Eg, we need to know what models we are querying
-     * before we know what joins to perform. However, we need to know what data types correspond to which fields on
-     * other models before we can finalize the where clause SQL.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     */
-    public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        '$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = array();
-        }
-        $where_query_params = isset($query_params[0]) ? $query_params[0] : array();
-        // first check if we should alter the query to account for caps or not
-        // because the caps might require us to do extra joins
-        if (isset($query_params['caps']) && $query_params['caps'] !== 'none') {
-            $query_params[0] = $where_query_params = array_replace_recursive(
-                $where_query_params,
-                $this->caps_where_conditions(
-                    $query_params['caps']
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
-        // verify where_query_params has NO numeric indexes.... that's simply not how you use it!
-        foreach ($where_query_params as $key => $value) {
-            if (is_int($key)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "WHERE query params must NOT be numerically-indexed. You provided the array key '%s' for value '%s' while querying model %s. All the query params provided were '%s' Please read documentation on EEM_Base::get_all.",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $key,
-                        var_export($value, true),
-                        var_export($query_params, true),
-                        get_class($this)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('default_where_conditions', $query_params)
-            && ! empty($query_params['default_where_conditions'])
-        ) {
-            $use_default_where_conditions = $query_params['default_where_conditions'];
-        } else {
-            $use_default_where_conditions = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all;
-        }
-        $where_query_params = array_merge(
-            $this->_get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
-                $query_object,
-                $use_default_where_conditions,
-                $where_query_params
-            ),
-            $where_query_params
-        );
-        $query_object->set_where_sql($this->_construct_where_clause($where_query_params));
-        // if this is a "on_join_limit" then we are limiting on on a specific table in a multi_table join.
-        // So we need to setup a subquery and use that for the main join.
-        // Note for now this only works on the primary table for the model.
-        // So for instance, you could set the limit array like this:
-        // array( 'on_join_limit' => array('Primary_Table_Alias', array(1,10) ) )
-        if (array_key_exists('on_join_limit', $query_params) && ! empty($query_params['on_join_limit'])) {
-            $query_object->set_main_model_join_sql(
-                $this->_construct_limit_join_select(
-                    $query_params['on_join_limit'][0],
-                    $query_params['on_join_limit'][1]
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // set limit
-        if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
-                if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
-                    $e = sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
-                    );
-                    throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
-                }
-                // they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
-            }
-        }
-        // set order by
-        if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                // if they're using 'order_by' as an array, they can't use 'order' (because 'order_by' must
-                // specify whether to ascend or descend on each field. Eg 'order_by'=>array('EVT_ID'=>'ASC'). So
-                // including 'order' wouldn't make any sense if 'order_by' has already specified which way to order!
-                if (array_key_exists('order', $query_params)) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            __(
-                                "In querying %s, we are using query parameter 'order_by' as an array (keys:%s,values:%s), and so we can't use query parameter 'order' (value %s). You should just use the 'order_by' parameter ",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            get_class($this),
-                            implode(", ", array_keys($query_params['order_by'])),
-                            implode(", ", $query_params['order_by']),
-                            $query_params['order']
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_object,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-                // assume it's an array of fields to order by
-                $order_array = array();
-                foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
-                    $order = $this->_extract_order($order);
-                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
-                }
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_object,
-                    'order',
-                    $query_params['order_by']
-                );
-                $order = isset($query_params['order'])
-                    ? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
-                    : 'DESC';
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(
-                    " ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
-        if (! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
-            && array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
-            && ! empty($query_params['order'])
-        ) {
-            $pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            $order = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
-            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
-        }
-        // set group by
-        if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                // it's an array, so assume we'll be grouping by a bunch of stuff
-                $group_by_array = array();
-                foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
-                    $group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
-                }
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(
-                    " GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // set having
-        if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params) && $query_params['having']) {
-            $query_object->set_having_sql($this->_construct_having_clause($query_params['having']));
-        }
-        // now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
-        foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
-            if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "You passed %s as a query parameter to %s, which is illegal! The allowed query parameters are %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $query_key,
-                        get_class($this),
-                        //                      print_r( $this->_allowed_query_params, TRUE )
-                        implode(',', $this->_allowed_query_params)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $main_model_join_sql = $query_object->get_main_model_join_sql();
-        if (empty($main_model_join_sql)) {
-            $query_object->set_main_model_join_sql($this->_construct_internal_join());
-        }
-        return $query_object;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the where conditions that should be imposed on the query based on the
-     * context (eg reading frontend, backend, edit or delete).
-     *
-     * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
-     * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all() 's $query_params[0]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function caps_where_conditions($context = self::caps_read)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
-        $cap_where_conditions = array();
-        $cap_restrictions = $this->caps_missing($context);
-        /**
-         * @var $cap_restrictions EE_Default_Where_Conditions[]
-         */
-        foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            $cap_where_conditions = array_replace_recursive(
-                $cap_where_conditions,
-                $restriction_if_no_cap->get_default_where_conditions()
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__caps_where_conditions__return',
-            $cap_where_conditions,
-            $this,
-            $context,
-            $cap_restrictions
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies that $should_be_order_string is in $this->_allowed_order_values,
-     * otherwise throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $should_be_order_string
-     * @return string either ASC, asc, DESC or desc
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_order($should_be_order_string)
-    {
-        if (in_array($should_be_order_string, $this->_allowed_order_values)) {
-            return $should_be_order_string;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "While performing a query on '%s', tried to use '%s' as an order parameter. ",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                get_class($this),
-                $should_be_order_string
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Looks at all the models which are included in this query, and asks each
-     * for their universal_where_params, and returns them in the same format as $query_params[0] (where),
-     * so they can be merged
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $use_default_where_conditions can be 'none','other_models_only', or 'all'.
-     *                                                                  'none' means NO default where conditions will
-     *                                                                  be used AT ALL during this query.
-     *                                                                  'other_models_only' means default where
-     *                                                                  conditions from other models will be used, but
-     *                                                                  not for this primary model. 'all', the default,
-     *                                                                  means default where conditions will apply as
-     *                                                                  normal
-     * @param array                       $where_query_params           like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return array like $query_params[0], see EEM_Base::get_all for documentation
-     */
-    private function _get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
-        $use_default_where_conditions = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
-        $where_query_params = array()
-    ) {
-        $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
-        if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $use_default_where_conditions,
-                implode(", ", $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)
-            ));
-        }
-        $universal_query_params = array();
-        if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
-            $universal_query_params = $this->_get_default_where_conditions();
-        } elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
-            $universal_query_params = $this->_get_minimum_where_conditions();
-        }
-        foreach ($query_info_carrier->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_path => $model_name) {
-            $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-            if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
-                $related_model_universal_where_params = $related_model->_get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-            } elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
-                $related_model_universal_where_params = $related_model->_get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-            } else {
-                // we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
-                continue;
-            }
-            $overrides = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
-                $related_model_universal_where_params,
-                $where_query_params,
-                $related_model,
-                $model_relation_path
-            );
-            $universal_query_params = EEH_Array::merge_arrays_and_overwrite_keys(
-                $universal_query_params,
-                $overrides
-            );
-        }
-        return $universal_query_params;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether or not we should use default where conditions for the model in question
-     * (this model, or other related models).
-     * Basically, we should use default where conditions on this model if they have requested to use them on all models,
-     * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
-     * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
-     * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
-     * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function _should_use_default_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
-    {
-        return (
-                   $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       array(
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_this_only,
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others,
-                       ),
-                       true
-                   )
-               )
-               || (
-                   ! $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       array(
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_others_only,
-                       ),
-                       true
-                   )
-               );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether or not we should use default minimum conditions for the model in question
-     * (this model, or other related models).
-     * Basically, we should use minimum where conditions on this model only if they requested all models to use minimum
-     * where conditions.
-     * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
-     * on this model or others
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
-     * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function _should_use_minimum_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
-    {
-        return (
-                   $for_this_model
-                   && $default_where_conditions_value === EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all
-               )
-               || (
-                   ! $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       array(
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others,
-                           EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all,
-                       ),
-                       true
-                   )
-               );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if any of the defaults have been overridden. If there are any that AREN'T overridden,
-     * then we also add a special where condition which allows for that model's primary key
-     * to be null (which is important for JOINs. Eg, if you want to see all Events ordered by Venue's name,
-     * then Event's with NO Venue won't appear unless you allow VNU_ID to be NULL)
-     *
-     * @param array    $default_where_conditions
-     * @param array    $provided_where_conditions
-     * @param EEM_Base $model
-     * @param string   $model_relation_path like 'Transaction.Payment.'
-     * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
-        $default_where_conditions,
-        $provided_where_conditions,
-        $model,
-        $model_relation_path
-    ) {
-        $null_friendly_where_conditions = array();
-        $none_overridden = true;
-        $or_condition_key_for_defaults = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
-        foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
-            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
-                $none_overridden = false;
-            } else {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
-            }
-        }
-        if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
-            if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
-                                                                                . "."
-                                                                                . $model->primary_key_name() ] = array('IS NULL');
-            }/*else{
+	/**
+	 * Flag to indicate whether the values provided to EEM_Base have already been prepared
+	 * by the model object or not (ie, the model object has used the field's _prepare_for_set function on the values).
+	 * They almost always WILL NOT, but it's not necessarily a requirement.
+	 * For example, if you want to run EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('EVT_ID'=>$_GET['event_id'])));
+	 *
+	 * @var boolean
+	 */
+	private $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
+	 * the data is just like form input that needs to have the model fields'
+	 * prepare_for_set and prepare_for_use_in_db called on it
+	 */
+	const not_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we
+	 * assume this value is coming from a model object and doesn't need to have
+	 * prepare_for_set called on it, just prepare_for_use_in_db is used
+	 */
+	const prepared_by_model_object = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
+	 * the values are already to be used in the database (ie no processing is done
+	 * on them by the model's fields)
+	 */
+	const prepared_for_use_in_db = 2;
+
+
+	protected $singular_item = 'Item';
+
+	protected $plural_item   = 'Items';
+
+	/**
+	 * @type \EE_Table_Base[] $_tables array of EE_Table objects for defining which tables comprise this model.
+	 */
+	protected $_tables;
+
+	/**
+	 * with two levels: top-level has array keys which are database table aliases (ie, keys in _tables)
+	 * and the value is an array. Each of those sub-arrays have keys of field names (eg 'ATT_ID', which should also be
+	 * variable names on the model objects (eg, EE_Attendee), and the keys should be children of EE_Model_Field
+	 *
+	 * @var \EE_Model_Field_Base[][] $_fields
+	 */
+	protected $_fields;
+
+	/**
+	 * array of different kinds of relations
+	 *
+	 * @var \EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
+	 */
+	protected $_model_relations;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var \EE_Index[] $_indexes
+	 */
+	protected $_indexes = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Default strategy for getting where conditions on this model. This strategy is used to get default
+	 * where conditions which are added to get_all, update, and delete queries. They can be overridden
+	 * by setting the same columns as used in these queries in the query yourself.
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions
+	 */
+	protected $_default_where_conditions_strategy;
+
+	/**
+	 * Strategy for getting conditions on this model when 'default_where_conditions' equals 'minimum'.
+	 * This is particularly useful when you want something between 'none' and 'default'
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions
+	 */
+	protected $_minimum_where_conditions_strategy;
+
+	/**
+	 * String describing how to find the "owner" of this model's objects.
+	 * When there is a foreign key on this model to the wp_users table, this isn't needed.
+	 * But when there isn't, this indicates which related model, or transiently-related model,
+	 * has the foreign key to the wp_users table.
+	 * Eg, for EEM_Registration this would be 'Event' because registrations are directly
+	 * related to events, and events have a foreign key to wp_users.
+	 * On EEM_Transaction, this would be 'Transaction.Event'
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a flag typically set by updates so that we don't load the where strategy on updates because updates
+	 * don't need it (particularly CPT models)
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $_ignore_where_strategy = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * String used in caps relating to this model. Eg, if the caps relating to this
+	 * model are 'ee_edit_events', 'ee_read_events', etc, it would be 'events'.
+	 *
+	 * @var string. If null it hasn't been initialized yet. If false then we
+	 * have indicated capabilities don't apply to this
+	 */
+	protected $_caps_slug = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * 2d array where top-level keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(),
+	 * and next-level keys are capability names, and each's value is a
+	 * EE_Default_Where_Condition. If the requester requests to apply caps to the query,
+	 * they specify which context to use (ie, frontend, backend, edit or delete)
+	 * and then each capability in the corresponding sub-array that they're missing
+	 * adds the where conditions onto the query.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_cap_restrictions = array(
+		self::caps_read       => array(),
+		self::caps_read_admin => array(),
+		self::caps_edit       => array(),
+		self::caps_delete     => array(),
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Array defining which cap restriction generators to use to create default
+	 * cap restrictions to put in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions.
+	 * Array-keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are a child of
+	 * EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. If you don't want any cap restrictions generated
+	 * automatically set this to false (not just null).
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Restriction_Generator_Base[]
+	 */
+	protected $_cap_restriction_generators = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * constants used to categorize capability restrictions on EEM_Base::_caps_restrictions
+	 */
+	const caps_read       = 'read';
+
+	const caps_read_admin = 'read_admin';
+
+	const caps_edit       = 'edit';
+
+	const caps_delete     = 'delete';
+
+	/**
+	 * Keys are all the cap contexts (ie constants EEM_Base::_caps_*) and values are their 'action'
+	 * as how they'd be used in capability names. Eg EEM_Base::caps_read ('read_frontend')
+	 * maps to 'read' because when looking for relevant permissions we're going to use
+	 * 'read' in teh capabilities names like 'ee_read_events' etc.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = array(
+		self::caps_read       => 'read',
+		self::caps_read_admin => 'read',
+		self::caps_edit       => 'edit',
+		self::caps_delete     => 'delete',
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Timezone
+	 * This gets set via the constructor so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in when there
+	 * are EE_Datetime_Fields in use.  This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming
+	 * out of the created objects.  NOT all EEM_Base child classes use this property but any that use a
+	 * EE_Datetime_Field data type will have access to it.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_timezone;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This holds the id of the blog currently making the query.  Has no bearing on single site but is used for
+	 * multisite.
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected static $_model_query_blog_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * A copy of _fields, except the array keys are the model names pointed to by
+	 * the field
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private $_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of all the fields on the model, indexed by their name
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private $_cached_fields = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of all the fields on the model, except those that are
+	 * marked as only pertinent to the database
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private $_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * A cached reference to the primary key for quick lookup
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 */
+	private $_primary_key_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag indicating whether this model has a primary key or not
+	 *
+	 * @var boolean
+	 */
+	protected $_has_primary_key_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether or not this model is based off a table in WP core only (CPTs should set
+	 * this to FALSE, but if we were to make an EE_WP_Post model, it should set this to true).
+	 * This should be true for models that deal with data that should exist independent of EE.
+	 * For example, if the model can read and insert data that isn't used by EE, this should be true.
+	 * It would be false, however, if you could guarantee the model would only interact with EE data,
+	 * even if it uses a WP core table (eg event and venue models set this to false for that reason:
+	 * they can only read and insert events and venues custom post types, not arbitrary post types)
+	 * @var boolean
+	 */
+	protected $_wp_core_model = false;
+
+	/**
+	 *    List of valid operators that can be used for querying.
+	 * The keys are all operators we'll accept, the values are the real SQL
+	 * operators used
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_valid_operators = array(
+		'='           => '=',
+		'<='          => '<=',
+		'<'           => '<',
+		'>='          => '>=',
+		'>'           => '>',
+		'!='          => '!=',
+		'LIKE'        => 'LIKE',
+		'like'        => 'LIKE',
+		'NOT_LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'not_like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'NOT LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'not like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'IN'          => 'IN',
+		'in'          => 'IN',
+		'NOT_IN'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'not_in'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'NOT IN'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'not in'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'between'     => 'BETWEEN',
+		'BETWEEN'     => 'BETWEEN',
+		'IS_NOT_NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'is_not_null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'IS NOT NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'is not null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'IS_NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'is_null'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'IS NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'is null'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'REGEXP'      => 'REGEXP',
+		'regexp'      => 'REGEXP',
+		'NOT_REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'not_regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'NOT REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'not regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * operators that work like 'IN', accepting a comma-separated list of values inside brackets. Eg '(1,2,3)'
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_in_style_operators = array('IN', 'NOT IN');
+
+	/**
+	 * operators that work like 'BETWEEN'.  Typically used for datetime calculations, i.e. "BETWEEN '12-1-2011' AND
+	 * '12-31-2012'"
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_between_style_operators = array('BETWEEN');
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like SQL's like: input should be assumed to be a string, already prepared for a LIKE query.
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_like_style_operators = array('LIKE', 'NOT LIKE');
+	/**
+	 * operators that are used for handling NUll and !NULL queries.  Typically used for when checking if a row exists
+	 * on a join table.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_null_style_operators = array('IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL');
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed values for $query_params['order'] for ordering in queries
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_allowed_order_values = array('asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC');
+
+	/**
+	 * When these are keys in a WHERE or HAVING clause, they are handled much differently
+	 * than regular field names. It is assumed that their values are an array of WHERE conditions
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private $_logic_query_param_keys = array('not', 'and', 'or', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OR');
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed keys in $query_params arrays passed into queries. Note that 0 is meant to always be a
+	 * 'where', but 'where' clauses are so common that we thought we'd omit it
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private $_allowed_query_params = array(
+		0,
+		'limit',
+		'order_by',
+		'group_by',
+		'having',
+		'force_join',
+		'order',
+		'on_join_limit',
+		'default_where_conditions',
+		'caps',
+		'extra_selects'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * All the data types that can be used in $wpdb->prepare statements.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private $_valid_wpdb_data_types = array('%d', '%s', '%f');
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Registry $EE
+	 */
+	protected $EE = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Property which, when set, will have this model echo out the next X queries to the page for debugging.
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected $_show_next_x_db_queries = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * When using _get_all_wpdb_results, you can specify a custom selection. If you do so,
+	 * it gets saved on this property as an instance of CustomSelects so those selections can be used in
+	 * WHERE, GROUP_BY, etc.
+	 *
+	 * @var CustomSelects
+	 */
+	protected $_custom_selections = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * key => value Entity Map using  array( EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id => array( ID => model object ) )
+	 * caches every model object we've fetched from the DB on this request
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_entity_map;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var LoaderInterface $loader
+	 */
+	private static $loader;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has not yet verified the db on this http request
+	 */
+	const db_verified_none = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the EE core db on this http request,
+	 * but not the addons' dbs
+	 */
+	const db_verified_core = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the addons' dbs (and implicitly
+	 * the EE core db too)
+	 */
+	const db_verified_addons = 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * indicates whether an EEM_Base child has already re-verified the DB
+	 * is ok (we don't want to do it repetitively). Should be set to one the constants
+	 * looking like EEM_Base::db_verified_*
+	 *
+	 * @var int - 0 = none, 1 = core, 2 = addons
+	 */
+	protected static $_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_none;
+
+	/**
+	 * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply default where conditions to ALL queried models
+	 *        (eg, if retrieving registrations ordered by their datetimes, this will only return non-trashed
+	 *        registrations for non-trashed tickets for non-trashed datetimes)
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_all = 'all';
+
+	/**
+	 * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply default where conditions to THIS model only, but
+	 *        no other models which are joined to (eg, if retrieving registrations ordered by their datetimes, this will
+	 *        return non-trashed registrations, regardless of the related datetimes and tickets' statuses).
+	 *        It is preferred to use EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others because, when joining to
+	 *        models which share tables with other models, this can return data for the wrong model.
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_this_only = 'this_model_only';
+
+	/**
+	 * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply default where conditions to other models queried,
+	 *        but not the current model (eg, if retrieving registrations ordered by their datetimes, this will
+	 *        return all registrations related to non-trashed tickets and non-trashed datetimes)
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_others_only = 'other_models_only';
+
+	/**
+	 * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply minimum where conditions to all models queried.
+	 *        For most models this the same as EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none, except for models which share
+	 *        their table with other models, like the Event and Venue models. For example, when querying for events
+	 *        ordered by their venues' name, this will be sure to only return real events with associated real venues
+	 *        (regardless of whether those events and venues are trashed)
+	 *        In contrast, using EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none would could return WP posts other than EE
+	 *        events.
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_minimum_all = 'minimum';
+
+	/**
+	 * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to apply apply where conditions to other models, and full default
+	 *        where conditions for the queried model (eg, when querying events ordered by venues' names, this will
+	 *        return non-trashed events for any venues, regardless of whether those associated venues are trashed or
+	 *        not)
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_minimum_others = 'full_this_minimum_others';
+
+	/**
+	 * @const constant for 'default_where_conditions' to NOT apply any where conditions. This should very rarely be
+	 *        used, because when querying from a model which shares its table with another model (eg Events and Venues)
+	 *        it's possible it will return table entries for other models. You should use
+	 *        EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all instead.
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_none = 'none';
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * About all child constructors:
+	 * they should define the _tables, _fields and _model_relations arrays.
+	 * Should ALWAYS be called after child constructor.
+	 * In order to make the child constructors to be as simple as possible, this parent constructor
+	 * finalizes constructing all the object's attributes.
+	 * Generally, rather than requiring a child to code
+	 * $this->_tables = array(
+	 *        'Event_Post_Table' => new EE_Table('Event_Post_Table','wp_posts')
+	 *        ...);
+	 *  (thus repeating itself in the array key and in the constructor of the new EE_Table,)
+	 * each EE_Table has a function to set the table's alias after the constructor, using
+	 * the array key ('Event_Post_Table'), instead of repeating it. The model fields and model relations
+	 * do something similar.
+	 *
+	 * @param null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function __construct($timezone = null)
+	{
+		// check that the model has not been loaded too soon
+		if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						'The %1$s model can not be loaded before the "AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons" hook has been called. This gives other addons a chance to extend this model.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Set blogid for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
+		 */
+		if (empty(EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id)) {
+			EEM_Base::set_model_query_blog_id();
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of tables on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead
+		 * just use EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
+		 */
+		$this->_tables = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__tables', $this->_tables);
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
+			/** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
+			$table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				/** @var $table_obj EE_Secondary_Table */
+				$table_obj->_construct_finalize_set_table_to_join_with($this->_get_main_table());
+			}
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of fields on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
+		 * EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
+		 */
+		$this->_fields = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__fields', $this->_fields);
+		$this->_invalidate_field_caches();
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
+			if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+					"Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
+					'event_espresso'
+				), $table_alias, implode(",", $this->_fields)));
+			}
+			foreach ($fields_for_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+				/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base | EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base */
+				// primary key field base has a slightly different _construct_finalize
+				/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+				$field_obj->_construct_finalize($table_alias, $field_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
+			}
+		}
+		// everything is related to Extra_Meta
+		if (get_class($this) !== 'EEM_Extra_Meta') {
+			// make extra meta related to everything, but don't block deleting things just
+			// because they have related extra meta info. For now just orphan those extra meta
+			// in the future we should automatically delete them
+			$this->_model_relations['Extra_Meta'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
+		}
+		// and change logs
+		if (get_class($this) !== 'EEM_Change_Log') {
+			$this->_model_relations['Change_Log'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of relations on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
+		 * EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
+		 */
+		$this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__model_relations',
+			$this->_model_relations
+		);
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			/** @var $relation_obj EE_Model_Relation_Base */
+			$relation_obj->_construct_finalize_set_models($this->get_this_model_name(), $model_name);
+		}
+		foreach ($this->_indexes as $index_name => $index_obj) {
+			/** @var $index_obj EE_Index */
+			$index_obj->_construct_finalize($index_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
+		}
+		$this->set_timezone($timezone);
+		// finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
+		if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
+			// nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
+			$this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		$this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
+		if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
+			// nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
+			$this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		$this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
+		// if the cap slug hasn't been set, and we haven't set it to false on purpose
+		// to indicate to NOT set it, set it to the logical default
+		if ($this->_caps_slug === null) {
+			$this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
+		}
+		// initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
+		if ($this->_cap_restriction_generators !== false) {
+			foreach ($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() as $cap_context => $action) {
+				if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
+					$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
+						'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
+						new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
+						$cap_context,
+						$this
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
+		if ($this->_cap_restriction_generators !== false) {
+			foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
+				if (! $generator_object) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							__(
+								'Index "%1$s" in the model %2$s\'s _cap_restriction_generators is not a child of EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. It should be that or NULL.',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$context,
+							$this->get_this_model_name()
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
+				if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
+					$generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		do_action('AHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__end');
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to set the $_model_query_blog_id static property.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $blog_id  If provided then will set the blog_id for the models to this id.  If not provided then the
+	 *                      value for get_current_blog_id() will be used.
+	 */
+	public static function set_model_query_blog_id($blog_id = 0)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id = $blog_id > 0 ? (int) $blog_id : get_current_blog_id();
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whatever is set as the internal $model_query_blog_id.
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public static function get_model_query_blog_id()
+	{
+		return EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This function is a singleton method used to instantiate the Espresso_model object
+	 *
+	 * @param string $timezone string representing the timezone we want to set for returned Date Time Strings
+	 *                                (and any incoming timezone data that gets saved).
+	 *                                Note this just sends the timezone info to the date time model field objects.
+	 *                                Default is NULL
+	 *                                (and will be assumed using the set timezone in the 'timezone_string' wp option)
+	 * @return static (as in the concrete child class)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public static function instance($timezone = null)
+	{
+		// check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
+		if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
+			// instantiate Espresso_model
+			static::$_instance = new static(
+				$timezone,
+				LoaderFactory::getLoader()->load('EventEspresso\core\services\orm\ModelFieldFactory')
+			);
+		}
+		// we might have a timezone set, let set_timezone decide what to do with it
+		static::$_instance->set_timezone($timezone);
+		// Espresso_model object
+		return static::$_instance;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * resets the model and returns it
+	 *
+	 * @param null | string $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base|null (if the model was already instantiated, returns it, with
+	 * all its properties reset; if it wasn't instantiated, returns null)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public static function reset($timezone = null)
+	{
+		if (static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
+			// let's try to NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
+			// because if someone has a reference to it, we can't remove their reference
+			// so it's best to keep using the same reference, but change the original object
+			// reset all its properties to their original values as defined in the class
+			$r = new ReflectionClass(get_class(static::$_instance));
+			$static_properties = $r->getStaticProperties();
+			foreach ($r->getDefaultProperties() as $property => $value) {
+				// don't set instance to null like it was originally,
+				// but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
+				if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
+					static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
+				}
+			}
+			// and then directly call its constructor again, like we would if we were creating a new one
+			static::$_instance->__construct(
+				$timezone,
+				LoaderFactory::getLoader()->load('EventEspresso\core\services\orm\ModelFieldFactory')
+			);
+			return self::instance();
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return LoaderInterface
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	private static function getLoader()
+	{
+		if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
+			EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
+		}
+		return EEM_Base::$loader;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * retrieve the status details from esp_status table as an array IF this model has the status table as a relation.
+	 *
+	 * @param  boolean $translated return localized strings or JUST the array.
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function status_array($translated = false)
+	{
+		if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		$model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$status_type = str_replace(' ', '_', strtolower(str_replace('_', ' ', $model_name)));
+		$stati = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all(array(array('STS_type' => $status_type)));
+		$status_array = array();
+		foreach ($stati as $status) {
+			$status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
+		}
+		return $translated
+			? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
+			: $status_array;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the EE_Base_Class objects which match the $query_params, by querying the DB.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params             {
+	 * @var array $0 (where) array {
+	 *                                        eg: array('QST_display_text'=>'Are you bob?','QST_admin_text'=>'Determine
+	 *                                        if user is bob') becomes SQL >> "...WHERE QST_display_text = 'Are you
+	 *                                        bob?' AND QST_admin_text = 'Determine if user is bob'...") To add WHERE
+	 *                                        conditions based on related models (and even
+	 *                                        models-related-to-related-models) prepend the model's name onto the field
+	 *                                        name. Eg,
+	 *                                        EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>12))); becomes
+	 *                                        SQL >> "SELECT * FROM wp_posts AS Event_CPT LEFT JOIN wp_esp_event_meta
+	 *                                        AS Event_Meta ON Event_CPT.ID = Event_Meta.EVT_ID LEFT JOIN
+	 *                                        wp_esp_event_venue AS Event_Venue ON Event_Venue.EVT_ID=Event_CPT.ID LEFT
+	 *                                        JOIN wp_posts AS Venue_CPT ON Venue_CPT.ID=Event_Venue.VNU_ID LEFT JOIN
+	 *                                        wp_esp_venue_meta AS Venue_Meta ON Venue_CPT.ID = Venue_Meta.VNU_ID WHERE
+	 *                                        Venue_CPT.ID = 12 Notice that automatically took care of joining Events
+	 *                                        to Venues (even when each of those models actually consisted of two
+	 *                                        tables). Also, you may chain the model relations together. Eg instead of
+	 *                                        just having
+	 *                                        "Venue.VNU_ID", you could have
+	 *                                        "Registration.Attendee.ATT_ID" as a field on a query for events (because
+	 *                                        events are related to Registrations, which are related to Attendees). You
+	 *                                        can take it even further with
+	 *                                        "Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount" etc. To change the operator
+	 *                                        (from the default of '='), change the value to an numerically-indexed
+	 *                                        array, where the first item in the list is the operator. eg: array(
+	 *                                        'QST_display_text' => array('LIKE','%bob%'), 'QST_ID' => array('<',34),
+	 *                                        'QST_wp_user' => array('in',array(1,2,7,23))) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE
+	 *                                        QST_display_text LIKE '%bob%' AND QST_ID < 34 AND QST_wp_user IN
+	 *                                        (1,2,7,23)...". Valid operators so far: =, !=, <, <=, >, >=, LIKE, NOT
+	 *                                        LIKE, IN (followed by numeric-indexed array), NOT IN (dido), BETWEEN
+	 *                                        (followed by an array with exactly 2 date strings), IS NULL, and IS NOT
+	 *                                        NULL Values can be a string, int, or float. They can also be arrays IFF
+	 *                                        the operator is IN. Also, values can actually be field names. To indicate
+	 *                                        the value is a field, simply provide a third array item (true) to the
+	 *                                        operator-value array like so: eg: array( 'DTT_reg_limit' => array('>',
+	 *                                        'DTT_sold', TRUE) ) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE DTT_reg_limit > DTT_sold"
+	 *                                        Note: you can also use related model field names like you would any other
+	 *                                        field name. eg:
+	 *                                        array('Datetime.DTT_reg_limit'=>array('=','Datetime.DTT_sold',TRUE) could
+	 *                                        be used if you were querying EEM_Tickets (because Datetime is directly related to tickets) Also, by default all the where conditions are AND'd together. To override this, add an array key 'OR' (or 'AND') and the array to be OR'd together eg: array('OR'=>array('TXN_ID' => 23 , 'TXN_timestamp__>' =>
+	 *                                        345678912)) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE TXN_ID = 23 OR TXN_timestamp =
+	 *                                        345678912...". Also, to negate an entire set of conditions, use 'NOT' as
+	 *                                        an array key. eg: array('NOT'=>array('TXN_total' =>
+	 *                                        50, 'TXN_paid'=>23) becomes SQL >> "...where ! (TXN_total =50 AND
+	 *                                        TXN_paid =23) Note: the 'glue' used to join each condition will continue
+	 *                                        to be what you last specified. IE, "AND"s by default, but if you had
+	 *                                        previously specified to use ORs to join, ORs will continue to be used.
+	 *                                        So, if you specify to use an "OR" to join conditions, it will continue to
+	 *                                        "stick" until you specify an AND. eg
+	 *                                        array('OR'=>array('NOT'=>array('TXN_total' => 50,
+	 *                                        'TXN_paid'=>23)),AND=>array('TXN_ID'=>1,'STS_ID'=>'TIN') becomes SQL >>
+	 *                                        "...where ! (TXN_total =50 OR TXN_paid =23) AND TXN_ID=1 AND
+	 *                                        STS_ID='TIN'" They can be nested indefinitely. eg:
+	 *                                        array('OR'=>array('TXN_total' => 23, 'NOT'=> array( 'TXN_timestamp'=> 345678912, 'AND'=>array('TXN_paid' => 53, 'STS_ID' => 'TIN')))) becomes SQL >> "...WHERE TXN_total = 23 OR ! (TXN_timestamp = 345678912 OR (TXN_paid = 53 AND STS_ID = 'TIN'))..." GOTCHA: because this is an array, array keys must be unique, making it impossible to place two or more where conditions applying to the same field. eg: array('PAY_timestamp'=>array('>',$start_date),'PAY_timestamp'=>array('<',$end_date),'PAY_timestamp'=>array('!=',$special_date)), as PHP enforces that the array keys must be unique, thus removing the first two array entries with key 'PAY_timestamp'. becomes SQL >> "PAY_timestamp !=  4234232", ignoring the first two PAY_timestamp conditions). To overcome this, you can add a '*' character to the end of the field's name, followed by anything. These will be removed when generating the SQL string, but allow for the array keys to be unique. eg: you could rewrite the previous query as: array('PAY_timestamp'=>array('>',$start_date),'PAY_timestamp*1st'=>array('<',$end_date),'PAY_timestamp*2nd'=>array('!=',$special_date)) which correctly becomes SQL >>
+	 *                                        "PAY_timestamp > 123412341 AND PAY_timestamp < 2354235235234 AND
+	 *                                        PAY_timestamp != 1241234123" This can be applied to condition operators
+	 *                                        too, eg:
+	 *                                        array('OR'=>array('REG_ID'=>3,'Transaction.TXN_ID'=>23),'OR*whatever'=>array('Attendee.ATT_fname'=>'bob','Attendee.ATT_lname'=>'wilson')));
+	 * @var mixed   $limit                    int|array    adds a limit to the query just like the SQL limit clause, so
+	 *                                        limits of "23", "25,50", and array(23,42) are all valid would become SQL
+	 *                                        "...LIMIT 23", "...LIMIT 25,50", and "...LIMIT 23,42" respectively.
+	 *                                        Remember when you provide two numbers for the limit, the 1st number is
+	 *                                        the OFFSET, the 2nd is the LIMIT
+	 * @var array   $on_join_limit            allows the setting of a special select join with a internal limit so you
+	 *                                        can do paging on one-to-many multi-table-joins. Send an array in the
+	 *                                        following format array('on_join_limit'
+	 *                                        => array( 'table_alias', array(1,2) ) ).
+	 * @var mixed   $order_by                 name of a column to order by, or an array where keys are field names and
+	 *                                        values are either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.
+	 *                                        'limit'=>array('STS_ID'=>'ASC','REG_date'=>'DESC'), which would becomes
+	 *                                        SQL "...ORDER BY TXN_timestamp..." and "...ORDER BY STS_ID ASC, REG_date
+	 *                                        DESC..." respectively. Like the
+	 *                                        'where' conditions, these fields can be on related models. Eg
+	 *                                        'order_by'=>array('Registration.Transaction.TXN_amount'=>'ASC') is
+	 *                                        perfectly valid from any model related to 'Registration' (like Event,
+	 *                                        Attendee, Price, Datetime, etc.)
+	 * @var string  $order                    If 'order_by' is used and its value is a string (NOT an array), then
+	 *                                        'order' specifies whether to order the field specified in 'order_by' in
+	 *                                        ascending or descending order. Acceptable values are 'ASC' or 'DESC'. If,
+	 *                                        'order_by' isn't used, but 'order' is, then it is assumed you want to
+	 *                                        order by the primary key. Eg,
+	 *                                        EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array('order_by'=>'Datetime.DTT_EVT_start','order'=>'ASC');
+	 *                                        //(will join with the Datetime model's table(s) and order by its field
+	 *                                        DTT_EVT_start) or
+	 *                                        EEM_Registration::instance()->get_all(array('order'=>'ASC'));//will make
+	 *                                        SQL "SELECT * FROM wp_esp_registration ORDER BY REG_ID ASC"
+	 * @var mixed   $group_by                 name of field to order by, or an array of fields. Eg either
+	 *                                        'group_by'=>'VNU_ID', or
+	 *                                        'group_by'=>array('EVT_name','Registration.Transaction.TXN_total') Note:
+	 *                                        if no
+	 *                                        $group_by is specified, and a limit is set, automatically groups by the
+	 *                                        model's primary key (or combined primary keys). This avoids some
+	 *                                        weirdness that results when using limits, tons of joins, and no group by,
+	 *                                        see https://events.codebasehq.com/projects/event-espresso/tickets/9389
+	 * @var array   $having                   exactly like WHERE parameters array, except these conditions apply to the
+	 *                                        grouped results (whereas WHERE conditions apply to the pre-grouped
+	 *                                        results)
+	 * @var array   $force_join               forces a join with the models named. Should be a numerically-indexed
+	 *                                        array where values are models to be joined in the query.Eg
+	 *                                        array('Attendee','Payment','Datetime'). You may join with transient
+	 *                                        models using period, eg "Registration.Transaction.Payment". You will
+	 *                                        probably only want to do this in hopes of increasing efficiency, as
+	 *                                        related models which belongs to the current model
+	 *                                        (ie, the current model has a foreign key to them, like how Registration
+	 *                                        belongs to Attendee) can be cached in order to avoid future queries
+	 * @var string  $default_where_conditions can be set to 'none', 'this_model_only', 'other_models_only', or 'all'.
+	 *                                        set this to 'none' to disable all default where conditions. Eg, usually
+	 *                                        soft-deleted objects are filtered-out if you want to include them, set
+	 *                                        this query param to 'none'. If you want to ONLY disable THIS model's
+	 *                                        default where conditions set it to 'other_models_only'. If you only want
+	 *                                        this model's default where conditions added to the query, use
+	 *                                        'this_model_only'. If you want to use all default where conditions
+	 *                                        (default), set to 'all'.
+	 * @var string  $caps                     controls what capability requirements to apply to the query; ie, should
+	 *                                        we just NOT apply any capabilities/permissions/restrictions and return
+	 *                                        everything? Or should we only show the current user items they should be
+	 *                                        able to view on the frontend, backend, edit, or delete? can be set to
+	 *                                        'none' (default), 'read_frontend', 'read_backend', 'edit' or 'delete'
+	 *                                        }
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]  *note that there is NO option to pass the output type. If you want results different
+	 *                                        from EE_Base_Class[], use _get_all_wpdb_results()and make it public
+	 *                                        again. Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model.
+	 *                                        if not, numerically indexed) Some full examples: get 10 transactions
+	 *                                        which have Scottish attendees: EEM_Transaction::instance()->get_all(
+	 *                                        array( array(
+	 *                                        'OR'=>array(
+	 *                                        'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname'=>array('like','Mc%'),
+	 *                                        'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname*other'=>array('like','Mac%')
+	 *                                        )
+	 *                                        ),
+	 *                                        'limit'=>10,
+	 *                                        'group_by'=>'TXN_ID'
+	 *                                        ));
+	 *                                        get all the answers to the question titled "shirt size" for event with id
+	 *                                        12, ordered by their answer EEM_Answer::instance()->get_all(array( array(
+	 *                                        'Question.QST_display_text'=>'shirt size',
+	 *                                        'Registration.Event.EVT_ID'=>12
+	 *                                        ),
+	 *                                        'order_by'=>array('ANS_value'=>'ASC')
+	 *                                        ));
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_all($query_params = array())
+	{
+		if (isset($query_params['limit'])
+			&& ! isset($query_params['group_by'])
+		) {
+			$query_params['group_by'] = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
+		}
+		return $this->_create_objects($this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, null));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Modifies the query parameters so we only get back model objects
+	 * that "belong" to the current user
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+	 * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all
+	 */
+	public function alter_query_params_to_only_include_mine($query_params = array())
+	{
+		$wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
+		if ($wp_user_field_name) {
+			$query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
+		}
+		return $query_params;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the name of the field's name that points to the WP_User table
+	 *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
+	 * foreign key to the WP_User table)
+	 *
+	 * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
+	 * foreign key to the WP_User table
+	 */
+	public function wp_user_field_name()
+	{
+		try {
+			if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
+				$models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
+				$last_model_name = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
+				$model_with_fk_to_wp_users = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
+				$model_chain_to_wp_user = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
+			} else {
+				$model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
+				$model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
+			}
+			$wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
+			return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the _model_chain_to_wp_user string, which indicates which related model
+	 * (or transiently-related model) has a foreign key to the wp_users table;
+	 * useful for finding if model objects of this type are 'owned' by the current user.
+	 * This is an empty string when the foreign key is on this model and when it isn't,
+	 * but is only non-empty when this model's ownership is indicated by a RELATED model
+	 * (or transiently-related model)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function model_chain_to_wp_user()
+	{
+		return $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether this model is 'owned' by a specific wordpress user (even indirectly,
+	 * like how registrations don't have a foreign key to wp_users, but the
+	 * events they are for are), or is unrelated to wp users.
+	 * generally available
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_owned()
+	{
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_wp_user()) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		try {
+			$this->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
+			return true;
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used internally to get WPDB results, because other functions, besides get_all, may want to do some queries, but
+	 * may want to preserve the WPDB results (eg, update, which first queries to make sure we have all the tables on
+	 * the model)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params      like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
+	 * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
+	 * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+	 *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
+	 *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
+	 *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
+	 *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
+	 *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
+	 *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
+	 *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
+	 * @return array | stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = array(), $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$this->_custom_selections = $this->getCustomSelection($query_params, $columns_to_select);
+		;
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$select_expressions = $columns_to_select === null
+			? $this->_construct_default_select_sql($model_query_info)
+			: '';
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+			$custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
+			$select_expressions .= $select_expressions
+				? ', ' . $custom_expressions
+				: $custom_expressions;
+		}
+
+		$SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', array($SQL, $output));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a CustomSelects object if the $query_params or $columns_to_select allows for it.
+	 * Note: $query_params['extra_selects'] will always override any $columns_to_select values. It is the preferred
+	 * method of including extra select information.
+	 *
+	 * @param array             $query_params
+	 * @param null|array|string $columns_to_select
+	 * @return null|CustomSelects
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$selects = isset($query_params['extra_selects']) ? $query_params['extra_selects'] : $columns_to_select;
+		$selects = is_string($selects) ? explode(',', $selects) : $selects;
+		return new CustomSelects($selects);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of rows from the database just like $wpdb->get_results would,
+	 * but you can use the $query_params like on EEM_Base::get_all() to more easily
+	 * take care of joins, field preparation etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params      like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
+	 * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
+	 * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+	 *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
+	 *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
+	 *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
+	 *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
+	 *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
+	 *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
+	 *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
+	 * @return array|stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = array(), $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, $output, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For creating a custom select statement
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $columns_to_select either a string to be inserted directly as the select statement,
+	 *                                 or an array where keys are aliases, and values are arrays where 0=>the selection
+	 *                                 SQL, and 1=>is the datatype
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _construct_select_from_input($columns_to_select)
+	{
+		if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
+			$select_sql_array = array();
+			foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
+				if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							__(
+								"Custom selection %s (alias %s) needs to be an array like array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%%d')",
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$selection_and_datatype,
+							$alias
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Datatype %s (for selection '%s' and alias '%s') is not a valid wpdb datatype (eg %%s)",
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$selection_and_datatype[1],
+							$selection_and_datatype[0],
+							$alias,
+							implode(', ', $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$select_sql_array[] = "{$selection_and_datatype[0]} AS $alias";
+			}
+			$columns_to_select_string = implode(', ', $select_sql_array);
+		} else {
+			$columns_to_select_string = $columns_to_select;
+		}
+		return $columns_to_select_string;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Convenient wrapper for getting the primary key field's name. Eg, on Registration, this would be 'REG_ID'
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function primary_key_name()
+	{
+		return $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given only its ID (or null if none is found).
+	 * If there is no primary key on this model, $id is treated as primary key string
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id int or string, depending on the type of the model's primary key
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function get_one_by_ID($id)
+	{
+		if ($this->get_from_entity_map($id)) {
+			return $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		}
+		return $this->get_one(
+			$this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+				$id,
+				array('default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Alters query parameters to only get items with this ID are returned.
+	 * Takes into account that the ID might be a string produced by EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string(),
+	 * or could just be a simple primary key ID
+	 *
+	 * @param int   $id
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return array of normal query params, @see EEM_Base::get_all
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
+			$query_params[0] = array();
+		}
+		$conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
+		if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
+			$query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
+		} else {
+			// no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
+			$query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
+		}
+		return $query_params;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given the $query_params. Only returns a single class, not an
+	 * array. If no item is found, null is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base's $query_params variable.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|NULL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_one($query_params = array())
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::get_one',
+				sprintf(
+					__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = array();
+		}
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$items = $this->get_all($query_params);
+		if (empty($items)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return array_shift($items);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next x number of items in sequence from the given value as
+	 * found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
+	 *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
+	 *                                      columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function next_x(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		return $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'>',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			$limit,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous x number of items in sequence from the given value
+	 * as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
+	 *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
+	 *                                      columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function previous_x(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		return $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'<',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			$limit,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next item in sequence from the given value as found in the
+	 * database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
+	 *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
+	 *                                      can indicate just the columns you
+	 *                                      want and a single array indexed by
+	 *                                      the columns will be returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function next(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$results = $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'>',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			1,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+		return empty($results) ? null : reset($results);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous item in sequence from the given value as found in
+	 * the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
+	 *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
+	 *                                      can indicate just the columns you
+	 *                                      want and a single array indexed by
+	 *                                      the columns will be returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function previous(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$results = $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'<',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			1,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+		return empty($results) ? null : reset($results);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the a consecutive number of items in sequence from the given
+	 * value as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $current_field_value   Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param string $operand               What operand is used for the sequence.
+	 * @param string $field_to_order_by     What field is used for the reference point.
+	 * @param int    $limit                 How many to return.
+	 * @param array  $query_params          Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null   $columns_to_select     If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_consecutive(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$operand = '>',
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		// if $field_to_order_by is empty then let's assume we're ordering by the primary key.
+		if (empty($field_to_order_by)) {
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$field_to_order_by = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+			} else {
+				if (WP_DEBUG) {
+					throw new EE_Error(__(
+						'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive() has been called with no $field_to_order_by argument and there is no primary key on the field.  Please provide the field you would like to use as the base for retrieving the next item(s).',
+						'event_espresso'
+					));
+				}
+				EE_Error::add_error(__('There was an error with the query.', 'event_espresso'));
+				return array();
+			}
+		}
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
+				sprintf(
+					__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = array();
+		}
+		// let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
+		$query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = array($operand, $current_field_value);
+		$query_params['limit'] = $limit;
+		// set direction
+		$incoming_orderby = isset($query_params['order_by']) ? (array) $query_params['order_by'] : array();
+		$query_params['order_by'] = $operand === '>'
+			? array($field_to_order_by => 'ASC') + $incoming_orderby
+			: array($field_to_order_by => 'DESC') + $incoming_orderby;
+		// if $columns_to_select is empty then that means we're returning EE_Base_Class objects
+		if (empty($columns_to_select)) {
+			return $this->get_all($query_params);
+		}
+		// getting just the fields
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the _timezone property after model object has been instantiated.
+	 *
+	 * @param null | string $timezone valid PHP DateTimeZone timezone string
+	 */
+	public function set_timezone($timezone)
+	{
+		if ($timezone !== null) {
+			$this->_timezone = $timezone;
+		}
+		// note we need to loop through relations and set the timezone on those objects as well.
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation) {
+			$relation->set_timezone($timezone);
+		}
+		// and finally we do the same for any datetime fields
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+				$field->set_timezone($timezone);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_timezone()
+	{
+		// first validate if timezone is set.  If not, then let's set it be whatever is set on the model fields.
+		if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
+			foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
+				if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+					$this->set_timezone($field->get_timezone());
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// if timezone STILL empty then return the default timezone for the site.
+		if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
+			$this->set_timezone(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone());
+		}
+		return $this->_timezone;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the date formats set for the given field name and also ensures that
+	 * $this->_timezone property is set correctly.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
+	 * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
+	 * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
+	 * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
+	 */
+	public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		// if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
+		if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			), $field_name));
+		}
+		// while we are here, let's make sure the timezone internally in EEM_Base matches what is stored on
+		// the field.
+		$this->_timezone = $field_settings->get_timezone();
+		return array($field_settings->get_date_format($pretty), $field_settings->get_time_format($pretty));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the current time in a format setup for a query on this model.
+	 * Usage of this method makes it easier to setup queries against EE_Datetime_Field columns because
+	 * it will return:
+	 *  - a formatted string in the timezone and format currently set on the EE_Datetime_Field for the given field for
+	 *  NOW
+	 *  - or a unix timestamp (equivalent to time())
+	 * Note: When requesting a formatted string, if the date or time format doesn't include seconds, for example,
+	 * the time returned, because it uses that format, will also NOT include seconds. For this reason, if you want
+	 * the time returned to be the current time down to the exact second, set $timestamp to true.
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 * @param string $field_name       The field the current time is needed for.
+	 * @param bool   $timestamp        True means to return a unix timestamp. Otherwise a
+	 *                                 formatted string matching the set format for the field in the set timezone will
+	 *                                 be returned.
+	 * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
+	 * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
+	 * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
+	 *                                 exception is triggered.
+	 */
+	public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
+	{
+		$formats = $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
+		$DateTime = new DateTime("now", new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+		if ($timestamp) {
+			return $DateTime->format('U');
+		}
+		// not returning timestamp, so return formatted string in timezone.
+		switch ($what) {
+			case 'time':
+				return $DateTime->format($formats[1]);
+				break;
+			case 'date':
+				return $DateTime->format($formats[0]);
+				break;
+			default:
+				return $DateTime->format(implode(' ', $formats));
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This receives a time string for a given field and ensures that it is setup to match what the internal settings
+	 * for the model are.  Returns a DateTime object.
+	 * Note: a gotcha for when you send in unix timestamp.  Remember a unix timestamp is already timezone agnostic,
+	 * (functionally the equivalent of UTC+0).  So when you send it in, whatever timezone string you include is
+	 * ignored.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name      The field being setup.
+	 * @param string $timestring      The date time string being used.
+	 * @param string $incoming_format The format for the time string.
+	 * @param string $timezone        By default, it is assumed the incoming time string is in timezone for
+	 *                                the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If incoming
+	 *                                format is
+	 *                                'U', this is ignored.
+	 * @return DateTime
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function convert_datetime_for_query($field_name, $timestring, $incoming_format, $timezone = '')
+	{
+		// just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
+		$this->get_formats_for($field_name);
+		// load EEH_DTT_Helper
+		$set_timezone = empty($timezone) ? EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone() : $timezone;
+		$incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($set_timezone));
+		EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+		return \EventEspresso\core\domain\entities\DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the tables comprising this model. Array keys are the table aliases, and values are EE_Table objects
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Table_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function get_tables()
+	{
+		return $this->_tables;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates all the database entries (in each table for this model) according to $fields_n_values and optionally
+	 * also updates all the model objects, where the criteria expressed in $query_params are met..
+	 * Also note: if this model has multiple tables, this update verifies all the secondary tables have an entry for
+	 * each row (in the primary table) we're trying to update; if not, it inserts an entry in the secondary table. Eg:
+	 * if our model has 2 tables: wp_posts (primary), and wp_esp_event (secondary). Let's say we are trying to update a
+	 * model object with EVT_ID = 1
+	 * (which means where wp_posts has ID = 1, because wp_posts.ID is the primary key's column), which exists, but
+	 * there is no entry in wp_esp_event for this entry in wp_posts. So, this update script will insert a row into
+	 * wp_esp_event, using any available parameters from $fields_n_values (eg, if "EVT_limit" => 40 is in
+	 * $fields_n_values, the new entry in wp_esp_event will set EVT_limit = 40, and use default for other columns which
+	 * are not specified)
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $fields_n_values         keys are model fields (exactly like keys in EEM_Base::_fields, NOT db
+	 *                                         columns!), values are strings, ints, floats, and maybe arrays if they
+	 *                                         are to be serialized. Basically, the values are what you'd expect to be
+	 *                                         values on the model, NOT necessarily what's in the DB. For example, if
+	 *                                         we wanted to update only the TXN_details on any Transactions where its
+	 *                                         ID=34, we'd use this method as follows:
+	 *                                         EEM_Transaction::instance()->update(
+	 *                                         array('TXN_details'=>array('detail1'=>'monkey','detail2'=>'banana'),
+	 *                                         array(array('TXN_ID'=>34)));
+	 * @param array   $query_params            very much like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
+	 *                                         in client code into what's expected to be stored on each field. Eg,
+	 *                                         consider updating Question's QST_admin_label field is of type
+	 *                                         Simple_HTML. If you use this function to update that field to $new_value
+	 *                                         = (note replace 8's with appropriate opening and closing tags in the
+	 *                                         following example)"8script8alert('I hack all');8/script88b8boom
+	 *                                         baby8/b8", then if you set $values_already_prepared_by_model_object to
+	 *                                         TRUE, it is assumed that you've already called
+	 *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value), which removes the
+	 *                                         malicious javascript. However, if
+	 *                                         $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is left as FALSE, then
+	 *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value) will be called on it,
+	 *                                         and every other field, before insertion. We provide this parameter
+	 *                                         because model objects perform their prepare_for_set function on all
+	 *                                         their values, and so don't need to be called again (and in many cases,
+	 *                                         shouldn't be called again. Eg: if we escape HTML characters in the
+	 *                                         prepare_for_set method...)
+	 * @param boolean $keep_model_objs_in_sync if TRUE, makes sure we ALSO update model objects
+	 *                                         in this model's entity map according to $fields_n_values that match
+	 *                                         $query_params. This obviously has some overhead, so you can disable it
+	 *                                         by setting this to FALSE, but be aware that model objects being used
+	 *                                         could get out-of-sync with the database
+	 * @return int how many rows got updated or FALSE if something went wrong with the query (wp returns FALSE or num
+	 *                                         rows affected which *could* include 0 which DOES NOT mean the query was
+	 *                                         bad)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::update',
+				sprintf(
+					__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = array();
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Action called before a model update call has been made.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__begin', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params);
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields about to be updated given the query parameters. You can provide the
+		 * $query_params to $this->get_all() to find exactly which records will be updated
+		 *
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their new values
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model           the model being queried
+		 * @param array    $query_params    see EEM_Base::get_all()
+		 */
+		$fields_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__update__fields_n_values',
+			$fields_n_values,
+			$this,
+			$query_params
+		);
+		// need to verify that, for any entry we want to update, there are entries in each secondary table.
+		// to do that, for each table, verify that it's PK isn't null.
+		$tables = $this->get_tables();
+		// and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
+		// NOTE: we should make this code more efficient by NOT querying twice
+		// before the real update, but that needs to first go through ALPHA testing
+		// as it's dangerous. says Mike August 8 2014
+		// we want to make sure the default_where strategy is ignored
+		$this->_ignore_where_strategy = true;
+		$wpdb_select_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+		foreach ($wpdb_select_results as $wpdb_result) {
+			// type cast stdClass as array
+			$wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
+			// get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+			} else {
+				// if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
+				$main_table_pk_value = null;
+			}
+			// if there are more than 1 tables, we'll want to verify that each table for this model has an entry in the other tables
+			// and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
+			if (count($tables) > 1) {
+				// foreach matching row in the DB, ensure that each table's PK isn't null. If so, there must not be an entry
+				// in that table, and so we'll want to insert one
+				foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
+					$this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
+					// if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
+					// in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
+					if (! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
+						   && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
+					) {
+						$success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
+							$table_obj,
+							$fields_n_values,
+							$main_table_pk_value
+						);
+						// if we died here, report the error
+						if (! $success) {
+							return false;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			//              //and now check that if we have cached any models by that ID on the model, that
+			//              //they also get updated properly
+			//              $model_object = $this->get_from_entity_map( $main_table_pk_value );
+			//              if( $model_object ){
+			//                  foreach( $fields_n_values as $field => $value ){
+			//                      $model_object->set($field, $value);
+			// let's make sure default_where strategy is followed now
+			$this->_ignore_where_strategy = false;
+		}
+		// if we want to keep model objects in sync, AND
+		// if this wasn't called from a model object (to update itself)
+		// then we want to make sure we keep all the existing
+		// model objects in sync with the db
+		if ($keep_model_objs_in_sync && ! $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$model_objs_affected_ids = $this->get_col($query_params);
+			} else {
+				// we need to select a bunch of columns and then combine them into the the "index primary key string"s
+				$models_affected_key_columns = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A);
+				$model_objs_affected_ids = array();
+				foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
+					$combined_index_key = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
+					$model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
+				// wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
+				return 0;
+			}
+			foreach ($model_objs_affected_ids as $id) {
+				$model_obj_in_entity_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+				if ($model_obj_in_entity_map) {
+					foreach ($fields_n_values as $field => $new_value) {
+						$model_obj_in_entity_map->set($field, $new_value);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// if there is a primary key on this model, we can now do a slight optimization
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				// we already know what we want to update. So let's make the query simpler so it's a little more efficient
+				$query_params = array(
+					array($this->primary_key_name() => array('IN', $model_objs_affected_ids)),
+					'limit'                    => count($model_objs_affected_ids),
+					'default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none,
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$SQL = "UPDATE "
+			   . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+			   . " SET "
+			   . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+			   . $model_query_info->get_where_sql();// note: doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query() because doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
+		$rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', array($SQL));
+		/**
+		 * Action called after a model update call has been made.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+		 * @param int      $rows_affected
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
+		return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Analogous to $wpdb->get_col, returns a 1-dimensional array where teh values
+	 * are teh values of the field specified (or by default the primary key field)
+	 * that matched the query params. Note that you should pass the name of the
+	 * model FIELD, not the database table's column name.
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+	 * @param string $field_to_select
+	 * @return array just like $wpdb->get_col()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_col($query_params = array(), $field_to_select = null)
+	{
+		if ($field_to_select) {
+			$field = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_select);
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+		} else {
+			// no primary key, just grab the first column
+			$field = reset($this->field_settings());
+		}
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
+		$SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', array($SQL));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a single column value for a single row from the database
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params    @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+	 * @param string $field_to_select @see EEM_Base::get_col()
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_var($query_params = array(), $field_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$col = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
+		if (! empty($col)) {
+			return reset($col);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Makes the SQL for after "UPDATE table_X inner join table_Y..." and before "...WHERE". Eg "Question.name='party
+	 * time?', Question.desc='what do you think?',..." Values are filtered through wpdb->prepare to avoid against SQL
+	 * injection, but currently no further filtering is done
+	 *
+	 * @global      $wpdb
+	 * @param array $fields_n_values array keys are field names on this model, and values are what those fields should
+	 *                               be updated to in the DB
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		$cols_n_values = array();
+		foreach ($fields_n_values as $field_name => $value) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+			// if the value is NULL, we want to assign the value to that.
+			// wpdb->prepare doesn't really handle that properly
+			$prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
+			$value_sql = $prepared_value === null ? 'NULL'
+				: $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
+			$cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
+		}
+		return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
+	 * Performs a HARD delete, meaning the database row should always be removed,
+	 * not just have a flag field on it switched
+	 * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete_permanently()
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id
+	 * @param boolean $allow_blocking
+	 * @return int the number of rows deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently_by_ID($id, $allow_blocking = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently(
+			array(
+				array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id),
+				'limit' => 1,
+			),
+			$allow_blocking
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
+	 * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete()
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id
+	 * @param boolean $allow_blocking
+	 * @return int the number of rows deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_by_ID($id, $allow_blocking = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete(
+			array(
+				array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id),
+				'limit' => 1,
+			),
+			$allow_blocking
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Identical to delete_permanently, but does a "soft" delete if possible,
+	 * meaning if the model has a field that indicates its been "trashed" or
+	 * "soft deleted", we will just set that instead of actually deleting the rows.
+	 *
+	 * @see EEM_Base::delete_permanently
+	 * @param array   $query_params
+	 * @param boolean $allow_blocking
+	 * @return int how many rows got deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete($query_params, $allow_blocking = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently($query_params, $allow_blocking);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes the model objects that meet the query params. Note: this method is overridden
+	 * in EEM_Soft_Delete_Base so that soft-deleted model objects are instead only flagged
+	 * as archived, not actually deleted
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $query_params   very much like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params
+	 * @param boolean $allow_blocking if TRUE, matched objects will only be deleted if there is no related model info
+	 *                                that blocks it (ie, there' sno other data that depends on this data); if false,
+	 *                                deletes regardless of other objects which may depend on it. Its generally
+	 *                                advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could easily corrupt your
+	 *                                DB
+	 * @return int how many rows got deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently($query_params, $allow_blocking = true)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Action called just before performing a real deletion query. You can use the
+		 * model and its $query_params to find exactly which items will be deleted
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $query_params   @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+		 * @param boolean  $allow_blocking whether or not to allow related model objects
+		 *                                 to block (prevent) this deletion
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__begin', $this, $query_params, $allow_blocking);
+		// some MySQL databases may be running safe mode, which may restrict
+		// deletion if there is no KEY column used in the WHERE statement of a deletion.
+		// to get around this, we first do a SELECT, get all the IDs, and then run another query
+		// to delete them
+		$items_for_deletion = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+		$columns_and_ids_for_deleting = $this->_get_ids_for_delete($items_for_deletion, $allow_blocking);
+		$deletion_where_query_part = $this->_build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(
+			$columns_and_ids_for_deleting
+		);
+		/**
+		 * Allows client code to act on the items being deleted before the query is actually executed.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $this  The model instance being acted on.
+		 * @param array    $query_params  The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
+		 * @param bool     $allow_blocking @see param description in method phpdoc block.
+		 * @param array $columns_and_ids_for_deleting       An array indicating what entities will get removed as
+		 *                                                  derived from the incoming query parameters.
+		 *                                                  @see details on the structure of this array in the phpdocs
+		 *                                                  for the `_get_ids_for_delete_method`
+		 *
+		 */
+		do_action(
+			'AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__before_query',
+			$this,
+			$query_params,
+			$allow_blocking,
+			$columns_and_ids_for_deleting
+		);
+		if ($deletion_where_query_part) {
+			$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+			$table_aliases = array_keys($this->_tables);
+			$SQL = "DELETE "
+				   . implode(", ", $table_aliases)
+				   . " FROM "
+				   . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+				   . " WHERE "
+				   . $deletion_where_query_part;
+			$rows_deleted = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', array($SQL));
+		} else {
+			$rows_deleted = 0;
+		}
+
+		// Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
+		// there was no error with the delete query.
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()
+			&& $rows_deleted !== false
+			&& isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
+		) {
+			$ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+			foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
+				if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
+					unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// delete any extra meta attached to the deleted entities but ONLY if this model is not an instance of
+			// `EEM_Extra_Meta`.  In other words we want to prevent recursion on EEM_Extra_Meta::delete_permanently calls
+			// unnecessarily.  It's very unlikely that users will have assigned Extra Meta to Extra Meta
+			// (although it is possible).
+			// Note this can be skipped by using the provided filter and returning false.
+			if (apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EEM_Base__delete_permanently__dont_delete_extra_meta_for_extra_meta',
+				! $this instanceof EEM_Extra_Meta,
+				$this
+			)) {
+				EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete_permanently(array(
+					0 => array(
+						'EXM_type' => $this->get_this_model_name(),
+						'OBJ_ID'   => array(
+							'IN',
+							$ids_for_removal
+						)
+					)
+				));
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Action called just after performing a real deletion query. Although at this point the
+		 * items should have been deleted
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $query_params @see EEM_Base::get_all()
+		 * @param int      $rows_deleted
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
+		return $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks all the relations that throw error messages when there are blocking related objects
+	 * for related model objects. If there are any related model objects on those relations,
+	 * adds an EE_Error, and return true
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $this_model_obj_or_id
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class     $ignore_this_model_obj a model object like 'EE_Event', or 'EE_Term_Taxonomy', which
+	 *                                                 should be ignored when determining whether there are related
+	 *                                                 model objects which block this model object's deletion. Useful
+	 *                                                 if you know A is related to B and are considering deleting A,
+	 *                                                 but want to see if A has any other objects blocking its deletion
+	 *                                                 before removing the relation between A and B
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_is_blocked_by_related_models($this_model_obj_or_id, $ignore_this_model_obj = null)
+	{
+		// first, if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, get its model
+		if ($ignore_this_model_obj && $ignore_this_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$ignored_model = $ignore_this_model_obj->get_model();
+		} else {
+			$ignored_model = null;
+		}
+		// now check all the relations of $this_model_obj_or_id and see if there
+		// are any related model objects blocking it?
+		$is_blocked = false;
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj->block_delete_if_related_models_exist()) {
+				// if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, then for the query
+				// on that model needs to be told to ignore $ignore_this_model_obj
+				if ($ignored_model && $relation_name === $ignored_model->get_this_model_name()) {
+					$related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id, array(
+						array(
+							$ignored_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => array(
+								'!=',
+								$ignore_this_model_obj->ID(),
+							),
+						),
+					));
+				} else {
+					$related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id);
+				}
+				if ($related_model_objects) {
+					EE_Error::add_error($relation_obj->get_deletion_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+					$is_blocked = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $is_blocked;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Builds the columns and values for items to delete from the incoming $row_results_for_deleting array.
+	 * @param array $row_results_for_deleting
+	 * @param bool  $allow_blocking
+	 * @return array   The shape of this array depends on whether the model `has_primary_key_field` or not.  If the
+	 *                 model DOES have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a simple single dimension array where
+	 *                 the key is the fully qualified primary key column and the value is an array of ids that will be
+	 *                 deleted. Example:
+	 *                      array('Event.EVT_ID' => array( 1,2,3))
+	 *                 If the model DOES NOT have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a two dimensional array
+	 *                 where each element is a group of columns and values that get deleted. Example:
+	 *                      array(
+	 *                          0 => array(
+	 *                              'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
+	 *                              'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 5
+	 *                          ),
+	 *                          1 => array(
+	 *                              'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
+	 *                              'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 6
+	 *                          )
+	 *                      )
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_ids_for_delete(array $row_results_for_deleting, $allow_blocking = true)
+	{
+		$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = array();
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$primary_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$primary_table_pk_field = $this->get_field_by_column($primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column());
+			$other_tables = $this->_get_other_tables();
+			$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = $query = array();
+			foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
+				// before we mark this item for deletion,
+				// make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
+				if ($allow_blocking
+					&& $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
+						$item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
+					)
+				) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				// primary table deletes
+				if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
+					$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
+						$item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
+				}
+			}
+		} elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
+			$fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
+			foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
+				$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = array();
+				foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
+					if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+						$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
+							$item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
+					}
+				}
+				$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
+			}
+		} else {
+			// so there's no primary key and no combined key...
+			// sorry, can't help you
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						"Cannot delete objects of type %s because there is no primary key NOR combined key",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					get_class($this)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This receives an array of columns and values set to be deleted (as prepared by _get_ids_for_delete) and prepares
+	 * the corresponding query_part for the query performing the delete.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column @see _get_ids_for_delete for how this array might be shaped.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)
+	{
+		$query_part = '';
+		if (empty($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)) {
+			return $query_part;
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$query = array();
+			foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
+				// make sure we have unique $ids
+				$ids = array_unique($ids);
+				$query[] = $column . ' IN(' . implode(',', $ids) . ')';
+			}
+			$query_part = ! empty($query) ? implode(' AND ', $query) : $query_part;
+		} elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
+			$ways_to_identify_a_row = array();
+			foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
+				$values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = array();
+				foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
+					$values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
+				}
+				$ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
+											. implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
+											. ')';
+			}
+			$query_part = implode(' OR ', $ways_to_identify_a_row);
+		}
+		return $query_part;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model field by the fully qualified name
+	 * @param string $qualified_column_name eg 'Event_CPT.post_name' or $field_obj->get_qualified_column()
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 */
+	public function get_field_by_column($qualified_column_name)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if ($field_obj->get_qualified_column() === $qualified_column_name) {
+				return $field_obj;
+			}
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__('Could not find a field on the model "%1$s" for qualified column "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
+				$this->get_this_model_name(),
+				$qualified_column_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Count all the rows that match criteria expressed in $query_params (an array just like arg to EEM_Base::get_all).
+	 * If $field_to_count isn't provided, the model's primary key is used. Otherwise, we count by field_to_count's
+	 * column
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params   like EEM_Base::get_all's
+	 * @param string $field_to_count field on model to count by (not column name)
+	 * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
+	 *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function count($query_params = array(), $field_to_count = null, $distinct = false)
+	{
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		if ($field_to_count) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_count);
+			$column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$pk_field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			$column_to_count = $pk_field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		} else {
+			// there's no primary key
+			// if we're counting distinct items, and there's no primary key,
+			// we need to list out the columns for distinction;
+			// otherwise we can just use star
+			if ($distinct) {
+				$columns_to_use = array();
+				foreach ($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields() as $field_obj) {
+					$columns_to_use[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+				}
+				$column_to_count = implode(',', $columns_to_use);
+			} else {
+				$column_to_count = '*';
+			}
+		}
+		$column_to_count = $distinct ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count : $column_to_count;
+		$SQL = "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', array($SQL));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sums up the value of the $field_to_sum (defaults to the primary key, which isn't terribly useful)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all
+	 * @param string $field_to_sum name of field (array key in $_fields array)
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function sum($query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		if ($field_to_sum) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_sum);
+		} else {
+			$field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+		}
+		$column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		$SQL = "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		$return_value = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', array($SQL));
+		$data_type = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+		if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
+			return (float) $return_value;
+		}
+		// must be %f
+		return (float) $return_value;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just calls the specified method on $wpdb with the given arguments
+	 * Consolidates a little extra error handling code
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global wpdb  $wpdb
+	 * @return mixed
+	 */
+	protected function _do_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		// if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
+		// because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
+		// is probably out of sync with the code
+		if (! EE_Maintenance_Mode::instance()->models_can_query()) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				"Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
+				"event_espresso"
+			)));
+		}
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
+				'event_espresso'
+			), $wpdb_method));
+		}
+		if (WP_DEBUG) {
+			$old_show_errors_value = $wpdb->show_errors;
+			$wpdb->show_errors(false);
+		}
+		$result = $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+		$this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
+		if (WP_DEBUG) {
+			$wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
+			if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
+			}
+			if ($result === false) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+					'WPDB Error occurred, but no error message was logged by wpdb! The wpdb method called was "%1$s" and the arguments were "%2$s"',
+					'event_espresso'
+				), $wpdb_method, var_export($arguments_to_provide, true)));
+			}
+		} elseif ($result === false) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						'A database error has occurred. Turn on WP_DEBUG for more information.||A database error occurred doing wpdb method "%1$s", with arguments "%2$s". The error was "%3$s"',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$wpdb_method,
+					var_export($arguments_to_provide, true),
+					$wpdb->last_error
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Attempts to run the indicated WPDB method with the provided arguments,
+	 * and if there's an error tries to verify the DB is correct. Uses
+	 * the static property EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level to determine whether
+	 * we should try to fix the EE core db, the addons, or just give up
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return mixed
+	 */
+	private function _process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		$wpdb->last_error = null;
+		$result = call_user_func_array(array($wpdb, $wpdb_method), $arguments_to_provide);
+		// was there an error running the query? but we don't care on new activations
+		// (we're going to setup the DB anyway on new activations)
+		if (($result === false || ! empty($wpdb->last_error))
+			&& EE_System::instance()->detect_req_type() !== EE_System::req_type_new_activation
+		) {
+			switch (EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level) {
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_none:
+					// let's double-check core's DB
+					$error_message = $this->_verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+					break;
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_core:
+					// STILL NO LOVE?? verify all the addons too. Maybe they need to be fixed
+					$error_message = $this->_verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+					break;
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_addons:
+					// ummmm... you in trouble
+					return $result;
+					break;
+			}
+			if (! empty($error_message)) {
+				EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
+				trigger_error($error_message);
+			}
+			return $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the EE core database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
+	 * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		// ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the core db, in case the problem persists
+		EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_core;
+		$error_message = sprintf(
+			__(
+				'WPDB Error "%1$s" while running wpdb method "%2$s" with arguments %3$s. Automatically attempting to fix EE Core DB',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			$wpdb->last_error,
+			$wpdb_method,
+			wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
+		);
+		EE_System::instance()->initialize_db_if_no_migrations_required(false, true);
+		return $error_message;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
+	 * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
+	 *
+	 * @param $wpdb_method
+	 * @param $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		// ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the addons dbs, in case the problem persists
+		EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_addons;
+		$error_message = sprintf(
+			__(
+				'WPDB AGAIN: Error "%1$s" while running the same method and arguments as before. Automatically attempting to fix EE Addons DB',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			$wpdb->last_error,
+			$wpdb_method,
+			wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
+		);
+		EE_System::instance()->initialize_addons();
+		return $error_message;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * In order to avoid repeating this code for the get_all, sum, and count functions, put the code parts
+	 * that are identical in here. Returns a string of SQL of everything in a SELECT query except the beginning
+	 * SELECT clause, eg " FROM wp_posts AS Event INNER JOIN ... WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT ... GROUP BY ... HAVING
+	 * ..."
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
+	{
+		return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to easily debug the next X queries ran from this model.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $count
+	 */
+	public function show_next_x_db_queries($count = 1)
+	{
+		$this->_show_next_x_db_queries = $count;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $sql_query
+	 */
+	public function show_db_query_if_previously_requested($sql_query)
+	{
+		if ($this->_show_next_x_db_queries > 0) {
+			echo $sql_query;
+			$this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
+	 * There are the 3 cases:
+	 * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $other_model_id_or_obj's primary_key. If
+	 * $otherModelObject has no ID, it is first saved.
+	 * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $other_model_id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $id_or_obj's primary_key. If $id_or_obj
+	 * has no ID, it is first saved.
+	 * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships: checks that there isn't already an entry in the join table, and adds one.
+	 * If one of the model Objects has not yet been saved to the database, it is saved before adding the entry in the
+	 * join table
+	 *
+	 * @param        EE_Base_Class                     /int $thisModelObject
+	 * @param        EE_Base_Class                     /int $id_or_obj EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
+	 * @param string $relationName                     , key in EEM_Base::_relations
+	 *                                                 an attendee to a group, you also want to specify which role they
+	 *                                                 will have in that group. So you would use this parameter to
+	 *                                                 specify array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
+	 * @param array  $extra_join_model_fields_n_values This allows you to enter further query params for the relation
+	 *                                                 to for relation to methods that allow you to further specify
+	 *                                                 extra columns to join by (such as HABTM).  Keep in mind that the
+	 *                                                 only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
+	 *                                                 because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class which was added as a relation. Object referred to by $other_model_id_or_obj
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function add_relationship_to(
+		$id_or_obj,
+		$other_model_id_or_obj,
+		$relationName,
+		$extra_join_model_fields_n_values = array()
+	) {
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->add_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $extra_join_model_fields_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
+	 * There are the 3 cases:
+	 * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $modelObject's foreign_key to null, if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws an
+	 * error
+	 * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $otherModelObject's foreign_key to null,if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws
+	 * an error
+	 * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships:removes any existing entry in the join table between the two models.
+	 *
+	 * @param        EE_Base_Class /int $id_or_obj
+	 * @param        EE_Base_Class /int $other_model_id_or_obj EE_Base_Class or ID of other Model Object
+	 * @param string $relationName key in EEM_Base::_relations
+	 * @return boolean of success
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @param array  $where_query  This allows you to enter further query params for the relation to for relation to
+	 *                             methods that allow you to further specify extra columns to join by (such as HABTM).
+	 *                             Keep in mind that the only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
+	 *                             because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
+	 */
+	public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = array())
+	{
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->remove_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $where_query);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed           $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string          $relationName
+	 * @param array           $where_query_params
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class[] objects to which relations were removed
+	 * @return \EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function remove_relations($id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query_params = array())
+	{
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->remove_relations($id_or_obj, $where_query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the related items of the specified $model_name, using $query_params.
+	 * Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
+	 * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $id_or_obj    EE_Base_Class child or its ID
+	 * @param string $model_name   like 'Event', 'Registration', etc. always singular
+	 * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_all_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = null)
+	{
+		$model_obj = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->get_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
+	 * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params.
+	 * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
+	 * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name
+	 * @param array                    $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		$model_obj = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->delete_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Hard deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
+	 * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params. If
+	 * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
+	 * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name
+	 * @param array                    $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete_related_permanently($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		$model_obj = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->delete_related_permanently($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
+	 * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param        int             /EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string $model_name     like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array  $query_params   like EEM_Base::get_all's
+	 * @param string $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
+	 *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function count_related(
+		$id_or_obj,
+		$model_name,
+		$query_params = array(),
+		$field_to_count = null,
+		$distinct = false
+	) {
+		$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+		// we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
+		// except add a condition to say to match the current mod
+		if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none;
+		}
+		$this_model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$this_pk_field_name = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+		$query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+		return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
+	 * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param        int           /EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array  $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's
+	 * @param string $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::sum_related',
+				sprintf(
+					__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = array();
+		}
+		// we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
+		// except add a condition to say to match the current mod
+		if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none;
+		}
+		$this_model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$this_pk_field_name = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+		$query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+		return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses $this->_relatedModels info to find the first related model object of relation $relationName to the given
+	 * $modelObject
+	 *
+	 * @param int | EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj        EE_Base_Class child or its ID
+	 * @param string              $other_model_name , key in $this->_relatedModels, eg 'Registration', or 'Events'
+	 * @param array               $query_params     like EEM_Base::get_all's
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_first_related(EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$results = $this->get_all_related($id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params);
+		if ($results) {
+			return array_shift($results);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model's name as it's expected in queries. For example, if this is EEM_Event model, that would be Event
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_this_model_name()
+	{
+		return str_replace("EEM_", "", get_class($this));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model field on this model which is of type EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_containing_related_model_name()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field) {
+				$field_with_model_name = $field;
+			}
+		}
+		if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+				__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
+				$this->get_this_model_name()
+			));
+		}
+		return $field_with_model_name;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Inserts a new entry into the database, for each table.
+	 * Note: does not add the item to the entity map because that is done by EE_Base_Class::save() right after this.
+	 * If client code uses EEM_Base::insert() directly, then although the item isn't in the entity map,
+	 * we also know there is no model object with the newly inserted item's ID at the moment (because
+	 * if there were, then they would already be in the DB and this would fail); and in the future if someone
+	 * creates a model object with this ID (or grabs it from the DB) then it will be added to the
+	 * entity map at that time anyways. SO, no need for EEM_Base::insert ot add to the entity map
+	 *
+	 * @param array $field_n_values keys are field names, values are their values (in the client code's domain if
+	 *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is false, in the model object's domain if
+	 *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is true. See comment about this at the top
+	 *                              of EEM_Base)
+	 * @return int new primary key on main table that got inserted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function insert($field_n_values)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields and their values before inserting an item using the models
+		 *
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values keys are the fields and values are their new values
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model           the model used
+		 */
+		$field_n_values = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__insert__fields_n_values', $field_n_values, $this);
+		if ($this->_satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values)) {
+			$main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$new_id = $this->_insert_into_specific_table($main_table, $field_n_values, false);
+			if ($new_id !== false) {
+				foreach ($this->_get_other_tables() as $other_table) {
+					$this->_insert_into_specific_table($other_table, $field_n_values, $new_id);
+				}
+			}
+			/**
+			 * Done just after attempting to insert a new model object
+			 *
+			 * @param EEM_Base   $model           used
+			 * @param array      $fields_n_values fields and their values
+			 * @param int|string the              ID of the newly-inserted model object
+			 */
+			do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__insert__end', $this, $field_n_values, $new_id);
+			return $new_id;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks that the result would satisfy the unique indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $field_n_values
+	 * @param string $action
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values, $action = 'insert')
+	{
+		foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $index_name => $index) {
+			$uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($field_n_values, $index->fields());
+			if ($this->exists(array($uniqueness_where_params))) {
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"Could not %s %s. %s uniqueness index failed. Fields %s must form a unique set, but an entry already exists with values %s.",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$action,
+						$this->_get_class_name(),
+						$index_name,
+						implode(",", $index->field_names()),
+						http_build_query($uniqueness_where_params)
+					),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks the database for an item that conflicts (ie, if this item were
+	 * saved to the DB would break some uniqueness requirement, like a primary key
+	 * or an index primary key set) with the item specified. $id_obj_or_fields_array
+	 * can be either an EE_Base_Class or an array of fields n values
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|array $obj_or_fields_array
+	 * @param boolean             $include_primary_key whether to use the model object's primary key
+	 *                                                 when looking for conflicts
+	 *                                                 (ie, if false, we ignore the model object's primary key
+	 *                                                 when finding "conflicts". If true, it's also considered).
+	 *                                                 Only works for INT primary key,
+	 *                                                 STRING primary keys cannot be ignored
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|array
+	 */
+	public function get_one_conflicting($obj_or_fields_array, $include_primary_key = true)
+	{
+		if ($obj_or_fields_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array->model_field_array();
+		} elseif (is_array($obj_or_fields_array)) {
+			$fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						"%s get_all_conflicting should be called with a model object or an array of field names and values, you provided %d",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					get_class($this),
+					$obj_or_fields_array
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$query_params = array();
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()
+			&& ($include_primary_key
+				|| $this->get_primary_key_field()
+				   instanceof
+				   EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
+			&& isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
+		) {
+			$query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
+			$uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
+			$query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
+		}
+		// if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
+		if (empty($query_params)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $this->get_one($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Like count, but is optimized and returns a boolean instead of an int
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function exists($query_params)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		return $this->count($query_params) > 0;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Wrapper for exists, except ignores default query parameters so we're only considering ID
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function exists_by_ID($id)
+	{
+		return $this->exists(
+			array(
+				'default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none,
+				array(
+					$this->primary_key_name() => $id,
+				),
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Inserts a new row in $table, using the $cols_n_values which apply to that table.
+	 * If a $new_id is supplied and if $table is an EE_Other_Table, we assume
+	 * we need to add a foreign key column to point to $new_id (which should be the primary key's value
+	 * on the main table)
+	 * This is protected rather than private because private is not accessible to any child methods and there MAY be
+	 * cases where we want to call it directly rather than via insert().
+	 *
+	 * @access   protected
+	 * @param EE_Table_Base $table
+	 * @param array         $fields_n_values each key should be in field's keys, and value should be an int, string or
+	 *                                       float
+	 * @param int           $new_id          for now we assume only int keys
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global WPDB         $wpdb            only used to get the $wpdb->insert_id after performing an insert
+	 * @return int ID of new row inserted, or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_into_specific_table(EE_Table_Base $table, $fields_n_values, $new_id = 0)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		$insertion_col_n_values = array();
+		$format_for_insertion = array();
+		$fields_on_table = $this->_get_fields_for_table($table->get_table_alias());
+		foreach ($fields_on_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			// check if its an auto-incrementing column, in which case we should just leave it to do its autoincrement thing
+			if ($field_obj->is_auto_increment()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			$prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
+			// if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
+			if ($prepared_value !== null) {
+				$insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
+				$format_for_insertion[] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+			}
+		}
+		if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
+			// its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
+			// so add the fk to the main table as a column
+			$insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
+			$format_for_insertion[] = '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
+		}
+		// insert the new entry
+		$result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
+			'insert',
+			array($table->get_table_name(), $insertion_col_n_values, $format_for_insertion)
+		);
+		if ($result === false) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// ok, now what do we return for the ID of the newly-inserted thing?
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if ($this->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+				return $wpdb->insert_id;
+			}
+			// it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
+			// it must have been supplied
+			return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
+		}
+		// we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
+		// a unique string indicating this model
+		return $this->get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepare the $field_obj 's value in $fields_n_values for use in the database.
+	 * If the field doesn't allow NULL, try to use its default. (If it doesn't allow NULL,
+	 * and there is no default, we pass it along. WPDB will take care of it)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
+	 * @param array               $fields_n_values
+	 * @return mixed string|int|float depending on what the table column will be expecting
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
+	{
+		// if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
+		if (! $field_obj->is_nullable()
+			&& (
+				! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ])
+				|| $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ] === null
+			)
+		) {
+			$fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+		}
+		$unprepared_value = isset($fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ])
+			? $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ]
+			: null;
+		return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Consolidates code for preparing  a value supplied to the model for use int eh db. Calls the field's
+	 * prepare_for_use_in_db method on the value, and depending on $value_already_prepare_by_model_obj, may also call
+	 * the field's prepare_for_set() method.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed               $value value in the client code domain if $value_already_prepared_by_model_object is
+	 *                                   false, otherwise a value in the model object's domain (see lengthy comment at
+	 *                                   top of file)
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field field which will be doing the preparing of the value. If null, we assume
+	 *                                   $value is a custom selection
+	 * @return mixed a value ready for use in the database for insertions, updating, or in a where clause
+	 */
+	private function _prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field)
+	{
+		if ($field && $field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			// phpcs:disable PSR2.ControlStructures.SwitchDeclaration.TerminatingComment
+			switch ($this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
+				/** @noinspection PhpMissingBreakStatementInspection */
+				case self::not_prepared_by_model_object:
+					$value = $field->prepare_for_set($value);
+				// purposefully left out "return"
+				case self::prepared_by_model_object:
+					/** @noinspection SuspiciousAssignmentsInspection */
+					$value = $field->prepare_for_use_in_db($value);
+				case self::prepared_for_use_in_db:
+					// leave the value alone
+			}
+			return $value;
+			// phpcs:enable
+		}
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the main table on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Table
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_main_table()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table) {
+			if ($table instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
+				return $table;
+			}
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+			'There are no main tables on %s. They should be added to _tables array in the constructor',
+			'event_espresso'
+		), get_class($this)));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * table
+	 * returns EE_Primary_Table table name
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function table()
+	{
+		return $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_name();
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * table
+	 * returns first EE_Secondary_Table table name
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function second_table()
+	{
+		// grab second table from tables array
+		$second_table = end($this->_tables);
+		return $second_table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table ? $second_table->get_table_name() : null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_table_obj_by_alias
+	 * returns table name given it's alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Table | EE_Secondary_Table
+	 */
+	public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
+	{
+		return isset($this->_tables[ $table_alias ]) ? $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] : null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the tables of type EE_Other_Table from EEM_CPT_Basel_Model::_tables
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Secondary_Table[]
+	 */
+	protected function _get_other_tables()
+	{
+		$other_tables = array();
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
+			if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
+			}
+		}
+		return $other_tables;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all the fields that correspond to the given table
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias , array key in EEM_Base::_tables
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
+	{
+		return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Recurses through all the where parameters, and finds all the related models we'll need
+	 * to complete this query. Eg, given where parameters like array('EVT_ID'=>3) from within Event model, we won't
+	 * need any related models. But if the array were array('Registrations.REG_ID'=>3), we'd need the related
+	 * Registration model. If it were array('Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_ID'=>3), then we'd need the
+	 * related Registration, Transaction, and Payment models.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_parameters['where']
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _extract_related_models_from_query($query_params)
+	{
+		$query_info_carrier = new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier();
+		if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys($query_params[0], $query_info_carrier, 0);
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+					$query_params['group_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'group_by'
+				);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['group_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'group_by'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+				$query_params[0],
+				$query_info_carrier,
+				'having'
+			);
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('force_join', $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+				$query_params['force_join'],
+				$query_info_carrier,
+				'force_join'
+			);
+		}
+		$this->extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects($query_info_carrier);
+		return $query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For extracting related models from WHERE (0), HAVING (having), ORDER BY (order_by) or forced joins (force_join)
+	 *
+	 * @param array                       $sub_query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] or
+	 *                                                      $query_params['having']
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return \EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+		$sub_query_params,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
+		$query_param_type
+	) {
+		if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+			$sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
+			foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
+				// $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$param,
+					$model_query_info_carrier,
+					$query_param_type
+				);
+				// if $possibly_array_of_params is an array, try recursing into it, searching for keys which
+				// indicate needed joins. Eg, array('NOT'=>array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)). In this case, we tried
+				// extracting models out of the 'NOT', which obviously wasn't successful, and then we recurse into the value
+				// of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
+				$query_param_sans_stars = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
+				if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+					if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
+						throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+							__(
+								"You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							$param,
+							$possibly_array_of_params
+						));
+					}
+					$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+						$possibly_array_of_params,
+						$model_query_info_carrier,
+						$query_param_type
+					);
+				} elseif ($query_param_type === 0 // ie WHERE
+						  && is_array($possibly_array_of_params)
+						  && isset($possibly_array_of_params[2])
+						  && $possibly_array_of_params[2] == true
+				) {
+					// then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
+					// indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
+					// from which we should extract query parameters!
+					if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
+						throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+							"Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
+							"event_espresso"
+						), $query_param_type, implode(",", $possibly_array_of_params)));
+					}
+					$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+						$possibly_array_of_params[1],
+						$model_query_info_carrier,
+						$query_param_type
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $model_query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For extracting related models from forced_joins, where the array values contain the info about what
+	 * models to join with. Eg an array like array('Attendee','Price.Price_Type');
+	 *
+	 * @param array                       $sub_query_params like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] or
+	 *                                                      $query_params['having']
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return \EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+		$sub_query_params,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
+		$query_param_type
+	) {
+		if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+			if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+					__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
+					$sub_query_params
+				));
+			}
+			foreach ($sub_query_params as $param) {
+				// $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$param,
+					$model_query_info_carrier,
+					$query_param_type
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $model_query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extract all the query parts from $query_params (an array like whats passed to EEM_Base::get_all)
+	 * and put into a EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier for easy extraction into a query. We create this object
+	 * instead of directly constructing the SQL because often we need to extract info from the $query_params
+	 * but use them in a different order. Eg, we need to know what models we are querying
+	 * before we know what joins to perform. However, we need to know what data types correspond to which fields on
+	 * other models before we can finalize the where clause SQL.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 */
+	public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						'$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = array();
+		}
+		$where_query_params = isset($query_params[0]) ? $query_params[0] : array();
+		// first check if we should alter the query to account for caps or not
+		// because the caps might require us to do extra joins
+		if (isset($query_params['caps']) && $query_params['caps'] !== 'none') {
+			$query_params[0] = $where_query_params = array_replace_recursive(
+				$where_query_params,
+				$this->caps_where_conditions(
+					$query_params['caps']
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
+		// verify where_query_params has NO numeric indexes.... that's simply not how you use it!
+		foreach ($where_query_params as $key => $value) {
+			if (is_int($key)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"WHERE query params must NOT be numerically-indexed. You provided the array key '%s' for value '%s' while querying model %s. All the query params provided were '%s' Please read documentation on EEM_Base::get_all.",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$key,
+						var_export($value, true),
+						var_export($query_params, true),
+						get_class($this)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('default_where_conditions', $query_params)
+			&& ! empty($query_params['default_where_conditions'])
+		) {
+			$use_default_where_conditions = $query_params['default_where_conditions'];
+		} else {
+			$use_default_where_conditions = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all;
+		}
+		$where_query_params = array_merge(
+			$this->_get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
+				$query_object,
+				$use_default_where_conditions,
+				$where_query_params
+			),
+			$where_query_params
+		);
+		$query_object->set_where_sql($this->_construct_where_clause($where_query_params));
+		// if this is a "on_join_limit" then we are limiting on on a specific table in a multi_table join.
+		// So we need to setup a subquery and use that for the main join.
+		// Note for now this only works on the primary table for the model.
+		// So for instance, you could set the limit array like this:
+		// array( 'on_join_limit' => array('Primary_Table_Alias', array(1,10) ) )
+		if (array_key_exists('on_join_limit', $query_params) && ! empty($query_params['on_join_limit'])) {
+			$query_object->set_main_model_join_sql(
+				$this->_construct_limit_join_select(
+					$query_params['on_join_limit'][0],
+					$query_params['on_join_limit'][1]
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// set limit
+		if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
+				if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
+					$e = sprintf(
+						__(
+							"Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
+					);
+					throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
+				}
+				// they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
+				$query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
+				$query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
+			}
+		}
+		// set order by
+		if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				// if they're using 'order_by' as an array, they can't use 'order' (because 'order_by' must
+				// specify whether to ascend or descend on each field. Eg 'order_by'=>array('EVT_ID'=>'ASC'). So
+				// including 'order' wouldn't make any sense if 'order_by' has already specified which way to order!
+				if (array_key_exists('order', $query_params)) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							__(
+								"In querying %s, we are using query parameter 'order_by' as an array (keys:%s,values:%s), and so we can't use query parameter 'order' (value %s). You should just use the 'order_by' parameter ",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							get_class($this),
+							implode(", ", array_keys($query_params['order_by'])),
+							implode(", ", $query_params['order_by']),
+							$query_params['order']
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_object,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+				// assume it's an array of fields to order by
+				$order_array = array();
+				foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
+					$order = $this->_extract_order($order);
+					$order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
+				}
+				$query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_object,
+					'order',
+					$query_params['order_by']
+				);
+				$order = isset($query_params['order'])
+					? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
+					: 'DESC';
+				$query_object->set_order_by_sql(
+					" ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
+		if (! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
+			&& array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
+			&& ! empty($query_params['order'])
+		) {
+			$pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			$order = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
+			$query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
+		}
+		// set group by
+		if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				// it's an array, so assume we'll be grouping by a bunch of stuff
+				$group_by_array = array();
+				foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
+					$group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
+				}
+				$query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$query_object->set_group_by_sql(
+					" GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// set having
+		if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params) && $query_params['having']) {
+			$query_object->set_having_sql($this->_construct_having_clause($query_params['having']));
+		}
+		// now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
+		foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
+			if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"You passed %s as a query parameter to %s, which is illegal! The allowed query parameters are %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$query_key,
+						get_class($this),
+						//                      print_r( $this->_allowed_query_params, TRUE )
+						implode(',', $this->_allowed_query_params)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$main_model_join_sql = $query_object->get_main_model_join_sql();
+		if (empty($main_model_join_sql)) {
+			$query_object->set_main_model_join_sql($this->_construct_internal_join());
+		}
+		return $query_object;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the where conditions that should be imposed on the query based on the
+	 * context (eg reading frontend, backend, edit or delete).
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
+	 * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all() 's $query_params[0]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function caps_where_conditions($context = self::caps_read)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
+		$cap_where_conditions = array();
+		$cap_restrictions = $this->caps_missing($context);
+		/**
+		 * @var $cap_restrictions EE_Default_Where_Conditions[]
+		 */
+		foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
+			$cap_where_conditions = array_replace_recursive(
+				$cap_where_conditions,
+				$restriction_if_no_cap->get_default_where_conditions()
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__caps_where_conditions__return',
+			$cap_where_conditions,
+			$this,
+			$context,
+			$cap_restrictions
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies that $should_be_order_string is in $this->_allowed_order_values,
+	 * otherwise throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $should_be_order_string
+	 * @return string either ASC, asc, DESC or desc
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_order($should_be_order_string)
+	{
+		if (in_array($should_be_order_string, $this->_allowed_order_values)) {
+			return $should_be_order_string;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__(
+					"While performing a query on '%s', tried to use '%s' as an order parameter. ",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				get_class($this),
+				$should_be_order_string
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Looks at all the models which are included in this query, and asks each
+	 * for their universal_where_params, and returns them in the same format as $query_params[0] (where),
+	 * so they can be merged
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $use_default_where_conditions can be 'none','other_models_only', or 'all'.
+	 *                                                                  'none' means NO default where conditions will
+	 *                                                                  be used AT ALL during this query.
+	 *                                                                  'other_models_only' means default where
+	 *                                                                  conditions from other models will be used, but
+	 *                                                                  not for this primary model. 'all', the default,
+	 *                                                                  means default where conditions will apply as
+	 *                                                                  normal
+	 * @param array                       $where_query_params           like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return array like $query_params[0], see EEM_Base::get_all for documentation
+	 */
+	private function _get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
+		$use_default_where_conditions = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
+		$where_query_params = array()
+	) {
+		$allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
+		if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+				__(
+					"You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$use_default_where_conditions,
+				implode(", ", $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)
+			));
+		}
+		$universal_query_params = array();
+		if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
+			$universal_query_params = $this->_get_default_where_conditions();
+		} elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
+			$universal_query_params = $this->_get_minimum_where_conditions();
+		}
+		foreach ($query_info_carrier->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_path => $model_name) {
+			$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+			if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
+				$related_model_universal_where_params = $related_model->_get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+			} elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
+				$related_model_universal_where_params = $related_model->_get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+			} else {
+				// we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
+				continue;
+			}
+			$overrides = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+				$related_model_universal_where_params,
+				$where_query_params,
+				$related_model,
+				$model_relation_path
+			);
+			$universal_query_params = EEH_Array::merge_arrays_and_overwrite_keys(
+				$universal_query_params,
+				$overrides
+			);
+		}
+		return $universal_query_params;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether or not we should use default where conditions for the model in question
+	 * (this model, or other related models).
+	 * Basically, we should use default where conditions on this model if they have requested to use them on all models,
+	 * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
+	 * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
+	 * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
+	 * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+	 * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function _should_use_default_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
+	{
+		return (
+				   $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   array(
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_this_only,
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others,
+					   ),
+					   true
+				   )
+			   )
+			   || (
+				   ! $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   array(
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_others_only,
+					   ),
+					   true
+				   )
+			   );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether or not we should use default minimum conditions for the model in question
+	 * (this model, or other related models).
+	 * Basically, we should use minimum where conditions on this model only if they requested all models to use minimum
+	 * where conditions.
+	 * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
+	 * on this model or others
+	 * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+	 * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function _should_use_minimum_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
+	{
+		return (
+				   $for_this_model
+				   && $default_where_conditions_value === EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all
+			   )
+			   || (
+				   ! $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   array(
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others,
+						   EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all,
+					   ),
+					   true
+				   )
+			   );
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if any of the defaults have been overridden. If there are any that AREN'T overridden,
+	 * then we also add a special where condition which allows for that model's primary key
+	 * to be null (which is important for JOINs. Eg, if you want to see all Events ordered by Venue's name,
+	 * then Event's with NO Venue won't appear unless you allow VNU_ID to be NULL)
+	 *
+	 * @param array    $default_where_conditions
+	 * @param array    $provided_where_conditions
+	 * @param EEM_Base $model
+	 * @param string   $model_relation_path like 'Transaction.Payment.'
+	 * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+		$default_where_conditions,
+		$provided_where_conditions,
+		$model,
+		$model_relation_path
+	) {
+		$null_friendly_where_conditions = array();
+		$none_overridden = true;
+		$or_condition_key_for_defaults = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
+		foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
+			if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
+				$none_overridden = false;
+			} else {
+				$null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
+			}
+		}
+		if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
+			if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
+																				. "."
+																				. $model->primary_key_name() ] = array('IS NULL');
+			}/*else{
                 //@todo NO PK, use other defaults
             }*/
-        }
-        return $null_friendly_where_conditions;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the _default_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
-     * default where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
-     * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
-     * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
-     * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] (where conditions)
-     */
-    private function _get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path = null)
-    {
-        if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the _minimum_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
-     * minimum where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
-     * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
-     * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
-     * Similar to _get_default_where_conditions
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
-     * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] (where conditions)
-     */
-    protected function _get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path = null)
-    {
-        if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        return $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the string of SQL for the select part of a select query, everything behind SELECT and before FROM.
-     * Eg, "Event.post_id, Event.post_name,Event_Detail.EVT_ID..."
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_default_select_sql(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
-    {
-        $selects = $this->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model();
-        foreach ($model_query_info->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_chain =>
-            $name_of_other_model_included) {
-            $other_model_included = $this->get_related_model_obj($name_of_other_model_included);
-            $other_model_selects = $other_model_included->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain);
-            foreach ($other_model_selects as $key => $value) {
-                $selects[] = $value;
-            }
-        }
-        return implode(", ", $selects);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of columns to select for this model, which are necessary for it to create its objects.
-     * So that's going to be the columns for all the fields on the model
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_chain like 'Question.Question_Group.Event'
-     * @return array numerically indexed, values are columns to select and rename, eg "Event.ID AS 'Event.ID'"
-     */
-    public function _get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain = '')
-    {
-        $fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $selects = array();
-        $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix(
-            $model_relation_chain,
-            $this->get_this_model_name()
-        );
-        foreach ($fields as $field_obj) {
-            $selects[] = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
-                         . "."
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                         . " AS '"
-                         . $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
-                         . "."
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                         . "'";
-        }
-        // make sure we are also getting the PKs of each table
-        $tables = $this->get_tables();
-        if (count($tables) > 1) {
-            foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
-                $qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                                       . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
-                    $selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $selects;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Given a $query_param like 'Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID', pops off 'Registration.',
-     * gets the join statement for it; gets the data types for it; and passes the remaining 'Transaction.TXN_ID'
-     * onto its related Transaction object to do the same. Returns an EE_Join_And_Data_Types object which contains the
-     * SQL for joining, and the data types
-     *
-     * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
-     * @param string                      $query_param          like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
-     * @param    string                   $query_param_type     like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
-     *                                                          or 'PAY_ID'. Otherwise, we don't expect there to be a
-     *                                                          column name. We only want model names, eg 'Event.Venue'
-     *                                                          or 'Registration's
-     * @param string                      $original_query_param what it originally was (eg
-     *                                                          Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID). If null, we assume it
-     *                                                          matches $query_param
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return void only modifies the EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier passed into it
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-        $query_param,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
-        $query_param_type,
-        $original_query_param = null
-    ) {
-        if ($original_query_param === null) {
-            $original_query_param = $query_param;
-        }
-        $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
-        /** @var $allow_logic_query_params bool whether or not to allow logic_query_params like 'NOT','OR', or 'AND' */
-        $allow_logic_query_params = in_array($query_param_type, array('where', 'having', 0, 'custom_selects'), true);
-        $allow_fields = in_array(
-            $query_param_type,
-            array('where', 'having', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'order', 'custom_selects', 0),
-            true
-        );
-        // check to see if we have a field on this model
-        $this_model_fields = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (array_key_exists($query_param, $this_model_fields)) {
-            if ($allow_fields) {
-                return;
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        "Using a field name (%s) on model %s is not allowed on this query param type '%s'. Original query param was %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $query_param,
-                    get_class($this),
-                    $query_param_type,
-                    $original_query_param
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // check if this is a special logic query param
-        if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-            if ($allow_logic_query_params) {
-                return;
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        'Logic query params ("%1$s") are being used incorrectly with the following query param ("%2$s") on model %3$s. %4$sAdditional Info:%4$s%5$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    implode('", "', $this->_logic_query_param_keys),
-                    $query_param,
-                    get_class($this),
-                    '<br />',
-                    "\t"
-                    . ' $passed_in_query_info = <pre>'
-                    . print_r($passed_in_query_info, true)
-                    . '</pre>'
-                    . "\n\t"
-                    . ' $query_param_type = '
-                    . $query_param_type
-                    . "\n\t"
-                    . ' $original_query_param = '
-                    . $original_query_param
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // check if it's a custom selection
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // check if has a model name at the beginning
-        // and
-        // check if it's a field on a related model
-        if ($this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-            $passed_in_query_info,
-            $query_param,
-            $original_query_param,
-            $query_param_type
-        )) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // ok so $query_param didn't start with a model name
-        // and we previously confirmed it wasn't a logic query param or field on the current model
-        // it's wack, that's what it is
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "There is no model named '%s' related to %s. Query param type is %s and original query param is %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $query_param,
-                get_class($this),
-                $query_param_type,
-                $original_query_param
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extracts any possible join model information from the provided possible_join_string.
-     * This method will read the provided $possible_join_string value and determine if there are any possible model join
-     * parts that should be added to the query.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $possible_join_string  Such as Registration.REG_ID, or Registration
-     * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
-     * @param string                      $query_parameter_type  The type for the source of the $possible_join_string
-     *                                                           ('where', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'custom_selects' etc.)
-     * @return bool  returns true if a join was added and false if not.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
-        $possible_join_string,
-        $original_query_param,
-        $query_parameter_type
-    ) {
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
-                $this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
-                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
-                if ($possible_join_string === '') {
-                    // nothing left to $query_param
-                    // we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Query param '%s' (of type %s on model %s) shouldn't end on a period (.) ",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            $possible_join_string,
-                            $query_parameter_type,
-                            get_class($this),
-                            $valid_related_model_name
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $related_model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($valid_related_model_name);
-                $related_model_obj->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $possible_join_string,
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_parameter_type,
-                    $original_query_param
-                );
-                return true;
-            }
-            if ($possible_join_string === $valid_related_model_name) {
-                $this->_add_join_to_model(
-                    $valid_related_model_name,
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $original_query_param
-                );
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extracts related models from Custom Selects and sets up any joins for those related models.
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier)
-    {
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && ($this->_custom_selections->type() === CustomSelects::TYPE_STRUCTURED
-                || $this->_custom_selections->type() == CustomSelects::TYPE_COMPLEX
-            )
-        ) {
-            $original_selects = $this->_custom_selections->originalSelects();
-            foreach ($original_selects as $alias => $select_configuration) {
-                $this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $select_configuration[0],
-                    $select_configuration[0],
-                    'custom_selects'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Privately used by _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param to add a join to $model_name
-     * and store it on $passed_in_query_info
-     *
-     * @param string                      $model_name
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
-     * @param string                      $original_query_param used to extract the relation chain between the queried
-     *                                                          model and $model_name. Eg, if we are querying Event,
-     *                                                          and are adding a join to 'Payment' with the original
-     *                                                          query param key
-     *                                                          'Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount', we want
-     *                                                          to extract 'Registration.Transaction.Payment', in case
-     *                                                          Payment wants to add default query params so that it
-     *                                                          will know what models to prepend onto its default query
-     *                                                          params or in case it wants to rename tables (in case
-     *                                                          there are multiple joins to the same table)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _add_join_to_model(
-        $model_name,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
-        $original_query_param
-    ) {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        $model_relation_chain = EE_Model_Parser::extract_model_relation_chain($model_name, $original_query_param);
-        // check if the relation is HABTM, because then we're essentially doing two joins
-        // If so, join first to the JOIN table, and add its data types, and then continue as normal
-        if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_HABTM_Relation) {
-            $join_model_obj = $relation_obj->get_join_model();
-            // replace the model specified with the join model for this relation chain, whi
-            $relation_chain_to_join_model = EE_Model_Parser::replace_model_name_with_join_model_name_in_model_relation_chain(
-                $model_name,
-                $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name(),
-                $model_relation_chain
-            );
-            $passed_in_query_info->merge(
-                new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
-                    array($relation_chain_to_join_model => $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name()),
-                    $relation_obj->get_join_to_intermediate_model_statement($relation_chain_to_join_model)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // now just join to the other table pointed to by the relation object, and add its data types
-        $passed_in_query_info->merge(
-            new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
-                array($model_relation_chain => $model_name),
-                $relation_obj->get_join_statement($model_relation_chain)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs SQL for where clause, like "WHERE Event.ID = 23 AND Transaction.amount > 100" etc.
-     *
-     * @param array $where_params like EEM_Base::get_all
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_where_clause($where_params)
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
-        if ($SQL) {
-            return " WHERE " . $SQL;
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just like the _construct_where_clause, except prepends 'HAVING' instead of 'WHERE',
-     * and should be passed HAVING parameters, not WHERE parameters
-     *
-     * @param array $having_params
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_having_clause($having_params)
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
-        if ($SQL) {
-            return " HAVING " . $SQL;
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used for creating nested WHERE conditions. Eg "WHERE ! (Event.ID = 3 OR ( Event_Meta.meta_key = 'bob' AND
-     * Event_Meta.meta_value = 'foo'))"
-     *
-     * @param array  $where_params see EEM_Base::get_all for documentation
-     * @param string $glue         joins each subclause together. Should really only be " AND " or " OR "...
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string of SQL
-     */
-    private function _construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, $glue = ' AND')
-    {
-        $where_clauses = array();
-        foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
-            $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);// str_replace("*",'',$query_param);
-            if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys)) {
-                switch ($query_param) {
-                    case 'not':
-                    case 'NOT':
-                        $where_clauses[] = "! ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               $glue
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                    case 'and':
-                    case 'AND':
-                        $where_clauses[] = " ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               ' AND '
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                    case 'or':
-                    case 'OR':
-                        $where_clauses[] = " ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               ' OR '
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                $field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
-                // if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
-                if (! $field_obj) {
-                    if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-                        $field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
-                    } else {
-                        throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                            "%s is neither a valid model field name, nor a custom selection",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ), $query_param));
-                    }
-                }
-                $op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
-                $where_clauses[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
-            }
-        }
-        return $where_clauses ? implode($glue, $where_clauses) : '';
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes the input parameter and extract the table name (alias) and column name
-     *
-     * @param string $query_param like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string table alias and column name for SQL, eg "Transaction.TXN_ID"
-     */
-    private function _deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param)
-    {
-        $field = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
-        if ($field) {
-            $table_alias_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_from_query_param(
-                $field->get_model_name(),
-                $query_param
-            );
-            return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
-        ) {
-            // maybe it's custom selection item?
-            // if so, just use it as the "column name"
-            return $query_param;
-        }
-        $custom_select_aliases = $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            ? implode(',', $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases())
-            : '';
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "%s is not a valid field on this model, nor a custom selection (%s)",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $query_param,
-                $custom_select_aliases
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes the * and anything after it from the condition query param key. It is useful to add the * to condition
-     * query param keys (eg, 'OR*', 'EVT_ID') in order for the array keys to still be unique, so that they don't get
-     * overwritten Takes a string like 'Event.EVT_ID*', 'TXN_total**', 'OR*1st', and 'DTT_reg_start*foobar' to
-     * 'Event.EVT_ID', 'TXN_total', 'OR', and 'DTT_reg_start', respectively.
-     *
-     * @param string $condition_query_param_key
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($condition_query_param_key)
-    {
-        $pos_of_star = strpos($condition_query_param_key, '*');
-        if ($pos_of_star === false) {
-            return $condition_query_param_key;
-        }
-        $condition_query_param_sans_star = substr($condition_query_param_key, 0, $pos_of_star);
-        return $condition_query_param_sans_star;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * creates the SQL for the operator and the value in a WHERE clause, eg "< 23" or "LIKE '%monkey%'"
-     *
-     * @param                            mixed      array | string    $op_and_value
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj . If string, should be one of EEM_Base::_valid_wpdb_data_types
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _construct_op_and_value($op_and_value, $field_obj)
-    {
-        if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
-            $operator = isset($op_and_value[0]) ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0]) : null;
-            if (! $operator) {
-                $php_array_like_string = array();
-                foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
-                    $php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
-                }
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "You setup a query parameter like you were going to specify an operator, but didn't. You provided '(%s)', but the operator should be at array key index 0 (eg array('>',32))",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        implode(",", $php_array_like_string)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $value = isset($op_and_value[1]) ? $op_and_value[1] : null;
-        } else {
-            $operator = '=';
-            $value = $op_and_value;
-        }
-        // check to see if the value is actually another field
-        if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2] == true) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            // in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
-            // it will need to handle a little differently
-            $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
-            // note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            // the value should be an array with count of two.
-            if (count($value) !== 2) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "The '%s' operator must be used with an array of values and there must be exactly TWO values in that array.",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        "BETWEEN"
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
-            if ($value !== null) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "You attempted to give a value  (%s) while using a NULL-style operator (%s). That isn't valid",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $value,
-                        $operator
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            return $operator;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            // if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
-            // remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
-        }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        "Operator '%s' must be used with an array of values, eg 'Registration.REG_ID' => array('%s',array(1,2,3))",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $operator,
-                    $operator
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        "Operator '%s' must be used with a single value, not an array. Eg 'Registration.REG_ID => array('%s',23))",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $operator,
-                    $operator
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "It appears you've provided some totally invalid query parameters. Operator and value were:'%s', which isn't right at all",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                http_build_query($op_and_value)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the operands to be used in a BETWEEN query, eg "'2014-12-31 20:23:33' AND '2015-01-23 12:32:54'"
-     *
-     * @param array                      $values
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be the datatype to be used when querying, eg
-     *                                              '%s'
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_between_value($values, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $cleaned_values = array();
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes an array or a comma-separated list of $values and cleans them
-     * according to $data_type using $wpdb->prepare, and then makes the list a
-     * string surrounded by ( and ). Eg, _construct_in_value(array(1,2,3),'%d') would
-     * return '(1,2,3)'; _construct_in_value("1,2,hack",'%d') would return '(1,2,1)' (assuming
-     * I'm right that a string, when interpreted as a digit, becomes a 1. It might become a 0)
-     *
-     * @param mixed                      $values    array or comma-separated string
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be a wpdb data type like '%s', or '%d'
-     * @return string of SQL to follow an 'IN' or 'NOT IN' operator
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_in_value($values, $field_obj)
-    {
-        // check if the value is a CSV list
-        if (is_string($values)) {
-            // in which case, turn it into an array
-            $values = explode(",", $values);
-        }
-        $cleaned_values = array();
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        // we would just LOVE to leave $cleaned_values as an empty array, and return the value as "()",
-        // but unfortunately that's invalid SQL. So instead we return a string which we KNOW will evaluate to be the empty set
-        // which is effectively equivalent to returning "()". We don't return "(0)" because that only works for auto-incrementing columns
-        if (empty($cleaned_values)) {
-            $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-            $a_field = array_shift($all_fields);
-            $main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $cleaned_values[] = "SELECT "
-                                . $a_field->get_table_column()
-                                . " FROM "
-                                . $main_table->get_table_name()
-                                . " WHERE FALSE";
-        }
-        return "(" . implode(",", $cleaned_values) . ")";
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed                      $value
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string it should be a wpdb data type like '%d'
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return false|null|string
-     */
-    private function _wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            return $wpdb->prepare(
-                $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(),
-                $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
-            );
-        } //$field_obj should really just be a data type
-        if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
-                    $field_obj,
-                    implode(",", $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $wpdb->prepare($field_obj, $value);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes the input parameter and finds the model field that it indicates.
-     *
-     * @param string $query_param_name like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     */
-    protected function _deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param_name)
-    {
-        // ok, now proceed with deducing which part is the model's name, and which is the field's name
-        // which will help us find the database table and column
-        $query_param_parts = explode(".", $query_param_name);
-        if (empty($query_param_parts)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                "_extract_column_name is empty when trying to extract column and table name from %s",
-                'event_espresso'
-            ), $query_param_name));
-        }
-        $number_of_parts = count($query_param_parts);
-        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
-        if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
-            $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj = $this;
-        } else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
-            // the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
-            $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
-        }
-        try {
-            return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Given a field's name (ie, a key in $this->field_settings()), uses the EE_Model_Field object to get the table's
-     * alias and column which corresponds to it
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
-    {
-        $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $field = isset($all_fields[ $field_name ]) ? $all_fields[ $field_name ] : false;
-        if ($field) {
-            return $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "There is no field titled %s on model %s. Either the query trying to use it is bad, or you need to add it to the list of fields on the model.",
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $field_name,
-                get_class($this)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * similar to \EEM_Base::_get_qualified_column_for_field() but returns an array with data for ALL fields.
-     * Example usage:
-     * EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
-     *      array(),
-     *      ARRAY_A,
-     *      EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields()
-     *  );
-     * is equivalent to
-     *  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results( array(), ARRAY_A, '*' );
-     * and
-     *  EEM_Event::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
-     *      array(
-     *          array(
-     *              'Datetime.Ticket.TKT_ID' => array( '<', 100 ),
-     *          ),
-     *          ARRAY_A,
-     *          implode(
-     *              ', ',
-     *              array_merge(
-     *                  EEM_Event::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( '', false ),
-     *                  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( 'Datetime', false )
-     *              )
-     *          )
-     *      )
-     *  );
-     * selects rows from the database, selecting all the event and ticket columns, where the ticket ID is below 100
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_chain        the chain of models used to join between the model you want to query
-     *                                            and the one whose fields you are selecting for example: when querying
-     *                                            tickets model and selecting fields from the tickets model you would
-     *                                            leave this parameter empty, because no models are needed to join
-     *                                            between the queried model and the selected one. Likewise when
-     *                                            querying the datetime model and selecting fields from the tickets
-     *                                            model, it would also be left empty, because there is a direct
-     *                                            relation from datetimes to tickets, so no model is needed to join
-     *                                            them together. However, when querying from the event model and
-     *                                            selecting fields from the ticket model, you should provide the string
-     *                                            'Datetime', indicating that the event model must first join to the
-     *                                            datetime model in order to find its relation to ticket model.
-     *                                            Also, when querying from the venue model and selecting fields from
-     *                                            the ticket model, you should provide the string 'Event.Datetime',
-     *                                            indicating you need to join the venue model to the event model,
-     *                                            to the datetime model, in order to find its relation to the ticket model.
-     *                                            This string is used to deduce the prefix that gets added onto the
-     *                                            models' tables qualified columns
-     * @param bool   $return_string               if true, will return a string with qualified column names separated
-     *                                            by ', ' if false, will simply return a numerically indexed array of
-     *                                            qualified column names
-     * @return array|string
-     */
-    public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
-    {
-        $table_prefix = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain) ? '' : '__');
-        $qualified_columns = array();
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
-            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        return $return_string ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns) : $qualified_columns;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * constructs the select use on special limit joins
-     * NOTE: for now this has only been tested and will work when the  table alias is for the PRIMARY table. Although
-     * its setup so the select query will be setup on and just doing the special select join off of the primary table
-     * (as that is typically where the limits would be set).
-     *
-     * @param  string       $table_alias The table the select is being built for
-     * @param  mixed|string $limit       The limit for this select
-     * @return string                The final select join element for the query.
-     */
-    public function _construct_limit_join_select($table_alias, $limit)
-    {
-        $SQL = '';
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
-                $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
-                    ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
-            } elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
-                    ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
-            }
-        }
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs the internal join if there are multiple tables, or simply the table's name and alias
-     * Eg "wp_post AS Event" or "wp_post AS Event INNER JOIN wp_postmeta Event_Meta ON Event.ID = Event_Meta.post_id"
-     *
-     * @return string SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_internal_join()
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_sql();
-        $SQL .= $this->_construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($this->_get_main_table()->get_table_alias());
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs the SQL for joining all the tables on this model.
-     * Normally $alias should be the primary table's alias, but in cases where
-     * we have already joined to a secondary table (eg, the secondary table has a foreign key and is joined before the
-     * primary table) then we should provide that secondary table's alias. Eg, with $alias being the primary table's
-     * alias, this will construct SQL like:
-     * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_secondary_table AS Secondary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
-     * With $alias being a secondary table's alias, this will construct SQL like:
-     * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_primary_table AS Primary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
-     *
-     * @param string $alias_prefixed table alias to join to (this table should already be in the FROM SQL clause)
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function _construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($alias_prefixed)
-    {
-        $SQL = '';
-        $alias_sans_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($alias_prefixed);
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {// table is secondary table
-                if ($alias_sans_prefix === $table_obj->get_table_alias()) {
-                    // so we're joining to this table, meaning the table is already in
-                    // the FROM statement, BUT the primary table isn't. So we want
-                    // to add the inverse join sql
-                    $SQL .= $table_obj->get_inverse_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
-                } else {
-                    // just add a regular JOIN to this table from the primary table
-                    $SQL .= $table_obj->get_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
-                }
-            }//if it's a primary table, dont add any SQL. it should already be in the FROM statement
-        }
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array for storing all the data types on the next-to-be-executed-query.
-     * This should be a growing array of keys being table-columns (eg 'EVT_ID' and 'Event.EVT_ID'), and values being
-     * their data type (eg, '%s', '%d', etc)
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function _get_data_types()
-    {
-        $data_types = array();
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
-            // $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-            /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-            $data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-        }
-        return $data_types;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model object given the relation's name / model's name (eg, 'Event', 'Registration',etc. Always singular)
-     *
-     * @param string $model_name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     */
-    public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
-    {
-        $model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
-        if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                "You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
-                'event_espresso'
-            ), $model_name, $model_classname));
-        }
-        return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the array of EE_ModelRelations for this model.
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base[]
-     */
-    public function relation_settings()
-    {
-        return $this->_model_relations;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all related models that this model BELONGS TO. Handy to know sometimes
-     * because without THOSE models, this model probably doesn't have much purpose.
-     * (Eg, without an event, datetimes have little purpose.)
-     *
-     * @return EE_Belongs_To_Relation[]
-     */
-    public function belongs_to_relations()
-    {
-        $belongs_to_relations = array();
-        foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
-            }
-        }
-        return $belongs_to_relations;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the specified EE_Model_Relation, or throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name name of relation, key in $this->_relatedModels
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base
-     */
-    public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
-    {
-        $relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        'Cannot get %s related to %s. There is no model relation of that type. There is, however, %s...',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $relation_name,
-                    $this->_get_class_name(),
-                    implode(', ', array_keys($relatedModels))
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * A convenience method for getting a specific field's settings, instead of getting all field settings for all
-     * fields
-     *
-     * @param string $fieldName
-     * @param boolean $include_db_only_fields
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     */
-    public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
-    {
-        $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
-        if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                __("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
-                $fieldName,
-                get_class($this)
-            ));
-        }
-        return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if this field exists on this model
-     *
-     * @param string $fieldName a key in the model's _field_settings array
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_field($fieldName)
-    {
-        $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether or not this model has a relation to the specified model
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name possibly one of the keys in the relation_settings array
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_relation($relation_name)
-    {
-        $relations = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
-     * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
-     *
-     * @param $field_obj
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj)
-    {
-        return $field_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
-     * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_primary_key_field()
-    {
-        if ($this->_primary_key_field === null) {
-            foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_obj) {
-                if ($this->is_primary_key_field($field_obj)) {
-                    $this->_primary_key_field = $field_obj;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                    __("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
-                    get_class($this)
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_primary_key_field;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether or not not there is a primary key on this model.
-     * Internally does some caching.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_primary_key_field()
-    {
-        if ($this->_has_primary_key_field === null) {
-            try {
-                $this->get_primary_key_field();
-                $this->_has_primary_key_field = true;
-            } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-                $this->_has_primary_key_field = false;
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_has_primary_key_field;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds the first field of type $field_class_name.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_class_name class name of field that you want to find. Eg, EE_Datetime_Field,
-     *                                 EE_Foreign_Key_Field, etc
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base or null if none is found
-     */
-    public function get_a_field_of_type($field_class_name)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof $field_class_name) {
-                return $field;
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a foreign key field pointing to model.
-     *
-     * @param string $model_name eg Event, Registration, not EEM_Event
-     * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
-    {
-        if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
-            foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
-                if ($field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
-                    && in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
-                ) {
-                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                    "There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ), $model_name, get_class($this)));
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the table name (including $wpdb->prefix) for the table alias
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias eg Event, Event_Meta, Registration, Transaction, but maybe
-     *                            a table alias with a model chain prefix, like 'Venue__Event_Venue___Event_Meta'.
-     *                            Either one works
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
-    {
-        $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a flat array of all field son this model, instead of organizing them
-     * by table_alias as they are in the constructor.
-     *
-     * @param bool $include_db_only_fields flag indicating whether or not to include the db-only fields
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] where the keys are the field's name
-     */
-    public function field_settings($include_db_only_fields = false)
-    {
-        if ($include_db_only_fields) {
-            if ($this->_cached_fields === null) {
-                $this->_cached_fields = array();
-                foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
-                    foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return $this->_cached_fields;
-        }
-        if ($this->_cached_fields_non_db_only === null) {
-            $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = array();
-            foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
-                foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     *        cycle though array of attendees and create objects out of each item
-     *
-     * @access        private
-     * @param        array $rows of results of $wpdb->get_results($query,ARRAY_A)
-     * @return \EE_Base_Class[] array keys are primary keys (if there is a primary key on the model. if not,
-     *                           numerically indexed)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _create_objects($rows = array())
-    {
-        $array_of_objects = array();
-        if (empty($rows)) {
-            return array();
-        }
-        $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key = 0;
-        $has_primary_key = $this->has_primary_key_field();
-        $primary_key_field = $has_primary_key ? $this->get_primary_key_field() : null;
-        foreach ((array) $rows as $row) {
-            if (empty($row)) {
-                // wp did its weird thing where it returns an array like array(0=>null), which is totally not helpful...
-                return array();
-            }
-            // check if we've already set this object in the results array,
-            // in which case there's no need to process it further (again)
-            if ($has_primary_key) {
-                $table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                    $row,
-                    $primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
-                    $primary_key_field->get_table_column()
-                );
-                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            $classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                        $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                        http_build_query($row)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            // set the timezone on the instantiated objects
-            $classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-            // make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
-            $key = $has_primary_key ? $classInstance->ID() : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
-            $array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
-            // also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
-            // those related models
-            // (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
-            // that filtered out some fo the results, then we'd be caching an incomplete set
-            // so it requires a little more thought than just caching them immediately...)
-            foreach ($this->_model_relations as $modelName => $relation_obj) {
-                if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // check if this model's INFO is present. If so, cache it on the model
-                    $other_model = $relation_obj->get_other_model();
-                    $other_model_obj_maybe = $other_model->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-                    // if we managed to make a model object from the results, cache it on the main model object
-                    if ($other_model_obj_maybe) {
-                        // set timezone on these other model objects if they are present
-                        $other_model_obj_maybe->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                        $classInstance->cache($modelName, $other_model_obj_maybe);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // also, if this was a custom select query, let's see if there are any results for the custom select fields
-            // and add them to the object as well.  We'll convert according to the set data_type if there's any set for
-            // the field in the CustomSelects object
-            if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-                $classInstance->setCustomSelectsValues(
-                    $this->getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults($row)
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $array_of_objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will parse a given row of results from the db and see if any keys in the results match an alias within the
-     * current CustomSelects object. This will be used to build an array of values indexed by those keys.
-     *
-     * @param array $db_results_row
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults(array $db_results_row)
-    {
-        $results = array();
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-            foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
-                if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
-                    $results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
-                        $db_results_row[ $alias ],
-                        $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $results;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will set the value for the given alias
-     * @param string $value
-     * @param string $datatype (one of %d, %s, %f)
-     * @return int|string|float (int for %d, string for %s, float for %f)
-     */
-    protected function convertValueToDataType($value, $datatype)
-    {
-        switch ($datatype) {
-            case '%f':
-                return (float) $value;
-            case '%d':
-                return (int) $value;
-            default:
-                return (string) $value;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * The purpose of this method is to allow us to create a model object that is not in the db that holds default
-     * values. A typical example of where this is used is when creating a new item and the initial load of a form.  We
-     * dont' necessarily want to test for if the object is present but just assume it is BUT load the defaults from the
-     * object (as set in the model_field!).
-     *
-     * @return EE_Base_Class single EE_Base_Class object with default values for the properties.
-     */
-    public function create_default_object()
-    {
-        $this_model_fields_and_values = array();
-        // setup the row using default values;
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            $this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-        }
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
-                                    ->load_class($className, array($this_model_fields_and_values), false, false);
-        return $classInstance;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
-     *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
-            $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
-        }
-        $primary_key = null;
-        // make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
-        $this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        // check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
-        // if not, return null
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        } elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
-            $first_column = reset($this_model_fields_n_values);
-            if (empty($first_column)) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-        // if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
-        if ($primary_key) {
-            $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
-                $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
-                                            ->load_class(
-                                                $className,
-                                                array($this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone),
-                                                true,
-                                                false
-                                            );
-                // add this new object to the entity map
-                $classInstance = $this->add_to_entity_map($classInstance);
-            }
-        } else {
-            $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
-                                        ->load_class(
-                                            $className,
-                                            array($this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone),
-                                            true,
-                                            false
-                                        );
-        }
-        return $classInstance;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model object from the  entity map if it exists
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function get_from_entity_map($id)
-    {
-        return isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])
-            ? $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] : null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * add_to_entity_map
-     * Adds the object to the model's entity mappings
-     *        Effectively tells the models "Hey, this model object is the most up-to-date representation of the data,
-     *        and for the remainder of the request, it's even more up-to-date than what's in the database.
-     *        So, if the database doesn't agree with what's in the entity mapper, ignore the database"
-     *        If the database gets updated directly and you want the entity mapper to reflect that change,
-     *        then this method should be called immediately after the update query
-     * Note: The map is indexed by whatever the current blog id is set (via EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id).  This is
-     * so on multisite, the entity map is specific to the query being done for a specific site.
-     *
-     * @param    EE_Base_Class $object
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return \EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if (! $object instanceof $className) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                __("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
-                is_object($object) ? get_class($object) : $object,
-                $className
-            ));
-        }
-        /** @var $object EE_Base_Class */
-        if (! $object->ID()) {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                "You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
-                "event_espresso"
-            ), get_class($this)));
-        }
-        // double check it's not already there
-        $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($object->ID());
-        if ($classInstance) {
-            return $classInstance;
-        }
-        $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
-        return $object;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * if a valid identifier is provided, then that entity is unset from the entity map,
-     * if no identifier is provided, then the entire entity map is emptied
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
-    {
-        if (empty($id)) {
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = array();
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-            unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Public wrapper for _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values.
-     * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
-     * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
-     *
-     * @param array $cols_n_values
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        return $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values
-     * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
-     * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
-     *
-     * @param string $cols_n_values
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        $this_model_fields_n_values = array();
-        foreach ($this->get_tables() as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
-            $table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                $cols_n_values,
-                $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column(),
-                $table_obj->get_pk_column()
-            );
-            // there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
-            if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
-                foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        // prepare field as if its coming from db
-                        $prepared_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // the table's rows existed. Use their values
-                foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                            $cols_n_values,
-                            $field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
-                            $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $this_model_fields_n_values;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $cols_n_values
-     * @param $qualified_column
-     * @param $regular_column
-     * @return null
-     */
-    protected function _get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not($cols_n_values, $qualified_column, $regular_column)
-    {
-        $value = null;
-        // ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
-        // does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
-        // or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
-        if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
-        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
-        }
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_entity_map_from_db
-     * Makes sure the model object in the entity map at $id assumes the values
-     * of the database (opposite of EE_base_Class::save())
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function refresh_entity_map_from_db($id)
-    {
-        $obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($obj_in_map) {
-            $wpdb_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results(
-                array(array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id), 'limit' => 1)
-            );
-            if ($wpdb_results && is_array($wpdb_results)) {
-                $one_row = reset($wpdb_results);
-                foreach ($this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($one_row) as $field_name => $db_value) {
-                    $obj_in_map->set_from_db($field_name, $db_value);
-                }
-                // clear the cache of related model objects
-                foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-                    $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
-                }
-            }
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
-            return $obj_in_map;
-        }
-        return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_entity_map_with
-     * Leaves the entry in the entity map alone, but updates it to match the provided
-     * $replacing_model_obj (which we assume to be its equivalent but somehow NOT in the entity map).
-     * This is useful if you have a model object you want to make authoritative over what's in the entity map currently.
-     * Note: The old $replacing_model_obj should now be destroyed as it's now un-authoritative
-     *
-     * @param int|string    $id
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $replacing_model_obj
-     * @return \EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function refresh_entity_map_with($id, $replacing_model_obj)
-    {
-        $obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($obj_in_map) {
-            if ($replacing_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                foreach ($replacing_model_obj->model_field_array() as $field_name => $value) {
-                    $obj_in_map->set($field_name, $value);
-                }
-                // make the model object in the entity map's cache match the $replacing_model_obj
-                foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-                    $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
-                    foreach ($replacing_model_obj->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $cache_id => $cached_obj) {
-                        $obj_in_map->cache($relation_name, $cached_obj, $cache_id);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return $obj_in_map;
-        }
-        $this->add_to_entity_map($replacing_model_obj);
-        return $replacing_model_obj;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the EE class that corresponds to this model. Eg, for EEM_Answer that
-     * would be EE_Answer.To import that class, you'd just add ".class.php" to the name, like so
-     * require_once($this->_getClassName().".class.php");
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _get_class_name()
-    {
-        return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the name of the items this model represents, for the quantity specified. Eg,
-     * if $quantity==1, on EEM_Event, it would 'Event' (internationalized), otherwise
-     * it would be 'Events'.
-     *
-     * @param int $quantity
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function item_name($quantity = 1)
-    {
-        return (int) $quantity === 1 ? $this->singular_item : $this->plural_item;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_TempBase.
-     * If a method is called on a child of EE_TempBase that doesn't exist, this function is called
-     * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments. Instead of
-     * requiring a plugin to extend the EE_TempBase (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that
-     * happen?) they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}' (eg,
-     * filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function) and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function
-     * was called, and an array of the original arguments passed to the function. Whatever their callback function
-     * returns will be returned by this function. Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
-     * add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3); function
-     * my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_TempBase $object,$argsArray){
-     * $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
-     *        return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
-     * }
-     * require('EEM_Answer.model.php');
-     * $answer=EEM_Answer::instance();
-     * echo $answer->my_callback('monkeys',100);
-     * //will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
-     *
-     * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_TempBase, but which
-     * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
-     */
-    public function __call($methodName, $args)
-    {
-        $className = get_class($this);
-        $tagName = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    __(
-                        'Method %1$s on model %2$s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: %4$s function my_callback(%4$s \$previousReturnValue, EEM_Base \$object\ $argsArray=NULL ){%4$s     /*function body*/%4$s      return \$whatever;%4$s }%4$s add_filter( \'%3$s\', \'my_callback\', 10, 3 );',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $methodName,
-                    $className,
-                    $tagName,
-                    '<br />'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Ensures $base_class_obj_or_id is of the EE_Base_Class child that corresponds ot this model.
-     * If not, assumes its an ID, and uses $this->get_one_by_ID() to get the EE_Base_Class.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|string|int $base_class_obj_or_id either:
-     *                                                       the EE_Base_Class object that corresponds to this Model,
-     *                                                       the object's class name
-     *                                                       or object's ID
-     * @param boolean                  $ensure_is_in_db      if set, we will also verify this model object
-     *                                                       exists in the database. If it does not, we add it
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
-            $model_object = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } else {
-            $primary_key_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            if ($primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
-                && (
-                    is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)
-                    || is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
-                )
-            ) {
-                // assume it's an ID.
-                // either a proper integer or a string representing an integer (eg "101" instead of 101)
-                $model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            } elseif ($primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
-                && is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
-            ) {
-                // assume its a string representation of the object
-                $model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            } else {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        __(
-                            "'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $base_class_obj_or_id,
-                        $this->_get_class_name(),
-                        print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if ($ensure_is_in_db && $model_object->ID() !== null) {
-            $model_object->save();
-        }
-        return $model_object;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to ensure_is_obj(), this method makes sure $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * is a value of the this model's primary key. If it's an EE_Base_Class child,
-     * returns it ID.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * @return int|string depending on the type of this model object's ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_ID($base_class_obj_or_id)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
-            /** @var $base_class_obj_or_id EE_Base_Class */
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id->ID();
-        } elseif (is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            // assume it's an ID
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } elseif (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            // assume its a string representation of the object
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $base_class_obj_or_id,
-                $this->_get_class_name(),
-                print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
-            ));
-        }
-        return $id;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets whether the values passed to the model (eg, values in WHERE, values in INSERT, UPDATE, etc)
-     * have already been ran through the appropriate model field's prepare_for_use_in_db method. IE, they have
-     * been sanitized and converted into the appropriate domain.
-     * Usually the only place you'll want to change the default (which is to assume values have NOT been sanitized by
-     * the model object/model field) is when making a method call from WITHIN a model object, which has direct access
-     * to its sanitized values. Note: after changing this setting, you should set it back to its previous value (using
-     * get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()) eg.
-     * $EVT = EEM_Event::instance(); $old_setting =
-     * $EVT->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
-     * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
-     * $EVT->update(array('foo'=>'bar'),array(array('foo'=>'monkey')));
-     * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object($old_setting);
-     *
-     * @param int $values_already_prepared like one of the constants on EEM_Base
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
-        $values_already_prepared = self::not_prepared_by_model_object
-    ) {
-        $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = $values_already_prepared;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
-    {
-        return $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Index[]
-     */
-    public function indexes()
-    {
-        return $this->_indexes;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the Unique Indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Unique_Index[]
-     */
-    public function unique_indexes()
-    {
-        $unique_indexes = array();
-        foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
-            if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
-                $unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
-            }
-        }
-        return $unique_indexes;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the fields which, when combined, make the primary key.
-     * This is usually just an array with 1 element (the primary key), but in cases
-     * where there is no primary key, it's a combination of fields as defined
-     * on a primary index
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] indexed by the field's name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->indexes() as $index) {
-            if ($index instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Index) {
-                return $index->fields();
-            }
-        }
-        return array($this->primary_key_name() => $this->get_primary_key_field());
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to build a primary key string (when the model has no primary key),
-     * which can be used a unique string to identify this model object.
-     *
-     * @param array $cols_n_values keys are field names, values are their values
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_index_primary_key_string($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        $cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index = array_intersect_key(
-            $cols_n_values,
-            $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-        );
-        return http_build_query($cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the field values from the primary key string
-     *
-     * @see EEM_Base::get_combined_primary_key_fields() and EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string()
-     * @param string $index_primary_key_string
-     * @return null|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function parse_index_primary_key_string($index_primary_key_string)
-    {
-        $key_fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
-        // check all of them are in the $id
-        $key_vals_in_combined_pk = array();
-        parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
-        foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-        return $key_vals_in_combined_pk;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * verifies that an array of key-value pairs for model fields has a key
-     * for each field comprising the primary key index
-     *
-     * @param array $key_vals
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($key_vals)
-    {
-        $keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
-        foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all model objects in the DB that appear to be a copy of $model_object_or_attributes_array.
-     * We consider something to be a copy if all the attributes match (except the ID, of course).
-     *
-     * @param array|EE_Base_Class $model_object_or_attributes_array If its an array, it's field-value pairs
-     * @param array               $query_params                     like EEM_Base::get_all's query_params.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @return \EE_Base_Class[] Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically
-     *                                                              indexed)
-     */
-    public function get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        if ($model_object_or_attributes_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array->model_field_array();
-        } elseif (is_array($model_object_or_attributes_array)) {
-            $attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
-                "get_all_copies should be provided with either a model object or an array of field-value-pairs, but was given %s",
-                "event_espresso"
-            ), $model_object_or_attributes_array));
-        }
-        // even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
-        // from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
-        }
-        if (isset($query_params[0])) {
-            $query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
-        } else {
-            $query_params[0] = $attributes_array;
-        }
-        return $this->get_all($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the first copy we find. See get_all_copies for more details
-     *
-     * @param       mixed EE_Base_Class | array        $model_object_or_attributes_array
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = array())
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
-                sprintf(
-                    __('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = array();
-        }
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $copies = $this->get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params);
-        if (is_array($copies)) {
-            return array_shift($copies);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the item with the specified id. Ignores default query parameters because
-     * we have specified the ID, and its assumed we KNOW what we're doing
-     *
-     * @param array      $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values
-     * @param int|string $id              the value of the primary key to update
-     * @return int number of rows updated
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function update_by_ID($fields_n_values, $id)
-    {
-        $query_params = array(
-            0                          => array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id),
-            'default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_others_only,
-        );
-        return $this->update($fields_n_values, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Changes an operator which was supplied to the models into one usable in SQL
-     *
-     * @param string $operator_supplied
-     * @return string an operator which can be used in SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
-    {
-        $sql_operator = isset($this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ]) ? $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ]
-            : null;
-        if ($sql_operator) {
-            return $sql_operator;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __(
-                    "The operator '%s' is not in the list of valid operators: %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $operator_supplied,
-                implode(",", array_keys($this->_valid_operators))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the valid operators
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_operators()
-    {
-        return $this->_valid_operators;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the between-style operators (take 2 arguments).
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_between_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_between_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "like"-style operators (take a single argument, but it may contain wildcards)
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_like_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_like_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "in"-style operators
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_in_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_in_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "null"-style operators (accept no arguments)
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_null_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_null_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array where keys are the primary keys and values are their 'names'
-     * (as determined by the model object's name() function, which is often overridden)
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like get_all's
-     * @return string[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_all_names($query_params = array())
-    {
-        $objs = $this->get_all($query_params);
-        $names = array();
-        foreach ($objs as $obj) {
-            $names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
-        }
-        return $names;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of primary keys from the model objects. If you acquired the model objects
-     * using EEM_Base::get_all() you don't need to call this (and probably shouldn't because
-     * this is duplicated effort and reduces efficiency) you would be better to use
-     * array_keys() on $model_objects.
-     *
-     * @param \EE_Base_Class[] $model_objects
-     * @param boolean          $filter_out_empty_ids if a model object has an ID of '' or 0, don't bother including it
-     *                                               in the returned array
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
-    {
-        if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    __('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $IDs = array();
-        foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
-            $id = $model_object->ID();
-            if (! $id) {
-                if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error(
-                        __(
-                            'Called %1$s on a model object that has no ID and so probably hasn\'t been saved to the database',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        __FILE__,
-                        __FUNCTION__,
-                        __LINE__
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            $IDs[] = $id;
-        }
-        return $IDs;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the string used in capabilities relating to this model. If there
-     * are no capabilities that relate to this model returns false
-     *
-     * @return string|false
-     */
-    public function cap_slug()
-    {
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_slug', $this->_caps_slug, $this);
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the capability-restrictions array (@see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions).
-     * If $context is provided (which should be set to one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts())
-     * only returns the cap restrictions array in that context (ie, the array
-     * at that key)
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by associated capability
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function cap_restrictions($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
-        // check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
-        if (isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
-            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
-            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
-        ) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
-                $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
-                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
-            );
-        }
-        // and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
-        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
-            if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
-                $where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Indicating whether or not this model thinks its a wp core model
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_wp_core_model()
-    {
-        return $this->_wp_core_model;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the caps that are missing which impose a restriction on
-     * queries made in this context
-     *
-     * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::caps_ constants
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by capability name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function caps_missing($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
-    {
-        $missing_caps = array();
-        $cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
-        foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            if (! EE_Capabilities::instance()
-                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
-            ) {
-                $missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
-            }
-        }
-        return $missing_caps;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the mapping from capability contexts to action strings used in capability names
-     *
-     * @return array keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are usually
-     * one of 'read', 'edit', or 'delete'
-     */
-    public function cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
-            $this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the action string for the specified capability context
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return string one of EEM_Base::cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() values
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function cap_action_for_context($context)
-    {
-        $mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
-        if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
-            return $mapping[ $context ];
-        }
-        if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
-            return $action;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __('Cannot find capability restrictions for context "%1$s", allowed values are:%2$s', 'event_espresso'),
-                $context,
-                implode(',', array_keys($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all the capability contexts which are valid when querying models
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function valid_cap_contexts()
-    {
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__valid_cap_contexts', array(
-            self::caps_read,
-            self::caps_read_admin,
-            self::caps_edit,
-            self::caps_delete,
-        ));
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all valid options for 'default_where_conditions'
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function valid_default_where_conditions()
-    {
-        return array(
-            EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
-            EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_this_only,
-            EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_others_only,
-            EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all,
-            EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others,
-            EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none
-        );
-    }
-
-    // public static function default_where_conditions_full
-    /**
-     * Verifies $context is one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), if not it throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public static function verify_is_valid_cap_context($context)
-    {
-        $valid_cap_contexts = EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts();
-        if (in_array($context, $valid_cap_contexts)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                __(
-                    'Context "%1$s" passed into model "%2$s" is not a valid context. They are: %3$s',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $context,
-                'EEM_Base',
-                implode(',', $valid_cap_contexts)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Clears all the models field caches. This is only useful when a sub-class
-     * might have added a field or something and these caches might be invalidated
-     */
-    protected function _invalidate_field_caches()
-    {
-        $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = array();
-        $this->_cached_fields = null;
-        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of all the where query param keys that relate to logic instead of field names
-     * (eg "and", "or", "not").
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function logic_query_param_keys()
-    {
-        return $this->_logic_query_param_keys;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether or not the where query param array key is for a logic query param.
-     * Eg 'OR', 'not*', and 'and*because-i-say-so' should all return true, whereas
-     * 'ATT_fname', 'EVT_name*not-you-or-me', and 'ORG_name' should return false
-     *
-     * @param $query_param_key
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    public function is_logic_query_param_key($query_param_key)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
-            if ($query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
-                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
-            ) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
+		}
+		return $null_friendly_where_conditions;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses the _default_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
+	 * default where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
+	 * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
+	 * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
+	 * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] (where conditions)
+	 */
+	private function _get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path = null)
+	{
+		if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses the _minimum_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
+	 * minimum where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
+	 * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
+	 * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
+	 * Similar to _get_default_where_conditions
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
+	 * @return array like EEM_Base::get_all's $query_params[0] (where conditions)
+	 */
+	protected function _get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path = null)
+	{
+		if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		return $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the string of SQL for the select part of a select query, everything behind SELECT and before FROM.
+	 * Eg, "Event.post_id, Event.post_name,Event_Detail.EVT_ID..."
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_default_select_sql(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
+	{
+		$selects = $this->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model();
+		foreach ($model_query_info->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_chain =>
+			$name_of_other_model_included) {
+			$other_model_included = $this->get_related_model_obj($name_of_other_model_included);
+			$other_model_selects = $other_model_included->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain);
+			foreach ($other_model_selects as $key => $value) {
+				$selects[] = $value;
+			}
+		}
+		return implode(", ", $selects);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of columns to select for this model, which are necessary for it to create its objects.
+	 * So that's going to be the columns for all the fields on the model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_chain like 'Question.Question_Group.Event'
+	 * @return array numerically indexed, values are columns to select and rename, eg "Event.ID AS 'Event.ID'"
+	 */
+	public function _get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain = '')
+	{
+		$fields = $this->field_settings();
+		$selects = array();
+		$table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix(
+			$model_relation_chain,
+			$this->get_this_model_name()
+		);
+		foreach ($fields as $field_obj) {
+			$selects[] = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
+						 . "."
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_column()
+						 . " AS '"
+						 . $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
+						 . "."
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_column()
+						 . "'";
+		}
+		// make sure we are also getting the PKs of each table
+		$tables = $this->get_tables();
+		if (count($tables) > 1) {
+			foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
+				$qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+									   . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
+				if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
+					$selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $selects;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Given a $query_param like 'Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID', pops off 'Registration.',
+	 * gets the join statement for it; gets the data types for it; and passes the remaining 'Transaction.TXN_ID'
+	 * onto its related Transaction object to do the same. Returns an EE_Join_And_Data_Types object which contains the
+	 * SQL for joining, and the data types
+	 *
+	 * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
+	 * @param string                      $query_param          like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
+	 * @param    string                   $query_param_type     like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
+	 *                                                          or 'PAY_ID'. Otherwise, we don't expect there to be a
+	 *                                                          column name. We only want model names, eg 'Event.Venue'
+	 *                                                          or 'Registration's
+	 * @param string                      $original_query_param what it originally was (eg
+	 *                                                          Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID). If null, we assume it
+	 *                                                          matches $query_param
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return void only modifies the EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier passed into it
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+		$query_param,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
+		$query_param_type,
+		$original_query_param = null
+	) {
+		if ($original_query_param === null) {
+			$original_query_param = $query_param;
+		}
+		$query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
+		/** @var $allow_logic_query_params bool whether or not to allow logic_query_params like 'NOT','OR', or 'AND' */
+		$allow_logic_query_params = in_array($query_param_type, array('where', 'having', 0, 'custom_selects'), true);
+		$allow_fields = in_array(
+			$query_param_type,
+			array('where', 'having', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'order', 'custom_selects', 0),
+			true
+		);
+		// check to see if we have a field on this model
+		$this_model_fields = $this->field_settings(true);
+		if (array_key_exists($query_param, $this_model_fields)) {
+			if ($allow_fields) {
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						"Using a field name (%s) on model %s is not allowed on this query param type '%s'. Original query param was %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$query_param,
+					get_class($this),
+					$query_param_type,
+					$original_query_param
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// check if this is a special logic query param
+		if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+			if ($allow_logic_query_params) {
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						'Logic query params ("%1$s") are being used incorrectly with the following query param ("%2$s") on model %3$s. %4$sAdditional Info:%4$s%5$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					implode('", "', $this->_logic_query_param_keys),
+					$query_param,
+					get_class($this),
+					'<br />',
+					"\t"
+					. ' $passed_in_query_info = <pre>'
+					. print_r($passed_in_query_info, true)
+					. '</pre>'
+					. "\n\t"
+					. ' $query_param_type = '
+					. $query_param_type
+					. "\n\t"
+					. ' $original_query_param = '
+					. $original_query_param
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// check if it's a custom selection
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// check if has a model name at the beginning
+		// and
+		// check if it's a field on a related model
+		if ($this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+			$passed_in_query_info,
+			$query_param,
+			$original_query_param,
+			$query_param_type
+		)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// ok so $query_param didn't start with a model name
+		// and we previously confirmed it wasn't a logic query param or field on the current model
+		// it's wack, that's what it is
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"There is no model named '%s' related to %s. Query param type is %s and original query param is %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$query_param,
+				get_class($this),
+				$query_param_type,
+				$original_query_param
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts any possible join model information from the provided possible_join_string.
+	 * This method will read the provided $possible_join_string value and determine if there are any possible model join
+	 * parts that should be added to the query.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $possible_join_string  Such as Registration.REG_ID, or Registration
+	 * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
+	 * @param string                      $query_parameter_type  The type for the source of the $possible_join_string
+	 *                                                           ('where', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'custom_selects' etc.)
+	 * @return bool  returns true if a join was added and false if not.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
+		$possible_join_string,
+		$original_query_param,
+		$query_parameter_type
+	) {
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
+				$this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
+				$possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
+				if ($possible_join_string === '') {
+					// nothing left to $query_param
+					// we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Query param '%s' (of type %s on model %s) shouldn't end on a period (.) ",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							$possible_join_string,
+							$query_parameter_type,
+							get_class($this),
+							$valid_related_model_name
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$related_model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($valid_related_model_name);
+				$related_model_obj->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$possible_join_string,
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$query_parameter_type,
+					$original_query_param
+				);
+				return true;
+			}
+			if ($possible_join_string === $valid_related_model_name) {
+				$this->_add_join_to_model(
+					$valid_related_model_name,
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$original_query_param
+				);
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts related models from Custom Selects and sets up any joins for those related models.
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier)
+	{
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& ($this->_custom_selections->type() === CustomSelects::TYPE_STRUCTURED
+				|| $this->_custom_selections->type() == CustomSelects::TYPE_COMPLEX
+			)
+		) {
+			$original_selects = $this->_custom_selections->originalSelects();
+			foreach ($original_selects as $alias => $select_configuration) {
+				$this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$select_configuration[0],
+					$select_configuration[0],
+					'custom_selects'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Privately used by _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param to add a join to $model_name
+	 * and store it on $passed_in_query_info
+	 *
+	 * @param string                      $model_name
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
+	 * @param string                      $original_query_param used to extract the relation chain between the queried
+	 *                                                          model and $model_name. Eg, if we are querying Event,
+	 *                                                          and are adding a join to 'Payment' with the original
+	 *                                                          query param key
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount', we want
+	 *                                                          to extract 'Registration.Transaction.Payment', in case
+	 *                                                          Payment wants to add default query params so that it
+	 *                                                          will know what models to prepend onto its default query
+	 *                                                          params or in case it wants to rename tables (in case
+	 *                                                          there are multiple joins to the same table)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _add_join_to_model(
+		$model_name,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
+		$original_query_param
+	) {
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		$model_relation_chain = EE_Model_Parser::extract_model_relation_chain($model_name, $original_query_param);
+		// check if the relation is HABTM, because then we're essentially doing two joins
+		// If so, join first to the JOIN table, and add its data types, and then continue as normal
+		if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_HABTM_Relation) {
+			$join_model_obj = $relation_obj->get_join_model();
+			// replace the model specified with the join model for this relation chain, whi
+			$relation_chain_to_join_model = EE_Model_Parser::replace_model_name_with_join_model_name_in_model_relation_chain(
+				$model_name,
+				$join_model_obj->get_this_model_name(),
+				$model_relation_chain
+			);
+			$passed_in_query_info->merge(
+				new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
+					array($relation_chain_to_join_model => $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name()),
+					$relation_obj->get_join_to_intermediate_model_statement($relation_chain_to_join_model)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// now just join to the other table pointed to by the relation object, and add its data types
+		$passed_in_query_info->merge(
+			new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
+				array($model_relation_chain => $model_name),
+				$relation_obj->get_join_statement($model_relation_chain)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs SQL for where clause, like "WHERE Event.ID = 23 AND Transaction.amount > 100" etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $where_params like EEM_Base::get_all
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_where_clause($where_params)
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
+		if ($SQL) {
+			return " WHERE " . $SQL;
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just like the _construct_where_clause, except prepends 'HAVING' instead of 'WHERE',
+	 * and should be passed HAVING parameters, not WHERE parameters
+	 *
+	 * @param array $having_params
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_having_clause($having_params)
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
+		if ($SQL) {
+			return " HAVING " . $SQL;
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used for creating nested WHERE conditions. Eg "WHERE ! (Event.ID = 3 OR ( Event_Meta.meta_key = 'bob' AND
+	 * Event_Meta.meta_value = 'foo'))"
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $where_params see EEM_Base::get_all for documentation
+	 * @param string $glue         joins each subclause together. Should really only be " AND " or " OR "...
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 */
+	private function _construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, $glue = ' AND')
+	{
+		$where_clauses = array();
+		foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
+			$query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);// str_replace("*",'',$query_param);
+			if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys)) {
+				switch ($query_param) {
+					case 'not':
+					case 'NOT':
+						$where_clauses[] = "! ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   $glue
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+					case 'and':
+					case 'AND':
+						$where_clauses[] = " ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   ' AND '
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+					case 'or':
+					case 'OR':
+						$where_clauses[] = " ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   ' OR '
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+				}
+			} else {
+				$field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
+				// if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
+				if (! $field_obj) {
+					if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+						$field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
+					} else {
+						throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+							"%s is neither a valid model field name, nor a custom selection",
+							"event_espresso"
+						), $query_param));
+					}
+				}
+				$op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
+				$where_clauses[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
+			}
+		}
+		return $where_clauses ? implode($glue, $where_clauses) : '';
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes the input parameter and extract the table name (alias) and column name
+	 *
+	 * @param string $query_param like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string table alias and column name for SQL, eg "Transaction.TXN_ID"
+	 */
+	private function _deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param)
+	{
+		$field = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
+		if ($field) {
+			$table_alias_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_from_query_param(
+				$field->get_model_name(),
+				$query_param
+			);
+			return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
+		) {
+			// maybe it's custom selection item?
+			// if so, just use it as the "column name"
+			return $query_param;
+		}
+		$custom_select_aliases = $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			? implode(',', $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases())
+			: '';
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__(
+					"%s is not a valid field on this model, nor a custom selection (%s)",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$query_param,
+				$custom_select_aliases
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes the * and anything after it from the condition query param key. It is useful to add the * to condition
+	 * query param keys (eg, 'OR*', 'EVT_ID') in order for the array keys to still be unique, so that they don't get
+	 * overwritten Takes a string like 'Event.EVT_ID*', 'TXN_total**', 'OR*1st', and 'DTT_reg_start*foobar' to
+	 * 'Event.EVT_ID', 'TXN_total', 'OR', and 'DTT_reg_start', respectively.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $condition_query_param_key
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($condition_query_param_key)
+	{
+		$pos_of_star = strpos($condition_query_param_key, '*');
+		if ($pos_of_star === false) {
+			return $condition_query_param_key;
+		}
+		$condition_query_param_sans_star = substr($condition_query_param_key, 0, $pos_of_star);
+		return $condition_query_param_sans_star;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * creates the SQL for the operator and the value in a WHERE clause, eg "< 23" or "LIKE '%monkey%'"
+	 *
+	 * @param                            mixed      array | string    $op_and_value
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj . If string, should be one of EEM_Base::_valid_wpdb_data_types
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _construct_op_and_value($op_and_value, $field_obj)
+	{
+		if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
+			$operator = isset($op_and_value[0]) ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0]) : null;
+			if (! $operator) {
+				$php_array_like_string = array();
+				foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
+					$php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
+				}
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"You setup a query parameter like you were going to specify an operator, but didn't. You provided '(%s)', but the operator should be at array key index 0 (eg array('>',32))",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						implode(",", $php_array_like_string)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$value = isset($op_and_value[1]) ? $op_and_value[1] : null;
+		} else {
+			$operator = '=';
+			$value = $op_and_value;
+		}
+		// check to see if the value is actually another field
+		if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2] == true) {
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			// in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
+			// it will need to handle a little differently
+			$cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
+			// note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
+			return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			// the value should be an array with count of two.
+			if (count($value) !== 2) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"The '%s' operator must be used with an array of values and there must be exactly TWO values in that array.",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						"BETWEEN"
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
+			return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
+			if ($value !== null) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"You attempted to give a value  (%s) while using a NULL-style operator (%s). That isn't valid",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$value,
+						$operator
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			return $operator;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			// if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
+			// remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
+		}
+		if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						"Operator '%s' must be used with an array of values, eg 'Registration.REG_ID' => array('%s',array(1,2,3))",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$operator,
+					$operator
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						"Operator '%s' must be used with a single value, not an array. Eg 'Registration.REG_ID => array('%s',23))",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$operator,
+					$operator
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__(
+					"It appears you've provided some totally invalid query parameters. Operator and value were:'%s', which isn't right at all",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				http_build_query($op_and_value)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the operands to be used in a BETWEEN query, eg "'2014-12-31 20:23:33' AND '2015-01-23 12:32:54'"
+	 *
+	 * @param array                      $values
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be the datatype to be used when querying, eg
+	 *                                              '%s'
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_between_value($values, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$cleaned_values = array();
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			$cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes an array or a comma-separated list of $values and cleans them
+	 * according to $data_type using $wpdb->prepare, and then makes the list a
+	 * string surrounded by ( and ). Eg, _construct_in_value(array(1,2,3),'%d') would
+	 * return '(1,2,3)'; _construct_in_value("1,2,hack",'%d') would return '(1,2,1)' (assuming
+	 * I'm right that a string, when interpreted as a digit, becomes a 1. It might become a 0)
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed                      $values    array or comma-separated string
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be a wpdb data type like '%s', or '%d'
+	 * @return string of SQL to follow an 'IN' or 'NOT IN' operator
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_in_value($values, $field_obj)
+	{
+		// check if the value is a CSV list
+		if (is_string($values)) {
+			// in which case, turn it into an array
+			$values = explode(",", $values);
+		}
+		$cleaned_values = array();
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			$cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		// we would just LOVE to leave $cleaned_values as an empty array, and return the value as "()",
+		// but unfortunately that's invalid SQL. So instead we return a string which we KNOW will evaluate to be the empty set
+		// which is effectively equivalent to returning "()". We don't return "(0)" because that only works for auto-incrementing columns
+		if (empty($cleaned_values)) {
+			$all_fields = $this->field_settings();
+			$a_field = array_shift($all_fields);
+			$main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$cleaned_values[] = "SELECT "
+								. $a_field->get_table_column()
+								. " FROM "
+								. $main_table->get_table_name()
+								. " WHERE FALSE";
+		}
+		return "(" . implode(",", $cleaned_values) . ")";
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed                      $value
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string it should be a wpdb data type like '%d'
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return false|null|string
+	 */
+	private function _wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			return $wpdb->prepare(
+				$field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(),
+				$this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
+			);
+		} //$field_obj should really just be a data type
+		if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
+					$field_obj,
+					implode(",", $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $wpdb->prepare($field_obj, $value);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes the input parameter and finds the model field that it indicates.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $query_param_name like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 */
+	protected function _deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param_name)
+	{
+		// ok, now proceed with deducing which part is the model's name, and which is the field's name
+		// which will help us find the database table and column
+		$query_param_parts = explode(".", $query_param_name);
+		if (empty($query_param_parts)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				"_extract_column_name is empty when trying to extract column and table name from %s",
+				'event_espresso'
+			), $query_param_name));
+		}
+		$number_of_parts = count($query_param_parts);
+		$last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
+		if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
+			$field_name = $last_query_param_part;
+			$model_obj = $this;
+		} else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
+			// the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
+			$field_name = $last_query_param_part;
+			$model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
+		}
+		try {
+			return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Given a field's name (ie, a key in $this->field_settings()), uses the EE_Model_Field object to get the table's
+	 * alias and column which corresponds to it
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
+	{
+		$all_fields = $this->field_settings();
+		$field = isset($all_fields[ $field_name ]) ? $all_fields[ $field_name ] : false;
+		if ($field) {
+			return $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__(
+					"There is no field titled %s on model %s. Either the query trying to use it is bad, or you need to add it to the list of fields on the model.",
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$field_name,
+				get_class($this)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * similar to \EEM_Base::_get_qualified_column_for_field() but returns an array with data for ALL fields.
+	 * Example usage:
+	 * EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
+	 *      array(),
+	 *      ARRAY_A,
+	 *      EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields()
+	 *  );
+	 * is equivalent to
+	 *  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results( array(), ARRAY_A, '*' );
+	 * and
+	 *  EEM_Event::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
+	 *      array(
+	 *          array(
+	 *              'Datetime.Ticket.TKT_ID' => array( '<', 100 ),
+	 *          ),
+	 *          ARRAY_A,
+	 *          implode(
+	 *              ', ',
+	 *              array_merge(
+	 *                  EEM_Event::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( '', false ),
+	 *                  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( 'Datetime', false )
+	 *              )
+	 *          )
+	 *      )
+	 *  );
+	 * selects rows from the database, selecting all the event and ticket columns, where the ticket ID is below 100
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_chain        the chain of models used to join between the model you want to query
+	 *                                            and the one whose fields you are selecting for example: when querying
+	 *                                            tickets model and selecting fields from the tickets model you would
+	 *                                            leave this parameter empty, because no models are needed to join
+	 *                                            between the queried model and the selected one. Likewise when
+	 *                                            querying the datetime model and selecting fields from the tickets
+	 *                                            model, it would also be left empty, because there is a direct
+	 *                                            relation from datetimes to tickets, so no model is needed to join
+	 *                                            them together. However, when querying from the event model and
+	 *                                            selecting fields from the ticket model, you should provide the string
+	 *                                            'Datetime', indicating that the event model must first join to the
+	 *                                            datetime model in order to find its relation to ticket model.
+	 *                                            Also, when querying from the venue model and selecting fields from
+	 *                                            the ticket model, you should provide the string 'Event.Datetime',
+	 *                                            indicating you need to join the venue model to the event model,
+	 *                                            to the datetime model, in order to find its relation to the ticket model.
+	 *                                            This string is used to deduce the prefix that gets added onto the
+	 *                                            models' tables qualified columns
+	 * @param bool   $return_string               if true, will return a string with qualified column names separated
+	 *                                            by ', ' if false, will simply return a numerically indexed array of
+	 *                                            qualified column names
+	 * @return array|string
+	 */
+	public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
+	{
+		$table_prefix = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain) ? '' : '__');
+		$qualified_columns = array();
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
+			$qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		return $return_string ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns) : $qualified_columns;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constructs the select use on special limit joins
+	 * NOTE: for now this has only been tested and will work when the  table alias is for the PRIMARY table. Although
+	 * its setup so the select query will be setup on and just doing the special select join off of the primary table
+	 * (as that is typically where the limits would be set).
+	 *
+	 * @param  string       $table_alias The table the select is being built for
+	 * @param  mixed|string $limit       The limit for this select
+	 * @return string                The final select join element for the query.
+	 */
+	public function _construct_limit_join_select($table_alias, $limit)
+	{
+		$SQL = '';
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
+				$SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
+					? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
+					: SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
+			} elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
+					? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
+					: SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
+			}
+		}
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs the internal join if there are multiple tables, or simply the table's name and alias
+	 * Eg "wp_post AS Event" or "wp_post AS Event INNER JOIN wp_postmeta Event_Meta ON Event.ID = Event_Meta.post_id"
+	 *
+	 * @return string SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_internal_join()
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_sql();
+		$SQL .= $this->_construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($this->_get_main_table()->get_table_alias());
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs the SQL for joining all the tables on this model.
+	 * Normally $alias should be the primary table's alias, but in cases where
+	 * we have already joined to a secondary table (eg, the secondary table has a foreign key and is joined before the
+	 * primary table) then we should provide that secondary table's alias. Eg, with $alias being the primary table's
+	 * alias, this will construct SQL like:
+	 * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_secondary_table AS Secondary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
+	 * With $alias being a secondary table's alias, this will construct SQL like:
+	 * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_primary_table AS Primary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
+	 *
+	 * @param string $alias_prefixed table alias to join to (this table should already be in the FROM SQL clause)
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function _construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($alias_prefixed)
+	{
+		$SQL = '';
+		$alias_sans_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($alias_prefixed);
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {// table is secondary table
+				if ($alias_sans_prefix === $table_obj->get_table_alias()) {
+					// so we're joining to this table, meaning the table is already in
+					// the FROM statement, BUT the primary table isn't. So we want
+					// to add the inverse join sql
+					$SQL .= $table_obj->get_inverse_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
+				} else {
+					// just add a regular JOIN to this table from the primary table
+					$SQL .= $table_obj->get_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
+				}
+			}//if it's a primary table, dont add any SQL. it should already be in the FROM statement
+		}
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array for storing all the data types on the next-to-be-executed-query.
+	 * This should be a growing array of keys being table-columns (eg 'EVT_ID' and 'Event.EVT_ID'), and values being
+	 * their data type (eg, '%s', '%d', etc)
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function _get_data_types()
+	{
+		$data_types = array();
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
+			// $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+			/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+			$data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+		}
+		return $data_types;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model object given the relation's name / model's name (eg, 'Event', 'Registration',etc. Always singular)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 */
+	public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
+	{
+		$model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
+		if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				"You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
+				'event_espresso'
+			), $model_name, $model_classname));
+		}
+		return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the array of EE_ModelRelations for this model.
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function relation_settings()
+	{
+		return $this->_model_relations;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all related models that this model BELONGS TO. Handy to know sometimes
+	 * because without THOSE models, this model probably doesn't have much purpose.
+	 * (Eg, without an event, datetimes have little purpose.)
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Belongs_To_Relation[]
+	 */
+	public function belongs_to_relations()
+	{
+		$belongs_to_relations = array();
+		foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
+			}
+		}
+		return $belongs_to_relations;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the specified EE_Model_Relation, or throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name name of relation, key in $this->_relatedModels
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base
+	 */
+	public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
+	{
+		$relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
+		if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						'Cannot get %s related to %s. There is no model relation of that type. There is, however, %s...',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$relation_name,
+					$this->_get_class_name(),
+					implode(', ', array_keys($relatedModels))
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * A convenience method for getting a specific field's settings, instead of getting all field settings for all
+	 * fields
+	 *
+	 * @param string $fieldName
+	 * @param boolean $include_db_only_fields
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 */
+	public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
+	{
+		$fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
+		if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+				__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
+				$fieldName,
+				get_class($this)
+			));
+		}
+		return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if this field exists on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $fieldName a key in the model's _field_settings array
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_field($fieldName)
+	{
+		$fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
+		if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether or not this model has a relation to the specified model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name possibly one of the keys in the relation_settings array
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_relation($relation_name)
+	{
+		$relations = $this->relation_settings();
+		if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
+	 * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
+	 *
+	 * @param $field_obj
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj)
+	{
+		return $field_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
+	 * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_primary_key_field()
+	{
+		if ($this->_primary_key_field === null) {
+			foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_obj) {
+				if ($this->is_primary_key_field($field_obj)) {
+					$this->_primary_key_field = $field_obj;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+					__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
+					get_class($this)
+				));
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_primary_key_field;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether or not not there is a primary key on this model.
+	 * Internally does some caching.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_primary_key_field()
+	{
+		if ($this->_has_primary_key_field === null) {
+			try {
+				$this->get_primary_key_field();
+				$this->_has_primary_key_field = true;
+			} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+				$this->_has_primary_key_field = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_has_primary_key_field;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds the first field of type $field_class_name.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_class_name class name of field that you want to find. Eg, EE_Datetime_Field,
+	 *                                 EE_Foreign_Key_Field, etc
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base or null if none is found
+	 */
+	public function get_a_field_of_type($field_class_name)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof $field_class_name) {
+				return $field;
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a foreign key field pointing to model.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_name eg Event, Registration, not EEM_Event
+	 * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
+	{
+		if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+			foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
+				if ($field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
+					&& in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
+				) {
+					$this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+					"There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
+					'event_espresso'
+				), $model_name, get_class($this)));
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the table name (including $wpdb->prefix) for the table alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias eg Event, Event_Meta, Registration, Transaction, but maybe
+	 *                            a table alias with a model chain prefix, like 'Venue__Event_Venue___Event_Meta'.
+	 *                            Either one works
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
+	{
+		$table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
+		return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a flat array of all field son this model, instead of organizing them
+	 * by table_alias as they are in the constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $include_db_only_fields flag indicating whether or not to include the db-only fields
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] where the keys are the field's name
+	 */
+	public function field_settings($include_db_only_fields = false)
+	{
+		if ($include_db_only_fields) {
+			if ($this->_cached_fields === null) {
+				$this->_cached_fields = array();
+				foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
+					foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+						$this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return $this->_cached_fields;
+		}
+		if ($this->_cached_fields_non_db_only === null) {
+			$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = array();
+			foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
+				foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        cycle though array of attendees and create objects out of each item
+	 *
+	 * @access        private
+	 * @param        array $rows of results of $wpdb->get_results($query,ARRAY_A)
+	 * @return \EE_Base_Class[] array keys are primary keys (if there is a primary key on the model. if not,
+	 *                           numerically indexed)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _create_objects($rows = array())
+	{
+		$array_of_objects = array();
+		if (empty($rows)) {
+			return array();
+		}
+		$count_if_model_has_no_primary_key = 0;
+		$has_primary_key = $this->has_primary_key_field();
+		$primary_key_field = $has_primary_key ? $this->get_primary_key_field() : null;
+		foreach ((array) $rows as $row) {
+			if (empty($row)) {
+				// wp did its weird thing where it returns an array like array(0=>null), which is totally not helpful...
+				return array();
+			}
+			// check if we've already set this object in the results array,
+			// in which case there's no need to process it further (again)
+			if ($has_primary_key) {
+				$table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+					$row,
+					$primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
+					$primary_key_field->get_table_column()
+				);
+				if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			$classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
+			if (! $classInstance) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
+						$this->get_this_model_name(),
+						http_build_query($row)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			// set the timezone on the instantiated objects
+			$classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+			// make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
+			$key = $has_primary_key ? $classInstance->ID() : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
+			$array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
+			// also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
+			// those related models
+			// (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
+			// that filtered out some fo the results, then we'd be caching an incomplete set
+			// so it requires a little more thought than just caching them immediately...)
+			foreach ($this->_model_relations as $modelName => $relation_obj) {
+				if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// check if this model's INFO is present. If so, cache it on the model
+					$other_model = $relation_obj->get_other_model();
+					$other_model_obj_maybe = $other_model->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
+					// if we managed to make a model object from the results, cache it on the main model object
+					if ($other_model_obj_maybe) {
+						// set timezone on these other model objects if they are present
+						$other_model_obj_maybe->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+						$classInstance->cache($modelName, $other_model_obj_maybe);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// also, if this was a custom select query, let's see if there are any results for the custom select fields
+			// and add them to the object as well.  We'll convert according to the set data_type if there's any set for
+			// the field in the CustomSelects object
+			if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+				$classInstance->setCustomSelectsValues(
+					$this->getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults($row)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $array_of_objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will parse a given row of results from the db and see if any keys in the results match an alias within the
+	 * current CustomSelects object. This will be used to build an array of values indexed by those keys.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $db_results_row
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults(array $db_results_row)
+	{
+		$results = array();
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+			foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
+				if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
+					$results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
+						$db_results_row[ $alias ],
+						$this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $results;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will set the value for the given alias
+	 * @param string $value
+	 * @param string $datatype (one of %d, %s, %f)
+	 * @return int|string|float (int for %d, string for %s, float for %f)
+	 */
+	protected function convertValueToDataType($value, $datatype)
+	{
+		switch ($datatype) {
+			case '%f':
+				return (float) $value;
+			case '%d':
+				return (int) $value;
+			default:
+				return (string) $value;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * The purpose of this method is to allow us to create a model object that is not in the db that holds default
+	 * values. A typical example of where this is used is when creating a new item and the initial load of a form.  We
+	 * dont' necessarily want to test for if the object is present but just assume it is BUT load the defaults from the
+	 * object (as set in the model_field!).
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class single EE_Base_Class object with default values for the properties.
+	 */
+	public function create_default_object()
+	{
+		$this_model_fields_and_values = array();
+		// setup the row using default values;
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			$this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+		}
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
+									->load_class($className, array($this_model_fields_and_values), false, false);
+		return $classInstance;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
+	 *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
+			$cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
+		}
+		$primary_key = null;
+		// make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
+		$this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+			$primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		// check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
+		// if not, return null
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		} elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
+			$first_column = reset($this_model_fields_n_values);
+			if (empty($first_column)) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+		// if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
+		if ($primary_key) {
+			$classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
+			if (! $classInstance) {
+				$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
+											->load_class(
+												$className,
+												array($this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone),
+												true,
+												false
+											);
+				// add this new object to the entity map
+				$classInstance = $this->add_to_entity_map($classInstance);
+			}
+		} else {
+			$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
+										->load_class(
+											$className,
+											array($this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone),
+											true,
+											false
+										);
+		}
+		return $classInstance;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model object from the  entity map if it exists
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function get_from_entity_map($id)
+	{
+		return isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])
+			? $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] : null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * add_to_entity_map
+	 * Adds the object to the model's entity mappings
+	 *        Effectively tells the models "Hey, this model object is the most up-to-date representation of the data,
+	 *        and for the remainder of the request, it's even more up-to-date than what's in the database.
+	 *        So, if the database doesn't agree with what's in the entity mapper, ignore the database"
+	 *        If the database gets updated directly and you want the entity mapper to reflect that change,
+	 *        then this method should be called immediately after the update query
+	 * Note: The map is indexed by whatever the current blog id is set (via EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id).  This is
+	 * so on multisite, the entity map is specific to the query being done for a specific site.
+	 *
+	 * @param    EE_Base_Class $object
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return \EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if (! $object instanceof $className) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+				__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
+				is_object($object) ? get_class($object) : $object,
+				$className
+			));
+		}
+		/** @var $object EE_Base_Class */
+		if (! $object->ID()) {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				"You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
+				"event_espresso"
+			), get_class($this)));
+		}
+		// double check it's not already there
+		$classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($object->ID());
+		if ($classInstance) {
+			return $classInstance;
+		}
+		$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
+		return $object;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * if a valid identifier is provided, then that entity is unset from the entity map,
+	 * if no identifier is provided, then the entire entity map is emptied
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
+	{
+		if (empty($id)) {
+			$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = array();
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
+			unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Public wrapper for _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values.
+	 * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
+	 * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
+	 *
+	 * @param array $cols_n_values
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		return $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values
+	 * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
+	 * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
+	 *
+	 * @param string $cols_n_values
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		$this_model_fields_n_values = array();
+		foreach ($this->get_tables() as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
+			$table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+				$cols_n_values,
+				$table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column(),
+				$table_obj->get_pk_column()
+			);
+			// there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
+			if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
+				foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						// prepare field as if its coming from db
+						$prepared_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
+						$this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// the table's rows existed. Use their values
+				foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						$this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+							$cols_n_values,
+							$field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
+							$field_obj->get_table_column()
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $this_model_fields_n_values;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $cols_n_values
+	 * @param $qualified_column
+	 * @param $regular_column
+	 * @return null
+	 */
+	protected function _get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not($cols_n_values, $qualified_column, $regular_column)
+	{
+		$value = null;
+		// ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
+		// does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
+		// or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
+		if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
+			$value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
+		} elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
+			$value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
+		}
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_entity_map_from_db
+	 * Makes sure the model object in the entity map at $id assumes the values
+	 * of the database (opposite of EE_base_Class::save())
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function refresh_entity_map_from_db($id)
+	{
+		$obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($obj_in_map) {
+			$wpdb_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results(
+				array(array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id), 'limit' => 1)
+			);
+			if ($wpdb_results && is_array($wpdb_results)) {
+				$one_row = reset($wpdb_results);
+				foreach ($this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($one_row) as $field_name => $db_value) {
+					$obj_in_map->set_from_db($field_name, $db_value);
+				}
+				// clear the cache of related model objects
+				foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+					$obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
+				}
+			}
+			$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
+			return $obj_in_map;
+		}
+		return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_entity_map_with
+	 * Leaves the entry in the entity map alone, but updates it to match the provided
+	 * $replacing_model_obj (which we assume to be its equivalent but somehow NOT in the entity map).
+	 * This is useful if you have a model object you want to make authoritative over what's in the entity map currently.
+	 * Note: The old $replacing_model_obj should now be destroyed as it's now un-authoritative
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string    $id
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $replacing_model_obj
+	 * @return \EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function refresh_entity_map_with($id, $replacing_model_obj)
+	{
+		$obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($obj_in_map) {
+			if ($replacing_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				foreach ($replacing_model_obj->model_field_array() as $field_name => $value) {
+					$obj_in_map->set($field_name, $value);
+				}
+				// make the model object in the entity map's cache match the $replacing_model_obj
+				foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+					$obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
+					foreach ($replacing_model_obj->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $cache_id => $cached_obj) {
+						$obj_in_map->cache($relation_name, $cached_obj, $cache_id);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return $obj_in_map;
+		}
+		$this->add_to_entity_map($replacing_model_obj);
+		return $replacing_model_obj;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the EE class that corresponds to this model. Eg, for EEM_Answer that
+	 * would be EE_Answer.To import that class, you'd just add ".class.php" to the name, like so
+	 * require_once($this->_getClassName().".class.php");
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _get_class_name()
+	{
+		return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the name of the items this model represents, for the quantity specified. Eg,
+	 * if $quantity==1, on EEM_Event, it would 'Event' (internationalized), otherwise
+	 * it would be 'Events'.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $quantity
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function item_name($quantity = 1)
+	{
+		return (int) $quantity === 1 ? $this->singular_item : $this->plural_item;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_TempBase.
+	 * If a method is called on a child of EE_TempBase that doesn't exist, this function is called
+	 * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments. Instead of
+	 * requiring a plugin to extend the EE_TempBase (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that
+	 * happen?) they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}' (eg,
+	 * filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function) and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function
+	 * was called, and an array of the original arguments passed to the function. Whatever their callback function
+	 * returns will be returned by this function. Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
+	 * add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3); function
+	 * my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_TempBase $object,$argsArray){
+	 * $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
+	 *        return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
+	 * }
+	 * require('EEM_Answer.model.php');
+	 * $answer=EEM_Answer::instance();
+	 * echo $answer->my_callback('monkeys',100);
+	 * //will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
+	 *
+	 * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_TempBase, but which
+	 * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
+	 */
+	public function __call($methodName, $args)
+	{
+		$className = get_class($this);
+		$tagName = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
+		if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					__(
+						'Method %1$s on model %2$s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: %4$s function my_callback(%4$s \$previousReturnValue, EEM_Base \$object\ $argsArray=NULL ){%4$s     /*function body*/%4$s      return \$whatever;%4$s }%4$s add_filter( \'%3$s\', \'my_callback\', 10, 3 );',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$methodName,
+					$className,
+					$tagName,
+					'<br />'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Ensures $base_class_obj_or_id is of the EE_Base_Class child that corresponds ot this model.
+	 * If not, assumes its an ID, and uses $this->get_one_by_ID() to get the EE_Base_Class.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|string|int $base_class_obj_or_id either:
+	 *                                                       the EE_Base_Class object that corresponds to this Model,
+	 *                                                       the object's class name
+	 *                                                       or object's ID
+	 * @param boolean                  $ensure_is_in_db      if set, we will also verify this model object
+	 *                                                       exists in the database. If it does not, we add it
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
+			$model_object = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} else {
+			$primary_key_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			if ($primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
+				&& (
+					is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)
+					|| is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
+				)
+			) {
+				// assume it's an ID.
+				// either a proper integer or a string representing an integer (eg "101" instead of 101)
+				$model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			} elseif ($primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
+				&& is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
+			) {
+				// assume its a string representation of the object
+				$model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			} else {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						__(
+							"'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$base_class_obj_or_id,
+						$this->_get_class_name(),
+						print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if ($ensure_is_in_db && $model_object->ID() !== null) {
+			$model_object->save();
+		}
+		return $model_object;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Similar to ensure_is_obj(), this method makes sure $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * is a value of the this model's primary key. If it's an EE_Base_Class child,
+	 * returns it ID.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * @return int|string depending on the type of this model object's ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_ID($base_class_obj_or_id)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
+			/** @var $base_class_obj_or_id EE_Base_Class */
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id->ID();
+		} elseif (is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			// assume it's an ID
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} elseif (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			// assume its a string representation of the object
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
+				__(
+					"'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$base_class_obj_or_id,
+				$this->_get_class_name(),
+				print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
+			));
+		}
+		return $id;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether the values passed to the model (eg, values in WHERE, values in INSERT, UPDATE, etc)
+	 * have already been ran through the appropriate model field's prepare_for_use_in_db method. IE, they have
+	 * been sanitized and converted into the appropriate domain.
+	 * Usually the only place you'll want to change the default (which is to assume values have NOT been sanitized by
+	 * the model object/model field) is when making a method call from WITHIN a model object, which has direct access
+	 * to its sanitized values. Note: after changing this setting, you should set it back to its previous value (using
+	 * get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()) eg.
+	 * $EVT = EEM_Event::instance(); $old_setting =
+	 * $EVT->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
+	 * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
+	 * $EVT->update(array('foo'=>'bar'),array(array('foo'=>'monkey')));
+	 * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object($old_setting);
+	 *
+	 * @param int $values_already_prepared like one of the constants on EEM_Base
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
+		$values_already_prepared = self::not_prepared_by_model_object
+	) {
+		$this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = $values_already_prepared;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
+	{
+		return $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Index[]
+	 */
+	public function indexes()
+	{
+		return $this->_indexes;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the Unique Indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Unique_Index[]
+	 */
+	public function unique_indexes()
+	{
+		$unique_indexes = array();
+		foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
+			if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
+				$unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
+			}
+		}
+		return $unique_indexes;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the fields which, when combined, make the primary key.
+	 * This is usually just an array with 1 element (the primary key), but in cases
+	 * where there is no primary key, it's a combination of fields as defined
+	 * on a primary index
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] indexed by the field's name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->indexes() as $index) {
+			if ($index instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Index) {
+				return $index->fields();
+			}
+		}
+		return array($this->primary_key_name() => $this->get_primary_key_field());
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to build a primary key string (when the model has no primary key),
+	 * which can be used a unique string to identify this model object.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $cols_n_values keys are field names, values are their values
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_index_primary_key_string($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		$cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index = array_intersect_key(
+			$cols_n_values,
+			$this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+		);
+		return http_build_query($cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the field values from the primary key string
+	 *
+	 * @see EEM_Base::get_combined_primary_key_fields() and EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string()
+	 * @param string $index_primary_key_string
+	 * @return null|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function parse_index_primary_key_string($index_primary_key_string)
+	{
+		$key_fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
+		// check all of them are in the $id
+		$key_vals_in_combined_pk = array();
+		parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
+		foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+		return $key_vals_in_combined_pk;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * verifies that an array of key-value pairs for model fields has a key
+	 * for each field comprising the primary key index
+	 *
+	 * @param array $key_vals
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($key_vals)
+	{
+		$keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
+		foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
+			if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all model objects in the DB that appear to be a copy of $model_object_or_attributes_array.
+	 * We consider something to be a copy if all the attributes match (except the ID, of course).
+	 *
+	 * @param array|EE_Base_Class $model_object_or_attributes_array If its an array, it's field-value pairs
+	 * @param array               $query_params                     like EEM_Base::get_all's query_params.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @return \EE_Base_Class[] Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically
+	 *                                                              indexed)
+	 */
+	public function get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		if ($model_object_or_attributes_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array->model_field_array();
+		} elseif (is_array($model_object_or_attributes_array)) {
+			$attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
+				"get_all_copies should be provided with either a model object or an array of field-value-pairs, but was given %s",
+				"event_espresso"
+			), $model_object_or_attributes_array));
+		}
+		// even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
+		// from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+			unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
+		}
+		if (isset($query_params[0])) {
+			$query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
+		} else {
+			$query_params[0] = $attributes_array;
+		}
+		return $this->get_all($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the first copy we find. See get_all_copies for more details
+	 *
+	 * @param       mixed EE_Base_Class | array        $model_object_or_attributes_array
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = array())
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
+				sprintf(
+					__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = array();
+		}
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$copies = $this->get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params);
+		if (is_array($copies)) {
+			return array_shift($copies);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the item with the specified id. Ignores default query parameters because
+	 * we have specified the ID, and its assumed we KNOW what we're doing
+	 *
+	 * @param array      $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values
+	 * @param int|string $id              the value of the primary key to update
+	 * @return int number of rows updated
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function update_by_ID($fields_n_values, $id)
+	{
+		$query_params = array(
+			0                          => array($this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id),
+			'default_where_conditions' => EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_others_only,
+		);
+		return $this->update($fields_n_values, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Changes an operator which was supplied to the models into one usable in SQL
+	 *
+	 * @param string $operator_supplied
+	 * @return string an operator which can be used in SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
+	{
+		$sql_operator = isset($this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ]) ? $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ]
+			: null;
+		if ($sql_operator) {
+			return $sql_operator;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__(
+					"The operator '%s' is not in the list of valid operators: %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$operator_supplied,
+				implode(",", array_keys($this->_valid_operators))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the valid operators
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_operators()
+	{
+		return $this->_valid_operators;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the between-style operators (take 2 arguments).
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_between_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_between_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "like"-style operators (take a single argument, but it may contain wildcards)
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_like_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_like_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "in"-style operators
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_in_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_in_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "null"-style operators (accept no arguments)
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_null_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_null_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array where keys are the primary keys and values are their 'names'
+	 * (as determined by the model object's name() function, which is often overridden)
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like get_all's
+	 * @return string[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_all_names($query_params = array())
+	{
+		$objs = $this->get_all($query_params);
+		$names = array();
+		foreach ($objs as $obj) {
+			$names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
+		}
+		return $names;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of primary keys from the model objects. If you acquired the model objects
+	 * using EEM_Base::get_all() you don't need to call this (and probably shouldn't because
+	 * this is duplicated effort and reduces efficiency) you would be better to use
+	 * array_keys() on $model_objects.
+	 *
+	 * @param \EE_Base_Class[] $model_objects
+	 * @param boolean          $filter_out_empty_ids if a model object has an ID of '' or 0, don't bother including it
+	 *                                               in the returned array
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
+	{
+		if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if (WP_DEBUG) {
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$IDs = array();
+		foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
+			$id = $model_object->ID();
+			if (! $id) {
+				if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (WP_DEBUG) {
+					EE_Error::add_error(
+						__(
+							'Called %1$s on a model object that has no ID and so probably hasn\'t been saved to the database',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						__FILE__,
+						__FUNCTION__,
+						__LINE__
+					);
+				}
+			}
+			$IDs[] = $id;
+		}
+		return $IDs;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the string used in capabilities relating to this model. If there
+	 * are no capabilities that relate to this model returns false
+	 *
+	 * @return string|false
+	 */
+	public function cap_slug()
+	{
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_slug', $this->_caps_slug, $this);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the capability-restrictions array (@see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions).
+	 * If $context is provided (which should be set to one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts())
+	 * only returns the cap restrictions array in that context (ie, the array
+	 * at that key)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by associated capability
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function cap_restrictions($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
+		// check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
+		if (isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
+			&& $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
+			&& ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
+		) {
+			$this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
+				$this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
+				$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
+			);
+		}
+		// and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
+		foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
+			if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
+				$where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicating whether or not this model thinks its a wp core model
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_wp_core_model()
+	{
+		return $this->_wp_core_model;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the caps that are missing which impose a restriction on
+	 * queries made in this context
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::caps_ constants
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by capability name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function caps_missing($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
+	{
+		$missing_caps = array();
+		$cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
+		foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
+			if (! EE_Capabilities::instance()
+								 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
+			) {
+				$missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
+			}
+		}
+		return $missing_caps;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the mapping from capability contexts to action strings used in capability names
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are usually
+	 * one of 'read', 'edit', or 'delete'
+	 */
+	public function cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
+			$this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the action string for the specified capability context
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return string one of EEM_Base::cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() values
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function cap_action_for_context($context)
+	{
+		$mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
+		if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
+			return $mapping[ $context ];
+		}
+		if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
+			return $action;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__('Cannot find capability restrictions for context "%1$s", allowed values are:%2$s', 'event_espresso'),
+				$context,
+				implode(',', array_keys($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all the capability contexts which are valid when querying models
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function valid_cap_contexts()
+	{
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__valid_cap_contexts', array(
+			self::caps_read,
+			self::caps_read_admin,
+			self::caps_edit,
+			self::caps_delete,
+		));
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all valid options for 'default_where_conditions'
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function valid_default_where_conditions()
+	{
+		return array(
+			EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_all,
+			EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_this_only,
+			EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_others_only,
+			EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_all,
+			EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_minimum_others,
+			EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none
+		);
+	}
+
+	// public static function default_where_conditions_full
+	/**
+	 * Verifies $context is one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), if not it throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public static function verify_is_valid_cap_context($context)
+	{
+		$valid_cap_contexts = EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts();
+		if (in_array($context, $valid_cap_contexts)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				__(
+					'Context "%1$s" passed into model "%2$s" is not a valid context. They are: %3$s',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$context,
+				'EEM_Base',
+				implode(',', $valid_cap_contexts)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Clears all the models field caches. This is only useful when a sub-class
+	 * might have added a field or something and these caches might be invalidated
+	 */
+	protected function _invalidate_field_caches()
+	{
+		$this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = array();
+		$this->_cached_fields = null;
+		$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the list of all the where query param keys that relate to logic instead of field names
+	 * (eg "and", "or", "not").
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function logic_query_param_keys()
+	{
+		return $this->_logic_query_param_keys;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether or not the where query param array key is for a logic query param.
+	 * Eg 'OR', 'not*', and 'and*because-i-say-so' should all return true, whereas
+	 * 'ATT_fname', 'EVT_name*not-you-or-me', and 'ORG_name' should return false
+	 *
+	 * @param $query_param_key
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	public function is_logic_query_param_key($query_param_key)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
+			if ($query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
+				|| strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
+			) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
 }

Spacing +223 added lines, -223 removed lines

@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ 
     protected function __construct($timezone = null)
     {
         // check that the model has not been loaded too soon
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
+        if ( ! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     __(
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ 
          *
          * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
          */
-        $this->_tables = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__tables', $this->_tables);
+        $this->_tables = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__'.get_class($this).'__construct__tables', $this->_tables);
         foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
             /** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
             $table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
@@ -553,10 +553,10 @@ 
          *
          * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
          */
-        $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__fields', $this->_fields);
+        $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__'.get_class($this).'__construct__fields', $this->_fields);
         $this->_invalidate_field_caches();
         foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
-            if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
+            if ( ! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                     "Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
                     'event_espresso'
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ 
          * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
          */
         $this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__model_relations',
+            'FHEE__'.get_class($this).'__construct__model_relations',
             $this->_model_relations
         );
         foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
@@ -600,12 +600,12 @@ 
         }
         $this->set_timezone($timezone);
         // finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
-        if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
+        if ( ! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
             // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
             $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
         }
         $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
+        if ( ! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
             // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
             $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
         }
@@ -618,8 +618,8 @@ 
         // initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
         if ($this->_cap_restriction_generators !== false) {
             foreach ($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() as $cap_context => $action) {
-                if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
-                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
+                if ( ! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[$cap_context])) {
+                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$cap_context] = apply_filters(
                         'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
                         new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
                         $cap_context,
@@ -631,10 +631,10 @@ 
         // if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
         if ($this->_cap_restriction_generators !== false) {
             foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
-                if (! $generator_object) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             __(
@@ -647,12 +647,12 @@ 
                     );
                 }
                 $action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
-                if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
                     $generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
                 }
             }
         }
-        do_action('AHEE__' . get_class($this) . '__construct__end');
+        do_action('AHEE__'.get_class($this).'__construct__end');
     }
 
 
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ 
     public static function instance($timezone = null)
     {
         // check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
+        if ( ! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
             // instantiate Espresso_model
             static::$_instance = new static(
                 $timezone,
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ 
             foreach ($r->getDefaultProperties() as $property => $value) {
                 // don't set instance to null like it was originally,
                 // but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
-                if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
+                if ( ! isset($static_properties[$property])) {
                     static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
                 }
             }
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ 
      */
     private static function getLoader()
     {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
+        if ( ! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
             EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
         }
         return EEM_Base::$loader;
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ 
      */
     public function status_array($translated = false)
     {
-        if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
             return array();
         }
         $model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ 
         $stati = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all(array(array('STS_type' => $status_type)));
         $status_array = array();
         foreach ($stati as $status) {
-            $status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
+            $status_array[$status->ID()] = $status->get('STS_code');
         }
         return $translated
             ? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ 
     {
         $wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
         if ($wp_user_field_name) {
-            $query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
+            $query_params[0][$wp_user_field_name] = get_current_user_id();
         }
         return $query_params;
     }
@@ -985,17 +985,17 @@ 
     public function wp_user_field_name()
     {
         try {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
+            if ( ! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
                 $models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
                 $last_model_name = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
                 $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
+                $model_chain_to_wp_user = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user.'.';
             } else {
                 $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
                 $model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
             }
             $wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
+            return $model_chain_to_wp_user.$wp_user_field->get_name();
         } catch (EE_Error $e) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1072,11 +1072,11 @@ 
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
             $custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
             $select_expressions .= $select_expressions
-                ? ', ' . $custom_expressions
+                ? ', '.$custom_expressions
                 : $custom_expressions;
         }
 
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions ".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', array($SQL, $output));
     }
 
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null)
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
             return null;
         }
         $selects = isset($query_params['extra_selects']) ? $query_params['extra_selects'] : $columns_to_select;
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ 
         if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
             $select_sql_array = array();
             foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
-                if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
+                if ( ! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             __(
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ 
                         )
                     );
                 }
-                if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
+                if ( ! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -1226,12 +1226,12 @@ 
      */
     public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = array())
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params[0])) {
             $query_params[0] = array();
         }
         $conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
         if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
-            $query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
+            $query_params[0][$this->primary_key_name()] = $id;
         } else {
             // no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
             $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one($query_params = array())
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::get_one',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ 
                 return array();
             }
         }
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@ 
             $query_params = array();
         }
         // let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
-        $query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = array($operand, $current_field_value);
+        $query_params[0][$field_to_order_by] = array($operand, $current_field_value);
         $query_params['limit'] = $limit;
         // set direction
         $incoming_orderby = isset($query_params['order_by']) ? (array) $query_params['order_by'] : array();
@@ -1542,7 +1542,7 @@ 
     {
         $field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
         // if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+        if ( ! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                 'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
                 'event_espresso'
@@ -1692,7 +1692,7 @@ 
      */
     public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::update',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1740,7 +1740,7 @@ 
             $wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
             // get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
             if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()];
             } else {
                 // if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
                 $main_table_pk_value = null;
@@ -1754,8 +1754,8 @@ 
                     $this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
                     // if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
                     // in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
-                    if (! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
-                           && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
+                    if ( ! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
+                           && $wpdb_result[$this_table_pk_column])
                     ) {
                         $success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
                             $table_obj,
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ 
                             $main_table_pk_value
                         );
                         // if we died here, report the error
-                        if (! $success) {
+                        if ( ! $success) {
                             return false;
                         }
                     }
@@ -1791,10 +1791,10 @@ 
                 $model_objs_affected_ids = array();
                 foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
                     $combined_index_key = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
-                    $model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
+                    $model_objs_affected_ids[$combined_index_key] = $combined_index_key;
                 }
             }
-            if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
+            if ( ! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
                 // wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
                 return 0;
             }
@@ -1821,7 +1821,7 @@ 
                . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
                . " SET "
                . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-               . $model_query_info->get_where_sql();// note: doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query() because doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
+               . $model_query_info->get_where_sql(); // note: doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query() because doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
         $rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', array($SQL));
         /**
          * Action called after a model update call has been made.
@@ -1832,7 +1832,7 @@ 
          * @param int      $rows_affected
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
-        return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
+        return $rows_affected; // how many supposedly got updated
     }
 
 
@@ -1860,7 +1860,7 @@ 
         }
         $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
         $select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions ".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', array($SQL));
     }
 
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ 
     {
         $query_params['limit'] = 1;
         $col = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
-        if (! empty($col)) {
+        if ( ! empty($col)) {
             return reset($col);
         }
         return null;
@@ -1909,7 +1909,7 @@ 
             $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
             $value_sql = $prepared_value === null ? 'NULL'
                 : $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
-            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
+            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column()."=".$value_sql;
         }
         return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
     }
@@ -2052,12 +2052,12 @@ 
         // there was no error with the delete query.
         if ($this->has_primary_key_field()
             && $rows_deleted !== false
-            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
+            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()])
         ) {
-            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()];
             foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
-                if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-                    unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+                if (isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])) {
+                    unset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id]);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -2092,7 +2092,7 @@ 
          * @param int      $rows_deleted
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
-        return $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
+        return $rows_deleted; // how many supposedly got deleted
     }
 
 
@@ -2185,15 +2185,15 @@ 
                 // make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
                 if ($allow_blocking
                     && $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
+                        $item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()]
                     )
                 ) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // primary table deletes
-                if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
-                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
+                if (isset($item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()])) {
+                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()][] =
+                        $item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()];
                 }
             }
         } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
@@ -2202,8 +2202,8 @@ 
                 $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = array();
                 foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
                     if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
-                            $item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
+                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[$cpk_field->get_qualified_column()] =
+                            $item_to_delete[$cpk_field->get_qualified_column()];
                     }
                 }
                 $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
@@ -2243,7 +2243,7 @@ 
             foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
                 // make sure we have unique $ids
                 $ids = array_unique($ids);
-                $query[] = $column . ' IN(' . implode(',', $ids) . ')';
+                $query[] = $column.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
             }
             $query_part = ! empty($query) ? implode(' AND ', $query) : $query_part;
         } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
@@ -2251,7 +2251,7 @@ 
             foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
                 $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = array();
                 foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
-                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
+                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column.'='.$id;
                 }
                 $ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
                                             . implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
@@ -2323,8 +2323,8 @@ 
                 $column_to_count = '*';
             }
         }
-        $column_to_count = $distinct ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count : $column_to_count;
-        $SQL = "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+        $column_to_count = $distinct ? "DISTINCT ".$column_to_count : $column_to_count;
+        $SQL = "SELECT COUNT(".$column_to_count.")".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', array($SQL));
     }
 
@@ -2347,7 +2347,7 @@ 
             $field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
         }
         $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL = "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+        $SQL = "SELECT SUM(".$column_to_count.")".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         $return_value = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', array($SQL));
         $data_type = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
         if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
@@ -2374,7 +2374,7 @@ 
         // if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
         // because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
         // is probably out of sync with the code
-        if (! EE_Maintenance_Mode::instance()->models_can_query()) {
+        if ( ! EE_Maintenance_Mode::instance()->models_can_query()) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                 "Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
                 "event_espresso"
@@ -2382,7 +2382,7 @@ 
         }
         /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
         global $wpdb;
-        if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
+        if ( ! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                 'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
                 'event_espresso'
@@ -2396,7 +2396,7 @@ 
         $this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
         if (WP_DEBUG) {
             $wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
-            if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
+            if ( ! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
             }
             if ($result === false) {
@@ -2461,7 +2461,7 @@ 
                     return $result;
                     break;
             }
-            if (! empty($error_message)) {
+            if ( ! empty($error_message)) {
                 EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
                 trigger_error($error_message);
             }
@@ -2541,11 +2541,11 @@ 
      */
     private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
     {
-        return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
+        return " FROM ".$model_query_info->get_full_join_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_where_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_having_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql().
                $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
     }
 
@@ -2741,12 +2741,12 @@ 
         $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
         // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
         // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
             $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none;
         }
         $this_model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
         $this_pk_field_name = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+        $query_params[0][$this_model_name.".".$this_pk_field_name] = $id_or_obj;
         return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
     }
 
@@ -2766,7 +2766,7 @@ 
     public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
     {
         $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::sum_related',
                 sprintf(
@@ -2779,12 +2779,12 @@ 
         }
         // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
         // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
             $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EEM_Base::default_where_conditions_none;
         }
         $this_model_name = $this->get_this_model_name();
         $this_pk_field_name = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+        $query_params[0][$this_model_name.".".$this_pk_field_name] = $id_or_obj;
         return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
     }
 
@@ -2837,7 +2837,7 @@ 
                 $field_with_model_name = $field;
             }
         }
-        if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
+        if ( ! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                 __("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
                 $this->get_this_model_name()
@@ -2973,13 +2973,13 @@ 
                 || $this->get_primary_key_field()
                    instanceof
                    EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
-            && isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
+            && isset($fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])
         ) {
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+            $query_params[0]['OR'][$this->primary_key_name()] = $fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()];
         }
         foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
             $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
+            $query_params[0]['OR']['AND*'.$unique_index_name] = $uniqueness_where_params;
         }
         // if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
         if (empty($query_params)) {
@@ -3057,15 +3057,15 @@ 
             $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
             // if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
             if ($prepared_value !== null) {
-                $insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
+                $insertion_col_n_values[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $prepared_value;
                 $format_for_insertion[] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
             }
         }
         if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
             // its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
             // so add the fk to the main table as a column
-            $insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
-            $format_for_insertion[] = '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
+            $insertion_col_n_values[$table->get_fk_on_table()] = $new_id;
+            $format_for_insertion[] = '%d'; // yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
         }
         // insert the new entry
         $result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
@@ -3082,7 +3082,7 @@ 
             }
             // it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
             // it must have been supplied
-            return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
+            return $fields_n_values[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()];
         }
         // we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
         // a unique string indicating this model
@@ -3104,16 +3104,16 @@ 
     protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
     {
         // if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
-        if (! $field_obj->is_nullable()
+        if ( ! $field_obj->is_nullable()
             && (
-                ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ])
-                || $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ] === null
+                ! isset($fields_n_values[$field_obj->get_name()])
+                || $fields_n_values[$field_obj->get_name()] === null
             )
         ) {
-            $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+            $fields_n_values[$field_obj->get_name()] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
         }
-        $unprepared_value = isset($fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ])
-            ? $fields_n_values[ $field_obj->get_name() ]
+        $unprepared_value = isset($fields_n_values[$field_obj->get_name()])
+            ? $fields_n_values[$field_obj->get_name()]
             : null;
         return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
     }
@@ -3214,7 +3214,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
     {
-        return isset($this->_tables[ $table_alias ]) ? $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] : null;
+        return isset($this->_tables[$table_alias]) ? $this->_tables[$table_alias] : null;
     }
 
 
@@ -3229,7 +3229,7 @@ 
         $other_tables = array();
         foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
             if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
+                $other_tables[$table_alias] = $table;
             }
         }
         return $other_tables;
@@ -3245,7 +3245,7 @@ 
      */
     public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
     {
-        return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
+        return $this->_fields[$table_alias];
     }
 
 
@@ -3274,7 +3274,7 @@ 
                     $query_info_carrier,
                     'group_by'
                 );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['group_by'],
                     $query_info_carrier,
@@ -3296,7 +3296,7 @@ 
                     $query_info_carrier,
                     'order_by'
                 );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['order_by'],
                     $query_info_carrier,
@@ -3332,7 +3332,7 @@ 
         EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
         $query_param_type
     ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+        if ( ! empty($sub_query_params)) {
             $sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
             foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
                 // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
@@ -3347,7 +3347,7 @@ 
                 // of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
                 $query_param_sans_stars = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
                 if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                    if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
+                    if ( ! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
                         throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                             __(
                                 "You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
@@ -3370,7 +3370,7 @@ 
                     // then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
                     // indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
                     // from which we should extract query parameters!
-                    if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
+                    if ( ! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
                         throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                             "Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
                             "event_espresso"
@@ -3405,8 +3405,8 @@ 
         EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
         $query_param_type
     ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
+        if ( ! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+            if ( ! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                     __("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
                     $sub_query_params
@@ -3440,7 +3440,7 @@ 
      */
     public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
                 sprintf(
@@ -3515,7 +3515,7 @@ 
         // set limit
         if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
             if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
-                if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
+                if ( ! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
                     $e = sprintf(
                         __(
                             "Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
@@ -3523,12 +3523,12 @@ 
                         ),
                         http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
                     );
-                    throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
+                    throw new EE_Error($e."|".$e);
                 }
                 // they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
+                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT ".$query_params['limit'][0].",".$query_params['limit'][1]);
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
+                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT ".$query_params['limit']);
             }
         }
         // set order by
@@ -3560,10 +3560,10 @@ 
                 $order_array = array();
                 foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
                     $order = $this->_extract_order($order);
-                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
+                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by).SP.$order;
                 }
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY ".implode(",", $order_array));
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['order_by'],
                     $query_object,
@@ -3574,18 +3574,18 @@ 
                     ? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
                     : 'DESC';
                 $query_object->set_order_by_sql(
-                    " ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
+                    " ORDER BY ".$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']).SP.$order
                 );
             }
         }
         // if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
-        if (! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
+        if ( ! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
             && array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
             && ! empty($query_params['order'])
         ) {
             $pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
             $order = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
-            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
+            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY ".$pk_field->get_qualified_column().SP.$order);
         }
         // set group by
         if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
@@ -3595,10 +3595,10 @@ 
                 foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
                     $group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
                 }
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY ".implode(", ", $group_by_array));
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
                 $query_object->set_group_by_sql(
-                    " GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
+                    " GROUP BY ".$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -3608,7 +3608,7 @@ 
         }
         // now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
         foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
-            if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
+            if ( ! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         __(
@@ -3716,7 +3716,7 @@ 
         $where_query_params = array()
     ) {
         $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
-        if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                 __(
                     "You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
@@ -3848,19 +3848,19 @@ 
     ) {
         $null_friendly_where_conditions = array();
         $none_overridden = true;
-        $or_condition_key_for_defaults = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
+        $or_condition_key_for_defaults = 'OR*'.get_class($model);
         foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
-            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
+            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[$key])) {
                 $none_overridden = false;
             } else {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
+                $null_friendly_where_conditions[$or_condition_key_for_defaults]['AND'][$key] = $val;
             }
         }
         if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
             if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
+                $null_friendly_where_conditions[$or_condition_key_for_defaults][$model_relation_path
                                                                                 . "."
-                                                                                . $model->primary_key_name() ] = array('IS NULL');
+                                                                                . $model->primary_key_name()] = array('IS NULL');
             }/*else{
                 //@todo NO PK, use other defaults
             }*/
@@ -3966,7 +3966,7 @@ 
             foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
                 $qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
                                        . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
+                if ( ! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
                     $selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
                 }
             }
@@ -4115,9 +4115,9 @@ 
         $query_parameter_type
     ) {
         foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
+            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name.".") === 0) {
                 $this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
-                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
+                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name."."));
                 if ($possible_join_string === '') {
                     // nothing left to $query_param
                     // we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
@@ -4247,7 +4247,7 @@ 
     {
         $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
         if ($SQL) {
-            return " WHERE " . $SQL;
+            return " WHERE ".$SQL;
         }
         return '';
     }
@@ -4266,7 +4266,7 @@ 
     {
         $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
         if ($SQL) {
-            return " HAVING " . $SQL;
+            return " HAVING ".$SQL;
         }
         return '';
     }
@@ -4285,7 +4285,7 @@ 
     {
         $where_clauses = array();
         foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
-            $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);// str_replace("*",'',$query_param);
+            $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param); // str_replace("*",'',$query_param);
             if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys)) {
                 switch ($query_param) {
                     case 'not':
@@ -4319,7 +4319,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 $field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
                 // if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
-                if (! $field_obj) {
+                if ( ! $field_obj) {
                     if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
                         $field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
                     } else {
@@ -4330,7 +4330,7 @@ 
                     }
                 }
                 $op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
-                $where_clauses[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
+                $where_clauses[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param).SP.$op_and_value_sql;
             }
         }
         return $where_clauses ? implode($glue, $where_clauses) : '';
@@ -4353,7 +4353,7 @@ 
                 $field->get_model_name(),
                 $query_param
             );
-            return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+            return $table_alias_prefix.$field->get_qualified_column();
         }
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
             && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
@@ -4412,7 +4412,7 @@ 
     {
         if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
             $operator = isset($op_and_value[0]) ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0]) : null;
-            if (! $operator) {
+            if ( ! $operator) {
                 $php_array_like_string = array();
                 foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
                     $php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
@@ -4434,14 +4434,14 @@ 
         }
         // check to see if the value is actually another field
         if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2] == true) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             // in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
             // it will need to handle a little differently
             $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
             // note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+            return $operator.SP.$cleaned_value;
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             // the value should be an array with count of two.
@@ -4457,7 +4457,7 @@ 
                 );
             }
             $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+            return $operator.SP.$cleaned_value;
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
             if ($value !== null) {
@@ -4477,10 +4477,10 @@ 
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
             // if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
             // remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
         }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+        if ( ! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
@@ -4494,7 +4494,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     __(
@@ -4534,7 +4534,7 @@ 
         foreach ($values as $value) {
             $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
         }
-        return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
+        return $cleaned_values[0]." AND ".$cleaned_values[1];
     }
 
 
@@ -4575,7 +4575,7 @@ 
                                 . $main_table->get_table_name()
                                 . " WHERE FALSE";
         }
-        return "(" . implode(",", $cleaned_values) . ")";
+        return "(".implode(",", $cleaned_values).")";
     }
 
 
@@ -4596,7 +4596,7 @@ 
                 $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
             );
         } //$field_obj should really just be a data type
-        if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     __("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
@@ -4629,14 +4629,14 @@ 
             ), $query_param_name));
         }
         $number_of_parts = count($query_param_parts);
-        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
+        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[count($query_param_parts) - 1];
         if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
             $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
             $model_obj = $this;
         } else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
             // the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
             $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
+            $model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[$number_of_parts - 2]);
         }
         try {
             return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
@@ -4658,7 +4658,7 @@ 
     public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
     {
         $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $field = isset($all_fields[ $field_name ]) ? $all_fields[ $field_name ] : false;
+        $field = isset($all_fields[$field_name]) ? $all_fields[$field_name] : false;
         if ($field) {
             return $field->get_qualified_column();
         }
@@ -4729,10 +4729,10 @@ 
      */
     public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
     {
-        $table_prefix = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain) ? '' : '__');
+        $table_prefix = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain).(empty($model_relation_chain) ? '' : '__');
         $qualified_columns = array();
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
-            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix.$field->get_qualified_column();
         }
         return $return_string ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns) : $qualified_columns;
     }
@@ -4756,11 +4756,11 @@ 
             if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
                 $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
                     ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
+                    : SP.$table_obj->get_table_name()." AS ".$table_obj->get_table_alias().SP;
             } elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
                 $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
                     ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
+                    : SP.$table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias).SP;
             }
         }
         return $SQL;
@@ -4832,7 +4832,7 @@ 
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
             // $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
             /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-            $data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+            $data_types[$field_obj->get_qualified_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
         }
         return $data_types;
     }
@@ -4848,14 +4848,14 @@ 
      */
     public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
     {
-        $model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
-        if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
+        $model_classname = "EEM_".$model_name;
+        if ( ! class_exists($model_classname)) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                 "You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
                 'event_espresso'
             ), $model_name, $model_classname));
         }
-        return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
+        return call_user_func($model_classname."::instance");
     }
 
 
@@ -4884,7 +4884,7 @@ 
         $belongs_to_relations = array();
         foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
             if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
+                $belongs_to_relations[$model_name] = $relation_obj;
             }
         }
         return $belongs_to_relations;
@@ -4902,7 +4902,7 @@ 
     public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
     {
         $relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     __(
@@ -4915,7 +4915,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
+        return $relatedModels[$relation_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -4932,14 +4932,14 @@ 
     public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
     {
         $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
-        if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                 __("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
                 $fieldName,
                 get_class($this)
             ));
         }
-        return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
+        return $fieldSettings[$fieldName];
     }
 
 
@@ -4953,7 +4953,7 @@ 
     public function has_field($fieldName)
     {
         $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
+        if (isset($fieldSettings[$fieldName])) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -4970,7 +4970,7 @@ 
     public function has_relation($relation_name)
     {
         $relations = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+        if (isset($relations[$relation_name])) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5008,7 +5008,7 @@ 
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
+            if ( ! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                     __("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
                     get_class($this)
@@ -5069,23 +5069,23 @@ 
      */
     public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
     {
-        if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+        if ( ! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name])) {
             foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
                 if ($field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
                     && in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
                 ) {
-                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
+                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name] = $field;
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name])) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                     "There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
                     'event_espresso'
                 ), $model_name, get_class($this)));
             }
         }
-        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
+        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -5101,7 +5101,7 @@ 
     public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
     {
         $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
+        return $this->_tables[$table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix]->get_table_name();
     }
 
 
@@ -5120,7 +5120,7 @@ 
                 $this->_cached_fields = array();
                 foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
                     foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+                        $this->_cached_fields[$field_name] = $field_obj;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5131,8 +5131,8 @@ 
             foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
                 foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
                     /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[$field_name] = $field_obj;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5173,12 +5173,12 @@ 
                     $primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
                     $primary_key_field->get_table_column()
                 );
-                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
+                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[$table_pk_value])) {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
             $classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
+            if ( ! $classInstance) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         __('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5191,7 +5191,7 @@ 
             $classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
             // make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
             $key = $has_primary_key ? $classInstance->ID() : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
-            $array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
+            $array_of_objects[$key] = $classInstance;
             // also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
             // those related models
             // (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
@@ -5235,9 +5235,9 @@ 
         $results = array();
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
             foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
-                if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
-                    $results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
-                        $db_results_row[ $alias ],
+                if (isset($db_results_row[$alias])) {
+                    $results[$alias] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
+                        $db_results_row[$alias],
                         $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
                     );
                 }
@@ -5279,7 +5279,7 @@ 
         $this_model_fields_and_values = array();
         // setup the row using default values;
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            $this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+            $this_model_fields_and_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
         }
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
@@ -5297,20 +5297,20 @@ 
      */
     public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
     {
-        if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
             $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
         }
         $primary_key = null;
         // make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
         $this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
+            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()];
         }
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         // check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
         // if not, return null
         if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
                 return null;
             }
         } elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
@@ -5322,7 +5322,7 @@ 
         // if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
         if ($primary_key) {
             $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
+            if ( ! $classInstance) {
                 $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
                                             ->load_class(
                                                 $className,
@@ -5355,8 +5355,8 @@ 
      */
     public function get_from_entity_map($id)
     {
-        return isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])
-            ? $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] : null;
+        return isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])
+            ? $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id] : null;
     }
 
 
@@ -5379,7 +5379,7 @@ 
     public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
     {
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if (! $object instanceof $className) {
+        if ( ! $object instanceof $className) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(
                 __("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
                 is_object($object) ? get_class($object) : $object,
@@ -5387,7 +5387,7 @@ 
             ));
         }
         /** @var $object EE_Base_Class */
-        if (! $object->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $object->ID()) {
             throw new EE_Error(sprintf(__(
                 "You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
                 "event_espresso"
@@ -5398,7 +5398,7 @@ 
         if ($classInstance) {
             return $classInstance;
         }
-        $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
+        $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$object->ID()] = $object;
         return $object;
     }
 
@@ -5414,11 +5414,11 @@ 
     public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
     {
         if (empty($id)) {
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = array();
+            $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id] = array();
             return true;
         }
-        if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-            unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+        if (isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])) {
+            unset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id]);
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5461,17 +5461,17 @@ 
             // there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
             if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
                 foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
                         // prepare field as if its coming from db
                         $prepared_value = $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
+                        $this_model_fields_n_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 // the table's rows existed. Use their values
                 foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                        $this_model_fields_n_values[$field_name] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
                             $cols_n_values,
                             $field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
                             $field_obj->get_table_column()
@@ -5497,10 +5497,10 @@ 
         // ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
         // does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
         // or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
-        if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
-        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
+        if (isset($cols_n_values[$qualified_column])) {
+            $value = $cols_n_values[$qualified_column];
+        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[$regular_column])) {
+            $value = $cols_n_values[$regular_column];
         }
         return $value;
     }
@@ -5533,7 +5533,7 @@ 
                     $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
                 }
             }
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
+            $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id] = $obj_in_map;
             return $obj_in_map;
         }
         return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
@@ -5586,7 +5586,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _get_class_name()
     {
-        return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
+        return "EE_".$this->get_this_model_name();
     }
 
 
@@ -5634,7 +5634,7 @@ 
     {
         $className = get_class($this);
         $tagName = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+        if ( ! has_filter($tagName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     __(
@@ -5805,7 +5805,7 @@ 
         $unique_indexes = array();
         foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
             if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
-                $unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
+                $unique_indexes [$name] = $index;
             }
         }
         return $unique_indexes;
@@ -5868,7 +5868,7 @@ 
         $key_vals_in_combined_pk = array();
         parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
         foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[$key_field_name])) {
                 return null;
             }
         }
@@ -5889,7 +5889,7 @@ 
     {
         $keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
         foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($key_vals[$key])) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -5922,8 +5922,8 @@ 
         }
         // even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
         // from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
+        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
+            unset($attributes_array[$this->primary_key_name()]);
         }
         if (isset($query_params[0])) {
             $query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
@@ -5945,7 +5945,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = array())
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
                 sprintf(
@@ -5995,7 +5995,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
     {
-        $sql_operator = isset($this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ]) ? $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ]
+        $sql_operator = isset($this->_valid_operators[$operator_supplied]) ? $this->_valid_operators[$operator_supplied]
             : null;
         if ($sql_operator) {
             return $sql_operator;
@@ -6086,7 +6086,7 @@ 
         $objs = $this->get_all($query_params);
         $names = array();
         foreach ($objs as $obj) {
-            $names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
+            $names[$obj->ID()] = $obj->name();
         }
         return $names;
     }
@@ -6107,7 +6107,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
     {
-        if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+        if ( ! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
             if (WP_DEBUG) {
                 EE_Error::add_error(
                     __('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -6120,7 +6120,7 @@ 
         $IDs = array();
         foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
             $id = $model_object->ID();
-            if (! $id) {
+            if ( ! $id) {
                 if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -6170,22 +6170,22 @@ 
     {
         EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
         // check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
-        if (isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
-            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
-            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
+        if (isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context])
+            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
+            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
         ) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
-                $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
-                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
+            $this->_cap_restrictions[$context] = array_merge(
+                $this->_cap_restrictions[$context],
+                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context]->generate_restrictions()
             );
         }
         // and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
-        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
+        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[$context] as $where_conditions_obj) {
             if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
                 $where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
             }
         }
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
+        return $this->_cap_restrictions[$context];
     }
 
 
@@ -6215,10 +6215,10 @@ 
         $missing_caps = array();
         $cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
         foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            if (! EE_Capabilities::instance()
-                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
+            if ( ! EE_Capabilities::instance()
+                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name().'_model_applying_caps')
             ) {
-                $missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
+                $missing_caps[$cap] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
             }
         }
         return $missing_caps;
@@ -6253,8 +6253,8 @@ 
     public function cap_action_for_context($context)
     {
         $mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
-        if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
-            return $mapping[ $context ];
+        if (isset($mapping[$context])) {
+            return $mapping[$context];
         }
         if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
             return $action;
@@ -6371,7 +6371,7 @@ 
     {
         foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
             if ($query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
-                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
+                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key.'*') === 0
             ) {
                 return true;
             }

core/db_classes/EE_Registration.class.php

Doc Comments +4 added lines, -3 removed lines

@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ 
      * Sets deleted
      *
      * @param boolean $deleted
-     * @return bool
+     * @return boolean|null
      * @throws EE_Error
      * @throws RuntimeException
      */
@@ -1222,6 +1222,7 @@ 
      * @param int | EE_Datetime $DTT_OR_ID      The datetime the registration is being checked against
      * @param bool              $check_approved This is used to indicate whether the caller wants can_checkin to also
      *                                          consider registration status as well as datetime access.
+     * @param integer $DTT_OR_ID
      * @return bool
      * @throws EE_Error
      */
@@ -1392,7 +1393,7 @@ 
      * Returns the latest datetime related to this registration (via the ticket attached to the registration).
      * "Latest" is defined by the `DTT_EVT_start` column.
      *
-     * @return EE_Datetime|null
+     * @return null|EE_Base_Class
      * @throws EE_Error
      */
     public function get_latest_related_datetime()
@@ -1688,7 +1689,7 @@ 
      * This grabs the payment method corresponding to the last payment made for the amount owing on the registration.
      * Note: if there are no payments on the registration there will be no payment method returned.
      *
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
+     * @return null|EE_Base_Class
      */
     public function payment_method()
     {

Indentation +2067 added lines, -2067 removed lines

@@ -17,2071 +17,2071 @@
 {
 
 
-    /**
-     * Used to reference when a registration has never been checked in.
-     *
-     * @deprecated use \EE_Checkin::status_checked_never instead
-     * @type int
-     */
-    const checkin_status_never = 2;
-
-    /**
-     * Used to reference when a registration has been checked in.
-     *
-     * @deprecated use \EE_Checkin::status_checked_in instead
-     * @type int
-     */
-    const checkin_status_in = 1;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to reference when a registration has been checked out.
-     *
-     * @deprecated use \EE_Checkin::status_checked_out instead
-     * @type int
-     */
-    const checkin_status_out = 0;
-
-
-    /**
-     * extra meta key for tracking reg status os trashed registrations
-     *
-     * @type string
-     */
-    const PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY = 'pre_trash_registration_status';
-
-
-    /**
-     * extra meta key for tracking if registration has reserved ticket
-     *
-     * @type string
-     */
-    const HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY = 'has_reserved_ticket';
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array  $props_n_values          incoming values
-     * @param string $timezone                incoming timezone (if not set the timezone set for the website will be
-     *                                        used.)
-     * @param array  $date_formats            incoming date_formats in an array where the first value is the
-     *                                        date_format and the second value is the time format
-     * @return EE_Registration
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public static function new_instance($props_n_values = array(), $timezone = null, $date_formats = array())
-    {
-        $has_object = parent::_check_for_object($props_n_values, __CLASS__, $timezone, $date_formats);
-        return $has_object ? $has_object : new self($props_n_values, false, $timezone, $date_formats);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array  $props_n_values  incoming values from the database
-     * @param string $timezone        incoming timezone as set by the model.  If not set the timezone for
-     *                                the website will be used.
-     * @return EE_Registration
-     */
-    public static function new_instance_from_db($props_n_values = array(), $timezone = null)
-    {
-        return new self($props_n_values, true, $timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Event ID
-     *
-     * @param        int $EVT_ID Event ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_event($EVT_ID = 0)
-    {
-        $this->set('EVT_ID', $EVT_ID);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent set() method so that all calls to set( 'REG_code', $REG_code ) OR set( 'STS_ID', $STS_ID ) can
-     * be routed to internal methods
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @param mixed  $field_value
-     * @param bool   $use_default
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set($field_name, $field_value, $use_default = false)
-    {
-        switch ($field_name) {
-            case 'REG_code':
-                if (! empty($field_value) && $this->reg_code() === null) {
-                    $this->set_reg_code($field_value, $use_default);
-                }
-                break;
-            case 'STS_ID':
-                $this->set_status($field_value, $use_default);
-                break;
-            default:
-                parent::set($field_name, $field_value, $use_default);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set Status ID
-     * updates the registration status and ALSO...
-     * calls reserve_registration_space() if the reg status changes TO approved from any other reg status
-     * calls release_registration_space() if the reg status changes FROM approved to any other reg status
-     *
-     * @param string                $new_STS_ID
-     * @param boolean               $use_default
-     * @param ContextInterface|null $context
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function set_status($new_STS_ID = null, $use_default = false, ContextInterface $context = null)
-    {
-        // get current REG_Status
-        $old_STS_ID = $this->status_ID();
-        // if status has changed
-        if ($old_STS_ID !== $new_STS_ID // and that status has actually changed
-            && ! empty($old_STS_ID) // and that old status is actually set
-            && ! empty($new_STS_ID) // as well as the new status
-            && $this->ID() // ensure registration is in the db
-        ) {
-            // TO approved
-            if ($new_STS_ID === EEM_Registration::status_id_approved) {
-                // reserve a space by incrementing ticket and datetime sold values
-                $this->_reserve_registration_space();
-                do_action('AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__to_approved', $this, $old_STS_ID, $new_STS_ID, $context);
-                // OR FROM  approved
-            } elseif ($old_STS_ID === EEM_Registration::status_id_approved) {
-                // release a space by decrementing ticket and datetime sold values
-                $this->_release_registration_space();
-                do_action(
-                    'AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__from_approved',
-                    $this,
-                    $old_STS_ID,
-                    $new_STS_ID,
-                    $context
-                );
-            }
-            // update status
-            parent::set('STS_ID', $new_STS_ID, $use_default);
-            $this->_update_if_canceled_or_declined($new_STS_ID, $old_STS_ID, $context);
-            if ($this->statusChangeUpdatesTransaction($context)) {
-                $this->updateTransactionAfterStatusChange();
-            }
-            do_action('AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__after_update', $this, $old_STS_ID, $new_STS_ID, $context);
-            return true;
-        }
-        // even though the old value matches the new value, it's still good to
-        // allow the parent set method to have a say
-        parent::set('STS_ID', $new_STS_ID, $use_default);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * update REGs and TXN when cancelled or declined registrations involved
-     *
-     * @param string                $new_STS_ID
-     * @param string                $old_STS_ID
-     * @param ContextInterface|null $context
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function _update_if_canceled_or_declined($new_STS_ID, $old_STS_ID, ContextInterface $context = null)
-    {
-        // these reg statuses should not be considered in any calculations involving monies owing
-        $closed_reg_statuses = EEM_Registration::closed_reg_statuses();
-        // true if registration has been cancelled or declined
-        $this->updateIfCanceled(
-            $closed_reg_statuses,
-            $new_STS_ID,
-            $old_STS_ID,
-            $context
-        );
-        $this->updateIfDeclined(
-            $closed_reg_statuses,
-            $new_STS_ID,
-            $old_STS_ID,
-            $context
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * update REGs and TXN when cancelled or declined registrations involved
-     *
-     * @param array                 $closed_reg_statuses
-     * @param string                $new_STS_ID
-     * @param string                $old_STS_ID
-     * @param ContextInterface|null $context
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function updateIfCanceled(
-        array $closed_reg_statuses,
-        $new_STS_ID,
-        $old_STS_ID,
-        ContextInterface $context = null
-    ) {
-        // true if registration has been cancelled or declined
-        if (in_array($new_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
-            && ! in_array($old_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
-        ) {
-            /** @type EE_Registration_Processor $registration_processor */
-            $registration_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Registration_Processor');
-            /** @type EE_Transaction_Processor $transaction_processor */
-            $transaction_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Transaction_Processor');
-            // cancelled or declined registration
-            $registration_processor->update_registration_after_being_canceled_or_declined(
-                $this,
-                $closed_reg_statuses
-            );
-            $transaction_processor->update_transaction_after_canceled_or_declined_registration(
-                $this,
-                $closed_reg_statuses,
-                false
-            );
-            do_action(
-                'AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__canceled_or_declined',
-                $this,
-                $old_STS_ID,
-                $new_STS_ID,
-                $context
-            );
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * update REGs and TXN when cancelled or declined registrations involved
-     *
-     * @param array                 $closed_reg_statuses
-     * @param string                $new_STS_ID
-     * @param string                $old_STS_ID
-     * @param ContextInterface|null $context
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function updateIfDeclined(
-        array $closed_reg_statuses,
-        $new_STS_ID,
-        $old_STS_ID,
-        ContextInterface $context = null
-    ) {
-        // true if reinstating cancelled or declined registration
-        if (in_array($old_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
-            && ! in_array($new_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
-        ) {
-            /** @type EE_Registration_Processor $registration_processor */
-            $registration_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Registration_Processor');
-            /** @type EE_Transaction_Processor $transaction_processor */
-            $transaction_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Transaction_Processor');
-            // reinstating cancelled or declined registration
-            $registration_processor->update_canceled_or_declined_registration_after_being_reinstated(
-                $this,
-                $closed_reg_statuses
-            );
-            $transaction_processor->update_transaction_after_reinstating_canceled_registration(
-                $this,
-                $closed_reg_statuses,
-                false
-            );
-            do_action(
-                'AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__after_reinstated',
-                $this,
-                $old_STS_ID,
-                $new_STS_ID,
-                $context
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param ContextInterface|null $context
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function statusChangeUpdatesTransaction(ContextInterface $context = null)
-    {
-        $contexts_that_do_not_update_transaction = (array) apply_filters(
-            'AHEE__EE_Registration__statusChangeUpdatesTransaction__contexts_that_do_not_update_transaction',
-            array('spco_reg_step_attendee_information_process_registrations'),
-            $context,
-            $this
-        );
-        return ! (
-            $context instanceof ContextInterface
-            && in_array($context->slug(), $contexts_that_do_not_update_transaction, true)
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    private function updateTransactionAfterStatusChange()
-    {
-        /** @type EE_Transaction_Payments $transaction_payments */
-        $transaction_payments = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Transaction_Payments');
-        $transaction_payments->recalculate_transaction_total($this->transaction(), false);
-        $this->transaction()->update_status_based_on_total_paid(true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Status ID
-     */
-    public function status_ID()
-    {
-        return $this->get('STS_ID');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the ticket this registration is for
-     *
-     * @param boolean $include_archived whether to include archived tickets or not.
-     *
-     * @return EE_Ticket|EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function ticket($include_archived = true)
-    {
-        $query_params = array();
-        if ($include_archived) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = 'none';
-        }
-        return $this->get_first_related('Ticket', $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the event this registration is for
-     *
-     * @return EE_Event
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     */
-    public function event()
-    {
-        $event = $this->get_first_related('Event');
-        if (! $event instanceof \EE_Event) {
-            throw new EntityNotFoundException('Event ID', $this->event_ID());
-        }
-        return $event;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "author" of the registration.  Note that for the purposes of registrations, the author will correspond
-     * with the author of the event this registration is for.
-     *
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     */
-    public function wp_user()
-    {
-        $event = $this->event();
-        if ($event instanceof EE_Event) {
-            return $event->wp_user();
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * increments this registration's related ticket sold and corresponding datetime sold values
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     */
-    private function _reserve_registration_space()
-    {
-        // reserved ticket and datetime counts will be decremented as sold counts are incremented
-        // so stop tracking that this reg has a ticket reserved
-        $this->release_reserved_ticket(false, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
-        $ticket = $this->ticket();
-        $ticket->increase_sold();
-        $ticket->save();
-        // possibly set event status to sold out
-        $this->event()->perform_sold_out_status_check();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * decrements (subtracts) this registration's related ticket sold and corresponding datetime sold values
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     */
-    private function _release_registration_space()
-    {
-        $ticket = $this->ticket();
-        $ticket->decrease_sold();
-        $ticket->save();
-        // possibly change event status from sold out back to previous status
-        $this->event()->perform_sold_out_status_check();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * tracks this registration's ticket reservation in extra meta
-     * and can increment related ticket reserved and corresponding datetime reserved values
-     *
-     * @param bool $update_ticket if true, will increment ticket and datetime reserved count
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function reserve_ticket($update_ticket = false, $source = 'unknown')
-    {
-        // only reserve ticket if space is not currently reserved
-        if ((bool) $this->get_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, true) !== true) {
-            $this->update_extra_meta('reserve_ticket', "{$this->ticket_ID()} from {$source}");
-            // IMPORTANT !!!
-            // although checking $update_ticket first would be more efficient,
-            // we NEED to ALWAYS call update_extra_meta(), which is why that is done first
-            if ($this->update_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, true)
-                && $update_ticket
-            ) {
-                $ticket = $this->ticket();
-                $ticket->increase_reserved(1, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
-                $ticket->save();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * stops tracking this registration's ticket reservation in extra meta
-     * decrements (subtracts) related ticket reserved and corresponding datetime reserved values
-     *
-     * @param bool $update_ticket if true, will decrement ticket and datetime reserved count
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function release_reserved_ticket($update_ticket = false, $source = 'unknown')
-    {
-        // only release ticket if space is currently reserved
-        if ((bool) $this->get_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, true) === true) {
-            $this->update_extra_meta('release_reserved_ticket', "{$this->ticket_ID()} from {$source}");
-            // IMPORTANT !!!
-            // although checking $update_ticket first would be more efficient,
-            // we NEED to ALWAYS call update_extra_meta(), which is why that is done first
-            if ($this->update_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, false)
-                && $update_ticket
-            ) {
-                $ticket = $this->ticket();
-                $ticket->decrease_reserved(1, true, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
-                $ticket->save();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set Attendee ID
-     *
-     * @param        int $ATT_ID Attendee ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_attendee_id($ATT_ID = 0)
-    {
-        $this->set('ATT_ID', $ATT_ID);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Transaction ID
-     *
-     * @param        int $TXN_ID Transaction ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_transaction_id($TXN_ID = 0)
-    {
-        $this->set('TXN_ID', $TXN_ID);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Session
-     *
-     * @param    string $REG_session PHP Session ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_session($REG_session = '')
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_session', $REG_session);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Registration URL Link
-     *
-     * @param    string $REG_url_link Registration URL Link
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_reg_url_link($REG_url_link = '')
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_url_link', $REG_url_link);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Attendee Counter
-     *
-     * @param        int $REG_count Primary Attendee
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_count($REG_count = 1)
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_count', $REG_count);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Group Size
-     *
-     * @param        boolean $REG_group_size Group Registration
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_group_size($REG_group_size = false)
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_group_size', $REG_group_size);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_not_approved -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID ==
-     *    EEM_Registration::status_id_not_approved
-     *
-     * @return        boolean
-     */
-    public function is_not_approved()
-    {
-        return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_not_approved ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_pending_payment -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID ==
-     *    EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment
-     *
-     * @return        boolean
-     */
-    public function is_pending_payment()
-    {
-        return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_approved -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID == EEM_Registration::status_id_approved
-     *
-     * @return        boolean
-     */
-    public function is_approved()
-    {
-        return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_approved ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_cancelled -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID == EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled
-     *
-     * @return        boolean
-     */
-    public function is_cancelled()
-    {
-        return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_declined -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID == EEM_Registration::status_id_declined
-     *
-     * @return        boolean
-     */
-    public function is_declined()
-    {
-        return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_declined ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_incomplete -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID ==
-     *    EEM_Registration::status_id_incomplete
-     *
-     * @return        boolean
-     */
-    public function is_incomplete()
-    {
-        return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_incomplete ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Registration Date
-     *
-     * @param        mixed ( int or string ) $REG_date Registration Date - Unix timestamp or string representation of
-     *                                                 Date
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_reg_date($REG_date = false)
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_date', $REG_date);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    Set final price owing for this registration after all ticket/price modifications
-     *
-     * @access    public
-     * @param    float $REG_final_price
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_final_price($REG_final_price = 0.00)
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_final_price', $REG_final_price);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    Set amount paid towards this registration's final price
-     *
-     * @access    public
-     * @param    float $REG_paid
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_paid($REG_paid = 0.00)
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_paid', $REG_paid);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Attendee Is Going
-     *
-     * @param        boolean $REG_att_is_going Attendee Is Going
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_att_is_going($REG_att_is_going = false)
-    {
-        $this->set('REG_att_is_going', $REG_att_is_going);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the related attendee
-     *
-     * @return EE_Attendee
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function attendee()
-    {
-        return $this->get_first_related('Attendee');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Event ID
-     */
-    public function event_ID()
-    {
-        return $this->get('EVT_ID');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Event ID
-     */
-    public function event_name()
-    {
-        $event = $this->event_obj();
-        if ($event) {
-            return $event->name();
-        } else {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Fetches the event this registration is for
-     *
-     * @return EE_Event
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function event_obj()
-    {
-        return $this->get_first_related('Event');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Attendee ID
-     */
-    public function attendee_ID()
-    {
-        return $this->get('ATT_ID');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get PHP Session ID
-     */
-    public function session_ID()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_session');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the string which represents the URL trigger for the receipt template in the message template system.
-     *
-     * @param string $messenger 'pdf' or 'html'.  Default 'html'.
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function receipt_url($messenger = 'html')
-    {
-
-        /**
-         * The below will be deprecated one version after this.  We check first if there is a custom receipt template
-         * already in use on old system.  If there is then we just return the standard url for it.
-         *
-         * @since 4.5.0
-         */
-        $template_relative_path = 'modules/gateways/Invoice/lib/templates/receipt_body.template.php';
-        $has_custom = EEH_Template::locate_template(
-            $template_relative_path,
-            array(),
-            true,
-            true,
-            true
-        );
-
-        if ($has_custom) {
-            return add_query_arg(array('receipt' => 'true'), $this->invoice_url('launch'));
-        }
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Registration__receipt_url__receipt_url', '', $this, $messenger, 'receipt');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the string which represents the URL trigger for the invoice template in the message template system.
-     *
-     * @param string $messenger 'pdf' or 'html'.  Default 'html'.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function invoice_url($messenger = 'html')
-    {
-        /**
-         * The below will be deprecated one version after this.  We check first if there is a custom invoice template
-         * already in use on old system.  If there is then we just return the standard url for it.
-         *
-         * @since 4.5.0
-         */
-        $template_relative_path = 'modules/gateways/Invoice/lib/templates/invoice_body.template.php';
-        $has_custom = EEH_Template::locate_template(
-            $template_relative_path,
-            array(),
-            true,
-            true,
-            true
-        );
-
-        if ($has_custom) {
-            if ($messenger == 'html') {
-                return $this->invoice_url('launch');
-            }
-            $route = $messenger == 'download' || $messenger == 'pdf' ? 'download_invoice' : 'launch_invoice';
-
-            $query_args = array('ee' => $route, 'id' => $this->reg_url_link());
-            if ($messenger == 'html') {
-                $query_args['html'] = true;
-            }
-            return add_query_arg($query_args, get_permalink(EE_Registry::instance()->CFG->core->thank_you_page_id));
-        }
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Registration__invoice_url__invoice_url', '', $this, $messenger, 'invoice');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get Registration URL Link
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function reg_url_link()
-    {
-        return (string) $this->get('REG_url_link');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Echoes out invoice_url()
-     *
-     * @param string $type 'download','launch', or 'html' (default is 'launch')
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_invoice_url($type = 'launch')
-    {
-        echo $this->invoice_url($type);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Echoes out payment_overview_url
-     */
-    public function e_payment_overview_url()
-    {
-        echo $this->payment_overview_url();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the URL for the checkout payment options reg step
-     * with this registration's REG_url_link added as a query parameter
-     *
-     * @param bool $clear_session Set to true when you want to clear the session on revisiting the
-     *                            payment overview url.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function payment_overview_url($clear_session = false)
-    {
-        return add_query_arg(
-            (array) apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Registration__payment_overview_url__query_args',
-                array(
-                    'e_reg_url_link' => $this->reg_url_link(),
-                    'step'           => 'payment_options',
-                    'revisit'        => true,
-                    'clear_session'  => (bool) $clear_session,
-                ),
-                $this
-            ),
-            EE_Registry::instance()->CFG->core->reg_page_url()
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the URL for the checkout attendee information reg step
-     * with this registration's REG_url_link added as a query parameter
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    public function edit_attendee_information_url()
-    {
-        return add_query_arg(
-            (array) apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Registration__edit_attendee_information_url__query_args',
-                array(
-                    'e_reg_url_link' => $this->reg_url_link(),
-                    'step'           => 'attendee_information',
-                    'revisit'        => true,
-                ),
-                $this
-            ),
-            EE_Registry::instance()->CFG->core->reg_page_url()
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Simply generates and returns the appropriate admin_url link to edit this registration
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_admin_edit_url()
-    {
-        return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-            array(
-                'page'    => 'espresso_registrations',
-                'action'  => 'view_registration',
-                '_REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
-            ),
-            admin_url('admin.php')
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *    is_primary_registrant?
-     */
-    public function is_primary_registrant()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_count') == 1 ? true : false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the primary registration object for this registration group (which may be this object).
-     *
-     * @return EE_Registration
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_primary_registration()
-    {
-        if ($this->is_primary_registrant()) {
-            return $this;
-        }
-
-        // k reg_count !== 1 so let's get the EE_Registration object matching this txn_id and reg_count == 1
-        /** @var EE_Registration $primary_registrant */
-        $primary_registrant = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one(
-            array(
-                array(
-                    'TXN_ID'    => $this->transaction_ID(),
-                    'REG_count' => 1,
-                ),
-            )
-        );
-        return $primary_registrant;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get  Attendee Number
-     *
-     * @access        public
-     */
-    public function count()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_count');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Group Size
-     */
-    public function group_size()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_group_size');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Registration Date
-     */
-    public function date()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_date');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets a pretty date
-     *
-     * @param string $date_format
-     * @param string $time_format
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function pretty_date($date_format = null, $time_format = null)
-    {
-        return $this->get_datetime('REG_date', $date_format, $time_format);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * final_price
-     * the registration's share of the transaction total, so that the
-     * sum of all the transaction's REG_final_prices equal the transaction's total
-     *
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function final_price()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_final_price');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * pretty_final_price
-     *  final price as formatted string, with correct decimal places and currency symbol
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function pretty_final_price()
-    {
-        return $this->get_pretty('REG_final_price');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get paid (yeah)
-     *
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function paid()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_paid');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * pretty_paid
-     *
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function pretty_paid()
-    {
-        return $this->get_pretty('REG_paid');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * owes_monies_and_can_pay
-     * whether or not this registration has monies owing and it's' status allows payment
-     *
-     * @param array $requires_payment
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function owes_monies_and_can_pay($requires_payment = array())
-    {
-        // these reg statuses require payment (if event is not free)
-        $requires_payment = ! empty($requires_payment)
-            ? $requires_payment
-            : EEM_Registration::reg_statuses_that_allow_payment();
-        if (in_array($this->status_ID(), $requires_payment) &&
-            $this->final_price() != 0 &&
-            $this->final_price() != $this->paid()
-        ) {
-            return true;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Prints out the return value of $this->pretty_status()
-     *
-     * @param bool $show_icons
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function e_pretty_status($show_icons = false)
-    {
-        echo $this->pretty_status($show_icons);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a nice version of the status for displaying to customers
-     *
-     * @param bool $show_icons
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function pretty_status($show_icons = false)
-    {
-        $status = EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status(
-            array($this->status_ID() => esc_html__('unknown', 'event_espresso')),
-            false,
-            'sentence'
-        );
-        $icon = '';
-        switch ($this->status_ID()) {
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_approved:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-star-filled ee-icon-size-16 green-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-star-half ee-icon-size-16 orange-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_not_approved:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-marker ee-icon-size-16 orange-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-no ee-icon-size-16 lt-grey-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_incomplete:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-no ee-icon-size-16 lt-orange-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_declined:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-no ee-icon-size-16 red-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-            case EEM_Registration::status_id_wait_list:
-                $icon = $show_icons
-                    ? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-clipboard ee-icon-size-16 purple-text"></span>'
-                    : '';
-                break;
-        }
-        return $icon . $status[ $this->status_ID() ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Attendee Is Going
-     */
-    public function att_is_going()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_att_is_going');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets related answers
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all
-     * @return EE_Answer[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function answers($query_params = null)
-    {
-        return $this->get_many_related('Answer', $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the registration's answer value to the specified question
-     * (either the question's ID or a question object)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Question|int $question
-     * @param bool            $pretty_value
-     * @return array|string if pretty_value= true, the result will always be a string
-     * (because the answer might be an array of answer values, so passing pretty_value=true
-     * will convert it into some kind of string)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function answer_value_to_question($question, $pretty_value = true)
-    {
-        $question_id = EEM_Question::instance()->ensure_is_ID($question);
-        return EEM_Answer::instance()->get_answer_value_to_question($this, $question_id, $pretty_value);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * question_groups
-     * returns an array of EE_Question_Group objects for this registration
-     *
-     * @return EE_Question_Group[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     */
-    public function question_groups()
-    {
-        $question_groups = array();
-        if ($this->event() instanceof EE_Event) {
-            $question_groups = $this->event()->question_groups(
-                array(
-                    array(
-                        'Event_Question_Group.EQG_primary' => $this->count() == 1 ? true : false,
-                    ),
-                    'order_by' => array('QSG_order' => 'ASC'),
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $question_groups;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * count_question_groups
-     * returns a count of the number of EE_Question_Group objects for this registration
-     *
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     */
-    public function count_question_groups()
-    {
-        $qg_count = 0;
-        if ($this->event() instanceof EE_Event) {
-            $qg_count = $this->event()->count_related(
-                'Question_Group',
-                array(
-                    array(
-                        'Event_Question_Group.EQG_primary' => $this->count() == 1 ? true : false,
-                    ),
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $qg_count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the registration date in the 'standard' string format
-     * (function may be improved in the future to allow for different formats and timezones)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function reg_date()
-    {
-        return $this->get_datetime('REG_date');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the datetime-ticket for this registration (ie, it can be used to isolate
-     * the ticket this registration purchased, or the datetime they have registered
-     * to attend)
-     *
-     * @return EE_Datetime_Ticket
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function datetime_ticket()
-    {
-        return $this->get_first_related('Datetime_Ticket');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the registration's datetime_ticket.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Datetime_Ticket $datetime_ticket
-     * @return EE_Datetime_Ticket
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function set_datetime_ticket($datetime_ticket)
-    {
-        return $this->_add_relation_to($datetime_ticket, 'Datetime_Ticket');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets deleted
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function deleted()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_deleted');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets deleted
-     *
-     * @param boolean $deleted
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_deleted($deleted)
-    {
-        if ($deleted) {
-            $this->delete();
-        } else {
-            $this->restore();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the status object of this object
-     *
-     * @return EE_Status
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function status_obj()
-    {
-        return $this->get_first_related('Status');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the number of times this registration has checked into any of the datetimes
-     * its available for
-     *
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function count_checkins()
-    {
-        return $this->get_model()->count_related($this, 'Checkin');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the number of current Check-ins this registration is checked into for any of the datetimes the
-     * registration is for.  Note, this is ONLY checked in (does not include checkedout)
-     *
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function count_checkins_not_checkedout()
-    {
-        return $this->get_model()->count_related($this, 'Checkin', array(array('CHK_in' => 1)));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * The purpose of this method is simply to check whether this registration can checkin to the given datetime.
-     *
-     * @param int | EE_Datetime $DTT_OR_ID      The datetime the registration is being checked against
-     * @param bool              $check_approved This is used to indicate whether the caller wants can_checkin to also
-     *                                          consider registration status as well as datetime access.
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function can_checkin($DTT_OR_ID, $check_approved = true)
-    {
-        $DTT_ID = EEM_Datetime::instance()->ensure_is_ID($DTT_OR_ID);
-
-        // first check registration status
-        if (($check_approved && ! $this->is_approved()) || ! $DTT_ID) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // is there a datetime ticket that matches this dtt_ID?
-        if (! (EEM_Datetime_Ticket::instance()->exists(
-            array(
-                array(
-                    'TKT_ID' => $this->get('TKT_ID'),
-                    'DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID,
-                ),
-            )
-        ))
-        ) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // final check is against TKT_uses
-        return $this->verify_can_checkin_against_TKT_uses($DTT_ID);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method verifies whether the user can checkin for the given datetime considering the max uses value set on
-     * the ticket. To do this,  a query is done to get the count of the datetime records already checked into.  If the
-     * datetime given does not have a check-in record and checking in for that datetime will exceed the allowed uses,
-     * then return false.  Otherwise return true.
-     *
-     * @param int | EE_Datetime $DTT_OR_ID The datetime the registration is being checked against
-     * @return bool true means can checkin.  false means cannot checkin.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function verify_can_checkin_against_TKT_uses($DTT_OR_ID)
-    {
-        $DTT_ID = EEM_Datetime::instance()->ensure_is_ID($DTT_OR_ID);
-
-        if (! $DTT_ID) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        $max_uses = $this->ticket() instanceof EE_Ticket ? $this->ticket()->uses() : EE_INF;
-
-        // if max uses is not set or equals infinity then return true cause its not a factor for whether user can
-        // check-in or not.
-        if (! $max_uses || $max_uses === EE_INF) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        // does this datetime have a checkin record?  If so, then the dtt count has already been verified so we can just
-        // go ahead and toggle.
-        if (EEM_Checkin::instance()->exists(array(array('REG_ID' => $this->ID(), 'DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID)))) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        // made it here so the last check is whether the number of checkins per unique datetime on this registration
-        // disallows further check-ins.
-        $count_unique_dtt_checkins = EEM_Checkin::instance()->count(
-            array(
-                array(
-                    'REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
-                    'CHK_in' => true,
-                ),
-            ),
-            'DTT_ID',
-            true
-        );
-        // checkins have already reached their max number of uses
-        // so registrant can NOT checkin
-        if ($count_unique_dtt_checkins >= $max_uses) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Check-in denied because number of datetime uses for the ticket has been reached or exceeded.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * toggle Check-in status for this registration
-     * Check-ins are toggled in the following order:
-     * never checked in -> checked in
-     * checked in -> checked out
-     * checked out -> checked in
-     *
-     * @param  int $DTT_ID  include specific datetime to toggle Check-in for.
-     *                      If not included or null, then it is assumed latest datetime is being toggled.
-     * @param bool $verify  If true then can_checkin() is used to verify whether the person
-     *                      can be checked in or not.  Otherwise this forces change in checkin status.
-     * @return bool|int     the chk_in status toggled to OR false if nothing got changed.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function toggle_checkin_status($DTT_ID = null, $verify = false)
-    {
-        if (empty($DTT_ID)) {
-            $datetime = $this->get_latest_related_datetime();
-            $DTT_ID = $datetime instanceof EE_Datetime ? $datetime->ID() : 0;
-            // verify the registration can checkin for the given DTT_ID
-        } elseif (! $this->can_checkin($DTT_ID, $verify)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The given registration (ID:%1$d) can not be checked in to the given DTT_ID (%2$d), because the registration does not have access',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $this->ID(),
-                    $DTT_ID
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        $status_paths = array(
-            EE_Checkin::status_checked_never => EE_Checkin::status_checked_in,
-            EE_Checkin::status_checked_in    => EE_Checkin::status_checked_out,
-            EE_Checkin::status_checked_out   => EE_Checkin::status_checked_in,
-        );
-        // start by getting the current status so we know what status we'll be changing to.
-        $cur_status = $this->check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID, null);
-        $status_to = $status_paths[ $cur_status ];
-        // database only records true for checked IN or false for checked OUT
-        // no record ( null ) means checked in NEVER, but we obviously don't save that
-        $new_status = $status_to === EE_Checkin::status_checked_in ? true : false;
-        // add relation - note Check-ins are always creating new rows
-        // because we are keeping track of Check-ins over time.
-        // Eventually we'll probably want to show a list table
-        // for the individual Check-ins so that they can be managed.
-        $checkin = EE_Checkin::new_instance(
-            array(
-                'REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
-                'DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID,
-                'CHK_in' => $new_status,
-            )
-        );
-        // if the record could not be saved then return false
-        if ($checkin->save() === 0) {
-            if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                global $wpdb;
-                $error = sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Registration check in update failed because of the following database error: %1$s%2$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    '<br />',
-                    $wpdb->last_error
-                );
-            } else {
-                $error = esc_html__(
-                    'Registration check in update failed because of an unknown database error',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                );
-            }
-            EE_Error::add_error($error, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-            return false;
-        }
-        return $status_to;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the latest datetime related to this registration (via the ticket attached to the registration).
-     * "Latest" is defined by the `DTT_EVT_start` column.
-     *
-     * @return EE_Datetime|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_latest_related_datetime()
-    {
-        return EEM_Datetime::instance()->get_one(
-            array(
-                array(
-                    'Ticket.Registration.REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
-                ),
-                'order_by' => array('DTT_EVT_start' => 'DESC'),
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the earliest datetime related to this registration (via the ticket attached to the registration).
-     * "Earliest" is defined by the `DTT_EVT_start` column.
-     *
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_earliest_related_datetime()
-    {
-        return EEM_Datetime::instance()->get_one(
-            array(
-                array(
-                    'Ticket.Registration.REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
-                ),
-                'order_by' => array('DTT_EVT_start' => 'ASC'),
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method simply returns the check-in status for this registration and the given datetime.
-     * If neither the datetime nor the checkin values are provided as arguments,
-     * then this will return the LATEST check-in status for the registration across all datetimes it belongs to.
-     *
-     * @param  int       $DTT_ID  The ID of the datetime we're checking against
-     *                            (if empty we'll get the primary datetime for
-     *                            this registration (via event) and use it's ID);
-     * @param EE_Checkin $checkin If present, we use the given checkin object rather than the dtt_id.
-     *
-     * @return int                Integer representing Check-in status.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID = 0, $checkin = null)
-    {
-        $checkin_query_params = array(
-            'order_by' => array('CHK_timestamp' => 'DESC'),
-        );
-
-        if ($DTT_ID > 0) {
-            $checkin_query_params[0] = array('DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID);
-        }
-
-        // get checkin object (if exists)
-        $checkin = $checkin instanceof EE_Checkin
-            ? $checkin
-            : $this->get_first_related('Checkin', $checkin_query_params);
-        if ($checkin instanceof EE_Checkin) {
-            if ($checkin->get('CHK_in')) {
-                return EE_Checkin::status_checked_in; // checked in
-            }
-            return EE_Checkin::status_checked_out; // had checked in but is now checked out.
-        }
-        return EE_Checkin::status_checked_never; // never been checked in
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This method returns a localized message for the toggled Check-in message.
-     *
-     * @param  int $DTT_ID include specific datetime to get the correct Check-in message.  If not included or null,
-     *                     then it is assumed Check-in for primary datetime was toggled.
-     * @param bool $error  This just flags that you want an error message returned. This is put in so that the error
-     *                     message can be customized with the attendee name.
-     * @return string internationalized message
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_checkin_msg($DTT_ID, $error = false)
-    {
-        // let's get the attendee first so we can include the name of the attendee
-        $attendee = $this->get_first_related('Attendee');
-        if ($attendee instanceof EE_Attendee) {
-            if ($error) {
-                return sprintf(__("%s's check-in status was not changed.", "event_espresso"), $attendee->full_name());
-            }
-            $cur_status = $this->check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID);
-            // what is the status message going to be?
-            switch ($cur_status) {
-                case EE_Checkin::status_checked_never:
-                    return sprintf(
-                        __("%s has been removed from Check-in records", "event_espresso"),
-                        $attendee->full_name()
-                    );
-                    break;
-                case EE_Checkin::status_checked_in:
-                    return sprintf(__('%s has been checked in', 'event_espresso'), $attendee->full_name());
-                    break;
-                case EE_Checkin::status_checked_out:
-                    return sprintf(__('%s has been checked out', 'event_espresso'), $attendee->full_name());
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-        return esc_html__("The check-in status could not be determined.", "event_espresso");
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the related EE_Transaction to this registration
-     *
-     * @return EE_Transaction
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     */
-    public function transaction()
-    {
-        $transaction = $this->get_first_related('Transaction');
-        if (! $transaction instanceof \EE_Transaction) {
-            throw new EntityNotFoundException('Transaction ID', $this->transaction_ID());
-        }
-        return $transaction;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Registration Code
-     */
-    public function reg_code()
-    {
-        return $this->get('REG_code');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        get Transaction ID
-     */
-    public function transaction_ID()
-    {
-        return $this->get('TXN_ID');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function ticket_ID()
-    {
-        return $this->get('TKT_ID');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        Set Registration Code
-     *
-     * @access    public
-     * @param    string  $REG_code Registration Code
-     * @param    boolean $use_default
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function set_reg_code($REG_code, $use_default = false)
-    {
-        if (empty($REG_code)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__('REG_code can not be empty.', 'event_espresso'),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return;
-        }
-        if (! $this->reg_code()) {
-            parent::set('REG_code', $REG_code, $use_default);
-        } else {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                __CLASS__ . '::' . __FUNCTION__,
-                esc_html__('Can not change a registration REG_code once it has been set.', 'event_espresso'),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all other registrations in the same group as this registrant who have the same ticket option.
-     * Note, if you want to just get all registrations in the same transaction (group), use:
-     *    $registration->transaction()->registrations();
-     *
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     * @return EE_Registration[] or empty array if this isn't a group registration.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_all_other_registrations_in_group()
-    {
-        if ($this->group_size() < 2) {
-            return array();
-        }
-
-        $query[0] = array(
-            'TXN_ID' => $this->transaction_ID(),
-            'REG_ID' => array('!=', $this->ID()),
-            'TKT_ID' => $this->ticket_ID(),
-        );
-        /** @var EE_Registration[] $registrations */
-        $registrations = $this->get_model()->get_all($query);
-        return $registrations;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Return the link to the admin details for the object.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_admin_details_link()
-    {
-        EE_Registry::instance()->load_helper('URL');
-        return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-            array(
-                'page'    => 'espresso_registrations',
-                'action'  => 'view_registration',
-                '_REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
-            ),
-            admin_url('admin.php')
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the link to the editor for the object.  Sometimes this is the same as the details.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_admin_edit_link()
-    {
-        return $this->get_admin_details_link();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the link to a settings page for the object.
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_admin_settings_link()
-    {
-        return $this->get_admin_details_link();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the link to the "overview" for the object (typically the "list table" view).
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_admin_overview_link()
-    {
-        EE_Registry::instance()->load_helper('URL');
-        return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-            array(
-                'page' => 'espresso_registrations',
-            ),
-            admin_url('admin.php')
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $query_params
-     *
-     * @return \EE_Registration[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function payments($query_params = array())
-    {
-        return $this->get_many_related('Payment', $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $query_params
-     *
-     * @return \EE_Registration_Payment[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function registration_payments($query_params = array())
-    {
-        return $this->get_many_related('Registration_Payment', $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This grabs the payment method corresponding to the last payment made for the amount owing on the registration.
-     * Note: if there are no payments on the registration there will be no payment method returned.
-     *
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
-     */
-    public function payment_method()
-    {
-        return EEM_Payment_Method::instance()->get_last_used_for_registration($this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return \EE_Line_Item
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function ticket_line_item()
-    {
-        $ticket = $this->ticket();
-        $transaction = $this->transaction();
-        $line_item = null;
-        $ticket_line_items = \EEH_Line_Item::get_line_items_by_object_type_and_IDs(
-            $transaction->total_line_item(),
-            'Ticket',
-            array($ticket->ID())
-        );
-        foreach ($ticket_line_items as $ticket_line_item) {
-            if ($ticket_line_item instanceof \EE_Line_Item
-                && $ticket_line_item->OBJ_type() === 'Ticket'
-                && $ticket_line_item->OBJ_ID() === $ticket->ID()
-            ) {
-                $line_item = $ticket_line_item;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (! ($line_item instanceof \EE_Line_Item && $line_item->OBJ_type() === 'Ticket')) {
-            throw new EntityNotFoundException('Line Item Ticket ID', $ticket->ID());
-        }
-        return $line_item;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Soft Deletes this model object.
-     *
-     * @return boolean | int
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function delete()
-    {
-        if ($this->update_extra_meta(EE_Registration::PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY, $this->status_ID()) === true) {
-            $this->set_status(EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled);
-        }
-        return parent::delete();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Restores whatever the previous status was on a registration before it was trashed (if possible)
-     *
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function restore()
-    {
-        $previous_status = $this->get_extra_meta(
-            EE_Registration::PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY,
-            true,
-            EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled
-        );
-        if ($previous_status) {
-            $this->delete_extra_meta(EE_Registration::PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY);
-            $this->set_status($previous_status);
-        }
-        return parent::restore();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * possibly toggle Registration status based on comparison of REG_paid vs REG_final_price
-     *
-     * @param  boolean $trigger_set_status_logic EE_Registration::set_status() can trigger additional logic
-     *                                           depending on whether the reg status changes to or from "Approved"
-     * @return boolean whether the Registration status was updated
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function updateStatusBasedOnTotalPaid($trigger_set_status_logic = true)
-    {
-        $paid = $this->paid();
-        $price = $this->final_price();
-        switch (true) {
-            // overpaid or paid
-            case EEH_Money::compare_floats($paid, $price, '>'):
-            case EEH_Money::compare_floats($paid, $price):
-                $new_status = EEM_Registration::status_id_approved;
-                break;
-            //  underpaid
-            case EEH_Money::compare_floats($paid, $price, '<'):
-                $new_status = EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment;
-                break;
-            // uhhh Houston...
-            default:
-                throw new RuntimeException(
-                    esc_html__('The total paid calculation for this registration is inaccurate.', 'event_espresso')
-                );
-        }
-        if ($new_status !== $this->status_ID()) {
-            if ($trigger_set_status_logic) {
-                return $this->set_status($new_status);
-            }
-            parent::set('STS_ID', $new_status);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /*************************** DEPRECATED ***************************/
-
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecated
-     * @since     4.7.0
-     * @access    public
-     */
-    public function price_paid()
-    {
-        EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-            'EE_Registration::price_paid()',
-            esc_html__(
-                'This method is deprecated, please use EE_Registration::final_price() instead.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            '4.7.0'
-        );
-        return $this->final_price();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecated
-     * @since     4.7.0
-     * @access    public
-     * @param    float $REG_final_price
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws RuntimeException
-     */
-    public function set_price_paid($REG_final_price = 0.00)
-    {
-        EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-            'EE_Registration::set_price_paid()',
-            esc_html__(
-                'This method is deprecated, please use EE_Registration::set_final_price() instead.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            '4.7.0'
-        );
-        $this->set_final_price($REG_final_price);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecated
-     * @since 4.7.0
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function pretty_price_paid()
-    {
-        EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-            'EE_Registration::pretty_price_paid()',
-            esc_html__(
-                'This method is deprecated, please use EE_Registration::pretty_final_price() instead.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            '4.7.0'
-        );
-        return $this->pretty_final_price();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the primary datetime related to this registration via the related Event to this registration
-     *
-     * @deprecated 4.9.17
-     * @return EE_Datetime
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EntityNotFoundException
-     */
-    public function get_related_primary_datetime()
-    {
-        EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-            __METHOD__,
-            esc_html__(
-                'Use EE_Registration::get_latest_related_datetime() or EE_Registration::get_earliest_related_datetime()',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            '4.9.17',
-            '5.0.0'
-        );
-        return $this->event()->primary_datetime();
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Used to reference when a registration has never been checked in.
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated use \EE_Checkin::status_checked_never instead
+	 * @type int
+	 */
+	const checkin_status_never = 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to reference when a registration has been checked in.
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated use \EE_Checkin::status_checked_in instead
+	 * @type int
+	 */
+	const checkin_status_in = 1;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to reference when a registration has been checked out.
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated use \EE_Checkin::status_checked_out instead
+	 * @type int
+	 */
+	const checkin_status_out = 0;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * extra meta key for tracking reg status os trashed registrations
+	 *
+	 * @type string
+	 */
+	const PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY = 'pre_trash_registration_status';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * extra meta key for tracking if registration has reserved ticket
+	 *
+	 * @type string
+	 */
+	const HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY = 'has_reserved_ticket';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array  $props_n_values          incoming values
+	 * @param string $timezone                incoming timezone (if not set the timezone set for the website will be
+	 *                                        used.)
+	 * @param array  $date_formats            incoming date_formats in an array where the first value is the
+	 *                                        date_format and the second value is the time format
+	 * @return EE_Registration
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public static function new_instance($props_n_values = array(), $timezone = null, $date_formats = array())
+	{
+		$has_object = parent::_check_for_object($props_n_values, __CLASS__, $timezone, $date_formats);
+		return $has_object ? $has_object : new self($props_n_values, false, $timezone, $date_formats);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array  $props_n_values  incoming values from the database
+	 * @param string $timezone        incoming timezone as set by the model.  If not set the timezone for
+	 *                                the website will be used.
+	 * @return EE_Registration
+	 */
+	public static function new_instance_from_db($props_n_values = array(), $timezone = null)
+	{
+		return new self($props_n_values, true, $timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Event ID
+	 *
+	 * @param        int $EVT_ID Event ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_event($EVT_ID = 0)
+	{
+		$this->set('EVT_ID', $EVT_ID);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent set() method so that all calls to set( 'REG_code', $REG_code ) OR set( 'STS_ID', $STS_ID ) can
+	 * be routed to internal methods
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @param mixed  $field_value
+	 * @param bool   $use_default
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set($field_name, $field_value, $use_default = false)
+	{
+		switch ($field_name) {
+			case 'REG_code':
+				if (! empty($field_value) && $this->reg_code() === null) {
+					$this->set_reg_code($field_value, $use_default);
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'STS_ID':
+				$this->set_status($field_value, $use_default);
+				break;
+			default:
+				parent::set($field_name, $field_value, $use_default);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set Status ID
+	 * updates the registration status and ALSO...
+	 * calls reserve_registration_space() if the reg status changes TO approved from any other reg status
+	 * calls release_registration_space() if the reg status changes FROM approved to any other reg status
+	 *
+	 * @param string                $new_STS_ID
+	 * @param boolean               $use_default
+	 * @param ContextInterface|null $context
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function set_status($new_STS_ID = null, $use_default = false, ContextInterface $context = null)
+	{
+		// get current REG_Status
+		$old_STS_ID = $this->status_ID();
+		// if status has changed
+		if ($old_STS_ID !== $new_STS_ID // and that status has actually changed
+			&& ! empty($old_STS_ID) // and that old status is actually set
+			&& ! empty($new_STS_ID) // as well as the new status
+			&& $this->ID() // ensure registration is in the db
+		) {
+			// TO approved
+			if ($new_STS_ID === EEM_Registration::status_id_approved) {
+				// reserve a space by incrementing ticket and datetime sold values
+				$this->_reserve_registration_space();
+				do_action('AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__to_approved', $this, $old_STS_ID, $new_STS_ID, $context);
+				// OR FROM  approved
+			} elseif ($old_STS_ID === EEM_Registration::status_id_approved) {
+				// release a space by decrementing ticket and datetime sold values
+				$this->_release_registration_space();
+				do_action(
+					'AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__from_approved',
+					$this,
+					$old_STS_ID,
+					$new_STS_ID,
+					$context
+				);
+			}
+			// update status
+			parent::set('STS_ID', $new_STS_ID, $use_default);
+			$this->_update_if_canceled_or_declined($new_STS_ID, $old_STS_ID, $context);
+			if ($this->statusChangeUpdatesTransaction($context)) {
+				$this->updateTransactionAfterStatusChange();
+			}
+			do_action('AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__after_update', $this, $old_STS_ID, $new_STS_ID, $context);
+			return true;
+		}
+		// even though the old value matches the new value, it's still good to
+		// allow the parent set method to have a say
+		parent::set('STS_ID', $new_STS_ID, $use_default);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * update REGs and TXN when cancelled or declined registrations involved
+	 *
+	 * @param string                $new_STS_ID
+	 * @param string                $old_STS_ID
+	 * @param ContextInterface|null $context
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function _update_if_canceled_or_declined($new_STS_ID, $old_STS_ID, ContextInterface $context = null)
+	{
+		// these reg statuses should not be considered in any calculations involving monies owing
+		$closed_reg_statuses = EEM_Registration::closed_reg_statuses();
+		// true if registration has been cancelled or declined
+		$this->updateIfCanceled(
+			$closed_reg_statuses,
+			$new_STS_ID,
+			$old_STS_ID,
+			$context
+		);
+		$this->updateIfDeclined(
+			$closed_reg_statuses,
+			$new_STS_ID,
+			$old_STS_ID,
+			$context
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * update REGs and TXN when cancelled or declined registrations involved
+	 *
+	 * @param array                 $closed_reg_statuses
+	 * @param string                $new_STS_ID
+	 * @param string                $old_STS_ID
+	 * @param ContextInterface|null $context
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function updateIfCanceled(
+		array $closed_reg_statuses,
+		$new_STS_ID,
+		$old_STS_ID,
+		ContextInterface $context = null
+	) {
+		// true if registration has been cancelled or declined
+		if (in_array($new_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
+			&& ! in_array($old_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
+		) {
+			/** @type EE_Registration_Processor $registration_processor */
+			$registration_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Registration_Processor');
+			/** @type EE_Transaction_Processor $transaction_processor */
+			$transaction_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Transaction_Processor');
+			// cancelled or declined registration
+			$registration_processor->update_registration_after_being_canceled_or_declined(
+				$this,
+				$closed_reg_statuses
+			);
+			$transaction_processor->update_transaction_after_canceled_or_declined_registration(
+				$this,
+				$closed_reg_statuses,
+				false
+			);
+			do_action(
+				'AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__canceled_or_declined',
+				$this,
+				$old_STS_ID,
+				$new_STS_ID,
+				$context
+			);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * update REGs and TXN when cancelled or declined registrations involved
+	 *
+	 * @param array                 $closed_reg_statuses
+	 * @param string                $new_STS_ID
+	 * @param string                $old_STS_ID
+	 * @param ContextInterface|null $context
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function updateIfDeclined(
+		array $closed_reg_statuses,
+		$new_STS_ID,
+		$old_STS_ID,
+		ContextInterface $context = null
+	) {
+		// true if reinstating cancelled or declined registration
+		if (in_array($old_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
+			&& ! in_array($new_STS_ID, $closed_reg_statuses, true)
+		) {
+			/** @type EE_Registration_Processor $registration_processor */
+			$registration_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Registration_Processor');
+			/** @type EE_Transaction_Processor $transaction_processor */
+			$transaction_processor = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Transaction_Processor');
+			// reinstating cancelled or declined registration
+			$registration_processor->update_canceled_or_declined_registration_after_being_reinstated(
+				$this,
+				$closed_reg_statuses
+			);
+			$transaction_processor->update_transaction_after_reinstating_canceled_registration(
+				$this,
+				$closed_reg_statuses,
+				false
+			);
+			do_action(
+				'AHEE__EE_Registration__set_status__after_reinstated',
+				$this,
+				$old_STS_ID,
+				$new_STS_ID,
+				$context
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param ContextInterface|null $context
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function statusChangeUpdatesTransaction(ContextInterface $context = null)
+	{
+		$contexts_that_do_not_update_transaction = (array) apply_filters(
+			'AHEE__EE_Registration__statusChangeUpdatesTransaction__contexts_that_do_not_update_transaction',
+			array('spco_reg_step_attendee_information_process_registrations'),
+			$context,
+			$this
+		);
+		return ! (
+			$context instanceof ContextInterface
+			&& in_array($context->slug(), $contexts_that_do_not_update_transaction, true)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	private function updateTransactionAfterStatusChange()
+	{
+		/** @type EE_Transaction_Payments $transaction_payments */
+		$transaction_payments = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class('Transaction_Payments');
+		$transaction_payments->recalculate_transaction_total($this->transaction(), false);
+		$this->transaction()->update_status_based_on_total_paid(true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Status ID
+	 */
+	public function status_ID()
+	{
+		return $this->get('STS_ID');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the ticket this registration is for
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $include_archived whether to include archived tickets or not.
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Ticket|EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function ticket($include_archived = true)
+	{
+		$query_params = array();
+		if ($include_archived) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = 'none';
+		}
+		return $this->get_first_related('Ticket', $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the event this registration is for
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Event
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 */
+	public function event()
+	{
+		$event = $this->get_first_related('Event');
+		if (! $event instanceof \EE_Event) {
+			throw new EntityNotFoundException('Event ID', $this->event_ID());
+		}
+		return $event;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "author" of the registration.  Note that for the purposes of registrations, the author will correspond
+	 * with the author of the event this registration is for.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 */
+	public function wp_user()
+	{
+		$event = $this->event();
+		if ($event instanceof EE_Event) {
+			return $event->wp_user();
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * increments this registration's related ticket sold and corresponding datetime sold values
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 */
+	private function _reserve_registration_space()
+	{
+		// reserved ticket and datetime counts will be decremented as sold counts are incremented
+		// so stop tracking that this reg has a ticket reserved
+		$this->release_reserved_ticket(false, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
+		$ticket = $this->ticket();
+		$ticket->increase_sold();
+		$ticket->save();
+		// possibly set event status to sold out
+		$this->event()->perform_sold_out_status_check();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * decrements (subtracts) this registration's related ticket sold and corresponding datetime sold values
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 */
+	private function _release_registration_space()
+	{
+		$ticket = $this->ticket();
+		$ticket->decrease_sold();
+		$ticket->save();
+		// possibly change event status from sold out back to previous status
+		$this->event()->perform_sold_out_status_check();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * tracks this registration's ticket reservation in extra meta
+	 * and can increment related ticket reserved and corresponding datetime reserved values
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $update_ticket if true, will increment ticket and datetime reserved count
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function reserve_ticket($update_ticket = false, $source = 'unknown')
+	{
+		// only reserve ticket if space is not currently reserved
+		if ((bool) $this->get_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, true) !== true) {
+			$this->update_extra_meta('reserve_ticket', "{$this->ticket_ID()} from {$source}");
+			// IMPORTANT !!!
+			// although checking $update_ticket first would be more efficient,
+			// we NEED to ALWAYS call update_extra_meta(), which is why that is done first
+			if ($this->update_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, true)
+				&& $update_ticket
+			) {
+				$ticket = $this->ticket();
+				$ticket->increase_reserved(1, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
+				$ticket->save();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * stops tracking this registration's ticket reservation in extra meta
+	 * decrements (subtracts) related ticket reserved and corresponding datetime reserved values
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $update_ticket if true, will decrement ticket and datetime reserved count
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function release_reserved_ticket($update_ticket = false, $source = 'unknown')
+	{
+		// only release ticket if space is currently reserved
+		if ((bool) $this->get_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, true) === true) {
+			$this->update_extra_meta('release_reserved_ticket', "{$this->ticket_ID()} from {$source}");
+			// IMPORTANT !!!
+			// although checking $update_ticket first would be more efficient,
+			// we NEED to ALWAYS call update_extra_meta(), which is why that is done first
+			if ($this->update_extra_meta(EE_Registration::HAS_RESERVED_TICKET_KEY, false)
+				&& $update_ticket
+			) {
+				$ticket = $this->ticket();
+				$ticket->decrease_reserved(1, true, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
+				$ticket->save();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set Attendee ID
+	 *
+	 * @param        int $ATT_ID Attendee ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_attendee_id($ATT_ID = 0)
+	{
+		$this->set('ATT_ID', $ATT_ID);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Transaction ID
+	 *
+	 * @param        int $TXN_ID Transaction ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_transaction_id($TXN_ID = 0)
+	{
+		$this->set('TXN_ID', $TXN_ID);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Session
+	 *
+	 * @param    string $REG_session PHP Session ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_session($REG_session = '')
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_session', $REG_session);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Registration URL Link
+	 *
+	 * @param    string $REG_url_link Registration URL Link
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_reg_url_link($REG_url_link = '')
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_url_link', $REG_url_link);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Attendee Counter
+	 *
+	 * @param        int $REG_count Primary Attendee
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_count($REG_count = 1)
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_count', $REG_count);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Group Size
+	 *
+	 * @param        boolean $REG_group_size Group Registration
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_group_size($REG_group_size = false)
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_group_size', $REG_group_size);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_not_approved -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID ==
+	 *    EEM_Registration::status_id_not_approved
+	 *
+	 * @return        boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_not_approved()
+	{
+		return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_not_approved ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_pending_payment -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID ==
+	 *    EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment
+	 *
+	 * @return        boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_pending_payment()
+	{
+		return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_approved -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID == EEM_Registration::status_id_approved
+	 *
+	 * @return        boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_approved()
+	{
+		return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_approved ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_cancelled -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID == EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled
+	 *
+	 * @return        boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_cancelled()
+	{
+		return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_declined -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID == EEM_Registration::status_id_declined
+	 *
+	 * @return        boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_declined()
+	{
+		return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_declined ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_incomplete -  convenience method that returns TRUE if REG status ID ==
+	 *    EEM_Registration::status_id_incomplete
+	 *
+	 * @return        boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_incomplete()
+	{
+		return $this->status_ID() == EEM_Registration::status_id_incomplete ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Registration Date
+	 *
+	 * @param        mixed ( int or string ) $REG_date Registration Date - Unix timestamp or string representation of
+	 *                                                 Date
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_reg_date($REG_date = false)
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_date', $REG_date);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    Set final price owing for this registration after all ticket/price modifications
+	 *
+	 * @access    public
+	 * @param    float $REG_final_price
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_final_price($REG_final_price = 0.00)
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_final_price', $REG_final_price);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    Set amount paid towards this registration's final price
+	 *
+	 * @access    public
+	 * @param    float $REG_paid
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_paid($REG_paid = 0.00)
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_paid', $REG_paid);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Attendee Is Going
+	 *
+	 * @param        boolean $REG_att_is_going Attendee Is Going
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_att_is_going($REG_att_is_going = false)
+	{
+		$this->set('REG_att_is_going', $REG_att_is_going);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the related attendee
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Attendee
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function attendee()
+	{
+		return $this->get_first_related('Attendee');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Event ID
+	 */
+	public function event_ID()
+	{
+		return $this->get('EVT_ID');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Event ID
+	 */
+	public function event_name()
+	{
+		$event = $this->event_obj();
+		if ($event) {
+			return $event->name();
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetches the event this registration is for
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Event
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function event_obj()
+	{
+		return $this->get_first_related('Event');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Attendee ID
+	 */
+	public function attendee_ID()
+	{
+		return $this->get('ATT_ID');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get PHP Session ID
+	 */
+	public function session_ID()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_session');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the string which represents the URL trigger for the receipt template in the message template system.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $messenger 'pdf' or 'html'.  Default 'html'.
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function receipt_url($messenger = 'html')
+	{
+
+		/**
+		 * The below will be deprecated one version after this.  We check first if there is a custom receipt template
+		 * already in use on old system.  If there is then we just return the standard url for it.
+		 *
+		 * @since 4.5.0
+		 */
+		$template_relative_path = 'modules/gateways/Invoice/lib/templates/receipt_body.template.php';
+		$has_custom = EEH_Template::locate_template(
+			$template_relative_path,
+			array(),
+			true,
+			true,
+			true
+		);
+
+		if ($has_custom) {
+			return add_query_arg(array('receipt' => 'true'), $this->invoice_url('launch'));
+		}
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Registration__receipt_url__receipt_url', '', $this, $messenger, 'receipt');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the string which represents the URL trigger for the invoice template in the message template system.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $messenger 'pdf' or 'html'.  Default 'html'.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function invoice_url($messenger = 'html')
+	{
+		/**
+		 * The below will be deprecated one version after this.  We check first if there is a custom invoice template
+		 * already in use on old system.  If there is then we just return the standard url for it.
+		 *
+		 * @since 4.5.0
+		 */
+		$template_relative_path = 'modules/gateways/Invoice/lib/templates/invoice_body.template.php';
+		$has_custom = EEH_Template::locate_template(
+			$template_relative_path,
+			array(),
+			true,
+			true,
+			true
+		);
+
+		if ($has_custom) {
+			if ($messenger == 'html') {
+				return $this->invoice_url('launch');
+			}
+			$route = $messenger == 'download' || $messenger == 'pdf' ? 'download_invoice' : 'launch_invoice';
+
+			$query_args = array('ee' => $route, 'id' => $this->reg_url_link());
+			if ($messenger == 'html') {
+				$query_args['html'] = true;
+			}
+			return add_query_arg($query_args, get_permalink(EE_Registry::instance()->CFG->core->thank_you_page_id));
+		}
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EE_Registration__invoice_url__invoice_url', '', $this, $messenger, 'invoice');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get Registration URL Link
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function reg_url_link()
+	{
+		return (string) $this->get('REG_url_link');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Echoes out invoice_url()
+	 *
+	 * @param string $type 'download','launch', or 'html' (default is 'launch')
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_invoice_url($type = 'launch')
+	{
+		echo $this->invoice_url($type);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Echoes out payment_overview_url
+	 */
+	public function e_payment_overview_url()
+	{
+		echo $this->payment_overview_url();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the URL for the checkout payment options reg step
+	 * with this registration's REG_url_link added as a query parameter
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $clear_session Set to true when you want to clear the session on revisiting the
+	 *                            payment overview url.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function payment_overview_url($clear_session = false)
+	{
+		return add_query_arg(
+			(array) apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Registration__payment_overview_url__query_args',
+				array(
+					'e_reg_url_link' => $this->reg_url_link(),
+					'step'           => 'payment_options',
+					'revisit'        => true,
+					'clear_session'  => (bool) $clear_session,
+				),
+				$this
+			),
+			EE_Registry::instance()->CFG->core->reg_page_url()
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the URL for the checkout attendee information reg step
+	 * with this registration's REG_url_link added as a query parameter
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	public function edit_attendee_information_url()
+	{
+		return add_query_arg(
+			(array) apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Registration__edit_attendee_information_url__query_args',
+				array(
+					'e_reg_url_link' => $this->reg_url_link(),
+					'step'           => 'attendee_information',
+					'revisit'        => true,
+				),
+				$this
+			),
+			EE_Registry::instance()->CFG->core->reg_page_url()
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Simply generates and returns the appropriate admin_url link to edit this registration
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_admin_edit_url()
+	{
+		return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+			array(
+				'page'    => 'espresso_registrations',
+				'action'  => 'view_registration',
+				'_REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
+			),
+			admin_url('admin.php')
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *    is_primary_registrant?
+	 */
+	public function is_primary_registrant()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_count') == 1 ? true : false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the primary registration object for this registration group (which may be this object).
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Registration
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_primary_registration()
+	{
+		if ($this->is_primary_registrant()) {
+			return $this;
+		}
+
+		// k reg_count !== 1 so let's get the EE_Registration object matching this txn_id and reg_count == 1
+		/** @var EE_Registration $primary_registrant */
+		$primary_registrant = EEM_Registration::instance()->get_one(
+			array(
+				array(
+					'TXN_ID'    => $this->transaction_ID(),
+					'REG_count' => 1,
+				),
+			)
+		);
+		return $primary_registrant;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get  Attendee Number
+	 *
+	 * @access        public
+	 */
+	public function count()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_count');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Group Size
+	 */
+	public function group_size()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_group_size');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Registration Date
+	 */
+	public function date()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_date');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets a pretty date
+	 *
+	 * @param string $date_format
+	 * @param string $time_format
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function pretty_date($date_format = null, $time_format = null)
+	{
+		return $this->get_datetime('REG_date', $date_format, $time_format);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * final_price
+	 * the registration's share of the transaction total, so that the
+	 * sum of all the transaction's REG_final_prices equal the transaction's total
+	 *
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function final_price()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_final_price');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * pretty_final_price
+	 *  final price as formatted string, with correct decimal places and currency symbol
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function pretty_final_price()
+	{
+		return $this->get_pretty('REG_final_price');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get paid (yeah)
+	 *
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function paid()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_paid');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * pretty_paid
+	 *
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function pretty_paid()
+	{
+		return $this->get_pretty('REG_paid');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * owes_monies_and_can_pay
+	 * whether or not this registration has monies owing and it's' status allows payment
+	 *
+	 * @param array $requires_payment
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function owes_monies_and_can_pay($requires_payment = array())
+	{
+		// these reg statuses require payment (if event is not free)
+		$requires_payment = ! empty($requires_payment)
+			? $requires_payment
+			: EEM_Registration::reg_statuses_that_allow_payment();
+		if (in_array($this->status_ID(), $requires_payment) &&
+			$this->final_price() != 0 &&
+			$this->final_price() != $this->paid()
+		) {
+			return true;
+		} else {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Prints out the return value of $this->pretty_status()
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $show_icons
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function e_pretty_status($show_icons = false)
+	{
+		echo $this->pretty_status($show_icons);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a nice version of the status for displaying to customers
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $show_icons
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function pretty_status($show_icons = false)
+	{
+		$status = EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status(
+			array($this->status_ID() => esc_html__('unknown', 'event_espresso')),
+			false,
+			'sentence'
+		);
+		$icon = '';
+		switch ($this->status_ID()) {
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_approved:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-star-filled ee-icon-size-16 green-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-star-half ee-icon-size-16 orange-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_not_approved:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-marker ee-icon-size-16 orange-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-no ee-icon-size-16 lt-grey-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_incomplete:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-no ee-icon-size-16 lt-orange-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_declined:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-no ee-icon-size-16 red-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+			case EEM_Registration::status_id_wait_list:
+				$icon = $show_icons
+					? '<span class="dashicons dashicons-clipboard ee-icon-size-16 purple-text"></span>'
+					: '';
+				break;
+		}
+		return $icon . $status[ $this->status_ID() ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Attendee Is Going
+	 */
+	public function att_is_going()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_att_is_going');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets related answers
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base::get_all
+	 * @return EE_Answer[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function answers($query_params = null)
+	{
+		return $this->get_many_related('Answer', $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the registration's answer value to the specified question
+	 * (either the question's ID or a question object)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Question|int $question
+	 * @param bool            $pretty_value
+	 * @return array|string if pretty_value= true, the result will always be a string
+	 * (because the answer might be an array of answer values, so passing pretty_value=true
+	 * will convert it into some kind of string)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function answer_value_to_question($question, $pretty_value = true)
+	{
+		$question_id = EEM_Question::instance()->ensure_is_ID($question);
+		return EEM_Answer::instance()->get_answer_value_to_question($this, $question_id, $pretty_value);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * question_groups
+	 * returns an array of EE_Question_Group objects for this registration
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Question_Group[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 */
+	public function question_groups()
+	{
+		$question_groups = array();
+		if ($this->event() instanceof EE_Event) {
+			$question_groups = $this->event()->question_groups(
+				array(
+					array(
+						'Event_Question_Group.EQG_primary' => $this->count() == 1 ? true : false,
+					),
+					'order_by' => array('QSG_order' => 'ASC'),
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $question_groups;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * count_question_groups
+	 * returns a count of the number of EE_Question_Group objects for this registration
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 */
+	public function count_question_groups()
+	{
+		$qg_count = 0;
+		if ($this->event() instanceof EE_Event) {
+			$qg_count = $this->event()->count_related(
+				'Question_Group',
+				array(
+					array(
+						'Event_Question_Group.EQG_primary' => $this->count() == 1 ? true : false,
+					),
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $qg_count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the registration date in the 'standard' string format
+	 * (function may be improved in the future to allow for different formats and timezones)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function reg_date()
+	{
+		return $this->get_datetime('REG_date');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the datetime-ticket for this registration (ie, it can be used to isolate
+	 * the ticket this registration purchased, or the datetime they have registered
+	 * to attend)
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Datetime_Ticket
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function datetime_ticket()
+	{
+		return $this->get_first_related('Datetime_Ticket');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the registration's datetime_ticket.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Datetime_Ticket $datetime_ticket
+	 * @return EE_Datetime_Ticket
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function set_datetime_ticket($datetime_ticket)
+	{
+		return $this->_add_relation_to($datetime_ticket, 'Datetime_Ticket');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets deleted
+	 *
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function deleted()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_deleted');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets deleted
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $deleted
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_deleted($deleted)
+	{
+		if ($deleted) {
+			$this->delete();
+		} else {
+			$this->restore();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the status object of this object
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Status
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function status_obj()
+	{
+		return $this->get_first_related('Status');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the number of times this registration has checked into any of the datetimes
+	 * its available for
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function count_checkins()
+	{
+		return $this->get_model()->count_related($this, 'Checkin');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the number of current Check-ins this registration is checked into for any of the datetimes the
+	 * registration is for.  Note, this is ONLY checked in (does not include checkedout)
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function count_checkins_not_checkedout()
+	{
+		return $this->get_model()->count_related($this, 'Checkin', array(array('CHK_in' => 1)));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * The purpose of this method is simply to check whether this registration can checkin to the given datetime.
+	 *
+	 * @param int | EE_Datetime $DTT_OR_ID      The datetime the registration is being checked against
+	 * @param bool              $check_approved This is used to indicate whether the caller wants can_checkin to also
+	 *                                          consider registration status as well as datetime access.
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function can_checkin($DTT_OR_ID, $check_approved = true)
+	{
+		$DTT_ID = EEM_Datetime::instance()->ensure_is_ID($DTT_OR_ID);
+
+		// first check registration status
+		if (($check_approved && ! $this->is_approved()) || ! $DTT_ID) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// is there a datetime ticket that matches this dtt_ID?
+		if (! (EEM_Datetime_Ticket::instance()->exists(
+			array(
+				array(
+					'TKT_ID' => $this->get('TKT_ID'),
+					'DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID,
+				),
+			)
+		))
+		) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		// final check is against TKT_uses
+		return $this->verify_can_checkin_against_TKT_uses($DTT_ID);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method verifies whether the user can checkin for the given datetime considering the max uses value set on
+	 * the ticket. To do this,  a query is done to get the count of the datetime records already checked into.  If the
+	 * datetime given does not have a check-in record and checking in for that datetime will exceed the allowed uses,
+	 * then return false.  Otherwise return true.
+	 *
+	 * @param int | EE_Datetime $DTT_OR_ID The datetime the registration is being checked against
+	 * @return bool true means can checkin.  false means cannot checkin.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function verify_can_checkin_against_TKT_uses($DTT_OR_ID)
+	{
+		$DTT_ID = EEM_Datetime::instance()->ensure_is_ID($DTT_OR_ID);
+
+		if (! $DTT_ID) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		$max_uses = $this->ticket() instanceof EE_Ticket ? $this->ticket()->uses() : EE_INF;
+
+		// if max uses is not set or equals infinity then return true cause its not a factor for whether user can
+		// check-in or not.
+		if (! $max_uses || $max_uses === EE_INF) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// does this datetime have a checkin record?  If so, then the dtt count has already been verified so we can just
+		// go ahead and toggle.
+		if (EEM_Checkin::instance()->exists(array(array('REG_ID' => $this->ID(), 'DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID)))) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// made it here so the last check is whether the number of checkins per unique datetime on this registration
+		// disallows further check-ins.
+		$count_unique_dtt_checkins = EEM_Checkin::instance()->count(
+			array(
+				array(
+					'REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
+					'CHK_in' => true,
+				),
+			),
+			'DTT_ID',
+			true
+		);
+		// checkins have already reached their max number of uses
+		// so registrant can NOT checkin
+		if ($count_unique_dtt_checkins >= $max_uses) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Check-in denied because number of datetime uses for the ticket has been reached or exceeded.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * toggle Check-in status for this registration
+	 * Check-ins are toggled in the following order:
+	 * never checked in -> checked in
+	 * checked in -> checked out
+	 * checked out -> checked in
+	 *
+	 * @param  int $DTT_ID  include specific datetime to toggle Check-in for.
+	 *                      If not included or null, then it is assumed latest datetime is being toggled.
+	 * @param bool $verify  If true then can_checkin() is used to verify whether the person
+	 *                      can be checked in or not.  Otherwise this forces change in checkin status.
+	 * @return bool|int     the chk_in status toggled to OR false if nothing got changed.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function toggle_checkin_status($DTT_ID = null, $verify = false)
+	{
+		if (empty($DTT_ID)) {
+			$datetime = $this->get_latest_related_datetime();
+			$DTT_ID = $datetime instanceof EE_Datetime ? $datetime->ID() : 0;
+			// verify the registration can checkin for the given DTT_ID
+		} elseif (! $this->can_checkin($DTT_ID, $verify)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The given registration (ID:%1$d) can not be checked in to the given DTT_ID (%2$d), because the registration does not have access',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$this->ID(),
+					$DTT_ID
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		$status_paths = array(
+			EE_Checkin::status_checked_never => EE_Checkin::status_checked_in,
+			EE_Checkin::status_checked_in    => EE_Checkin::status_checked_out,
+			EE_Checkin::status_checked_out   => EE_Checkin::status_checked_in,
+		);
+		// start by getting the current status so we know what status we'll be changing to.
+		$cur_status = $this->check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID, null);
+		$status_to = $status_paths[ $cur_status ];
+		// database only records true for checked IN or false for checked OUT
+		// no record ( null ) means checked in NEVER, but we obviously don't save that
+		$new_status = $status_to === EE_Checkin::status_checked_in ? true : false;
+		// add relation - note Check-ins are always creating new rows
+		// because we are keeping track of Check-ins over time.
+		// Eventually we'll probably want to show a list table
+		// for the individual Check-ins so that they can be managed.
+		$checkin = EE_Checkin::new_instance(
+			array(
+				'REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
+				'DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID,
+				'CHK_in' => $new_status,
+			)
+		);
+		// if the record could not be saved then return false
+		if ($checkin->save() === 0) {
+			if (WP_DEBUG) {
+				global $wpdb;
+				$error = sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Registration check in update failed because of the following database error: %1$s%2$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					'<br />',
+					$wpdb->last_error
+				);
+			} else {
+				$error = esc_html__(
+					'Registration check in update failed because of an unknown database error',
+					'event_espresso'
+				);
+			}
+			EE_Error::add_error($error, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return $status_to;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the latest datetime related to this registration (via the ticket attached to the registration).
+	 * "Latest" is defined by the `DTT_EVT_start` column.
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Datetime|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_latest_related_datetime()
+	{
+		return EEM_Datetime::instance()->get_one(
+			array(
+				array(
+					'Ticket.Registration.REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
+				),
+				'order_by' => array('DTT_EVT_start' => 'DESC'),
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the earliest datetime related to this registration (via the ticket attached to the registration).
+	 * "Earliest" is defined by the `DTT_EVT_start` column.
+	 *
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_earliest_related_datetime()
+	{
+		return EEM_Datetime::instance()->get_one(
+			array(
+				array(
+					'Ticket.Registration.REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
+				),
+				'order_by' => array('DTT_EVT_start' => 'ASC'),
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method simply returns the check-in status for this registration and the given datetime.
+	 * If neither the datetime nor the checkin values are provided as arguments,
+	 * then this will return the LATEST check-in status for the registration across all datetimes it belongs to.
+	 *
+	 * @param  int       $DTT_ID  The ID of the datetime we're checking against
+	 *                            (if empty we'll get the primary datetime for
+	 *                            this registration (via event) and use it's ID);
+	 * @param EE_Checkin $checkin If present, we use the given checkin object rather than the dtt_id.
+	 *
+	 * @return int                Integer representing Check-in status.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID = 0, $checkin = null)
+	{
+		$checkin_query_params = array(
+			'order_by' => array('CHK_timestamp' => 'DESC'),
+		);
+
+		if ($DTT_ID > 0) {
+			$checkin_query_params[0] = array('DTT_ID' => $DTT_ID);
+		}
+
+		// get checkin object (if exists)
+		$checkin = $checkin instanceof EE_Checkin
+			? $checkin
+			: $this->get_first_related('Checkin', $checkin_query_params);
+		if ($checkin instanceof EE_Checkin) {
+			if ($checkin->get('CHK_in')) {
+				return EE_Checkin::status_checked_in; // checked in
+			}
+			return EE_Checkin::status_checked_out; // had checked in but is now checked out.
+		}
+		return EE_Checkin::status_checked_never; // never been checked in
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns a localized message for the toggled Check-in message.
+	 *
+	 * @param  int $DTT_ID include specific datetime to get the correct Check-in message.  If not included or null,
+	 *                     then it is assumed Check-in for primary datetime was toggled.
+	 * @param bool $error  This just flags that you want an error message returned. This is put in so that the error
+	 *                     message can be customized with the attendee name.
+	 * @return string internationalized message
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_checkin_msg($DTT_ID, $error = false)
+	{
+		// let's get the attendee first so we can include the name of the attendee
+		$attendee = $this->get_first_related('Attendee');
+		if ($attendee instanceof EE_Attendee) {
+			if ($error) {
+				return sprintf(__("%s's check-in status was not changed.", "event_espresso"), $attendee->full_name());
+			}
+			$cur_status = $this->check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID);
+			// what is the status message going to be?
+			switch ($cur_status) {
+				case EE_Checkin::status_checked_never:
+					return sprintf(
+						__("%s has been removed from Check-in records", "event_espresso"),
+						$attendee->full_name()
+					);
+					break;
+				case EE_Checkin::status_checked_in:
+					return sprintf(__('%s has been checked in', 'event_espresso'), $attendee->full_name());
+					break;
+				case EE_Checkin::status_checked_out:
+					return sprintf(__('%s has been checked out', 'event_espresso'), $attendee->full_name());
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+		return esc_html__("The check-in status could not be determined.", "event_espresso");
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the related EE_Transaction to this registration
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Transaction
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 */
+	public function transaction()
+	{
+		$transaction = $this->get_first_related('Transaction');
+		if (! $transaction instanceof \EE_Transaction) {
+			throw new EntityNotFoundException('Transaction ID', $this->transaction_ID());
+		}
+		return $transaction;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Registration Code
+	 */
+	public function reg_code()
+	{
+		return $this->get('REG_code');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        get Transaction ID
+	 */
+	public function transaction_ID()
+	{
+		return $this->get('TXN_ID');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function ticket_ID()
+	{
+		return $this->get('TKT_ID');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        Set Registration Code
+	 *
+	 * @access    public
+	 * @param    string  $REG_code Registration Code
+	 * @param    boolean $use_default
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function set_reg_code($REG_code, $use_default = false)
+	{
+		if (empty($REG_code)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__('REG_code can not be empty.', 'event_espresso'),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return;
+		}
+		if (! $this->reg_code()) {
+			parent::set('REG_code', $REG_code, $use_default);
+		} else {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				__CLASS__ . '::' . __FUNCTION__,
+				esc_html__('Can not change a registration REG_code once it has been set.', 'event_espresso'),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all other registrations in the same group as this registrant who have the same ticket option.
+	 * Note, if you want to just get all registrations in the same transaction (group), use:
+	 *    $registration->transaction()->registrations();
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 * @return EE_Registration[] or empty array if this isn't a group registration.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_all_other_registrations_in_group()
+	{
+		if ($this->group_size() < 2) {
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$query[0] = array(
+			'TXN_ID' => $this->transaction_ID(),
+			'REG_ID' => array('!=', $this->ID()),
+			'TKT_ID' => $this->ticket_ID(),
+		);
+		/** @var EE_Registration[] $registrations */
+		$registrations = $this->get_model()->get_all($query);
+		return $registrations;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return the link to the admin details for the object.
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_admin_details_link()
+	{
+		EE_Registry::instance()->load_helper('URL');
+		return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+			array(
+				'page'    => 'espresso_registrations',
+				'action'  => 'view_registration',
+				'_REG_ID' => $this->ID(),
+			),
+			admin_url('admin.php')
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the link to the editor for the object.  Sometimes this is the same as the details.
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_admin_edit_link()
+	{
+		return $this->get_admin_details_link();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the link to a settings page for the object.
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_admin_settings_link()
+	{
+		return $this->get_admin_details_link();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the link to the "overview" for the object (typically the "list table" view).
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_admin_overview_link()
+	{
+		EE_Registry::instance()->load_helper('URL');
+		return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+			array(
+				'page' => 'espresso_registrations',
+			),
+			admin_url('admin.php')
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @return \EE_Registration[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function payments($query_params = array())
+	{
+		return $this->get_many_related('Payment', $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @return \EE_Registration_Payment[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function registration_payments($query_params = array())
+	{
+		return $this->get_many_related('Registration_Payment', $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This grabs the payment method corresponding to the last payment made for the amount owing on the registration.
+	 * Note: if there are no payments on the registration there will be no payment method returned.
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
+	 */
+	public function payment_method()
+	{
+		return EEM_Payment_Method::instance()->get_last_used_for_registration($this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return \EE_Line_Item
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function ticket_line_item()
+	{
+		$ticket = $this->ticket();
+		$transaction = $this->transaction();
+		$line_item = null;
+		$ticket_line_items = \EEH_Line_Item::get_line_items_by_object_type_and_IDs(
+			$transaction->total_line_item(),
+			'Ticket',
+			array($ticket->ID())
+		);
+		foreach ($ticket_line_items as $ticket_line_item) {
+			if ($ticket_line_item instanceof \EE_Line_Item
+				&& $ticket_line_item->OBJ_type() === 'Ticket'
+				&& $ticket_line_item->OBJ_ID() === $ticket->ID()
+			) {
+				$line_item = $ticket_line_item;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (! ($line_item instanceof \EE_Line_Item && $line_item->OBJ_type() === 'Ticket')) {
+			throw new EntityNotFoundException('Line Item Ticket ID', $ticket->ID());
+		}
+		return $line_item;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Soft Deletes this model object.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean | int
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function delete()
+	{
+		if ($this->update_extra_meta(EE_Registration::PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY, $this->status_ID()) === true) {
+			$this->set_status(EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled);
+		}
+		return parent::delete();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Restores whatever the previous status was on a registration before it was trashed (if possible)
+	 *
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function restore()
+	{
+		$previous_status = $this->get_extra_meta(
+			EE_Registration::PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY,
+			true,
+			EEM_Registration::status_id_cancelled
+		);
+		if ($previous_status) {
+			$this->delete_extra_meta(EE_Registration::PRE_TRASH_REG_STATUS_KEY);
+			$this->set_status($previous_status);
+		}
+		return parent::restore();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * possibly toggle Registration status based on comparison of REG_paid vs REG_final_price
+	 *
+	 * @param  boolean $trigger_set_status_logic EE_Registration::set_status() can trigger additional logic
+	 *                                           depending on whether the reg status changes to or from "Approved"
+	 * @return boolean whether the Registration status was updated
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function updateStatusBasedOnTotalPaid($trigger_set_status_logic = true)
+	{
+		$paid = $this->paid();
+		$price = $this->final_price();
+		switch (true) {
+			// overpaid or paid
+			case EEH_Money::compare_floats($paid, $price, '>'):
+			case EEH_Money::compare_floats($paid, $price):
+				$new_status = EEM_Registration::status_id_approved;
+				break;
+			//  underpaid
+			case EEH_Money::compare_floats($paid, $price, '<'):
+				$new_status = EEM_Registration::status_id_pending_payment;
+				break;
+			// uhhh Houston...
+			default:
+				throw new RuntimeException(
+					esc_html__('The total paid calculation for this registration is inaccurate.', 'event_espresso')
+				);
+		}
+		if ($new_status !== $this->status_ID()) {
+			if ($trigger_set_status_logic) {
+				return $this->set_status($new_status);
+			}
+			parent::set('STS_ID', $new_status);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/*************************** DEPRECATED ***************************/
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @since     4.7.0
+	 * @access    public
+	 */
+	public function price_paid()
+	{
+		EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+			'EE_Registration::price_paid()',
+			esc_html__(
+				'This method is deprecated, please use EE_Registration::final_price() instead.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			'4.7.0'
+		);
+		return $this->final_price();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @since     4.7.0
+	 * @access    public
+	 * @param    float $REG_final_price
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws RuntimeException
+	 */
+	public function set_price_paid($REG_final_price = 0.00)
+	{
+		EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+			'EE_Registration::set_price_paid()',
+			esc_html__(
+				'This method is deprecated, please use EE_Registration::set_final_price() instead.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			'4.7.0'
+		);
+		$this->set_final_price($REG_final_price);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated
+	 * @since 4.7.0
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function pretty_price_paid()
+	{
+		EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+			'EE_Registration::pretty_price_paid()',
+			esc_html__(
+				'This method is deprecated, please use EE_Registration::pretty_final_price() instead.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			'4.7.0'
+		);
+		return $this->pretty_final_price();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the primary datetime related to this registration via the related Event to this registration
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated 4.9.17
+	 * @return EE_Datetime
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EntityNotFoundException
+	 */
+	public function get_related_primary_datetime()
+	{
+		EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+			__METHOD__,
+			esc_html__(
+				'Use EE_Registration::get_latest_related_datetime() or EE_Registration::get_earliest_related_datetime()',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			'4.9.17',
+			'5.0.0'
+		);
+		return $this->event()->primary_datetime();
+	}
 }

Spacing +15 added lines, -15 removed lines

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ 
     {
         switch ($field_name) {
             case 'REG_code':
-                if (! empty($field_value) && $this->reg_code() === null) {
+                if ( ! empty($field_value) && $this->reg_code() === null) {
                     $this->set_reg_code($field_value, $use_default);
                 }
                 break;
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ 
     public function event()
     {
         $event = $this->get_first_related('Event');
-        if (! $event instanceof \EE_Event) {
+        if ( ! $event instanceof \EE_Event) {
             throw new EntityNotFoundException('Event ID', $this->event_ID());
         }
         return $event;
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ 
     {
         // reserved ticket and datetime counts will be decremented as sold counts are incremented
         // so stop tracking that this reg has a ticket reserved
-        $this->release_reserved_ticket(false, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
+        $this->release_reserved_ticket(false, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:".__LINE__.')');
         $ticket = $this->ticket();
         $ticket->increase_sold();
         $ticket->save();
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ 
                 && $update_ticket
             ) {
                 $ticket = $this->ticket();
-                $ticket->increase_reserved(1, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
+                $ticket->increase_reserved(1, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:".__LINE__.')');
                 $ticket->save();
             }
         }
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ 
                 && $update_ticket
             ) {
                 $ticket = $this->ticket();
-                $ticket->decrease_reserved(1, true, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:" . __LINE__ . ')');
+                $ticket->decrease_reserved(1, true, "REG: {$this->ID()} (ln:".__LINE__.')');
                 $ticket->save();
             }
         }
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ 
                     : '';
                 break;
         }
-        return $icon . $status[ $this->status_ID() ];
+        return $icon.$status[$this->status_ID()];
     }
 
 
@@ -1419,7 +1419,7 @@ 
             return false;
         }
         // is there a datetime ticket that matches this dtt_ID?
-        if (! (EEM_Datetime_Ticket::instance()->exists(
+        if ( ! (EEM_Datetime_Ticket::instance()->exists(
             array(
                 array(
                     'TKT_ID' => $this->get('TKT_ID'),
@@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ 
     {
         $DTT_ID = EEM_Datetime::instance()->ensure_is_ID($DTT_OR_ID);
 
-        if (! $DTT_ID) {
+        if ( ! $DTT_ID) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ 
 
         // if max uses is not set or equals infinity then return true cause its not a factor for whether user can
         // check-in or not.
-        if (! $max_uses || $max_uses === EE_INF) {
+        if ( ! $max_uses || $max_uses === EE_INF) {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@ 
             $datetime = $this->get_latest_related_datetime();
             $DTT_ID = $datetime instanceof EE_Datetime ? $datetime->ID() : 0;
             // verify the registration can checkin for the given DTT_ID
-        } elseif (! $this->can_checkin($DTT_ID, $verify)) {
+        } elseif ( ! $this->can_checkin($DTT_ID, $verify)) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@ 
         );
         // start by getting the current status so we know what status we'll be changing to.
         $cur_status = $this->check_in_status_for_datetime($DTT_ID, null);
-        $status_to = $status_paths[ $cur_status ];
+        $status_to = $status_paths[$cur_status];
         // database only records true for checked IN or false for checked OUT
         // no record ( null ) means checked in NEVER, but we obviously don't save that
         $new_status = $status_to === EE_Checkin::status_checked_in ? true : false;
@@ -1706,7 +1706,7 @@ 
     public function transaction()
     {
         $transaction = $this->get_first_related('Transaction');
-        if (! $transaction instanceof \EE_Transaction) {
+        if ( ! $transaction instanceof \EE_Transaction) {
             throw new EntityNotFoundException('Transaction ID', $this->transaction_ID());
         }
         return $transaction;
@@ -1760,11 +1760,11 @@ 
             );
             return;
         }
-        if (! $this->reg_code()) {
+        if ( ! $this->reg_code()) {
             parent::set('REG_code', $REG_code, $use_default);
         } else {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                __CLASS__ . '::' . __FUNCTION__,
+                __CLASS__.'::'.__FUNCTION__,
                 esc_html__('Can not change a registration REG_code once it has been set.', 'event_espresso'),
                 '4.6.0'
             );
@@ -1915,7 +1915,7 @@ 
                 break;
             }
         }
-        if (! ($line_item instanceof \EE_Line_Item && $line_item->OBJ_type() === 'Ticket')) {
+        if ( ! ($line_item instanceof \EE_Line_Item && $line_item->OBJ_type() === 'Ticket')) {
             throw new EntityNotFoundException('Line Item Ticket ID', $ticket->ID());
         }
         return $line_item;