eventespresso / event-espresso-core

core/db_models/fields/EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field.php

Indentation +30 added lines, -30 removed lines

@@ -5,37 +5,37 @@
 
 class EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field extends EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
 {
-    /**
-     * @param string  $table_column  name fo column for field
-     * @param string  $nicename      should eb internationalized with esc_html__('blah','event_espresso')
-     * @param boolean $nullable
-     * @param mixed $default_value   if this is an integer field, it should be an int.
-     *                               if it's a string field, it should be a string
-     * @param string|string[]  $model_name    eg 'Event','Answer','Term', etc. Basically its the model class's name without the
-     *                               "EEM_"
-     */
-    public function __construct($table_column, $nicename, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
-    {
-        parent::__construct($table_column, $nicename, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name);
-        $this->setSchemaType(SchemaType::INTEGER);
-        $this->setDataType(DataType::INTEGER);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param string  $table_column  name fo column for field
+	 * @param string  $nicename      should eb internationalized with esc_html__('blah','event_espresso')
+	 * @param boolean $nullable
+	 * @param mixed $default_value   if this is an integer field, it should be an int.
+	 *                               if it's a string field, it should be a string
+	 * @param string|string[]  $model_name    eg 'Event','Answer','Term', etc. Basically its the model class's name without the
+	 *                               "EEM_"
+	 */
+	public function __construct($table_column, $nicename, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($table_column, $nicename, $nullable, $default_value, $model_name);
+		$this->setSchemaType(SchemaType::INTEGER);
+		$this->setDataType(DataType::INTEGER);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|EE_Base_Class $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public function prepare_for_set($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)
-    {
-        if ($this->is_model_obj_of_type_pointed_to($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)) {
-            $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object = $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object->ID();
-        }
-        return absint($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param int|EE_Base_Class $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public function prepare_for_set($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)
+	{
+		if ($this->is_model_obj_of_type_pointed_to($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)) {
+			$value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object = $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object->ID();
+		}
+		return absint($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object);
+	}
 
-    public function prepare_for_set_from_db($value_found_in_db_for_model_object)
-    {
-        return intval($value_found_in_db_for_model_object);
-    }
+	public function prepare_for_set_from_db($value_found_in_db_for_model_object)
+	{
+		return intval($value_found_in_db_for_model_object);
+	}
 }

core/db_models/fields/EE_Enum_Text_Field.php

Indentation +106 added lines, -106 removed lines

@@ -13,122 +13,122 @@
  */
 class EE_Enum_Text_Field extends EE_Text_Field_Base
 {
-    public array $_allowed_enum_values;
+	public array $_allowed_enum_values;
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param string  $table_column
-     * @param string  $nice_name
-     * @param boolean $nullable
-     * @param mixed   $default_value
-     * @param array   $allowed_enum_values keys are values to be used in the DB, values are how they should be displayed
-     */
-    public function __construct($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, array $allowed_enum_values)
-    {
-        $this->_allowed_enum_values = $allowed_enum_values;
-        parent::__construct($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value);
-        $this->setSchemaType(SchemaType::OBJECT);
-        $this->setDataType(DataType::STRING);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param string  $table_column
+	 * @param string  $nice_name
+	 * @param boolean $nullable
+	 * @param mixed   $default_value
+	 * @param array   $allowed_enum_values keys are values to be used in the DB, values are how they should be displayed
+	 */
+	public function __construct($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value, array $allowed_enum_values)
+	{
+		$this->_allowed_enum_values = $allowed_enum_values;
+		parent::__construct($table_column, $nice_name, $nullable, $default_value);
+		$this->setSchemaType(SchemaType::OBJECT);
+		$this->setDataType(DataType::STRING);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the list of allowed enum options, but filterable.
-     * This is used internally
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function _allowed_enum_values(): array
-    {
-        return (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Enum_Text_Field___allowed_enum_options',
-            $this->_allowed_enum_values,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Returns the list of allowed enum options, but filterable.
+	 * This is used internally
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function _allowed_enum_values(): array
+	{
+		return (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Enum_Text_Field___allowed_enum_options',
+			$this->_allowed_enum_values,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * When setting, just verify that the value being used matches what we've defined as allowable enum values.
-     * If not, throw an error (but if WP_DEBUG is false, just set the value to default).
-     *
-     * @param string $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function prepare_for_set($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)
-    {
-        if (
-            $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object !== null
-            && ! array_key_exists($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object, $this->_allowed_enum_values())
-        ) {
-            if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                $msg  = sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('System is assigning incompatible value "%1$s" to field "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object,
-                    $this->_name
-                );
-                $msg2 = sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('Allowed values for "%1$s" are "%2$s". You provided: "%3$s"', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $this->_name,
-                    implode(', ', array_keys($this->_allowed_enum_values())),
-                    $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
-                );
-                EE_Error::add_error("$msg||$msg2", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-            }
-            return $this->get_default_value();
-        }
-        return $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * When setting, just verify that the value being used matches what we've defined as allowable enum values.
+	 * If not, throw an error (but if WP_DEBUG is false, just set the value to default).
+	 *
+	 * @param string $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function prepare_for_set($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)
+	{
+		if (
+			$value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object !== null
+			&& ! array_key_exists($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object, $this->_allowed_enum_values())
+		) {
+			if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+				$msg  = sprintf(
+					esc_html__('System is assigning incompatible value "%1$s" to field "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
+					$value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object,
+					$this->_name
+				);
+				$msg2 = sprintf(
+					esc_html__('Allowed values for "%1$s" are "%2$s". You provided: "%3$s"', 'event_espresso'),
+					$this->_name,
+					implode(', ', array_keys($this->_allowed_enum_values())),
+					$value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
+				);
+				EE_Error::add_error("$msg||$msg2", __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+			}
+			return $this->get_default_value();
+		}
+		return $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the pretty version of the enum's value.
-     *
-     * @param int|string  $value_on_field_to_be_outputted
-     * @param string|null $schema
-     * @return    string
-     */
-    public function prepare_for_pretty_echoing($value_on_field_to_be_outputted, ?string $schema = null)
-    {
-        $options = $this->_allowed_enum_values();
-        return $options[ $value_on_field_to_be_outputted ] ?? $value_on_field_to_be_outputted;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * Gets the pretty version of the enum's value.
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string  $value_on_field_to_be_outputted
+	 * @param string|null $schema
+	 * @return    string
+	 */
+	public function prepare_for_pretty_echoing($value_on_field_to_be_outputted, ?string $schema = null)
+	{
+		$options = $this->_allowed_enum_values();
+		return $options[ $value_on_field_to_be_outputted ] ?? $value_on_field_to_be_outputted;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * When retrieving something from the DB, don't enforce the enum's options. If it's in the DB, we just have to live
-     * with that. Note also: when we're saving to the DB again, we also don't enforce the enum options. It's ONLY
-     * when we're receiving USER input from prepare_for_set() that we enforce the enum options.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $value_in_db
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    public function prepare_for_set_from_db($value_in_db)
-    {
-        return $value_in_db;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * When retrieving something from the DB, don't enforce the enum's options. If it's in the DB, we just have to live
+	 * with that. Note also: when we're saving to the DB again, we also don't enforce the enum options. It's ONLY
+	 * when we're receiving USER input from prepare_for_set() that we enforce the enum options.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $value_in_db
+	 * @return mixed
+	 */
+	public function prepare_for_set_from_db($value_in_db)
+	{
+		return $value_in_db;
+	}
 
 
-    public function getSchemaProperties(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            'raw'    => [
-                'description' => sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('%s - the value in the database.', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $this->get_nicename()
-                ),
-                'type'        => SchemaType::STRING,
-                'enum'        => array_keys($this->_allowed_enum_values),
-            ],
-            'pretty' => [
-                'description' => sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('%s - the value for display.', 'event_espresso'),
-                    $this->get_nicename()
-                ),
-                'type'        => SchemaType::STRING,
-                'enum'        => array_values($this->_allowed_enum_values),
-                'read_only'   => true,
-            ],
-        ];
-    }
+	public function getSchemaProperties(): array
+	{
+		return [
+			'raw'    => [
+				'description' => sprintf(
+					esc_html__('%s - the value in the database.', 'event_espresso'),
+					$this->get_nicename()
+				),
+				'type'        => SchemaType::STRING,
+				'enum'        => array_keys($this->_allowed_enum_values),
+			],
+			'pretty' => [
+				'description' => sprintf(
+					esc_html__('%s - the value for display.', 'event_espresso'),
+					$this->get_nicename()
+				),
+				'type'        => SchemaType::STRING,
+				'enum'        => array_values($this->_allowed_enum_values),
+				'read_only'   => true,
+			],
+		];
+	}
 }

core/db_models/fields/EE_JSON_Field.php

Indentation +63 added lines, -63 removed lines

@@ -6,75 +6,75 @@
 
 class EE_JSON_Field extends EE_Model_Field_Base
 {
-    private JsonDataHandler $json_data_handler;
+	private JsonDataHandler $json_data_handler;
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param string $table_column
-     * @param string $nicename
-     * @param bool   $nullable
-     * @param null   $default_value
-     */
-    public function __construct(
-        $table_column,
-        $nicename,
-        $nullable,
-        $default_value = null
-    ) {
-        $this->json_data_handler = new JsonDataHandler();
-        $this->json_data_handler->configure(
-            JsonDataHandler::DATA_TYPE_OBJECT
-        );
-        parent::__construct($table_column, $nicename, $nullable, $default_value);
-        $this->setSchemaType(SchemaType::STRING);
-        $this->setDataType(DataType::STRING);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param string $table_column
+	 * @param string $nicename
+	 * @param bool   $nullable
+	 * @param null   $default_value
+	 */
+	public function __construct(
+		$table_column,
+		$nicename,
+		$nullable,
+		$default_value = null
+	) {
+		$this->json_data_handler = new JsonDataHandler();
+		$this->json_data_handler->configure(
+			JsonDataHandler::DATA_TYPE_OBJECT
+		);
+		parent::__construct($table_column, $nicename, $nullable, $default_value);
+		$this->setSchemaType(SchemaType::STRING);
+		$this->setDataType(DataType::STRING);
+	}
 
 
-    // /**
-    //  * When get() is called on a model object (eg EE_Event), before returning its value,
-    //  * call this function on it, allowing us to customize the returned value based on
-    //  * the field's type. Eg, we may want to unserialize it, strip tags, etc. By default,
-    //  * we simply return it.
-    //  *
-    //  * @param mixed $value_of_field_on_model_object
-    //  * @return mixed
-    //  */
-    // public function prepare_for_get($value_of_field_on_model_object)
-    // {
-    //     // return $this->json_data_handler->decodeJson($value_of_field_on_model_object);
-    //     return $value_of_field_on_model_object;
-    // }
+	// /**
+	//  * When get() is called on a model object (eg EE_Event), before returning its value,
+	//  * call this function on it, allowing us to customize the returned value based on
+	//  * the field's type. Eg, we may want to unserialize it, strip tags, etc. By default,
+	//  * we simply return it.
+	//  *
+	//  * @param mixed $value_of_field_on_model_object
+	//  * @return mixed
+	//  */
+	// public function prepare_for_get($value_of_field_on_model_object)
+	// {
+	//     // return $this->json_data_handler->decodeJson($value_of_field_on_model_object);
+	//     return $value_of_field_on_model_object;
+	// }
 
 
-    /**
-     * When creating a brand-new model object, or setting a particular value for one of its fields, this function
-     * is called before setting it on the model object. We may want to strip slashes, unserialize the value, etc.
-     * By default, we do nothing.
-     *
-     * If the model field is going to perform any validation on the input, this is where it should be done
-     * (once the value is on the model object, it may be used in other ways besides putting it into the DB
-     * so it's best to validate it right away).
-     *
-     * @param mixed $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function prepare_for_set($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)
-    {
-        return $this->json_data_handler->encodeData($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * When creating a brand-new model object, or setting a particular value for one of its fields, this function
+	 * is called before setting it on the model object. We may want to strip slashes, unserialize the value, etc.
+	 * By default, we do nothing.
+	 *
+	 * If the model field is going to perform any validation on the input, this is where it should be done
+	 * (once the value is on the model object, it may be used in other ways besides putting it into the DB
+	 * so it's best to validate it right away).
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function prepare_for_set($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object)
+	{
+		return $this->json_data_handler->encodeData($value_inputted_for_field_on_model_object);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * When inserting or updating a field on a model object, run this function on each
-     * value to prepare it for insertion into the db. Generally this converts
-     * the validated input on the model object into the format used in the DB.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $value_of_field_on_model_object
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function prepare_for_use_in_db($value_of_field_on_model_object)
-    {
-        return $this->json_data_handler->encodeData($value_of_field_on_model_object);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * When inserting or updating a field on a model object, run this function on each
+	 * value to prepare it for insertion into the db. Generally this converts
+	 * the validated input on the model object into the format used in the DB.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $value_of_field_on_model_object
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function prepare_for_use_in_db($value_of_field_on_model_object)
+	{
+		return $this->json_data_handler->encodeData($value_of_field_on_model_object);
+	}
 }

core/db_models/EEM_Payment_Method.model.php

Indentation +470 added lines, -470 removed lines

@@ -19,474 +19,474 @@
  */
 class EEM_Payment_Method extends EEM_Base
 {
-    const scope_cart  = 'CART';
-
-    const scope_admin = 'ADMIN';
-
-    const scope_api   = 'API';
-
-
-    protected static ?EEM_Payment_Method $_instance = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * private constructor to prevent direct creation
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        $this->singular_item    = esc_html__('Payment Method', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->plural_item      = esc_html__('Payment Methods', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->_tables          = [
-            'Payment_Method' => new EE_Primary_Table('esp_payment_method', 'PMD_ID'),
-        ];
-        $this->_fields          = [
-            'Payment_Method' => [
-                'PMD_ID'              => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field(
-                    'PMD_ID',
-                    esc_html__('ID', 'event_espresso')
-                ),
-                'PMD_type'            => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'PMD_type',
-                    esc_html__('Payment Method Type', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    'Admin_Only'
-                ),
-                'PMD_name'            => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'PMD_name',
-                    esc_html__('Name', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'PMD_desc'            => new EE_Post_Content_Field(
-                    'PMD_desc',
-                    esc_html__('Description', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'PMD_admin_name'      => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'PMD_admin_name',
-                    esc_html__('Admin-Only Name', 'event_espresso'),
-                    true
-                ),
-                'PMD_admin_desc'      => new EE_Post_Content_Field(
-                    'PMD_admin_desc',
-                    esc_html__('Admin-Only Description', 'event_espresso'),
-                    true,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'PMD_slug'            => new EE_Slug_Field(
-                    'PMD_slug',
-                    esc_html__('Slug', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'PMD_order'           => new EE_Integer_Field(
-                    'PMD_order',
-                    esc_html__('Order', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    0
-                ),
-                'PMD_debug_mode'      => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'PMD_debug_mode',
-                    esc_html__('Sandbox Mode On? (AKA: debug mode)', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    false
-                ),
-                'PMD_wp_user'         => new EE_WP_User_Field(
-                    'PMD_wp_user',
-                    esc_html__('Payment Method Creator ID', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'PMD_open_by_default' => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'PMD_open_by_default',
-                    esc_html__('Open by Default?', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    false
-                ),
-                'PMD_button_url'      => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'PMD_button_url',
-                    esc_html__('Button URL', 'event_espresso'),
-                    true,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'PMD_scope'           => new EE_Serialized_Text_Field(
-                    'PMD_scope',
-                    esc_html__('Usable From?', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    []// possible values currently are 'CART','ADMIN','API'
-                ),
-            ],
-        ];
-        $this->_model_relations = [
-            'Currency'    => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Currency_Payment_Method'),
-            'Payment'     => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'Transaction' => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'WP_User'     => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
-        ];
-        parent::__construct($timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets one by the slug provided
-     *
-     * @param string $slug
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_by_slug($slug): ?EE_Payment_Method
-    {
-        return $slug ? $this->get_one([['PMD_slug' => (string) $slug]]) : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the acceptable scopes for payment methods.
-     * Keys are their names as store din the DB, and values are nice names for displaying them
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function scopes(): array
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Payment_Method__scopes',
-            [
-                EEM_Payment_Method::scope_cart  => esc_html__('Front-end Registration Page', 'event_espresso'),
-                EEM_Payment_Method::scope_admin => esc_html__(
-                    'Admin Registration Page (no online processing)',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines if this is a valid scope
-     *
-     * @param string $scope like one of EEM_Payment_Method::instance()->scopes()
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_valid_scope(string $scope): bool
-    {
-        $scopes = $this->scopes();
-        return isset($scopes[ $scope ]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all active payment methods
-     *
-     * @param string $scope one of
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params['order_by']) && ! isset($query_params['order'])) {
-            $query_params['order_by'] = ['PMD_order' => 'ASC', 'PMD_ID' => 'ASC'];
-        }
-        return $this->get_all($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Counts all active gateways in the specified scope
-     *
-     * @param string $scope one of EEM_Payment_Method::scope_*
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function count_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): int
-    {
-        return $this->count($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the $query_params that can be passed into any EEM_Payment_Method as their $query_params
-     * argument to get all active for a given scope
-     *
-     * @param string $scope one of the constants EEM_Payment_Method::scope_*
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    protected function _get_query_params_for_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
-    {
-        if ($scope) {
-            if ($this->is_valid_scope($scope)) {
-                return array_replace_recursive([['PMD_scope' => ['LIKE', "%$scope%"]]], $query_params);
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("'%s' is not a valid scope for a payment method", 'event_espresso'),
-                    $scope
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $acceptable_scopes = [];
-        $count             = 0;
-        foreach ($this->scopes() as $scope_name => $desc) {
-            $count++;
-            $acceptable_scopes[ 'PMD_scope*' . $count ] = ['LIKE', '%' . $scope_name . '%'];
-        }
-        return array_replace_recursive([['OR*active_scope' => $acceptable_scopes]], $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the $query_params that can be passed into any EEM_Payment_Method as their $query_params
-     * argument to get all active for a given scope
-     *
-     * @param string $scope one of the constants EEM_Payment_Method::scope_*
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function get_query_params_for_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
-    {
-        return $this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets one active payment method. see @get_all_active for documentation
-     *
-     * @param string $scope
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): ?EE_Payment_Method
-    {
-        return $this->get_one($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets one payment method of that type, regardless of whether it's active or not
-     *
-     * @param string $type
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_of_type(string $type): ?EE_Payment_Method
-    {
-        return $this->get_one([['PMD_type' => $type]]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent ot also check by the slug
-     *
-     * @param string|int|EE_Payment_Method $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * @param boolean                      $ensure_is_in_db
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see EEM_Base::ensure_is_obj()
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
-    {
-        // first: check if it's a slug
-        if (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            $obj = $this->get_one_by_slug($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            if ($obj instanceof EE_Payment_Method) {
-                return $obj;
-            }
-        }
-        // ok so it wasn't a slug we were passed. try the usual then (ie, it's an object or an ID)
-        try {
-            return parent::ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db);
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            // handle it outside the catch
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__("'%s' is neither a Payment Method ID, slug, nor object.", 'event_espresso'),
-                $base_class_obj_or_id
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the ID of this object, or if it's a string finds the object's id
-     * associated with that slug
-     *
-     * @param mixed $base_obj_or_id_or_slug
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_ID($base_obj_or_id_or_slug)
-    {
-        if (is_string($base_obj_or_id_or_slug)) {
-            // assume it's a slug
-            $base_obj_or_id_or_slug = $this->get_one_by_slug($base_obj_or_id_or_slug);
-        }
-        return parent::ensure_is_ID($base_obj_or_id_or_slug);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the button urls on all the passed payment methods have a valid button url.
-     * If not, resets them to their default.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Payment_Method[] $payment_methods if empty, defaults to all payment methods active in the cart
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function verify_button_urls(array $payment_methods = [])
-    {
-        $payment_methods = $payment_methods ?: $this->get_all_active(EEM_Payment_Method::scope_cart);
-        foreach ($payment_methods as $payment_method) {
-            try {
-                // If there is really no button URL at all, or if the button URLs still point to decaf folder even
-                // though this is a caffeinated install, reset it to the default.
-                $current_button_url = $payment_method->button_url();
-                if (
-                    empty($current_button_url)
-                    || (
-                        strpos($current_button_url, 'decaf') !== false
-                        && strpos($payment_method->type_obj()->default_button_url(), 'decaf') === false
-                    )
-                ) {
-                    $payment_method->save(
-                        [
-                            'PMD_button_url' => $payment_method->type_obj()->default_button_url(),
-                        ]
-                    );
-                }
-            } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-                $payment_method->deactivate();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Overrides parent to not only turn wpdb results into EE_Payment_Method objects,
-     * but also verifies the payment method type of each is a usable object. If not,
-     * deactivate it, sets a notification, and deactivates it
-     *
-     * @param array $rows
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _create_objects($rows = [])
-    {
-        $PMM             = LoaderFactory::getLoader()->getShared(EE_Payment_Method_Manager::class);
-        $payment_methods = parent::_create_objects($rows);
-        /* @var $payment_methods EE_Payment_Method[] */
-        $usable_payment_methods = [];
-        foreach ($payment_methods as $key => $payment_method) {
-            // check if the payment method type exists and force recheck
-            $pm_type_exists = $PMM->payment_method_type_exists($payment_method->type(), true);
-            $nag_notice_name = 'auto-deactivated-' . $payment_method->slug();
-            if ($pm_type_exists) {
-                $usable_payment_methods[ $key ] = $payment_method;
-                // some payment methods enqueue their scripts in EE_PMT_*::__construct
-                // which is kinda a no-no (just because it's being constructed doesn't mean we need to enqueue
-                // its scripts). but for backwards-compat we should continue to do that
-                $payment_method->type_obj();
-                if (
-                    ! $payment_method->active()
-                    && PersistentAdminNoticeManager::hasPersistentAdminNotice($nag_notice_name)
-                ) {
-                    $payment_method->set_active();
-                    $payment_method->save();
-                    PersistentAdminNoticeManager::dismissPersistentAdminNotice($nag_notice_name);
-                }
-            } elseif ($payment_method->active()) {
-                // only deactivate and notify the admin if the payment is active somewhere
-                $payment_method->deactivate();
-                $payment_method->save();
-                do_action(
-                    'AHEE__EEM_Payment_Method___create_objects_auto_deactivated_payment_method',
-                    $payment_method
-                );
-                new PersistentAdminNotice(
-                    $nag_notice_name,
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'The payment method %1$s was automatically deactivated because it appears its associated Event Espresso Addon was recently deactivated.%2$sIt can be reactivated on the %3$sPlugins admin page%4$s, then you can reactivate the payment method.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $payment_method->admin_name(),
-                        '<br />',
-                        '<a href="' . admin_url('plugins.php') . '">',
-                        '</a>'
-                    ),
-                    false,
-                    'manage_options',
-                    'view persistent admin notice',
-                    false,
-                    'attention'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $usable_payment_methods;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the payment methods which can be used for transaction
-     * (according to the relations between payment methods and events, and
-     * the currencies used for the transaction and their relation to payment methods)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Transaction $transaction
-     * @param string         $scope @see EEM_Payment_Method::get_all_for_events
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_for_transaction(EE_Transaction $transaction, string $scope): array
-    {
-        // give addons a chance to override what payment methods are chosen based on the transaction
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Payment_Method__get_all_for_transaction__payment_methods',
-            $this->get_all_active($scope, ['group_by' => 'PMD_type']),
-            $transaction,
-            $scope
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the payment method used for the last payment made for a registration.
-     * Note: if an offline payment method was selected on the related transaction then this will have no payment
-     * methods returned. It will ONLY return a payment method for a PAYMENT recorded against the registration.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Registration|int $registration_or_reg_id Either the EE_Registration object or the id for the
-     *                                                    registration.
-     * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_last_used_for_registration($registration_or_reg_id): ?EE_Payment_Method
-    {
-        $registration_id = EEM_Registration::instance()->ensure_is_ID($registration_or_reg_id);
-
-        $query_params = [
-            0          => [
-                'Payment.Registration.REG_ID' => $registration_id,
-            ],
-            'order_by' => ['Payment.PAY_ID' => 'DESC'],
-        ];
-        return $this->get_one($query_params);
-    }
+	const scope_cart  = 'CART';
+
+	const scope_admin = 'ADMIN';
+
+	const scope_api   = 'API';
+
+
+	protected static ?EEM_Payment_Method $_instance = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * private constructor to prevent direct creation
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		$this->singular_item    = esc_html__('Payment Method', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->plural_item      = esc_html__('Payment Methods', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->_tables          = [
+			'Payment_Method' => new EE_Primary_Table('esp_payment_method', 'PMD_ID'),
+		];
+		$this->_fields          = [
+			'Payment_Method' => [
+				'PMD_ID'              => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field(
+					'PMD_ID',
+					esc_html__('ID', 'event_espresso')
+				),
+				'PMD_type'            => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'PMD_type',
+					esc_html__('Payment Method Type', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					'Admin_Only'
+				),
+				'PMD_name'            => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'PMD_name',
+					esc_html__('Name', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'PMD_desc'            => new EE_Post_Content_Field(
+					'PMD_desc',
+					esc_html__('Description', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'PMD_admin_name'      => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'PMD_admin_name',
+					esc_html__('Admin-Only Name', 'event_espresso'),
+					true
+				),
+				'PMD_admin_desc'      => new EE_Post_Content_Field(
+					'PMD_admin_desc',
+					esc_html__('Admin-Only Description', 'event_espresso'),
+					true,
+					''
+				),
+				'PMD_slug'            => new EE_Slug_Field(
+					'PMD_slug',
+					esc_html__('Slug', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'PMD_order'           => new EE_Integer_Field(
+					'PMD_order',
+					esc_html__('Order', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					0
+				),
+				'PMD_debug_mode'      => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'PMD_debug_mode',
+					esc_html__('Sandbox Mode On? (AKA: debug mode)', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					false
+				),
+				'PMD_wp_user'         => new EE_WP_User_Field(
+					'PMD_wp_user',
+					esc_html__('Payment Method Creator ID', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'PMD_open_by_default' => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'PMD_open_by_default',
+					esc_html__('Open by Default?', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					false
+				),
+				'PMD_button_url'      => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'PMD_button_url',
+					esc_html__('Button URL', 'event_espresso'),
+					true,
+					''
+				),
+				'PMD_scope'           => new EE_Serialized_Text_Field(
+					'PMD_scope',
+					esc_html__('Usable From?', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					[]// possible values currently are 'CART','ADMIN','API'
+				),
+			],
+		];
+		$this->_model_relations = [
+			'Currency'    => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Currency_Payment_Method'),
+			'Payment'     => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'Transaction' => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'WP_User'     => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
+		];
+		parent::__construct($timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets one by the slug provided
+	 *
+	 * @param string $slug
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_by_slug($slug): ?EE_Payment_Method
+	{
+		return $slug ? $this->get_one([['PMD_slug' => (string) $slug]]) : null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the acceptable scopes for payment methods.
+	 * Keys are their names as store din the DB, and values are nice names for displaying them
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function scopes(): array
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Payment_Method__scopes',
+			[
+				EEM_Payment_Method::scope_cart  => esc_html__('Front-end Registration Page', 'event_espresso'),
+				EEM_Payment_Method::scope_admin => esc_html__(
+					'Admin Registration Page (no online processing)',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines if this is a valid scope
+	 *
+	 * @param string $scope like one of EEM_Payment_Method::instance()->scopes()
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_valid_scope(string $scope): bool
+	{
+		$scopes = $this->scopes();
+		return isset($scopes[ $scope ]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all active payment methods
+	 *
+	 * @param string $scope one of
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params['order_by']) && ! isset($query_params['order'])) {
+			$query_params['order_by'] = ['PMD_order' => 'ASC', 'PMD_ID' => 'ASC'];
+		}
+		return $this->get_all($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts all active gateways in the specified scope
+	 *
+	 * @param string $scope one of EEM_Payment_Method::scope_*
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function count_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): int
+	{
+		return $this->count($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the $query_params that can be passed into any EEM_Payment_Method as their $query_params
+	 * argument to get all active for a given scope
+	 *
+	 * @param string $scope one of the constants EEM_Payment_Method::scope_*
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	protected function _get_query_params_for_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
+	{
+		if ($scope) {
+			if ($this->is_valid_scope($scope)) {
+				return array_replace_recursive([['PMD_scope' => ['LIKE', "%$scope%"]]], $query_params);
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("'%s' is not a valid scope for a payment method", 'event_espresso'),
+					$scope
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$acceptable_scopes = [];
+		$count             = 0;
+		foreach ($this->scopes() as $scope_name => $desc) {
+			$count++;
+			$acceptable_scopes[ 'PMD_scope*' . $count ] = ['LIKE', '%' . $scope_name . '%'];
+		}
+		return array_replace_recursive([['OR*active_scope' => $acceptable_scopes]], $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the $query_params that can be passed into any EEM_Payment_Method as their $query_params
+	 * argument to get all active for a given scope
+	 *
+	 * @param string $scope one of the constants EEM_Payment_Method::scope_*
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function get_query_params_for_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
+	{
+		return $this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets one active payment method. see @get_all_active for documentation
+	 *
+	 * @param string $scope
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): ?EE_Payment_Method
+	{
+		return $this->get_one($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets one payment method of that type, regardless of whether it's active or not
+	 *
+	 * @param string $type
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_of_type(string $type): ?EE_Payment_Method
+	{
+		return $this->get_one([['PMD_type' => $type]]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent ot also check by the slug
+	 *
+	 * @param string|int|EE_Payment_Method $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * @param boolean                      $ensure_is_in_db
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see EEM_Base::ensure_is_obj()
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
+	{
+		// first: check if it's a slug
+		if (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			$obj = $this->get_one_by_slug($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			if ($obj instanceof EE_Payment_Method) {
+				return $obj;
+			}
+		}
+		// ok so it wasn't a slug we were passed. try the usual then (ie, it's an object or an ID)
+		try {
+			return parent::ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db);
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			// handle it outside the catch
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__("'%s' is neither a Payment Method ID, slug, nor object.", 'event_espresso'),
+				$base_class_obj_or_id
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the ID of this object, or if it's a string finds the object's id
+	 * associated with that slug
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $base_obj_or_id_or_slug
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_ID($base_obj_or_id_or_slug)
+	{
+		if (is_string($base_obj_or_id_or_slug)) {
+			// assume it's a slug
+			$base_obj_or_id_or_slug = $this->get_one_by_slug($base_obj_or_id_or_slug);
+		}
+		return parent::ensure_is_ID($base_obj_or_id_or_slug);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the button urls on all the passed payment methods have a valid button url.
+	 * If not, resets them to their default.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Payment_Method[] $payment_methods if empty, defaults to all payment methods active in the cart
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function verify_button_urls(array $payment_methods = [])
+	{
+		$payment_methods = $payment_methods ?: $this->get_all_active(EEM_Payment_Method::scope_cart);
+		foreach ($payment_methods as $payment_method) {
+			try {
+				// If there is really no button URL at all, or if the button URLs still point to decaf folder even
+				// though this is a caffeinated install, reset it to the default.
+				$current_button_url = $payment_method->button_url();
+				if (
+					empty($current_button_url)
+					|| (
+						strpos($current_button_url, 'decaf') !== false
+						&& strpos($payment_method->type_obj()->default_button_url(), 'decaf') === false
+					)
+				) {
+					$payment_method->save(
+						[
+							'PMD_button_url' => $payment_method->type_obj()->default_button_url(),
+						]
+					);
+				}
+			} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+				$payment_method->deactivate();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Overrides parent to not only turn wpdb results into EE_Payment_Method objects,
+	 * but also verifies the payment method type of each is a usable object. If not,
+	 * deactivate it, sets a notification, and deactivates it
+	 *
+	 * @param array $rows
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _create_objects($rows = [])
+	{
+		$PMM             = LoaderFactory::getLoader()->getShared(EE_Payment_Method_Manager::class);
+		$payment_methods = parent::_create_objects($rows);
+		/* @var $payment_methods EE_Payment_Method[] */
+		$usable_payment_methods = [];
+		foreach ($payment_methods as $key => $payment_method) {
+			// check if the payment method type exists and force recheck
+			$pm_type_exists = $PMM->payment_method_type_exists($payment_method->type(), true);
+			$nag_notice_name = 'auto-deactivated-' . $payment_method->slug();
+			if ($pm_type_exists) {
+				$usable_payment_methods[ $key ] = $payment_method;
+				// some payment methods enqueue their scripts in EE_PMT_*::__construct
+				// which is kinda a no-no (just because it's being constructed doesn't mean we need to enqueue
+				// its scripts). but for backwards-compat we should continue to do that
+				$payment_method->type_obj();
+				if (
+					! $payment_method->active()
+					&& PersistentAdminNoticeManager::hasPersistentAdminNotice($nag_notice_name)
+				) {
+					$payment_method->set_active();
+					$payment_method->save();
+					PersistentAdminNoticeManager::dismissPersistentAdminNotice($nag_notice_name);
+				}
+			} elseif ($payment_method->active()) {
+				// only deactivate and notify the admin if the payment is active somewhere
+				$payment_method->deactivate();
+				$payment_method->save();
+				do_action(
+					'AHEE__EEM_Payment_Method___create_objects_auto_deactivated_payment_method',
+					$payment_method
+				);
+				new PersistentAdminNotice(
+					$nag_notice_name,
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'The payment method %1$s was automatically deactivated because it appears its associated Event Espresso Addon was recently deactivated.%2$sIt can be reactivated on the %3$sPlugins admin page%4$s, then you can reactivate the payment method.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$payment_method->admin_name(),
+						'<br />',
+						'<a href="' . admin_url('plugins.php') . '">',
+						'</a>'
+					),
+					false,
+					'manage_options',
+					'view persistent admin notice',
+					false,
+					'attention'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $usable_payment_methods;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the payment methods which can be used for transaction
+	 * (according to the relations between payment methods and events, and
+	 * the currencies used for the transaction and their relation to payment methods)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Transaction $transaction
+	 * @param string         $scope @see EEM_Payment_Method::get_all_for_events
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_for_transaction(EE_Transaction $transaction, string $scope): array
+	{
+		// give addons a chance to override what payment methods are chosen based on the transaction
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Payment_Method__get_all_for_transaction__payment_methods',
+			$this->get_all_active($scope, ['group_by' => 'PMD_type']),
+			$transaction,
+			$scope
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the payment method used for the last payment made for a registration.
+	 * Note: if an offline payment method was selected on the related transaction then this will have no payment
+	 * methods returned. It will ONLY return a payment method for a PAYMENT recorded against the registration.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Registration|int $registration_or_reg_id Either the EE_Registration object or the id for the
+	 *                                                    registration.
+	 * @return EE_Payment_Method|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_last_used_for_registration($registration_or_reg_id): ?EE_Payment_Method
+	{
+		$registration_id = EEM_Registration::instance()->ensure_is_ID($registration_or_reg_id);
+
+		$query_params = [
+			0          => [
+				'Payment.Registration.REG_ID' => $registration_id,
+			],
+			'order_by' => ['Payment.PAY_ID' => 'DESC'],
+		];
+		return $this->get_one($query_params);
+	}
 }

Spacing +6 added lines, -6 removed lines

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ 
     public function is_valid_scope(string $scope): bool
     {
         $scopes = $this->scopes();
-        return isset($scopes[ $scope ]);
+        return isset($scopes[$scope]);
     }
 
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_all_active(string $scope = '', array $query_params = []): array
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params['order_by']) && ! isset($query_params['order'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['order_by']) && ! isset($query_params['order'])) {
             $query_params['order_by'] = ['PMD_order' => 'ASC', 'PMD_ID' => 'ASC'];
         }
         return $this->get_all($this->_get_query_params_for_all_active($scope, $query_params));
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ 
         $count             = 0;
         foreach ($this->scopes() as $scope_name => $desc) {
             $count++;
-            $acceptable_scopes[ 'PMD_scope*' . $count ] = ['LIKE', '%' . $scope_name . '%'];
+            $acceptable_scopes['PMD_scope*'.$count] = ['LIKE', '%'.$scope_name.'%'];
         }
         return array_replace_recursive([['OR*active_scope' => $acceptable_scopes]], $query_params);
     }
@@ -396,9 +396,9 @@ 
         foreach ($payment_methods as $key => $payment_method) {
             // check if the payment method type exists and force recheck
             $pm_type_exists = $PMM->payment_method_type_exists($payment_method->type(), true);
-            $nag_notice_name = 'auto-deactivated-' . $payment_method->slug();
+            $nag_notice_name = 'auto-deactivated-'.$payment_method->slug();
             if ($pm_type_exists) {
-                $usable_payment_methods[ $key ] = $payment_method;
+                $usable_payment_methods[$key] = $payment_method;
                 // some payment methods enqueue their scripts in EE_PMT_*::__construct
                 // which is kinda a no-no (just because it's being constructed doesn't mean we need to enqueue
                 // its scripts). but for backwards-compat we should continue to do that
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ 
                         ),
                         $payment_method->admin_name(),
                         '<br />',
-                        '<a href="' . admin_url('plugins.php') . '">',
+                        '<a href="'.admin_url('plugins.php').'">',
                         '</a>'
                     ),
                     false,

core/db_models/EEM_Event.model.php

Indentation +946 added lines, -946 removed lines

@@ -18,950 +18,950 @@
  */
 class EEM_Event extends EEM_CPT_Base
 {
-    /**
-     * constant used by status(), indicating that no more tickets can be purchased for any of the datetimes for the
-     * event
-     */
-    const sold_out = 'sold_out';
-
-    /**
-     * constant used by status(), indicating that upcoming event dates have been postponed (may be pushed to a later
-     * date)
-     */
-    const postponed = 'postponed';
-
-    /**
-     * constant used by status(), indicating that the event will no longer occur
-     */
-    const cancelled = 'cancelled';
-
-
-    protected static string $_default_reg_status;
-
-    protected static int $_default_additional_limit = 10;
-
-    protected static ?EEM_Event $_instance = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a relationship to Term_Taxonomy for each CPT_Base
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Registration');
-        $this->singular_item = esc_html__('Event', 'event_espresso');
-        $this->plural_item   = esc_html__('Events', 'event_espresso');
-        // to remove Cancelled events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
-        // add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__cancelled__Public', '__return_false' );
-        // to remove Postponed events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
-        // add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__postponed__Public', '__return_false' );
-        // to remove Sold Out events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
-        //  add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__sold_out__Public', '__return_false' );
-        $this->_custom_stati       = apply_filters(
-            'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati',
-            [
-                EEM_Event::cancelled => [
-                    'label'  => esc_html__('Cancelled', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'public' => apply_filters('AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__cancelled__Public', true),
-                ],
-                EEM_Event::postponed => [
-                    'label'  => esc_html__('Postponed', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'public' => apply_filters('AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__postponed__Public', true),
-                ],
-                EEM_Event::sold_out  => [
-                    'label'  => esc_html__('Sold Out', 'event_espresso'),
-                    'public' => apply_filters('AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__sold_out__Public', true),
-                ],
-            ]
-        );
-        self::$_default_reg_status = empty(self::$_default_reg_status)
-            ? RegStatus::PENDING_PAYMENT
-            : self::$_default_reg_status;
-        $this->_tables             = [
-            'Event_CPT'  => new EE_Primary_Table('posts', 'ID'),
-            'Event_Meta' => new EE_Secondary_Table('esp_event_meta', 'EVTM_ID', 'EVT_ID'),
-        ];
-        $this->_fields             = [
-            'Event_CPT'  => [
-                'EVT_ID'         => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field(
-                    'ID',
-                    esc_html__('Post ID for Event', 'event_espresso')
-                ),
-                'EVT_name'       => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'post_title',
-                    esc_html__('Event Name', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'EVT_desc'       => new EE_Post_Content_Field(
-                    'post_content',
-                    esc_html__('Event Description', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'EVT_slug'       => new EE_Slug_Field(
-                    'post_name',
-                    esc_html__('Event Slug', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'EVT_created'    => new EE_Datetime_Field(
-                    'post_date',
-                    esc_html__('Date/Time Event Created', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    EE_Datetime_Field::now
-                ),
-                'EVT_short_desc' => new EE_Simple_HTML_Field(
-                    'post_excerpt',
-                    esc_html__('Event Short Description', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'EVT_modified'   => new EE_Datetime_Field(
-                    'post_modified',
-                    esc_html__('Date/Time Event Modified', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    EE_Datetime_Field::now
-                ),
-                'EVT_wp_user'    => new EE_WP_User_Field(
-                    'post_author',
-                    esc_html__('Event Creator ID', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'parent'         => new EE_Integer_Field(
-                    'post_parent',
-                    esc_html__('Event Parent ID', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    0
-                ),
-                'EVT_order'      => new EE_Integer_Field(
-                    'menu_order',
-                    esc_html__('Event Menu Order', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    1
-                ),
-                'post_type'      => new EE_WP_Post_Type_Field(EspressoPostType::EVENTS),
-                // EE_Plain_Text_Field( 'post_type', esc_html__( 'Event Post Type', 'event_espresso' ), FALSE, 'espresso_events' ),
-                'status'         => new EE_WP_Post_Status_Field(
-                    'post_status',
-                    esc_html__('Event Status', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    'draft',
-                    $this->_custom_stati
-                ),
-                'password'       => new EE_Password_Field(
-                    'post_password',
-                    esc_html__('Password', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    '',
-                    [
-                        'EVT_desc',
-                        'EVT_short_desc',
-                        'EVT_display_desc',
-                        'EVT_display_ticket_selector',
-                        'EVT_visible_on',
-                        'EVT_additional_limit',
-                        'EVT_default_registration_status',
-                        'EVT_member_only',
-                        'EVT_phone',
-                        'EVT_allow_overflow',
-                        'EVT_timezone_string',
-                        'EVT_external_URL',
-                        'EVT_donations',
-                    ]
-                ),
-            ],
-            'Event_Meta' => [
-                'EVTM_ID'                         => new EE_DB_Only_Float_Field(
-                    'EVTM_ID',
-                    esc_html__('Event Meta Row ID', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'EVT_ID_fk'                       => new EE_DB_Only_Int_Field(
-                    'EVT_ID',
-                    esc_html__('Foreign key to Event ID from Event Meta table', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false
-                ),
-                'VNU_ID'                          => new EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field(
-                    'VNU_ID',
-                    __('Venue ID', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    0,
-                    'Venue'
-                ),
-                'EVT_display_desc'                => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'EVT_display_desc',
-                    esc_html__('Display Description Flag', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    true
-                ),
-                'EVT_display_ticket_selector'     => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'EVT_display_ticket_selector',
-                    esc_html__('Display Ticket Selector Flag', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    true
-                ),
-                'EVT_visible_on'                  => new EE_Datetime_Field(
-                    'EVT_visible_on',
-                    esc_html__('Event Visible Date', 'event_espresso'),
-                    true,
-                    EE_Datetime_Field::now
-                ),
-                'EVT_additional_limit'            => new EE_Integer_Field(
-                    'EVT_additional_limit',
-                    esc_html__('Limit of Additional Registrations on Same Transaction', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    self::$_default_additional_limit
-                ),
-                'EVT_default_registration_status' => new EE_Enum_Text_Field(
-                    'EVT_default_registration_status',
-                    esc_html__('Default Registration Status on this Event', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    EEM_Event::$_default_reg_status,
-                    EEM_Registration::reg_status_array()
-                ),
-                'EVT_member_only'                 => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'EVT_member_only',
-                    esc_html__('Member-Only Event Flag', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    false
-                ),
-                'EVT_phone'                       => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'EVT_phone',
-                    esc_html__('Event Phone Number', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'EVT_allow_overflow'              => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'EVT_allow_overflow',
-                    esc_html__('Allow Overflow on Event', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    false
-                ),
-                'EVT_timezone_string'             => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'EVT_timezone_string',
-                    esc_html__('Timezone (name) for Event times', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    ''
-                ),
-                'EVT_external_URL'                => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
-                    'EVT_external_URL',
-                    esc_html__('URL of Event Page if hosted elsewhere', 'event_espresso'),
-                    true
-                ),
-                'EVT_donations'                   => new EE_Boolean_Field(
-                    'EVT_donations',
-                    esc_html__('Accept Donations?', 'event_espresso'),
-                    false,
-                    false
-                ),
-                'FSC_UUID'                        => new EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field(
-                    'FSC_UUID',
-                    esc_html__('Registration Form UUID (universally unique identifier)', 'event_espresso'),
-                    true,
-                    null,
-                    'Form_Section',
-                    false
-                ),
-            ],
-        ];
-        $this->_model_relations    = [
-            'Attendee'               => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Registration'),
-            'Datetime'               => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'Event_Question_Group'   => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'Form_Section'           => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
-            'Message_Template_Group' => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Event_Message_Template'),
-            'Question_Group'         => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Event_Question_Group'),
-            'Registration'           => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'Term_Relationship'      => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
-            'Term_Taxonomy'          => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Term_Relationship'),
-            'Venue'                  => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
-            'WP_User'                => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
-        ];
-        // this model is generally available for reading
-        $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ EEM_Base::caps_read ] = new EE_Restriction_Generator_Public();
-        $this->model_chain_to_password                            = '';
-        parent::__construct($timezone);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $default_reg_status
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public static function set_default_reg_status(string $default_reg_status)
-    {
-        self::$_default_reg_status = $default_reg_status;
-        // if EEM_Event has already been instantiated,
-        // then we need to reset the `EVT_default_reg_status` field to use the new default.
-        if (self::$_instance instanceof EEM_Event) {
-            $default_reg_status = new EE_Enum_Text_Field(
-                'EVT_default_registration_status',
-                esc_html__('Default Registration Status on this Event', 'event_espresso'),
-                false,
-                $default_reg_status,
-                EEM_Registration::reg_status_array()
-            );
-            $default_reg_status->_construct_finalize(
-                'Event_Meta',
-                'EVT_default_registration_status',
-                'EEM_Event'
-            );
-            self::$_instance->_fields['Event_Meta']['EVT_default_registration_status'] = $default_reg_status;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to override the default for the additional limit field.
-     *
-     * @param int $additional_limit
-     */
-    public static function set_default_additional_limit(int $additional_limit)
-    {
-        self::$_default_additional_limit = $additional_limit;
-        if (self::$_instance instanceof EEM_Event) {
-            self::$_instance->_fields['Event_Meta']['EVT_additional_limit'] = new EE_Integer_Field(
-                'EVT_additional_limit',
-                esc_html__('Limit of Additional Registrations on Same Transaction', 'event_espresso'),
-                false,
-                self::$_default_additional_limit
-            );
-            self::$_instance->_fields['Event_Meta']['EVT_additional_limit']->_construct_finalize(
-                'Event_Meta',
-                'EVT_additional_limit',
-                'EEM_Event'
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Return what is currently set as the default additional limit for the event.
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public static function get_default_additional_limit(): int
-    {
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Event__get_default_additional_limit', self::$_default_additional_limit);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_question_groups
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_question_groups()
-    {
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question_Group')->get_all(
-            [
-                ['QSG_deleted' => false],
-                'order_by' => ['QSG_order' => 'ASC'],
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_question_groups
-     *
-     * @param int $EVT_ID
-     * @return array|bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_event_question_groups(int $EVT_ID = 0)
-    {
-        if (! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'An error occurred. No Event Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Event_Question_Group')->get_all(
-            [
-                ['EVT_ID' => $EVT_ID],
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_question_groups
-     *
-     * @param int     $EVT_ID
-     * @param boolean $for_primary_attendee
-     * @return array|bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function get_event_question_groups(int $EVT_ID = 0, bool $for_primary_attendee = true)
-    {
-        if (! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__(
-                // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
-                    'An error occurred. No Event Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
-                    // @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        $query_params = [
-            [
-                'EVT_ID'                                                                         => $EVT_ID,
-                EEM_Event_Question_Group::instance()->fieldNameForContext($for_primary_attendee) => true,
-            ],
-        ];
-        if ($for_primary_attendee) {
-            $query_params[0]['EQG_primary'] = true;
-        } else {
-            $query_params[0]['EQG_additional'] = true;
-        }
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Event_Question_Group')->get_all($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_question_groups
-     *
-     * @param int             $EVT_ID
-     * @param EE_Registration $registration
-     * @return array|bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_question_groups_for_event(int $EVT_ID, EE_Registration $registration)
-    {
-        if (! absint($EVT_ID)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'An error occurred. No Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question_Group')->get_all(
-            [
-                [
-                    'Event_Question_Group.EVT_ID' => $EVT_ID,
-                    'Event_Question_Group.'
-                    . EEM_Event_Question_Group::instance()->fieldNameForContext(
-                        $registration->is_primary_registrant()
-                    )                             => true,
-                ],
-                'order_by' => ['QSG_order' => 'ASC'],
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_question_target_db_column
-     *
-     * @param string $QSG_IDs csv list of $QSG IDs
-     * @return array|bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_questions_in_groups(string $QSG_IDs = '')
-    {
-        if (empty($QSG_IDs)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__('An error occurred. No Question Group IDs were received.', 'event_espresso'),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question')->get_all(
-            [
-                [
-                    'Question_Group.QSG_ID' => ['IN', $QSG_IDs],
-                    'QST_deleted'           => false,
-                    'QST_admin_only'        => is_admin(),
-                ],
-                'order_by' => 'QST_order',
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_options_for_question
-     *
-     * @param string $QST_IDs csv list of $QST IDs
-     * @return array|bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_options_for_question(string $QST_IDs)
-    {
-        if (empty($QST_IDs)) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                esc_html__('An error occurred. No Question IDs were received.', 'event_espresso'),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-            return false;
-        }
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question_Option')->get_all(
-            [
-                [
-                    'Question.QST_ID' => ['IN', $QST_IDs],
-                    'QSO_deleted'     => false,
-                ],
-                'order_by' => 'QSO_ID',
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all events that are published
-     * and have event start time earlier than now and an event end time later than now
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
-     *                             (note that status and DTT_EVT_start and DTT_EVT_end will be overridden)
-     * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
-     * @return EE_Event[]|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_active_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
-    {
-        if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
-            $where_params = $query_params[0];
-            unset($query_params[0]);
-        } else {
-            $where_params = [];
-        }
-        // if we have count make sure we don't include group by
-        if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
-            unset($query_params['group_by']);
-        }
-        // add status query
-        $where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_status($where_params);
-        // if already have where params for DTT_EVT_start or DTT_EVT_end then append these conditions
-        if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
-            $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start******'] = [
-                '<',
-                EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
-            ];
-        } else {
-            $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = [
-                '<',
-                EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
-            ];
-        }
-        $where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_end_datetime($where_params);
-        return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get all events that are published and have an event start time later than now
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
-     *                             (Note that status and DTT_EVT_start will be overridden)
-     * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
-     * @return EE_Event[]|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_upcoming_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
-    {
-        if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
-            $where_params = $query_params[0];
-            unset($query_params[0]);
-        } else {
-            $where_params = [];
-        }
-        // if we have count make sure we don't include group by
-        if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
-            unset($query_params['group_by']);
-        }
-        // add status query
-        $where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_status($where_params);
-        // if there are already query_params matching DTT_EVT_start then we need to modify that to add them.
-        if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
-            $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start*****'] = [
-                '>',
-                EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
-            ];
-        } else {
-            $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = [
-                '>',
-                EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
-            ];
-        }
-        return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all events that are published
-     * and have an event end time later than now
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
-     *                             (note that status and DTT_EVT_end will be overridden)
-     * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
-     * @return EE_Event[]|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_active_and_upcoming_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
-    {
-        if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
-            $where_params = $query_params[0];
-            unset($query_params[0]);
-        } else {
-            $where_params = [];
-        }
-        // if we have count make sure we don't include group by
-        if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
-            unset($query_params['group_by']);
-        }
-        // add status query
-        $where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_status($where_params);
-        // add where params for DTT_EVT_end
-        $where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_end_datetime($where_params);
-        return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This only returns events that are expired.
-     * They may still be published but all their datetimes have expired.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
-     *                             (note that status and DTT_EVT_end will be overridden)
-     * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
-     * @return EE_Event[]|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_expired_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
-    {
-        $where_params = $query_params[0] ?? [];
-        // if we have count make sure we don't include group by
-        if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
-            unset($query_params['group_by']);
-        }
-        // let's add specific query_params for active_events
-        // keep in mind this will override any sent status in the query AND any date queries.
-        if (isset($where_params['status'])) {
-            unset($where_params['status']);
-        }
-        // first get all events that have datetimes where it's not expired.
-        $event_ids = $this->get_all_not_expired_event_ids($query_params);
-        // if we have any additional query_params, let's add them to the 'AND' condition
-        $and_condition = [
-            'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end' => ['<', EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end')],
-            'EVT_ID'               => ['NOT IN', $event_ids],
-        ];
-        if (isset($where_params['OR'])) {
-            $and_condition['OR'] = $where_params['OR'];
-            unset($where_params['OR']);
-        }
-        if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'])) {
-            $and_condition['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end****'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'];
-            unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end']);
-        }
-        if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
-            $and_condition['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'];
-            unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start']);
-        }
-        // merge remaining $where params with the and conditions.
-        $where_params['AND'] = array_merge($and_condition, $where_params);
-        return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return int[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_not_expired_event_ids(array $query_params = []): array
-    {
-        $query_params[0] = [
-            'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end' => [
-                '>',
-                EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end'),
-            ],
-        ];
-        $event_ids       = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, OBJECT_K, 'Event_CPT.ID');
-        return array_keys($event_ids);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This basically just returns the events that do not have the publish status.
-     *
-     * @param array   $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
-     *                               (note that status will be overwritten)
-     * @param boolean $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
-     * @return EE_Event[]|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_inactive_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
-    {
-        $where_params = $query_params[0] ?? [];
-        // let's add in specific query_params for inactive events.
-        if (isset($where_params['status'])) {
-            unset($where_params['status']);
-        }
-        // if we have count make sure we don't include group by
-        if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
-            unset($query_params['group_by']);
-        }
-        // if we have any additional query_params, let's add them to the 'AND' condition
-        $where_params['AND']['status'] = ['!=', 'publish'];
-        if (isset($where_params['OR'])) {
-            $where_params['AND']['OR'] = $where_params['OR'];
-            unset($where_params['OR']);
-        }
-        if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'])) {
-            $where_params['AND']['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end****'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'];
-            unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end']);
-        }
-        if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
-            $where_params['AND']['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'];
-            unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start']);
-        }
-        return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is just injecting into the parent add_relationship_to so we do special handling on price relationships
-     * because we don't want to override any existing global default prices but instead insert NEW prices that get
-     * attached to the event. See parent for param descriptions
-     *
-     * @param int|string|EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
-     * @param int|string|EE_Base_Class $other_model_id_or_obj
-     * @param string $relationName
-     * @param array  $where_query
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function add_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = []): EE_Base_Class
-    {
-        if ($relationName === 'Price') {
-            // let's get the PRC object for the given ID to make sure that we aren't dealing with a default
-            $prc_chk = $this->get_related_model_obj($relationName)->ensure_is_obj($other_model_id_or_obj);
-            // if EVT_ID = 0, then this is a default
-            if ((int) $prc_chk->get('EVT_ID') === 0) {
-                // let's set the prc_id as 0 so we force an insert on the add_relation_to carried out by relation
-                $prc_chk->set('PRC_ID', 0);
-            }
-            // run parent
-            return parent::add_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $prc_chk, $relationName, $where_query);
-        }
-        // otherwise carry on as normal
-        return parent::add_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $where_params
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function set_where_conditions_for_status(array $where_params): array
-    {
-        // let's add specific query_params for active_events
-        // keep in mind this will override any sent status in the query AND any date queries.
-        // we need to pull events with a status of 'publish' and 'sold_out'
-        $event_status = ['publish', EEM_Event::sold_out];
-        // check if the user can read private events and if so add the 'private status to the where params'
-        if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can('ee_read_private_events', 'get_upcoming_events')) {
-            $event_status[] = 'private';
-        }
-        $where_params['status'] = ['IN', $event_status];
-        return $where_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $where_params
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function set_where_conditions_for_end_datetime(array $where_params): array
-    {
-        $end_date_field_name = isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'])
-            ? 'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end*****'
-            // prevents overwrite of existing where condition
-            : 'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end';
-
-        $where_params[ $end_date_field_name ] = [
-            '>',
-            EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end'),
-        ];
-
-        return $where_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @param array $where_params
-     * @param bool  $count
-     * @return EE_Event[]|int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_count_or_all(array $query_params, array $where_params, bool $count = false)
-    {
-        $query_params[0] = $where_params;
-        // don't use $query_params with count()
-        // because we don't want to include additional query clauses like "GROUP BY"
-        return $count
-            ? $this->count([$where_params], 'EVT_ID', true)
-            : $this->get_all($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /******************** DEPRECATED METHODS ********************/
-
-
-    /**
-     * _get_question_target_db_column
-     *
-     * @param EE_Registration $registration    (so existing answers for registration are included)
-     * @param int             $EVT_ID          so all question groups are included for event (not just answers from
-     *                                         registration).
-     * @return    array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @deprecated as of 4.8.32.rc.001. Instead consider using
-     *                                         EE_Registration_Custom_Questions_Form located in
-     *                                         admin_pages/registrations/form_sections/EE_Registration_Custom_Questions_Form.form.php
-     * @access     public
-     */
-    public function assemble_array_of_groups_questions_and_options(EE_Registration $registration, $EVT_ID = 0)
-    {
-        if (empty($EVT_ID)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'An error occurred. No EVT_ID is included.  Needed to know which question groups to retrieve.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $questions = [];
-        // get all question groups for event
-        $qgs = $this->get_question_groups_for_event($EVT_ID, $registration);
-        if (! empty($qgs)) {
-            foreach ($qgs as $qg) {
-                $qsts                                    = $qg->questions();
-                $questions[ $qg->ID() ]                  = $qg->model_field_array();
-                $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'] = [];
-                foreach ($qsts as $qst) {
-                    if ($qst->is_system_question()) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    $answer                                                                   =
-                        EEM_Answer::instance()->get_one(
-                            [
-                                [
-                                    'QST_ID' => $qst->ID(),
-                                    'REG_ID' => $registration->ID(),
-                                ],
-                            ]
-                        );
-                    $answer                                                                   =
-                        $answer instanceof EE_Answer
-                            ? $answer
-                            : EEM_Answer::instance()->create_default_object();
-                    $qst_name                                                                 = $qstn_id = $qst->ID();
-                    $ans_id                                                                   = $answer->ID();
-                    $qst_name                                                                 = ! empty($ans_id)
-                        ? '[' . $qst_name . '][' . $ans_id . ']'
-                        : '[' . $qst_name . ']';
-                    $input_name                                                               = '';
-                    $input_id                                                                 =
-                        sanitize_key($qst->display_text());
-                    $input_class                                                              = '';
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]                    =
-                        $qst->model_field_array();
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_name']  = 'qstn'
-                                                                                                . $input_name
-                                                                                                . $qst_name;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_id']    =
-                        $input_id . '-' . $qstn_id;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_class'] = $input_class;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_options']     = [];
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['qst_obj']         = $qst;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['ans_obj']         = $answer;
-                    // leave responses as-is, don't convert stuff into html entities please!
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['htmlentities'] = false;
-                    if ($qst->type() == 'RADIO_BTN' || $qst->type() == 'CHECKBOX' || $qst->type() == 'DROPDOWN') {
-                        $QSOs = $qst->options(true, $answer->value());
-                        if (is_array($QSOs)) {
-                            foreach ($QSOs as $QSO_ID => $QSO) {
-                                $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_options'][ $QSO_ID ] =
-                                    $QSO->model_field_array();
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $questions;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
-     *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        $classInstance = parent::instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values);
-        if ($classInstance instanceof EE_Event) {
-            // events have their timezone defined in the DB, so use it immediately
-            $this->set_timezone($classInstance->get_timezone());
-        }
-        return $classInstance;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * constant used by status(), indicating that no more tickets can be purchased for any of the datetimes for the
+	 * event
+	 */
+	const sold_out = 'sold_out';
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used by status(), indicating that upcoming event dates have been postponed (may be pushed to a later
+	 * date)
+	 */
+	const postponed = 'postponed';
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used by status(), indicating that the event will no longer occur
+	 */
+	const cancelled = 'cancelled';
+
+
+	protected static string $_default_reg_status;
+
+	protected static int $_default_additional_limit = 10;
+
+	protected static ?EEM_Event $_instance = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a relationship to Term_Taxonomy for each CPT_Base
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Registration');
+		$this->singular_item = esc_html__('Event', 'event_espresso');
+		$this->plural_item   = esc_html__('Events', 'event_espresso');
+		// to remove Cancelled events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
+		// add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__cancelled__Public', '__return_false' );
+		// to remove Postponed events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
+		// add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__postponed__Public', '__return_false' );
+		// to remove Sold Out events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
+		//  add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__sold_out__Public', '__return_false' );
+		$this->_custom_stati       = apply_filters(
+			'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati',
+			[
+				EEM_Event::cancelled => [
+					'label'  => esc_html__('Cancelled', 'event_espresso'),
+					'public' => apply_filters('AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__cancelled__Public', true),
+				],
+				EEM_Event::postponed => [
+					'label'  => esc_html__('Postponed', 'event_espresso'),
+					'public' => apply_filters('AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__postponed__Public', true),
+				],
+				EEM_Event::sold_out  => [
+					'label'  => esc_html__('Sold Out', 'event_espresso'),
+					'public' => apply_filters('AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__sold_out__Public', true),
+				],
+			]
+		);
+		self::$_default_reg_status = empty(self::$_default_reg_status)
+			? RegStatus::PENDING_PAYMENT
+			: self::$_default_reg_status;
+		$this->_tables             = [
+			'Event_CPT'  => new EE_Primary_Table('posts', 'ID'),
+			'Event_Meta' => new EE_Secondary_Table('esp_event_meta', 'EVTM_ID', 'EVT_ID'),
+		];
+		$this->_fields             = [
+			'Event_CPT'  => [
+				'EVT_ID'         => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field(
+					'ID',
+					esc_html__('Post ID for Event', 'event_espresso')
+				),
+				'EVT_name'       => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'post_title',
+					esc_html__('Event Name', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'EVT_desc'       => new EE_Post_Content_Field(
+					'post_content',
+					esc_html__('Event Description', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'EVT_slug'       => new EE_Slug_Field(
+					'post_name',
+					esc_html__('Event Slug', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'EVT_created'    => new EE_Datetime_Field(
+					'post_date',
+					esc_html__('Date/Time Event Created', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					EE_Datetime_Field::now
+				),
+				'EVT_short_desc' => new EE_Simple_HTML_Field(
+					'post_excerpt',
+					esc_html__('Event Short Description', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'EVT_modified'   => new EE_Datetime_Field(
+					'post_modified',
+					esc_html__('Date/Time Event Modified', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					EE_Datetime_Field::now
+				),
+				'EVT_wp_user'    => new EE_WP_User_Field(
+					'post_author',
+					esc_html__('Event Creator ID', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'parent'         => new EE_Integer_Field(
+					'post_parent',
+					esc_html__('Event Parent ID', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					0
+				),
+				'EVT_order'      => new EE_Integer_Field(
+					'menu_order',
+					esc_html__('Event Menu Order', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					1
+				),
+				'post_type'      => new EE_WP_Post_Type_Field(EspressoPostType::EVENTS),
+				// EE_Plain_Text_Field( 'post_type', esc_html__( 'Event Post Type', 'event_espresso' ), FALSE, 'espresso_events' ),
+				'status'         => new EE_WP_Post_Status_Field(
+					'post_status',
+					esc_html__('Event Status', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					'draft',
+					$this->_custom_stati
+				),
+				'password'       => new EE_Password_Field(
+					'post_password',
+					esc_html__('Password', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					'',
+					[
+						'EVT_desc',
+						'EVT_short_desc',
+						'EVT_display_desc',
+						'EVT_display_ticket_selector',
+						'EVT_visible_on',
+						'EVT_additional_limit',
+						'EVT_default_registration_status',
+						'EVT_member_only',
+						'EVT_phone',
+						'EVT_allow_overflow',
+						'EVT_timezone_string',
+						'EVT_external_URL',
+						'EVT_donations',
+					]
+				),
+			],
+			'Event_Meta' => [
+				'EVTM_ID'                         => new EE_DB_Only_Float_Field(
+					'EVTM_ID',
+					esc_html__('Event Meta Row ID', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'EVT_ID_fk'                       => new EE_DB_Only_Int_Field(
+					'EVT_ID',
+					esc_html__('Foreign key to Event ID from Event Meta table', 'event_espresso'),
+					false
+				),
+				'VNU_ID'                          => new EE_Foreign_Key_Int_Field(
+					'VNU_ID',
+					__('Venue ID', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					0,
+					'Venue'
+				),
+				'EVT_display_desc'                => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'EVT_display_desc',
+					esc_html__('Display Description Flag', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					true
+				),
+				'EVT_display_ticket_selector'     => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'EVT_display_ticket_selector',
+					esc_html__('Display Ticket Selector Flag', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					true
+				),
+				'EVT_visible_on'                  => new EE_Datetime_Field(
+					'EVT_visible_on',
+					esc_html__('Event Visible Date', 'event_espresso'),
+					true,
+					EE_Datetime_Field::now
+				),
+				'EVT_additional_limit'            => new EE_Integer_Field(
+					'EVT_additional_limit',
+					esc_html__('Limit of Additional Registrations on Same Transaction', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					self::$_default_additional_limit
+				),
+				'EVT_default_registration_status' => new EE_Enum_Text_Field(
+					'EVT_default_registration_status',
+					esc_html__('Default Registration Status on this Event', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					EEM_Event::$_default_reg_status,
+					EEM_Registration::reg_status_array()
+				),
+				'EVT_member_only'                 => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'EVT_member_only',
+					esc_html__('Member-Only Event Flag', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					false
+				),
+				'EVT_phone'                       => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'EVT_phone',
+					esc_html__('Event Phone Number', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'EVT_allow_overflow'              => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'EVT_allow_overflow',
+					esc_html__('Allow Overflow on Event', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					false
+				),
+				'EVT_timezone_string'             => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'EVT_timezone_string',
+					esc_html__('Timezone (name) for Event times', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					''
+				),
+				'EVT_external_URL'                => new EE_Plain_Text_Field(
+					'EVT_external_URL',
+					esc_html__('URL of Event Page if hosted elsewhere', 'event_espresso'),
+					true
+				),
+				'EVT_donations'                   => new EE_Boolean_Field(
+					'EVT_donations',
+					esc_html__('Accept Donations?', 'event_espresso'),
+					false,
+					false
+				),
+				'FSC_UUID'                        => new EE_Foreign_Key_String_Field(
+					'FSC_UUID',
+					esc_html__('Registration Form UUID (universally unique identifier)', 'event_espresso'),
+					true,
+					null,
+					'Form_Section',
+					false
+				),
+			],
+		];
+		$this->_model_relations    = [
+			'Attendee'               => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Registration'),
+			'Datetime'               => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'Event_Question_Group'   => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'Form_Section'           => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
+			'Message_Template_Group' => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Event_Message_Template'),
+			'Question_Group'         => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Event_Question_Group'),
+			'Registration'           => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'Term_Relationship'      => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
+			'Term_Taxonomy'          => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Term_Relationship'),
+			'Venue'                  => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
+			'WP_User'                => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
+		];
+		// this model is generally available for reading
+		$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ EEM_Base::caps_read ] = new EE_Restriction_Generator_Public();
+		$this->model_chain_to_password                            = '';
+		parent::__construct($timezone);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $default_reg_status
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public static function set_default_reg_status(string $default_reg_status)
+	{
+		self::$_default_reg_status = $default_reg_status;
+		// if EEM_Event has already been instantiated,
+		// then we need to reset the `EVT_default_reg_status` field to use the new default.
+		if (self::$_instance instanceof EEM_Event) {
+			$default_reg_status = new EE_Enum_Text_Field(
+				'EVT_default_registration_status',
+				esc_html__('Default Registration Status on this Event', 'event_espresso'),
+				false,
+				$default_reg_status,
+				EEM_Registration::reg_status_array()
+			);
+			$default_reg_status->_construct_finalize(
+				'Event_Meta',
+				'EVT_default_registration_status',
+				'EEM_Event'
+			);
+			self::$_instance->_fields['Event_Meta']['EVT_default_registration_status'] = $default_reg_status;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to override the default for the additional limit field.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $additional_limit
+	 */
+	public static function set_default_additional_limit(int $additional_limit)
+	{
+		self::$_default_additional_limit = $additional_limit;
+		if (self::$_instance instanceof EEM_Event) {
+			self::$_instance->_fields['Event_Meta']['EVT_additional_limit'] = new EE_Integer_Field(
+				'EVT_additional_limit',
+				esc_html__('Limit of Additional Registrations on Same Transaction', 'event_espresso'),
+				false,
+				self::$_default_additional_limit
+			);
+			self::$_instance->_fields['Event_Meta']['EVT_additional_limit']->_construct_finalize(
+				'Event_Meta',
+				'EVT_additional_limit',
+				'EEM_Event'
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Return what is currently set as the default additional limit for the event.
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public static function get_default_additional_limit(): int
+	{
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Event__get_default_additional_limit', self::$_default_additional_limit);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_question_groups
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_question_groups()
+	{
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question_Group')->get_all(
+			[
+				['QSG_deleted' => false],
+				'order_by' => ['QSG_order' => 'ASC'],
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_question_groups
+	 *
+	 * @param int $EVT_ID
+	 * @return array|bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_event_question_groups(int $EVT_ID = 0)
+	{
+		if (! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__(
+					'An error occurred. No Event Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Event_Question_Group')->get_all(
+			[
+				['EVT_ID' => $EVT_ID],
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_question_groups
+	 *
+	 * @param int     $EVT_ID
+	 * @param boolean $for_primary_attendee
+	 * @return array|bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function get_event_question_groups(int $EVT_ID = 0, bool $for_primary_attendee = true)
+	{
+		if (! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__(
+				// @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
+					'An error occurred. No Event Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
+					// @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		$query_params = [
+			[
+				'EVT_ID'                                                                         => $EVT_ID,
+				EEM_Event_Question_Group::instance()->fieldNameForContext($for_primary_attendee) => true,
+			],
+		];
+		if ($for_primary_attendee) {
+			$query_params[0]['EQG_primary'] = true;
+		} else {
+			$query_params[0]['EQG_additional'] = true;
+		}
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Event_Question_Group')->get_all($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_question_groups
+	 *
+	 * @param int             $EVT_ID
+	 * @param EE_Registration $registration
+	 * @return array|bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_question_groups_for_event(int $EVT_ID, EE_Registration $registration)
+	{
+		if (! absint($EVT_ID)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__(
+					'An error occurred. No Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question_Group')->get_all(
+			[
+				[
+					'Event_Question_Group.EVT_ID' => $EVT_ID,
+					'Event_Question_Group.'
+					. EEM_Event_Question_Group::instance()->fieldNameForContext(
+						$registration->is_primary_registrant()
+					)                             => true,
+				],
+				'order_by' => ['QSG_order' => 'ASC'],
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_question_target_db_column
+	 *
+	 * @param string $QSG_IDs csv list of $QSG IDs
+	 * @return array|bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_questions_in_groups(string $QSG_IDs = '')
+	{
+		if (empty($QSG_IDs)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__('An error occurred. No Question Group IDs were received.', 'event_espresso'),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question')->get_all(
+			[
+				[
+					'Question_Group.QSG_ID' => ['IN', $QSG_IDs],
+					'QST_deleted'           => false,
+					'QST_admin_only'        => is_admin(),
+				],
+				'order_by' => 'QST_order',
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_options_for_question
+	 *
+	 * @param string $QST_IDs csv list of $QST IDs
+	 * @return array|bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_options_for_question(string $QST_IDs)
+	{
+		if (empty($QST_IDs)) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				esc_html__('An error occurred. No Question IDs were received.', 'event_espresso'),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_model('Question_Option')->get_all(
+			[
+				[
+					'Question.QST_ID' => ['IN', $QST_IDs],
+					'QSO_deleted'     => false,
+				],
+				'order_by' => 'QSO_ID',
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all events that are published
+	 * and have event start time earlier than now and an event end time later than now
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
+	 *                             (note that status and DTT_EVT_start and DTT_EVT_end will be overridden)
+	 * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
+	 * @return EE_Event[]|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_active_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
+	{
+		if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
+			$where_params = $query_params[0];
+			unset($query_params[0]);
+		} else {
+			$where_params = [];
+		}
+		// if we have count make sure we don't include group by
+		if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
+			unset($query_params['group_by']);
+		}
+		// add status query
+		$where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_status($where_params);
+		// if already have where params for DTT_EVT_start or DTT_EVT_end then append these conditions
+		if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
+			$where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start******'] = [
+				'<',
+				EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
+			];
+		} else {
+			$where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = [
+				'<',
+				EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
+			];
+		}
+		$where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_end_datetime($where_params);
+		return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get all events that are published and have an event start time later than now
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
+	 *                             (Note that status and DTT_EVT_start will be overridden)
+	 * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
+	 * @return EE_Event[]|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_upcoming_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
+	{
+		if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
+			$where_params = $query_params[0];
+			unset($query_params[0]);
+		} else {
+			$where_params = [];
+		}
+		// if we have count make sure we don't include group by
+		if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
+			unset($query_params['group_by']);
+		}
+		// add status query
+		$where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_status($where_params);
+		// if there are already query_params matching DTT_EVT_start then we need to modify that to add them.
+		if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
+			$where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start*****'] = [
+				'>',
+				EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
+			];
+		} else {
+			$where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = [
+				'>',
+				EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_start'),
+			];
+		}
+		return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all events that are published
+	 * and have an event end time later than now
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
+	 *                             (note that status and DTT_EVT_end will be overridden)
+	 * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
+	 * @return EE_Event[]|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_active_and_upcoming_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
+	{
+		if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
+			$where_params = $query_params[0];
+			unset($query_params[0]);
+		} else {
+			$where_params = [];
+		}
+		// if we have count make sure we don't include group by
+		if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
+			unset($query_params['group_by']);
+		}
+		// add status query
+		$where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_status($where_params);
+		// add where params for DTT_EVT_end
+		$where_params = $this->set_where_conditions_for_end_datetime($where_params);
+		return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This only returns events that are expired.
+	 * They may still be published but all their datetimes have expired.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
+	 *                             (note that status and DTT_EVT_end will be overridden)
+	 * @param bool  $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
+	 * @return EE_Event[]|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_expired_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
+	{
+		$where_params = $query_params[0] ?? [];
+		// if we have count make sure we don't include group by
+		if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
+			unset($query_params['group_by']);
+		}
+		// let's add specific query_params for active_events
+		// keep in mind this will override any sent status in the query AND any date queries.
+		if (isset($where_params['status'])) {
+			unset($where_params['status']);
+		}
+		// first get all events that have datetimes where it's not expired.
+		$event_ids = $this->get_all_not_expired_event_ids($query_params);
+		// if we have any additional query_params, let's add them to the 'AND' condition
+		$and_condition = [
+			'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end' => ['<', EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end')],
+			'EVT_ID'               => ['NOT IN', $event_ids],
+		];
+		if (isset($where_params['OR'])) {
+			$and_condition['OR'] = $where_params['OR'];
+			unset($where_params['OR']);
+		}
+		if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'])) {
+			$and_condition['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end****'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'];
+			unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end']);
+		}
+		if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
+			$and_condition['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'];
+			unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start']);
+		}
+		// merge remaining $where params with the and conditions.
+		$where_params['AND'] = array_merge($and_condition, $where_params);
+		return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return int[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_not_expired_event_ids(array $query_params = []): array
+	{
+		$query_params[0] = [
+			'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end' => [
+				'>',
+				EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end'),
+			],
+		];
+		$event_ids       = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, OBJECT_K, 'Event_CPT.ID');
+		return array_keys($event_ids);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This basically just returns the events that do not have the publish status.
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $query_params  An array of query params to further filter on
+	 *                               (note that status will be overwritten)
+	 * @param boolean $count         whether to return the count or not (default FALSE)
+	 * @return EE_Event[]|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_inactive_events(array $query_params, bool $count = false)
+	{
+		$where_params = $query_params[0] ?? [];
+		// let's add in specific query_params for inactive events.
+		if (isset($where_params['status'])) {
+			unset($where_params['status']);
+		}
+		// if we have count make sure we don't include group by
+		if ($count && isset($query_params['group_by'])) {
+			unset($query_params['group_by']);
+		}
+		// if we have any additional query_params, let's add them to the 'AND' condition
+		$where_params['AND']['status'] = ['!=', 'publish'];
+		if (isset($where_params['OR'])) {
+			$where_params['AND']['OR'] = $where_params['OR'];
+			unset($where_params['OR']);
+		}
+		if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'])) {
+			$where_params['AND']['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end****'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'];
+			unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end']);
+		}
+		if (isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'])) {
+			$where_params['AND']['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'] = $where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start'];
+			unset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_start']);
+		}
+		return $this->_get_count_or_all($query_params, $where_params, $count);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is just injecting into the parent add_relationship_to so we do special handling on price relationships
+	 * because we don't want to override any existing global default prices but instead insert NEW prices that get
+	 * attached to the event. See parent for param descriptions
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string|EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj
+	 * @param int|string|EE_Base_Class $other_model_id_or_obj
+	 * @param string $relationName
+	 * @param array  $where_query
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function add_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = []): EE_Base_Class
+	{
+		if ($relationName === 'Price') {
+			// let's get the PRC object for the given ID to make sure that we aren't dealing with a default
+			$prc_chk = $this->get_related_model_obj($relationName)->ensure_is_obj($other_model_id_or_obj);
+			// if EVT_ID = 0, then this is a default
+			if ((int) $prc_chk->get('EVT_ID') === 0) {
+				// let's set the prc_id as 0 so we force an insert on the add_relation_to carried out by relation
+				$prc_chk->set('PRC_ID', 0);
+			}
+			// run parent
+			return parent::add_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $prc_chk, $relationName, $where_query);
+		}
+		// otherwise carry on as normal
+		return parent::add_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $where_params
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function set_where_conditions_for_status(array $where_params): array
+	{
+		// let's add specific query_params for active_events
+		// keep in mind this will override any sent status in the query AND any date queries.
+		// we need to pull events with a status of 'publish' and 'sold_out'
+		$event_status = ['publish', EEM_Event::sold_out];
+		// check if the user can read private events and if so add the 'private status to the where params'
+		if (EE_Registry::instance()->CAP->current_user_can('ee_read_private_events', 'get_upcoming_events')) {
+			$event_status[] = 'private';
+		}
+		$where_params['status'] = ['IN', $event_status];
+		return $where_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $where_params
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function set_where_conditions_for_end_datetime(array $where_params): array
+	{
+		$end_date_field_name = isset($where_params['Datetime.DTT_EVT_end'])
+			? 'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end*****'
+			// prevents overwrite of existing where condition
+			: 'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end';
+
+		$where_params[ $end_date_field_name ] = [
+			'>',
+			EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end'),
+		];
+
+		return $where_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @param array $where_params
+	 * @param bool  $count
+	 * @return EE_Event[]|int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_count_or_all(array $query_params, array $where_params, bool $count = false)
+	{
+		$query_params[0] = $where_params;
+		// don't use $query_params with count()
+		// because we don't want to include additional query clauses like "GROUP BY"
+		return $count
+			? $this->count([$where_params], 'EVT_ID', true)
+			: $this->get_all($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/******************** DEPRECATED METHODS ********************/
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _get_question_target_db_column
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Registration $registration    (so existing answers for registration are included)
+	 * @param int             $EVT_ID          so all question groups are included for event (not just answers from
+	 *                                         registration).
+	 * @return    array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @deprecated as of 4.8.32.rc.001. Instead consider using
+	 *                                         EE_Registration_Custom_Questions_Form located in
+	 *                                         admin_pages/registrations/form_sections/EE_Registration_Custom_Questions_Form.form.php
+	 * @access     public
+	 */
+	public function assemble_array_of_groups_questions_and_options(EE_Registration $registration, $EVT_ID = 0)
+	{
+		if (empty($EVT_ID)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				esc_html__(
+					'An error occurred. No EVT_ID is included.  Needed to know which question groups to retrieve.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$questions = [];
+		// get all question groups for event
+		$qgs = $this->get_question_groups_for_event($EVT_ID, $registration);
+		if (! empty($qgs)) {
+			foreach ($qgs as $qg) {
+				$qsts                                    = $qg->questions();
+				$questions[ $qg->ID() ]                  = $qg->model_field_array();
+				$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'] = [];
+				foreach ($qsts as $qst) {
+					if ($qst->is_system_question()) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					$answer                                                                   =
+						EEM_Answer::instance()->get_one(
+							[
+								[
+									'QST_ID' => $qst->ID(),
+									'REG_ID' => $registration->ID(),
+								],
+							]
+						);
+					$answer                                                                   =
+						$answer instanceof EE_Answer
+							? $answer
+							: EEM_Answer::instance()->create_default_object();
+					$qst_name                                                                 = $qstn_id = $qst->ID();
+					$ans_id                                                                   = $answer->ID();
+					$qst_name                                                                 = ! empty($ans_id)
+						? '[' . $qst_name . '][' . $ans_id . ']'
+						: '[' . $qst_name . ']';
+					$input_name                                                               = '';
+					$input_id                                                                 =
+						sanitize_key($qst->display_text());
+					$input_class                                                              = '';
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]                    =
+						$qst->model_field_array();
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_name']  = 'qstn'
+																								. $input_name
+																								. $qst_name;
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_id']    =
+						$input_id . '-' . $qstn_id;
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_class'] = $input_class;
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_options']     = [];
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['qst_obj']         = $qst;
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['ans_obj']         = $answer;
+					// leave responses as-is, don't convert stuff into html entities please!
+					$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['htmlentities'] = false;
+					if ($qst->type() == 'RADIO_BTN' || $qst->type() == 'CHECKBOX' || $qst->type() == 'DROPDOWN') {
+						$QSOs = $qst->options(true, $answer->value());
+						if (is_array($QSOs)) {
+							foreach ($QSOs as $QSO_ID => $QSO) {
+								$questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_options'][ $QSO_ID ] =
+									$QSO->model_field_array();
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $questions;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
+	 *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		$classInstance = parent::instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values);
+		if ($classInstance instanceof EE_Event) {
+			// events have their timezone defined in the DB, so use it immediately
+			$this->set_timezone($classInstance->get_timezone());
+		}
+		return $classInstance;
+	}
 }

Spacing +26 added lines, -26 removed lines

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ 
         // add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__postponed__Public', '__return_false' );
         // to remove Sold Out events from the frontend, copy the following filter to your functions.php file
         //  add_filter( 'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati__sold_out__Public', '__return_false' );
-        $this->_custom_stati       = apply_filters(
+        $this->_custom_stati = apply_filters(
             'AFEE__EEM_Event__construct___custom_stati',
             [
                 EEM_Event::cancelled => [
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ 
             'Event_CPT'  => new EE_Primary_Table('posts', 'ID'),
             'Event_Meta' => new EE_Secondary_Table('esp_event_meta', 'EVTM_ID', 'EVT_ID'),
         ];
-        $this->_fields             = [
+        $this->_fields = [
             'Event_CPT'  => [
                 'EVT_ID'         => new EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field(
                     'ID',
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ 
                 ),
             ],
         ];
-        $this->_model_relations    = [
+        $this->_model_relations = [
             'Attendee'               => new EE_HABTM_Relation('Registration'),
             'Datetime'               => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
             'Event_Question_Group'   => new EE_Has_Many_Relation(),
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ 
             'WP_User'                => new EE_Belongs_To_Relation(),
         ];
         // this model is generally available for reading
-        $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ EEM_Base::caps_read ] = new EE_Restriction_Generator_Public();
+        $this->_cap_restriction_generators[EEM_Base::caps_read] = new EE_Restriction_Generator_Public();
         $this->model_chain_to_password                            = '';
         parent::__construct($timezone);
     }
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_all_event_question_groups(int $EVT_ID = 0)
     {
-        if (! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
+        if ( ! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 esc_html__(
                     'An error occurred. No Event Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_event_question_groups(int $EVT_ID = 0, bool $for_primary_attendee = true)
     {
-        if (! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
+        if ( ! isset($EVT_ID) || ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 esc_html__(
                 // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_question_groups_for_event(int $EVT_ID, EE_Registration $registration)
     {
-        if (! absint($EVT_ID)) {
+        if ( ! absint($EVT_ID)) {
             EE_Error::add_error(
                 esc_html__(
                     'An error occurred. No Question Groups could be retrieved because an Event ID was not received.',
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ 
                 EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end'),
             ],
         ];
-        $event_ids       = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, OBJECT_K, 'Event_CPT.ID');
+        $event_ids = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, OBJECT_K, 'Event_CPT.ID');
         return array_keys($event_ids);
     }
 
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ 
             // prevents overwrite of existing where condition
             : 'Datetime.DTT_EVT_end';
 
-        $where_params[ $end_date_field_name ] = [
+        $where_params[$end_date_field_name] = [
             '>',
             EEM_Datetime::instance()->current_time_for_query('DTT_EVT_end'),
         ];
@@ -888,16 +888,16 @@ 
         $questions = [];
         // get all question groups for event
         $qgs = $this->get_question_groups_for_event($EVT_ID, $registration);
-        if (! empty($qgs)) {
+        if ( ! empty($qgs)) {
             foreach ($qgs as $qg) {
                 $qsts                                    = $qg->questions();
-                $questions[ $qg->ID() ]                  = $qg->model_field_array();
-                $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'] = [];
+                $questions[$qg->ID()]                  = $qg->model_field_array();
+                $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'] = [];
                 foreach ($qsts as $qst) {
                     if ($qst->is_system_question()) {
                         continue;
                     }
-                    $answer                                                                   =
+                    $answer =
                         EEM_Answer::instance()->get_one(
                             [
                                 [
@@ -906,37 +906,37 @@ 
                                 ],
                             ]
                         );
-                    $answer                                                                   =
+                    $answer =
                         $answer instanceof EE_Answer
                             ? $answer
                             : EEM_Answer::instance()->create_default_object();
                     $qst_name                                                                 = $qstn_id = $qst->ID();
                     $ans_id                                                                   = $answer->ID();
                     $qst_name                                                                 = ! empty($ans_id)
-                        ? '[' . $qst_name . '][' . $ans_id . ']'
-                        : '[' . $qst_name . ']';
+                        ? '['.$qst_name.']['.$ans_id.']'
+                        : '['.$qst_name.']';
                     $input_name                                                               = '';
                     $input_id                                                                 =
                         sanitize_key($qst->display_text());
                     $input_class                                                              = '';
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]                    =
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]                    =
                         $qst->model_field_array();
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_name']  = 'qstn'
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['QST_input_name']  = 'qstn'
                                                                                                 . $input_name
                                                                                                 . $qst_name;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_id']    =
-                        $input_id . '-' . $qstn_id;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_input_class'] = $input_class;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_options']     = [];
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['qst_obj']         = $qst;
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['ans_obj']         = $answer;
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['QST_input_id']    =
+                        $input_id.'-'.$qstn_id;
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['QST_input_class'] = $input_class;
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['QST_options']     = [];
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['qst_obj']         = $qst;
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['ans_obj']         = $answer;
                     // leave responses as-is, don't convert stuff into html entities please!
-                    $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['htmlentities'] = false;
+                    $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['htmlentities'] = false;
                     if ($qst->type() == 'RADIO_BTN' || $qst->type() == 'CHECKBOX' || $qst->type() == 'DROPDOWN') {
                         $QSOs = $qst->options(true, $answer->value());
                         if (is_array($QSOs)) {
                             foreach ($QSOs as $QSO_ID => $QSO) {
-                                $questions[ $qg->ID() ]['QSG_questions'][ $qst->ID() ]['QST_options'][ $QSO_ID ] =
+                                $questions[$qg->ID()]['QSG_questions'][$qst->ID()]['QST_options'][$QSO_ID] =
                                     $QSO->model_field_array();
                             }
                         }

core/db_models/EEM_Base.model.php

Indentation +6678 added lines, -6678 removed lines

@@ -39,6688 +39,6688 @@
  */
 abstract class EEM_Base extends EE_Base implements ResettableInterface
 {
-    private string $class_name;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Flag to indicate whether the values provided to EEM_Base have already been prepared
-     * by the model object or not (ie, the model object has used the field's _prepare_for_set function on the values).
-     * They almost always WILL NOT, but it's not necessarily a requirement.
-     * For example, if you want to run EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('EVT_ID'=>$_GET['event_id'])));
-     *
-     * @var boolean
-     */
-    private $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
-     * the data is just like form input that needs to have the model fields'
-     * prepare_for_set and prepare_for_use_in_db called on it
-     */
-    const not_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we
-     * assume this value is coming from a model object and doesn't need to have
-     * prepare_for_set called on it, just prepare_for_use_in_db is used
-     */
-    const prepared_by_model_object = 1;
-
-    /**
-     * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
-     * the values are already to be used in the database (ie no processing is done
-     * on them by the model's fields)
-     */
-    const prepared_for_use_in_db = 2;
-
-
-    protected string $singular_item = 'Item';
-
-    protected string $plural_item   = 'Items';
-
-    /**
-     * @type EE_Table_Base[] $_tables array of EE_Table objects for defining which tables comprise this model.
-     */
-    protected $_tables;
-
-    /**
-     * With two levels: top-level has array keys which are database table aliases (ie, keys in _tables)
-     * and the value is an array. Each of those sub-arrays have keys of field names (eg 'ATT_ID', which should also be
-     * variable names on the model objects (eg, EE_Attendee), and the keys should be children of EE_Model_Field
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[][] $_fields
-     */
-    protected $_fields;
-
-    /**
-     * array of different relations
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
-     */
-    protected array $_model_relations = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Index[] $_indexes
-     */
-    protected array $_indexes = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Default strategy for getting where conditions on this model. This strategy is used to get default
-     * where conditions which are added to get_all, update, and delete queries. They can be overridden
-     * by setting the same columns as used in these queries in the query yourself.
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_default_where_conditions_strategy = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Strategy for getting conditions on this model when 'default_where_conditions' equals 'minimum'.
-     * This is particularly useful when you want something between 'none' and 'default'
-     *
-     * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = null;
-
-    /**
-     * String describing how to find the "owner" of this model's objects.
-     * When there is a foreign key on this model to the wp_users table, this isn't needed.
-     * But when there isn't, this indicates which related model, or transiently-related model,
-     * has the foreign key to the wp_users table.
-     * Eg, for EEM_Registration this would be 'Event' because registrations are directly
-     * related to events, and events have a foreign key to wp_users.
-     * On EEM_Transaction, this would be 'Transaction.Event'
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $_model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
-
-    /**
-     * String describing how to find the model with a password controlling access to this model. This property has the
-     * same format as $_model_chain_to_wp_user. This is primarily used by the query param "exclude_protected".
-     * This value is the path of models to follow to arrive at the model with the password field.
-     * If it is an empty string, it means this model has the password field. If it is null, it means there is no
-     * model with a password that should affect reading this on the front-end.
-     * Eg this is an empty string for the Event model because it has a password.
-     * This is null for the Registration model, because its event's password has no bearing on whether
-     * you can read the registration or not on the front-end (it just depends on your capabilities.)
-     * This is 'Datetime.Event' on the Ticket model, because model queries for tickets that set "exclude_protected"
-     * should hide tickets for datetimes for events that have a password set.
-     *
-     * @var string|null
-     */
-    protected ?string $model_chain_to_password = null;
-
-    /**
-     * This is a flag typically set by updates so that we don't load the where strategy on updates because updates
-     * don't need it (particularly CPT models)
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected bool $_ignore_where_strategy = false;
-
-    /**
-     * String used in caps relating to this model. Eg, if the caps relating to this
-     * model are 'ee_edit_events', 'ee_read_events', etc, it would be 'events'.
-     *
-     * @var string|bool|null.    If null it hasn't been initialized yet.
-     *                      If false then we have indicated capabilities don't apply to this
-     */
-    protected $_caps_slug = null;
-
-    /**
-     * 2d array where top-level keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(),
-     * and next-level keys are capability names, and each's value is an
-     * EE_Default_Where_Condition. If the requester requests to apply caps to the query,
-     * they specify which context to use (ie, frontend, backend, edit or delete)
-     * and then each capability in the corresponding sub-array that they're missing
-     * adds the where conditions onto the query.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_cap_restrictions = [
-        self::caps_read       => [],
-        self::caps_read_admin => [],
-        self::caps_edit       => [],
-        self::caps_delete     => [],
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Array defining which cap restriction generators to use to create default
-     * cap restrictions to put in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions.
-     * Array-keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are a child of
-     * EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. If you don't want any cap restrictions generated
-     * automatically set this to false (not just null).
-     *
-     * @var EE_Restriction_Generator_Base[]
-     */
-    protected array $_cap_restriction_generators = [];
-
-    /**
-     * constants used to categorize capability restrictions on EEM_Base::_caps_restrictions
-     */
-    const caps_read       = 'read';
-
-    const caps_read_admin = 'read_admin';
-
-    const caps_edit       = 'edit';
-
-    const caps_delete     = 'delete';
-
-    /**
-     * Keys are all the cap contexts (ie constants EEM_Base::_caps_*) and values are their 'action'
-     * as how they'd be used in capability names. Eg EEM_Base::caps_read ('read_frontend')
-     * maps to 'read' because when looking for relevant permissions we're going to use
-     * 'read' in the capabilities names like 'ee_read_events' etc.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = [
-        self::caps_read       => 'read',
-        self::caps_read_admin => 'read',
-        self::caps_edit       => 'edit',
-        self::caps_delete     => 'delete',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Timezone
-     * This gets set via the constructor so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in when there
-     * are EE_Datetime_Fields in use.  This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming
-     * out of the created objects.  NOT all EEM_Base child classes use this property but any that use an
-     * EE_Datetime_Field data type will have access to it.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $_timezone = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * This holds the id of the blog currently making the query.  Has no bearing on single site but is used for
-     * multisite.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected static int $_model_query_blog_id = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * A copy of _fields, except the array keys are the model names pointed to by
-     * the field
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private array $_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Cached list of all the fields on the model, indexed by their name
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private ?array $_cached_fields = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Cached list of all the fields on the model, except those that are
-     * marked as only pertinent to the database
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    private ?array $_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
-
-    /**
-     * A cached reference to the primary key for quick lookup
-     *
-     * @var EE_Model_Field_Base|null
-     */
-    private ?EE_Model_Field_Base $_primary_key_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * Flag indicating whether this model has a primary key or not
-     *
-     * @var bool|null
-     */
-    protected ?bool $_has_primary_key_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * array in the format:  [ FK alias => full PK ]
-     * where keys are local column name aliases for foreign keys
-     * and values are the fully qualified column name for the primary key they represent
-     *  ex:
-     *      [ 'Event.EVT_wp_user' => 'WP_User.ID' ]
-     *
-     * @var array $foreign_key_aliases
-     */
-    protected array $foreign_key_aliases = [];
-
-    /**
-     * Whether this model is based off a table in WP core only (CPTs should set
-     * this to FALSE, but if we were to make an EE_WP_Post model, it should set this to true).
-     * This should be true for models that deal with data that should exist independent of EE.
-     * For example, if the model can read and insert data that isn't used by EE, this should be true.
-     * It would be false, however, if you could guarantee the model would only interact with EE data,
-     * even if it uses a WP core table (eg event and venue models set this to false for that reason:
-     * they can only read and insert events and venues custom post types, not arbitrary post types)
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected bool $_wp_core_model = false;
-
-    /**
-     * @var bool|null stores whether this model has a password field or not.
-     * null until initialized by hasPasswordField()
-     */
-    protected ?bool $has_password_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Password_Field|null Automatically set when calling getPasswordField()
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Password_Field $password_field = null;
-
-    /**
-     *    List of valid operators that can be used for querying.
-     * The keys are all operators we'll accept, the values are the real SQL
-     * operators used
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_valid_operators = [
-        '='           => '=',
-        '<='          => '<=',
-        '<'           => '<',
-        '>='          => '>=',
-        '>'           => '>',
-        '!='          => '!=',
-        'LIKE'        => 'LIKE',
-        'like'        => 'LIKE',
-        'NOT_LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'not_like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'NOT LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'not like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
-        'IN'          => 'IN',
-        'in'          => 'IN',
-        'NOT_IN'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'not_in'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'NOT IN'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'not in'      => 'NOT IN',
-        'between'     => 'BETWEEN',
-        'BETWEEN'     => 'BETWEEN',
-        'IS_NOT_NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'is_not_null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'IS NOT NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'is not null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
-        'IS_NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'is_null'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'IS NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'is null'     => 'IS NULL',
-        'REGEXP'      => 'REGEXP',
-        'regexp'      => 'REGEXP',
-        'NOT_REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'not_regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'NOT REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-        'not regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like 'IN', accepting a comma-separated list of values inside brackets. Eg '(1,2,3)'
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_in_style_operators = ['IN', 'NOT IN'];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like 'BETWEEN'.  Typically used for datetime calculations, i.e. "BETWEEN '12-1-2011' AND
-     * '12-31-2012'"
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_between_style_operators = ['BETWEEN'];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that work like SQL's like: input should be assumed to be a string, already prepared for a LIKE query.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_like_style_operators = ['LIKE', 'NOT LIKE'];
-
-    /**
-     * Operators that are used for handling NUll and !NULL queries.  Typically used for when checking if a row exists
-     * on a join table.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_null_style_operators = ['IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL'];
-
-    /**
-     * Allowed values for $query_params['order'] for ordering in queries
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_allowed_order_values = ['asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'];
-
-    /**
-     * When these are keys in a WHERE or HAVING clause, they are handled much differently
-     * than regular field names. It is assumed that their values are an array of WHERE conditions
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private array $_logic_query_param_keys = ['not', 'and', 'or', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OR'];
-
-    /**
-     * Allowed keys in $query_params arrays passed into queries. Note that 0 is meant to always be a
-     * 'where', but 'where' clauses are so common that we thought we'd omit it
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private array $_allowed_query_params = [
-        0,
-        'limit',
-        'order_by',
-        'group_by',
-        'having',
-        'force_join',
-        'order',
-        'on_join_limit',
-        'default_where_conditions',
-        'caps',
-        'extra_selects',
-        'exclude_protected',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * All the data types that can be used in $wpdb->prepare statements.
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    private array $_valid_wpdb_data_types = ['%d', '%s', '%f'];
-
-    /**
-     * @var EE_Registry|null $EE
-     */
-    protected ?EE_Registry $EE = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * Property which, when set, will have this model echo out the next X queries to the page for debugging.
-     *
-     * @var int
-     */
-    protected int $_show_next_x_db_queries = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * When using _get_all_wpdb_results, you can specify a custom selection. If you do so,
-     * it gets saved on this property as an instance of CustomSelects so those selections can be used in
-     * WHERE, GROUP_BY, etc.
-     *
-     * @var CustomSelects|null
-     */
-    protected $_custom_selections = null;
-
-    /**
-     * key => value Entity Map using  array( EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id => array( ID => model object ) )
-     * caches every model object we've fetched from the DB on this request
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $_entity_map = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var LoaderInterface|null
-     */
-    protected static ?LoaderInterface $loader = null;
-
-    /**
-     * @var Mirror|null
-     */
-    private static ?Mirror $mirror = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has not yet verified the db on this http request
-     */
-    const db_verified_none = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the EE core db on this http request,
-     * but not the addons' dbs
-     */
-    const db_verified_core = 1;
-
-    /**
-     * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the addons' dbs (and implicitly
-     * the EE core db too)
-     */
-    const db_verified_addons = 2;
-
-    /**
-     * Indicates whether an EEM_Base child has already re-verified the DB
-     * is ok (we don't want to do it repetitively). Should be set to one the constants
-     * looking like EEM_Base::db_verified_*
-     *
-     * @var int - 0 = none, 1 = core, 2 = addons
-     */
-    protected static int $_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_none;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_this_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_others_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_minimum_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_minimum_others = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS;
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
-     */
-    const default_where_conditions_none = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
-
-
-    /**
-     * About all child constructors:
-     * they should define the _tables, _fields and _model_relations arrays.
-     * Should ALWAYS be called after child constructor.
-     * To make the child constructors as simple as possible, this parent constructor
-     * finalizes constructing all the object's attributes.
-     * Generally, rather than requiring a child to code
-     * $this->_tables = array(
-     *        'Event_Post_Table' => new EE_Table('Event_Post_Table','wp_posts')
-     *        ...);
-     *  (thus repeating itself in the array key and in the constructor of the new EE_Table,)
-     * each EE_Table has a function to set the table's alias after the constructor, using
-     * the array key ('Event_Post_Table'), instead of repeating it. The model fields and model relations
-     * do something similar.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        $this->class_name = get_class($this);
-        // check that the model has not been loaded too soon
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The %1$s model can not be loaded before the "AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons" hook has been called. This gives other addons a chance to extend this model.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__start");
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of tables on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead
-         * just use EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
-         */
-        $this->_tables = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__tables", $this->_tables);
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
-            /** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
-            $table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $table_obj->_construct_finalize_set_table_to_join_with($this->_get_main_table());
-            }
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of fields on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
-         * EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
-         */
-        $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__fields", $this->_fields);
-        $this->_invalidate_field_caches();
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
-            if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $table_alias,
-                        implode(",", $this->_fields)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            foreach ($fields_for_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base | EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base */
-                // primary key field base has a slightly different _construct_finalize
-                /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                $field_obj->_construct_finalize($table_alias, $field_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
-            }
-        }
-        // everything is related to Extra_Meta
-        if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Extra_Meta') {
-            // make extra meta related to everything, but don't block deleting things just
-            // because they have related extra meta info. For now just orphan those extra meta
-            // in the future we should automatically delete them
-            $this->_model_relations['Extra_Meta'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
-        }
-        // and change logs
-        if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Change_Log') {
-            $this->_model_relations['Change_Log'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
-        }
-        /**
-         * Filters the list of relations on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
-         * EE_Register_Model_Extension
-         *
-         * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
-         */
-        $this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__model_relations",
-            $this->_model_relations
-        );
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            /** @var $relation_obj EE_Model_Relation_Base */
-            $relation_obj->_construct_finalize_set_models($this->get_this_model_name(), $model_name);
-        }
-        foreach ($this->_indexes as $index_name => $index_obj) {
-            $index_obj->_construct_finalize($index_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
-        }
-        $this->set_timezone($timezone);
-        // finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
-        if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
-            // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
-            $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
-            // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
-            $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
-        }
-        $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        // if the cap slug hasn't been set, and we haven't set it to false on purpose
-        // to indicate to NOT set it, set it to the logical default
-        if ($this->_caps_slug === null) {
-            $this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
-        }
-        // initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
-        if (! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
-            foreach ($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() as $cap_context => $action) {
-                if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
-                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
-                        'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
-                        new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
-                        $cap_context,
-                        $this
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
-        if (! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
-            foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
-                if (! $generator_object) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                'Index "%1$s" in the model %2$s\'s _cap_restriction_generators is not a child of EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. It should be that or NULL.',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $context,
-                            $this->get_this_model_name()
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
-                if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
-                    $generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__end");
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return LoaderInterface
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected static function getLoader(): LoaderInterface
-    {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
-            EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
-        }
-        return EEM_Base::$loader;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return Mirror
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    private static function getMirror(): Mirror
-    {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
-            EEM_Base::$mirror = EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(Mirror::class);
-        }
-        return EEM_Base::$mirror;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $model_class_Name
-     * @param string $timezone
-     * @return array
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    private static function getModelArguments(string $model_class_Name, string $timezone): array
-    {
-        $arguments = [$timezone];
-        $params    = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getParameters($model_class_Name);
-        if (count($params) > 1) {
-            if ($params[1]->getName() === 'model_field_factory') {
-                $arguments = [
-                    $timezone,
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(ModelFieldFactory::class),
-                ];
-            } elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Section') {
-                $arguments = [
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
-                    $timezone,
-                ];
-            } elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Element') {
-                $arguments = [
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
-                    EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\InputTypes'),
-                    $timezone,
-                ];
-            }
-        }
-        return $arguments;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This function is a singleton method used to instantiate the Espresso_model object
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone   string representing the timezone we want to set for returned Date Time Strings
-     *                                (and any incoming timezone data that gets saved).
-     *                                Note this just sends the timezone info to the date time model field objects.
-     *                                Default is NULL
-     *                                (and will be assumed using the set timezone in the 'timezone_string' wp option)
-     * @return EEM_Base (as in the concrete child class)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public static function instance($timezone = '')
-    {
-        // check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
-            /**
-             * Set blog id for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
-             */
-            if (empty(EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id)) {
-                EEM_Base::set_model_query_blog_id();
-            }
-            $model_class = static::class;
-            $arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments($model_class, (string) $timezone);
-            do_action("AHEE__{$model_class}__instance__before_construct", $model_class, $arguments);
-            $model = new static(...$arguments);
-            EEM_Base::getLoader()->share($model_class, $model, $arguments);
-            static::$_instance = $model;
-        }
-        // we might have a timezone set, let set_timezone decide what to do with it
-        if ($timezone) {
-            static::$_instance->set_timezone($timezone);
-        }
-        // Espresso_model object
-        return static::$_instance;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * resets the model and returns it
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone
-     * @return EEM_Base|null (if the model was already instantiated, returns it, with
-     * all its properties reset; if it wasn't instantiated, returns null)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public static function reset($timezone = '')
-    {
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        // Let's NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
-        // because if someone has a reference to it, we can't remove their reference.
-        // It's best to keep using the same reference but change the original object instead,
-        // so reset all its properties to their original values as defined in the class.
-        $static_properties = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getStaticProperties(static::class);
-        foreach (EEM_Base::getMirror()->getDefaultProperties(static::class) as $property => $value) {
-            // don't set instance to null like it was originally,
-            // but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
-            if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
-                static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
-            }
-        }
-        // and then directly call its constructor again, like we would if we were creating a new one
-        $arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments(static::class, (string) $timezone);
-        static::$_instance->__construct(...$arguments);
-        return self::instance();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to set the $_model_query_blog_id static property.
-     *
-     * @param int $blog_id  If provided then will set the blog_id for the models to this id.  If not provided then the
-     *                      value for get_current_blog_id() will be used.
-     */
-    public static function set_model_query_blog_id(int $blog_id = 0)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id = $blog_id > 0 ? $blog_id : get_current_blog_id();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whatever is set as the internal $model_query_blog_id.
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public static function get_model_query_blog_id()
-    {
-        return EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * retrieve the status details from esp_status table as an array IF this model has the status table as a relation.
-     *
-     * @param boolean $translated return localized strings or JUST the array.
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function status_array($translated = false)
-    {
-        if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        $model_name   = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $status_type  = str_replace(' ', '_', strtolower(str_replace('_', ' ', $model_name)));
-        $stati        = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all([['STS_type' => $status_type]]);
-        $status_array = [];
-        foreach ($stati as $status) {
-            $status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
-        }
-        return $translated
-            ? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
-            : $status_array;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the EE_Base_Class objects which match the $query_params, by querying the DB.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params             @see
-     *                                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     *                                        or if you have the development copy of EE you can view this at the path:
-     *                                        /docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]  *note that there is NO option to pass the output type. If you want results different
-     *                                        from EE_Base_Class[], use get_all_wpdb_results(). Array keys are object
-     *                                        IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically indexed)
-     *                                        Some full examples: get 10 transactions which have Scottish attendees:
-     *                                          EEM_Transaction::instance()->get_all(
-     *                                              [
+	private string $class_name;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag to indicate whether the values provided to EEM_Base have already been prepared
+	 * by the model object or not (ie, the model object has used the field's _prepare_for_set function on the values).
+	 * They almost always WILL NOT, but it's not necessarily a requirement.
+	 * For example, if you want to run EEM_Event::instance()->get_all(array(array('EVT_ID'=>$_GET['event_id'])));
+	 *
+	 * @var boolean
+	 */
+	private $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
+	 * the data is just like form input that needs to have the model fields'
+	 * prepare_for_set and prepare_for_use_in_db called on it
+	 */
+	const not_prepared_by_model_object = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we
+	 * assume this value is coming from a model object and doesn't need to have
+	 * prepare_for_set called on it, just prepare_for_use_in_db is used
+	 */
+	const prepared_by_model_object = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * when $_values_already_prepared_by_model_object equals this, we assume
+	 * the values are already to be used in the database (ie no processing is done
+	 * on them by the model's fields)
+	 */
+	const prepared_for_use_in_db = 2;
+
+
+	protected string $singular_item = 'Item';
+
+	protected string $plural_item   = 'Items';
+
+	/**
+	 * @type EE_Table_Base[] $_tables array of EE_Table objects for defining which tables comprise this model.
+	 */
+	protected $_tables;
+
+	/**
+	 * With two levels: top-level has array keys which are database table aliases (ie, keys in _tables)
+	 * and the value is an array. Each of those sub-arrays have keys of field names (eg 'ATT_ID', which should also be
+	 * variable names on the model objects (eg, EE_Attendee), and the keys should be children of EE_Model_Field
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[][] $_fields
+	 */
+	protected $_fields;
+
+	/**
+	 * array of different relations
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
+	 */
+	protected array $_model_relations = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Index[] $_indexes
+	 */
+	protected array $_indexes = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Default strategy for getting where conditions on this model. This strategy is used to get default
+	 * where conditions which are added to get_all, update, and delete queries. They can be overridden
+	 * by setting the same columns as used in these queries in the query yourself.
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_default_where_conditions_strategy = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Strategy for getting conditions on this model when 'default_where_conditions' equals 'minimum'.
+	 * This is particularly useful when you want something between 'none' and 'default'
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Default_Where_Conditions|null
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Default_Where_Conditions $_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * String describing how to find the "owner" of this model's objects.
+	 * When there is a foreign key on this model to the wp_users table, this isn't needed.
+	 * But when there isn't, this indicates which related model, or transiently-related model,
+	 * has the foreign key to the wp_users table.
+	 * Eg, for EEM_Registration this would be 'Event' because registrations are directly
+	 * related to events, and events have a foreign key to wp_users.
+	 * On EEM_Transaction, this would be 'Transaction.Event'
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $_model_chain_to_wp_user = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * String describing how to find the model with a password controlling access to this model. This property has the
+	 * same format as $_model_chain_to_wp_user. This is primarily used by the query param "exclude_protected".
+	 * This value is the path of models to follow to arrive at the model with the password field.
+	 * If it is an empty string, it means this model has the password field. If it is null, it means there is no
+	 * model with a password that should affect reading this on the front-end.
+	 * Eg this is an empty string for the Event model because it has a password.
+	 * This is null for the Registration model, because its event's password has no bearing on whether
+	 * you can read the registration or not on the front-end (it just depends on your capabilities.)
+	 * This is 'Datetime.Event' on the Ticket model, because model queries for tickets that set "exclude_protected"
+	 * should hide tickets for datetimes for events that have a password set.
+	 *
+	 * @var string|null
+	 */
+	protected ?string $model_chain_to_password = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * This is a flag typically set by updates so that we don't load the where strategy on updates because updates
+	 * don't need it (particularly CPT models)
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected bool $_ignore_where_strategy = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * String used in caps relating to this model. Eg, if the caps relating to this
+	 * model are 'ee_edit_events', 'ee_read_events', etc, it would be 'events'.
+	 *
+	 * @var string|bool|null.    If null it hasn't been initialized yet.
+	 *                      If false then we have indicated capabilities don't apply to this
+	 */
+	protected $_caps_slug = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * 2d array where top-level keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(),
+	 * and next-level keys are capability names, and each's value is an
+	 * EE_Default_Where_Condition. If the requester requests to apply caps to the query,
+	 * they specify which context to use (ie, frontend, backend, edit or delete)
+	 * and then each capability in the corresponding sub-array that they're missing
+	 * adds the where conditions onto the query.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_cap_restrictions = [
+		self::caps_read       => [],
+		self::caps_read_admin => [],
+		self::caps_edit       => [],
+		self::caps_delete     => [],
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * Array defining which cap restriction generators to use to create default
+	 * cap restrictions to put in EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions.
+	 * Array-keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are a child of
+	 * EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. If you don't want any cap restrictions generated
+	 * automatically set this to false (not just null).
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Restriction_Generator_Base[]
+	 */
+	protected array $_cap_restriction_generators = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * constants used to categorize capability restrictions on EEM_Base::_caps_restrictions
+	 */
+	const caps_read       = 'read';
+
+	const caps_read_admin = 'read_admin';
+
+	const caps_edit       = 'edit';
+
+	const caps_delete     = 'delete';
+
+	/**
+	 * Keys are all the cap contexts (ie constants EEM_Base::_caps_*) and values are their 'action'
+	 * as how they'd be used in capability names. Eg EEM_Base::caps_read ('read_frontend')
+	 * maps to 'read' because when looking for relevant permissions we're going to use
+	 * 'read' in the capabilities names like 'ee_read_events' etc.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map = [
+		self::caps_read       => 'read',
+		self::caps_read_admin => 'read',
+		self::caps_edit       => 'edit',
+		self::caps_delete     => 'delete',
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * Timezone
+	 * This gets set via the constructor so that we know what timezone incoming strings|timestamps are in when there
+	 * are EE_Datetime_Fields in use.  This can also be used before a get to set what timezone you want strings coming
+	 * out of the created objects.  NOT all EEM_Base child classes use this property but any that use an
+	 * EE_Datetime_Field data type will have access to it.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_timezone = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This holds the id of the blog currently making the query.  Has no bearing on single site but is used for
+	 * multisite.
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected static int $_model_query_blog_id = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * A copy of _fields, except the array keys are the model names pointed to by
+	 * the field
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private array $_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of all the fields on the model, indexed by their name
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private ?array $_cached_fields = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of all the fields on the model, except those that are
+	 * marked as only pertinent to the database
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	private ?array $_cached_fields_non_db_only = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * A cached reference to the primary key for quick lookup
+	 *
+	 * @var EE_Model_Field_Base|null
+	 */
+	private ?EE_Model_Field_Base $_primary_key_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag indicating whether this model has a primary key or not
+	 *
+	 * @var bool|null
+	 */
+	protected ?bool $_has_primary_key_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * array in the format:  [ FK alias => full PK ]
+	 * where keys are local column name aliases for foreign keys
+	 * and values are the fully qualified column name for the primary key they represent
+	 *  ex:
+	 *      [ 'Event.EVT_wp_user' => 'WP_User.ID' ]
+	 *
+	 * @var array $foreign_key_aliases
+	 */
+	protected array $foreign_key_aliases = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether this model is based off a table in WP core only (CPTs should set
+	 * this to FALSE, but if we were to make an EE_WP_Post model, it should set this to true).
+	 * This should be true for models that deal with data that should exist independent of EE.
+	 * For example, if the model can read and insert data that isn't used by EE, this should be true.
+	 * It would be false, however, if you could guarantee the model would only interact with EE data,
+	 * even if it uses a WP core table (eg event and venue models set this to false for that reason:
+	 * they can only read and insert events and venues custom post types, not arbitrary post types)
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected bool $_wp_core_model = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var bool|null stores whether this model has a password field or not.
+	 * null until initialized by hasPasswordField()
+	 */
+	protected ?bool $has_password_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Password_Field|null Automatically set when calling getPasswordField()
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Password_Field $password_field = null;
+
+	/**
+	 *    List of valid operators that can be used for querying.
+	 * The keys are all operators we'll accept, the values are the real SQL
+	 * operators used
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_valid_operators = [
+		'='           => '=',
+		'<='          => '<=',
+		'<'           => '<',
+		'>='          => '>=',
+		'>'           => '>',
+		'!='          => '!=',
+		'LIKE'        => 'LIKE',
+		'like'        => 'LIKE',
+		'NOT_LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'not_like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'NOT LIKE'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'not like'    => 'NOT LIKE',
+		'IN'          => 'IN',
+		'in'          => 'IN',
+		'NOT_IN'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'not_in'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'NOT IN'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'not in'      => 'NOT IN',
+		'between'     => 'BETWEEN',
+		'BETWEEN'     => 'BETWEEN',
+		'IS_NOT_NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'is_not_null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'IS NOT NULL' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'is not null' => 'IS NOT NULL',
+		'IS_NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'is_null'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'IS NULL'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'is null'     => 'IS NULL',
+		'REGEXP'      => 'REGEXP',
+		'regexp'      => 'REGEXP',
+		'NOT_REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'not_regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'NOT REGEXP'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+		'not regexp'  => 'NOT REGEXP',
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like 'IN', accepting a comma-separated list of values inside brackets. Eg '(1,2,3)'
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_in_style_operators = ['IN', 'NOT IN'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like 'BETWEEN'.  Typically used for datetime calculations, i.e. "BETWEEN '12-1-2011' AND
+	 * '12-31-2012'"
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_between_style_operators = ['BETWEEN'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that work like SQL's like: input should be assumed to be a string, already prepared for a LIKE query.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_like_style_operators = ['LIKE', 'NOT LIKE'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Operators that are used for handling NUll and !NULL queries.  Typically used for when checking if a row exists
+	 * on a join table.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_null_style_operators = ['IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed values for $query_params['order'] for ordering in queries
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_allowed_order_values = ['asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'];
+
+	/**
+	 * When these are keys in a WHERE or HAVING clause, they are handled much differently
+	 * than regular field names. It is assumed that their values are an array of WHERE conditions
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private array $_logic_query_param_keys = ['not', 'and', 'or', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OR'];
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed keys in $query_params arrays passed into queries. Note that 0 is meant to always be a
+	 * 'where', but 'where' clauses are so common that we thought we'd omit it
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private array $_allowed_query_params = [
+		0,
+		'limit',
+		'order_by',
+		'group_by',
+		'having',
+		'force_join',
+		'order',
+		'on_join_limit',
+		'default_where_conditions',
+		'caps',
+		'extra_selects',
+		'exclude_protected',
+	];
+
+	/**
+	 * All the data types that can be used in $wpdb->prepare statements.
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	private array $_valid_wpdb_data_types = ['%d', '%s', '%f'];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var EE_Registry|null $EE
+	 */
+	protected ?EE_Registry $EE = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Property which, when set, will have this model echo out the next X queries to the page for debugging.
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected int $_show_next_x_db_queries = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * When using _get_all_wpdb_results, you can specify a custom selection. If you do so,
+	 * it gets saved on this property as an instance of CustomSelects so those selections can be used in
+	 * WHERE, GROUP_BY, etc.
+	 *
+	 * @var CustomSelects|null
+	 */
+	protected $_custom_selections = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * key => value Entity Map using  array( EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id => array( ID => model object ) )
+	 * caches every model object we've fetched from the DB on this request
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_entity_map = [];
+
+	/**
+	 * @var LoaderInterface|null
+	 */
+	protected static ?LoaderInterface $loader = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var Mirror|null
+	 */
+	private static ?Mirror $mirror = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has not yet verified the db on this http request
+	 */
+	const db_verified_none = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the EE core db on this http request,
+	 * but not the addons' dbs
+	 */
+	const db_verified_core = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * constant used to show EEM_Base has verified the addons' dbs (and implicitly
+	 * the EE core db too)
+	 */
+	const db_verified_addons = 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicates whether an EEM_Base child has already re-verified the DB
+	 * is ok (we don't want to do it repetitively). Should be set to one the constants
+	 * looking like EEM_Base::db_verified_*
+	 *
+	 * @var int - 0 = none, 1 = core, 2 = addons
+	 */
+	protected static int $_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_none;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_this_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_others_only = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_minimum_all = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_minimum_others = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS;
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecatd 5.0.40.p
+	 */
+	const default_where_conditions_none = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * About all child constructors:
+	 * they should define the _tables, _fields and _model_relations arrays.
+	 * Should ALWAYS be called after child constructor.
+	 * To make the child constructors as simple as possible, this parent constructor
+	 * finalizes constructing all the object's attributes.
+	 * Generally, rather than requiring a child to code
+	 * $this->_tables = array(
+	 *        'Event_Post_Table' => new EE_Table('Event_Post_Table','wp_posts')
+	 *        ...);
+	 *  (thus repeating itself in the array key and in the constructor of the new EE_Table,)
+	 * each EE_Table has a function to set the table's alias after the constructor, using
+	 * the array key ('Event_Post_Table'), instead of repeating it. The model fields and model relations
+	 * do something similar.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	protected function __construct(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		$this->class_name = get_class($this);
+		// check that the model has not been loaded too soon
+		if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The %1$s model can not be loaded before the "AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons" hook has been called. This gives other addons a chance to extend this model.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__start");
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of tables on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead
+		 * just use EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @var EE_Table_Base[] $_tables
+		 */
+		$this->_tables = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__tables", $this->_tables);
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
+			/** @var $table_obj EE_Table_Base */
+			$table_obj->_construct_finalize_with_alias($table_alias);
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$table_obj->_construct_finalize_set_table_to_join_with($this->_get_main_table());
+			}
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of fields on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
+		 * EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base[] $_fields
+		 */
+		$this->_fields = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__fields", $this->_fields);
+		$this->_invalidate_field_caches();
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
+			if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"Table alias %s does not exist in EEM_Base child's _tables array. Only tables defined are %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$table_alias,
+						implode(",", $this->_fields)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			foreach ($fields_for_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+				/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base | EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base */
+				// primary key field base has a slightly different _construct_finalize
+				/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+				$field_obj->_construct_finalize($table_alias, $field_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
+			}
+		}
+		// everything is related to Extra_Meta
+		if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Extra_Meta') {
+			// make extra meta related to everything, but don't block deleting things just
+			// because they have related extra meta info. For now just orphan those extra meta
+			// in the future we should automatically delete them
+			$this->_model_relations['Extra_Meta'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
+		}
+		// and change logs
+		if ($this->class_name !== 'EEM_Change_Log') {
+			$this->_model_relations['Change_Log'] = new EE_Has_Many_Any_Relation(false);
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Filters the list of relations on a model. It is best to NOT use this directly and instead just use
+		 * EE_Register_Model_Extension
+		 *
+		 * @param EE_Model_Relation_Base[] $_model_relations
+		 */
+		$this->_model_relations = (array) apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__model_relations",
+			$this->_model_relations
+		);
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			/** @var $relation_obj EE_Model_Relation_Base */
+			$relation_obj->_construct_finalize_set_models($this->get_this_model_name(), $model_name);
+		}
+		foreach ($this->_indexes as $index_name => $index_obj) {
+			$index_obj->_construct_finalize($index_name, $this->get_this_model_name());
+		}
+		$this->set_timezone($timezone);
+		// finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
+		if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
+			// nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
+			$this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		$this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
+		if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
+			// nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
+			$this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
+		}
+		$this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
+		// if the cap slug hasn't been set, and we haven't set it to false on purpose
+		// to indicate to NOT set it, set it to the logical default
+		if ($this->_caps_slug === null) {
+			$this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
+		}
+		// initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
+		if (! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
+			foreach ($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() as $cap_context => $action) {
+				if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
+					$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
+						'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
+						new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
+						$cap_context,
+						$this
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
+		if (! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
+			foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
+				if (! $generator_object) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								'Index "%1$s" in the model %2$s\'s _cap_restriction_generators is not a child of EE_Restriction_Generator_Base. It should be that or NULL.',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$context,
+							$this->get_this_model_name()
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
+				if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
+					$generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		do_action("AHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__end");
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return LoaderInterface
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected static function getLoader(): LoaderInterface
+	{
+		if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
+			EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
+		}
+		return EEM_Base::$loader;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return Mirror
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	private static function getMirror(): Mirror
+	{
+		if (! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
+			EEM_Base::$mirror = EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(Mirror::class);
+		}
+		return EEM_Base::$mirror;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $model_class_Name
+	 * @param string $timezone
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	private static function getModelArguments(string $model_class_Name, string $timezone): array
+	{
+		$arguments = [$timezone];
+		$params    = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getParameters($model_class_Name);
+		if (count($params) > 1) {
+			if ($params[1]->getName() === 'model_field_factory') {
+				$arguments = [
+					$timezone,
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(ModelFieldFactory::class),
+				];
+			} elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Section') {
+				$arguments = [
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
+					$timezone,
+				];
+			} elseif ($model_class_Name === 'EEM_Form_Element') {
+				$arguments = [
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\FormStatus'),
+					EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared('EventEspresso\core\services\form\meta\InputTypes'),
+					$timezone,
+				];
+			}
+		}
+		return $arguments;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This function is a singleton method used to instantiate the Espresso_model object
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone   string representing the timezone we want to set for returned Date Time Strings
+	 *                                (and any incoming timezone data that gets saved).
+	 *                                Note this just sends the timezone info to the date time model field objects.
+	 *                                Default is NULL
+	 *                                (and will be assumed using the set timezone in the 'timezone_string' wp option)
+	 * @return EEM_Base (as in the concrete child class)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public static function instance($timezone = '')
+	{
+		// check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
+		if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
+			/**
+			 * Set blog id for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
+			 */
+			if (empty(EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id)) {
+				EEM_Base::set_model_query_blog_id();
+			}
+			$model_class = static::class;
+			$arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments($model_class, (string) $timezone);
+			do_action("AHEE__{$model_class}__instance__before_construct", $model_class, $arguments);
+			$model = new static(...$arguments);
+			EEM_Base::getLoader()->share($model_class, $model, $arguments);
+			static::$_instance = $model;
+		}
+		// we might have a timezone set, let set_timezone decide what to do with it
+		if ($timezone) {
+			static::$_instance->set_timezone($timezone);
+		}
+		// Espresso_model object
+		return static::$_instance;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * resets the model and returns it
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone
+	 * @return EEM_Base|null (if the model was already instantiated, returns it, with
+	 * all its properties reset; if it wasn't instantiated, returns null)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public static function reset($timezone = '')
+	{
+		if (! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		// Let's NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
+		// because if someone has a reference to it, we can't remove their reference.
+		// It's best to keep using the same reference but change the original object instead,
+		// so reset all its properties to their original values as defined in the class.
+		$static_properties = EEM_Base::getMirror()->getStaticProperties(static::class);
+		foreach (EEM_Base::getMirror()->getDefaultProperties(static::class) as $property => $value) {
+			// don't set instance to null like it was originally,
+			// but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
+			if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
+				static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
+			}
+		}
+		// and then directly call its constructor again, like we would if we were creating a new one
+		$arguments = EEM_Base::getModelArguments(static::class, (string) $timezone);
+		static::$_instance->__construct(...$arguments);
+		return self::instance();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to set the $_model_query_blog_id static property.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $blog_id  If provided then will set the blog_id for the models to this id.  If not provided then the
+	 *                      value for get_current_blog_id() will be used.
+	 */
+	public static function set_model_query_blog_id(int $blog_id = 0)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id = $blog_id > 0 ? $blog_id : get_current_blog_id();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whatever is set as the internal $model_query_blog_id.
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public static function get_model_query_blog_id()
+	{
+		return EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * retrieve the status details from esp_status table as an array IF this model has the status table as a relation.
+	 *
+	 * @param boolean $translated return localized strings or JUST the array.
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function status_array($translated = false)
+	{
+		if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		$model_name   = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$status_type  = str_replace(' ', '_', strtolower(str_replace('_', ' ', $model_name)));
+		$stati        = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all([['STS_type' => $status_type]]);
+		$status_array = [];
+		foreach ($stati as $status) {
+			$status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
+		}
+		return $translated
+			? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
+			: $status_array;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the EE_Base_Class objects which match the $query_params, by querying the DB.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params             @see
+	 *                                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 *                                        or if you have the development copy of EE you can view this at the path:
+	 *                                        /docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]  *note that there is NO option to pass the output type. If you want results different
+	 *                                        from EE_Base_Class[], use get_all_wpdb_results(). Array keys are object
+	 *                                        IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically indexed)
+	 *                                        Some full examples: get 10 transactions which have Scottish attendees:
+	 *                                          EEM_Transaction::instance()->get_all(
+	 *                                              [
 *                                                       [
-     *                                                      'OR' => [
-     *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname'       => ['like', 'Mc%'],
-     *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname*other' => ['like', 'Mac%'],
-     *                                                      ],
-     *                                                  ],
-     *                                                  'limit'    => 10,
-     *                                                  'group_by' => 'TXN_ID',
-     *                                              ]
-     *                                          );
-     *                                        get all the answers to the question titled "shirt size" for event with id
-     *                                        12, ordered by their answer:
-     *                                          EEM_Answer::instance()->get_all(
-     *                                              [
-     *                                                  [
-     *                                                      'Question.QST_display_text' => 'shirt size',
-     *                                                      'Registration.Event.EVT_ID' => 12,
-     *                                                  ],
-     *                                                  'order_by' => ['ANS_value' => 'ASC'],
-     *                                              ]
-     *                                          );
- * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all($query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (
-            isset($query_params['limit'])
-            && ! isset($query_params['group_by'])
-        ) {
-            $query_params['group_by'] = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
-        }
-        return $this->_create_objects($this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies the query parameters so we only get back model objects
-     * that "belong" to the current user
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return array @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function alter_query_params_to_only_include_mine($query_params = [])
-    {
-        $wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
-        if ($wp_user_field_name) {
-            $query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
-        }
-        return $query_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the name of the field's name that points to the WP_User table
-     *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
-     * foreign key to the WP_User table)
-     *
-     * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
-     * foreign key to the WP_User table
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function wp_user_field_name()
-    {
-        try {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
-                $models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
-                $last_model_name              = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
-                $model_with_fk_to_wp_users    = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
-            } else {
-                $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user    = '';
-            }
-            $wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the _model_chain_to_wp_user string, which indicates which related model
-     * (or transiently-related model) has a foreign key to the wp_users table;
-     * useful for finding if model objects of this type are 'owned' by the current user.
-     * This is an empty string when the foreign key is on this model and when it isn't,
-     * but is only non-empty when this model's ownership is indicated by a RELATED model
-     * (or transiently-related model)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function model_chain_to_wp_user()
-    {
-        return $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Whether this model is 'owned' by a specific wordpress user (even indirectly,
-     * like how registrations don't have a foreign key to wp_users, but the
-     * events they are for are), or is unrelated to wp users.
-     * generally available
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_owned()
-    {
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_wp_user()) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        try {
-            $this->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return true;
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used internally to get WPDB results, because other functions, besides get_all, may want to do some queries, but
-     * may want to preserve the WPDB results (eg, update, which first queries to make sure we have all the tables on
-     * the model)
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params      @see
-     *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
-     *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
-     *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
-     *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
-     *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
-     *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
-     *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
-     *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
-     * @return array | stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $this->_custom_selections = $this->getCustomSelection($query_params, $columns_to_select);
-        $model_query_info         = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $select_expressions       = $columns_to_select === null
-            ? $this->_construct_default_select_sql($model_query_info)
-            : '';
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-            $custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
-            $select_expressions .= $select_expressions
-                ? ', ' . $custom_expressions
-                : $custom_expressions;
-        }
-
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', [$SQL, $output]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get a CustomSelects object if the $query_params or $columns_to_select allows for it.
-     * Note: $query_params['extra_selects'] will always override any $columns_to_select values. It is the preferred
-     * method of including extra select information.
-     *
-     * @param array             $query_params
-     * @param null|array|string $columns_to_select
-     * @return null|CustomSelects
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     */
-    protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null): ?CustomSelects
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        $selects = $query_params['extra_selects'] ?? $columns_to_select;
-        $selects = is_string($selects)
-            ? explode(',', $selects)
-            : $selects;
-        return new CustomSelects($selects);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of rows from the database just like $wpdb->get_results would,
-     * but you can use the model query params to more easily
-     * take care of joins, field preparation etc.
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params      @see
-     *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
-     * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
-     *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
-     *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
-     *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
-     *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
-     *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
-     *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
-     *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
-     * @return array|stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
-    {
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, $output, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For creating a custom select statement
-     *
-     * @param mixed $columns_to_select either a string to be inserted directly as the select statement,
-     *                                 or an array where keys are aliases, and values are arrays where 0=>the selection
-     *                                 SQL, and 1=>is the datatype
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_select_from_input($columns_to_select)
-    {
-        if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
-            $select_sql_array = [];
-            foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
-                if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Custom selection %s (alias %s) needs to be an array like array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%%d')",
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $selection_and_datatype,
-                            $alias
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Datatype %s (for selection '%s' and alias '%s') is not a valid wpdb datatype (eg %%s)",
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $selection_and_datatype[1],
-                            $selection_and_datatype[0],
-                            $alias,
-                            implode(', ', $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $select_sql_array[] = "{$selection_and_datatype[0]} AS $alias";
-            }
-            $columns_to_select_string = implode(', ', $select_sql_array);
-        } else {
-            $columns_to_select_string = $columns_to_select;
-        }
-        return $columns_to_select_string;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Convenient wrapper for getting the primary key field's name. Eg, on Registration, this would be 'REG_ID'
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function primary_key_name()
-    {
-        return $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given only its ID (or null if none is found).
-     * If there is no primary key on this model, $id is treated as primary key string
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id int or string, depending on the type of the model's primary key
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|mixed|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_by_ID($id)
-    {
-        // since entities with no ID can still have properties, we need to check the cache for them
-        $cached_value = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($cached_value) {
-            return $cached_value;
-        }
-        // but if no cached property AND no id is passed, just return null
-        if (empty($id)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        $model_object = $this->get_one(
-            $this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                $id,
-                ['default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL]
-            )
-        );
-        $className    = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($model_object instanceof $className) {
-            // make sure valid objects get added to the entity map
-            // so that the next call to this method doesn't trigger another trip to the db
-            $this->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
-        }
-        return $model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Alters query parameters to only get items with this ID are returned.
-     * Takes into account that the ID might be a string produced by EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string(),
-     * or could just be a simple primary key ID
-     *
-     * @param int   $id
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return array of normal query params, @see
-     *               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
-            $query_params[0] = [];
-        }
-        $conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
-        if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
-            $query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
-        } else {
-            // no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
-            $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
-        }
-        return $query_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given the $query_params. Only returns a single class, not an
-     * array. If no item is found, null is returned.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base's $query_params variable.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|NULL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one($query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::get_one',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $items                 = $this->get_all($query_params);
-        if (empty($items)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return array_shift($items);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next x number of items in sequence from the given value as
-     * found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
-     *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
-     *                                      columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function next_x(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        return $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '>',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            $limit,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous x number of items in sequence from the given value
-     * as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
-     *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
-     *                                      columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function previous_x(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        return $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '<',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            $limit,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the next item in sequence from the given value as found in the
-     * database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
-     *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
-     *                                      can indicate just the columns you
-     *                                      want and a single array indexed by
-     *                                      the columns will be returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function next(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $results = $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '>',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            1,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-        return empty($results)
-            ? null
-            : reset($results);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the previous item in sequence from the given value as found in
-     * the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
-     *                                      reference point.
-     * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
-     *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
-     *                                      can indicate just the columns you
-     *                                      want and a single array indexed by
-     *                                      the columns will be returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function previous(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        $results = $this->_get_consecutive(
-            $current_field_value,
-            '<',
-            $field_to_order_by,
-            1,
-            $query_params,
-            $columns_to_select
-        );
-        return empty($results)
-            ? null
-            : reset($results);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the a consecutive number of items in sequence from the given
-     * value as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $current_field_value   Value used for the reference point.
-     * @param string $operand               What operand is used for the sequence.
-     * @param string $field_to_order_by     What field is used for the reference point.
-     * @param int    $limit                 How many to return.
-     * @param array  $query_params          Extra conditions on the query.
-     * @param null   $columns_to_select     If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
-     *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the columns you want returned.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_consecutive(
-        $current_field_value,
-        $operand = '>',
-        $field_to_order_by = null,
-        $limit = 1,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $columns_to_select = null
-    ) {
-        // if $field_to_order_by is empty then let's assume we're ordering by the primary key.
-        if (empty($field_to_order_by)) {
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $field_to_order_by = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-            } else {
-                if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive() has been called with no $field_to_order_by argument and there is no primary key on the field.  Please provide the field you would like to use as the base for retrieving the next item(s).',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    esc_html__('There was an error with the query.', 'event_espresso'),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-                return [];
-            }
-        }
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        // let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
-        $query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
-        $query_params['limit']                 = $limit;
-        // set direction
-        $incoming_orderby         = isset($query_params['order_by'])
-            ? (array) $query_params['order_by']
-            : [];
-        $query_params['order_by'] = $operand === '>'
-            ? [$field_to_order_by => 'ASC'] + $incoming_orderby
-            : [$field_to_order_by => 'DESC'] + $incoming_orderby;
-        // if $columns_to_select is empty then that means we're returning EE_Base_Class objects
-        if (empty($columns_to_select)) {
-            return $this->get_all($query_params);
-        }
-        // getting just the fields
-        return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This sets the _timezone property after model object has been instantiated.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $timezone valid PHP DateTimeZone timezone string
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    public function set_timezone(?string $timezone = '')
-    {
-        if (! $timezone) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_timezone = $timezone;
-        // note we need to loop through relations and set the timezone on those objects as well.
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation) {
-            $relation->set_timezone($timezone);
-        }
-        // and finally we do the same for any datetime fields
-        foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                $field->set_timezone($timezone);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
-     *
-     * @access public
-     * @return string
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    public function get_timezone()
-    {
-        // first validate if timezone is set.  If not, then let's set it be whatever is set on the model fields.
-        if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
-            foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
-                if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-                    $this->set_timezone($field->get_timezone());
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // if timezone STILL empty then return the default timezone for the site.
-        if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
-            $this->set_timezone(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone());
-        }
-        return $this->_timezone;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the date formats set for the given field name and also ensures that
-     * $this->_timezone property is set correctly.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
-     * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
-     * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
-     * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     */
-    public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
-    {
-        $field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        // if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $field_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // while we are here, let's make sure the timezone internally in EEM_Base matches what is stored on
-        // the field.
-        $this->_timezone = (string) $field_settings->get_timezone();
-        return [$field_settings->get_date_format($pretty), $field_settings->get_time_format($pretty)];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the current time in a format setup for a query on this model.
-     * Usage of this method makes it easier to setup queries against EE_Datetime_Field columns because
-     * it will return:
-     *  - a formatted string in the timezone and format currently set on the EE_Datetime_Field for the given field for
-     *  NOW
-     *  - or a unix timestamp (equivalent to time())
-     * Note: When requesting a formatted string, if the date or time format doesn't include seconds, for example,
-     * the time returned, because it uses that format, will also NOT include seconds. For this reason, if you want
-     * the time returned to be the current time down to the exact second, set $timestamp to true.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name       The field the current time is needed for.
-     * @param bool   $timestamp        True means to return a unix timestamp. Otherwise a
-     *                                 formatted string matching the set format for the field in the set timezone will
-     *                                 be returned.
-     * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
-     * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
-     *                                 exception is triggered.
-     * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
-     * @throws Exception
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     */
-    public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
-    {
-        $formats  = $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
-        $DateTime = new DateTime("now", new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-        if ($timestamp) {
-            return $DateTime->format('U');
-        }
-        // not returning timestamp, so return formatted string in timezone.
-        switch ($what) {
-            case 'time':
-                return $DateTime->format($formats[1]);
-            case 'date':
-                return $DateTime->format($formats[0]);
-            default:
-                return $DateTime->format(implode(' ', $formats));
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This receives a time string for a given field and ensures
-     * that it is set up to match what the internal settings for the model are.
-     * Returns a DateTime object.
-     * Note: a gotcha for when you send in unix timestamp.  Remember a unix timestamp is already timezone agnostic,
-     * (functionally the equivalent of UTC+0).
-     * So when you send it in, whatever timezone string you include is ignored.
-     *
-     * @param string      $field_name      The field being setup.
-     * @param string      $timestring      The date time string being used.
-     * @param string      $incoming_format The format for the time string.
-     * @param string|null $timezone_string By default, it is assumed the incoming time string is in timezone for
-     *                                     the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If
-     *                                     incoming format is
-     *                                     'U', this is ignored.
-     * @return DbSafeDateTime
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    public function convert_datetime_for_query(
-        string $field_name,
-        string $timestring,
-        string $incoming_format,
-        ?string $timezone_string = ''
-    ): DbSafeDateTime {
-        // just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
-        $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
-        // load EEH_DTT_Helper
-        $timezone_string     = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
-        $incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($timezone_string));
-        EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
-        return DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the tables comprising this model. Array keys are the table aliases, and values are EE_Table objects
-     *
-     * @return EE_Table_Base[]
-     */
-    public function get_tables()
-    {
-        return $this->_tables;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates all the database entries (in each table for this model) according to $fields_n_values and optionally
-     * also updates all the model objects, where the criteria expressed in $query_params are met..
-     * Also note: if this model has multiple tables, this update verifies all the secondary tables have an entry for
-     * each row (in the primary table) we're trying to update; if not, it inserts an entry in the secondary table. Eg:
-     * if our model has 2 tables: wp_posts (primary), and wp_esp_event (secondary). Let's say we are trying to update a
-     * model object with EVT_ID = 1
-     * (which means where wp_posts has ID = 1, because wp_posts.ID is the primary key's column), which exists, but
-     * there is no entry in wp_esp_event for this entry in wp_posts. So, this update script will insert a row into
-     * wp_esp_event, using any available parameters from $fields_n_values (eg, if "EVT_limit" => 40 is in
-     * $fields_n_values, the new entry in wp_esp_event will set EVT_limit = 40, and use default for other columns which
-     * are not specified)
-     *
-     * @param array   $fields_n_values         keys are model fields (exactly like keys in EEM_Base::_fields, NOT db
-     *                                         columns!), values are strings, ints, floats, and maybe arrays if they
-     *                                         are to be serialized. Basically, the values are what you'd expect to be
-     *                                         values on the model, NOT necessarily what's in the DB. For example, if
-     *                                         we wanted to update only the TXN_details on any Transactions where its
-     *                                         ID=34, we'd use this method as follows:
-     *                                         EEM_Transaction::instance()->update(
-     *                                         array('TXN_details'=>array('detail1'=>'monkey','detail2'=>'banana'),
-     *                                         array(array('TXN_ID'=>34)));
-     * @param array   $query_params            @see
-     *                                         https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     *                                         Eg, consider updating Question's QST_admin_label field is of type
-     *                                         Simple_HTML. If you use this function to update that field to $new_value
-     *                                         = (note replace 8's with appropriate opening and closing tags in the
-     *                                         following example)"8script8alert('I hack all');8/script88b8boom
-     *                                         baby8/b8", then if you set $values_already_prepared_by_model_object to
-     *                                         TRUE, it is assumed that you've already called
-     *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value), which removes the
-     *                                         malicious javascript. However, if
-     *                                         $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is left as FALSE, then
-     *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value) will be called on it,
-     *                                         and every other field, before insertion. We provide this parameter
-     *                                         because model objects perform their prepare_for_set function on all
-     *                                         their values, and so don't need to be called again (and in many cases,
-     *                                         shouldn't be called again. Eg: if we escape HTML characters in the
-     *                                         prepare_for_set method...)
-     * @param boolean $keep_model_objs_in_sync if TRUE, makes sure we ALSO update model objects
-     *                                         in this model's entity map according to $fields_n_values that match
-     *                                         $query_params. This obviously has some overhead, so you can disable it
-     *                                         by setting this to FALSE, but be aware that model objects being used
-     *                                         could get out-of-sync with the database
-     * @return int how many rows got updated or FALSE if something went wrong with the query (wp returns FALSE or num
-     *                                         rows affected which *could* include 0 which DOES NOT mean the query was
-     *                                         bad)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::update',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        /**
-         * Action called before a model update call has been made.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__begin', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params);
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields about to be updated given the query parameters. You can provide the
-         * $query_params to $this->get_all() to find exactly which records will be updated
-         *
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their new values
-         * @param EEM_Base $model           the model being queried
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         */
-        $fields_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__update__fields_n_values',
-            $fields_n_values,
-            $this,
-            $query_params
-        );
-        // need to verify that, for any entry we want to update, there are entries in each secondary table.
-        // to do that, for each table, verify that it's PK isn't null.
-        $tables = $this->get_tables();
-        // and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
-        // NOTE: we should make this code more efficient by NOT querying twice
-        // before the real update, but that needs to first go through ALPHA testing
-        // as it's dangerous. says Mike August 8 2014
-        // we want to make sure the default_where strategy is ignored
-        $this->_ignore_where_strategy = true;
-        $wpdb_select_results          = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-        foreach ($wpdb_select_results as $wpdb_result) {
-            // type cast stdClass as array
-            $wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
-            // get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
-            } else {
-                // if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
-                $main_table_pk_value = null;
-            }
-            // if there are more than 1 tables, we'll want to verify that each table for this model has an entry in the other tables
-            // and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
-            if (count($tables) > 1) {
-                // foreach matching row in the DB, ensure that each table's PK isn't null. If so, there must not be an entry
-                // in that table, and so we'll want to insert one
-                foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
-                    $this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                    // if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
-                    // in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
-                    if (
-                        ! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
-                           && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
-                    ) {
-                        $success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
-                            $table_obj,
-                            $fields_n_values,
-                            $main_table_pk_value
-                        );
-                        // if we died here, report the error
-                        if (! $success) {
-                            return false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            //              //and now check that if we have cached any models by that ID on the model, that
-            //              //they also get updated properly
-            //              $model_object = $this->get_from_entity_map( $main_table_pk_value );
-            //              if( $model_object ){
-            //                  foreach( $fields_n_values as $field => $value ){
-            //                      $model_object->set($field, $value);
-            // let's make sure default_where strategy is followed now
-            $this->_ignore_where_strategy = false;
-        }
-        // if we want to keep model objects in sync, AND
-        // if this wasn't called from a model object (to update itself)
-        // then we want to make sure we keep all the existing
-        // model objects in sync with the db
-        if ($keep_model_objs_in_sync && ! $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $model_objs_affected_ids = $this->get_col($query_params);
-            } else {
-                // we need to select a bunch of columns and then combine them into the the "index primary key string"s
-                $models_affected_key_columns = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A);
-                $model_objs_affected_ids     = [];
-                foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
-                    $combined_index_key                             = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
-                    $model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
-                // wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
-                return 0;
-            }
-            foreach ($model_objs_affected_ids as $id) {
-                $model_obj_in_entity_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-                if ($model_obj_in_entity_map) {
-                    foreach ($fields_n_values as $field => $new_value) {
-                        $model_obj_in_entity_map->set($field, $new_value);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // if there is a primary key on this model, we can now do a slight optimization
-            if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                // we already know what we want to update. So let's make the query simpler so it's a little more efficient
-                $query_params = [
-                    [$this->primary_key_name() => ['IN', $model_objs_affected_ids]],
-                    'limit'                    => count($model_objs_affected_ids),
-                    'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
-                ];
-            }
-        }
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-
-        // note: the following query doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query()
-        // because it doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
-        $rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
-            'query',
-            [
-                "UPDATE " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                . " SET " . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-                . $model_query_info->get_where_sql(),
-            ]
-        );
-
-        /**
-         * Action called after a model update call has been made.
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
-         * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         * @param int      $rows_affected
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
-        return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Analogous to $wpdb->get_col, returns a 1-dimensional array where the values
-     * are the values of the field specified (or by default the primary key field)
-     * that matched the query params. Note that you should pass the name of the
-     * model FIELD, not the database table's column name.
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params
-     * @param string $field_to_select
-     * @return array just like $wpdb->get_col()
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md for $query_params values
-     */
-    public function get_col($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
-    {
-        if ($field_to_select) {
-            $field = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_select);
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-        } else {
-            $field_settings = $this->field_settings();
-            // no primary key, just grab the first column
-            $field = reset($field_settings);
-            // don't need this array now
-            unset($field_settings);
-        }
-        $model_query_info   = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        $select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL                =
-            "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', [$SQL]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a single column value for a single row from the database
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params    @see
-     *                                https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_select @see EEM_Base::get_col()
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_var($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $col                   = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
-        if (! empty($col)) {
-            return reset($col);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the SQL for after "UPDATE table_X inner join table_Y..." and before "...WHERE". Eg "Question.name='party
-     * time?', Question.desc='what do you think?',..." Values are filtered through wpdb->prepare to avoid against SQL
-     * injection, but currently no further filtering is done
-     *
-     * @param array $fields_n_values array keys are field names on this model, and values are what those fields should
-     *                               be updated to in the DB
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global      $wpdb
-     */
-    public function _construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        $cols_n_values = [];
-        foreach ($fields_n_values as $field_name => $value) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-            // if the value is NULL, we want to assign the value to that.
-            // wpdb->prepare doesn't really handle that properly
-            $prepared_value  = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
-            $value_sql       = $prepared_value === null
-                ? 'NULL'
-                : $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
-            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
-        }
-        return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
-     * Performs a HARD delete, meaning the database row should always be removed,
-     * not just have a flag field on it switched
-     * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete_permanently()
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id
-     * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int the number of rows deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true): int
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently(
-            [
-                [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
-                'limit' => 1,
-            ],
-            $block_deletes
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
-     * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete()
-     *
-     * @param mixed $id
-     * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int the number of rows deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete(
-            [
-                [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
-                'limit' => 1,
-            ],
-            $block_deletes
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Identical to delete_permanently, but does a "soft" delete if possible,
-     * meaning if the model has a field that indicates its been "trashed" or
-     * "soft deleted", we will just set that instead of actually deleting the rows.
-     *
-     * @param array   $query_params
-     * @param boolean $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                               ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                               It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int how many rows got deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see EEM_Base::delete_permanently
-     */
-    public function delete($query_params, $block_deletes = true)
-    {
-        return $this->delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes the model objects that meet the query params. Note: this method is overridden
-     * in EEM_Soft_Delete_Base so that soft-deleted model objects are instead only flagged
-     * as archived, not actually deleted
-     *
-     * @param array   $query_params
-     * @param boolean $block_deletes  whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                                ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                                It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return int how many rows got deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes = true): int
-    {
-        /**
-         * Action called just before performing a real deletion query. You can use the
-         * model and its $query_params to find exactly which items will be deleted
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array    $query_params  The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
-         * @param bool     $block_deletes @see param description in method phpdoc block.
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__begin', $this, $query_params, $block_deletes);
-        // some MySQL databases may be running safe mode, which may restrict
-        // deletion if there is no KEY column used in the WHERE statement of a deletion.
-        // to get around this, we first do a SELECT, get all the IDs, and then run another query
-        // to delete them
-        $items_for_deletion           = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
-        $columns_and_ids_for_deleting = $this->_get_ids_for_delete($items_for_deletion, $block_deletes);
-        $deletion_where_query_part    = $this->_build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(
-            $columns_and_ids_for_deleting
-        );
-        /**
-         * Allows client code to act on the items being deleted before the query is actually executed.
-         * see php doc blocks for more details
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $this                         The model instance being acted on.
-         * @param array    $query_params                 The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
-         * @param bool     $block_deletes                @see param description in method phpdoc block.
-         * @param array    $columns_and_ids_for_deleting An array indicating what entities will get removed as
-         *                                               derived from the incoming query parameters.
-         * @see details on the structure of this array in the phpdocs for the `_get_ids_for_delete_method`
-         */
-        do_action(
-            'AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__before_query',
-            $this,
-            $query_params,
-            $block_deletes,
-            $columns_and_ids_for_deleting
-        );
-        $rows_deleted = 0;
-        if ($deletion_where_query_part) {
-            $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-            $table_aliases    = array_keys($this->_tables);
-            $SQL              = "DELETE "
-                                . implode(", ", $table_aliases)
-                                . " FROM "
-                                . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                                . " WHERE "
-                                . $deletion_where_query_part;
-            $rows_deleted     = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
-        }
-
-        // Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
-        // there was no error with the delete query.
-        if (
-            $this->has_primary_key_field()
-            && $rows_deleted !== false
-            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
-        ) {
-            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
-            foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
-                if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-                    unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // delete any extra meta attached to the deleted entities but ONLY if this model is not an instance of
-            // `EEM_Extra_Meta`.  In other words we want to prevent recursion on EEM_Extra_Meta::delete_permanently calls
-            // unnecessarily.  It's very unlikely that users will have assigned Extra Meta to Extra Meta
-            // (although it is possible).
-            // Note this can be skipped by using the provided filter and returning false.
-            if (
-                apply_filters(
-                    'FHEE__EEM_Base__delete_permanently__dont_delete_extra_meta_for_extra_meta',
-                    ! $this instanceof EEM_Extra_Meta,
-                    $this
-                )
-            ) {
-                EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete_permanently(
-                    [
-                        0 => [
-                            'EXM_type' => $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                            'OBJ_ID'   => [
-                                'IN',
-                                $ids_for_removal,
-                            ],
-                        ],
-                    ]
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Action called just after performing a real deletion query. Although at this point the
-         * items should have been deleted
-         *
-         * @param EEM_Base $model
-         * @param array $query_params
-         * @param int   $rows_deleted
-         * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-         */
-        do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
-        return (int) $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks all the relations that throw error messages when there are blocking related objects
-     * for related model objects. If there are any related model objects on those relations,
-     * adds an EE_Error, and return true
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $this_model_obj_or_id
-     * @param EE_Base_Class     $ignore_this_model_obj a model object like 'EE_Event', or 'EE_Term_Taxonomy', which
-     *                                                 should be ignored when determining whether there are related
-     *                                                 model objects which block this model object's deletion. Useful
-     *                                                 if you know A is related to B and are considering deleting A,
-     *                                                 but want to see if A has any other objects blocking its deletion
-     *                                                 before removing the relation between A and B
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_is_blocked_by_related_models($this_model_obj_or_id, $ignore_this_model_obj = null)
-    {
-        // first, if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, get its model
-        $ignored_model = $ignore_this_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
-            ? $ignore_this_model_obj->get_model()
-            : null;
-        // now check all the relations of $this_model_obj_or_id and see if there
-        // are any related model objects blocking it?
-        $is_blocked = false;
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj->block_delete_if_related_models_exist()) {
-                // if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, then for the query
-                // on that model needs to be told to ignore $ignore_this_model_obj
-                if ($ignored_model && $relation_name === $ignored_model->get_this_model_name()) {
-                    $related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related(
-                        $this_model_obj_or_id,
-                        [
-                            [
-                                $ignored_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => [
-                                    '!=',
-                                    $ignore_this_model_obj->ID(),
-                                ],
-                            ],
-                        ]
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    $related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id);
-                }
-                if ($related_model_objects) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error($relation_obj->get_deletion_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-                    $is_blocked = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $is_blocked;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the columns and values for items to delete from the incoming $row_results_for_deleting array.
-     *
-     * @param array $row_results_for_deleting
-     * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
-     *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
-     *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
-     * @return array               The shape of this array depends on whether the model `has_primary_key_field` or not.
-     *                             If the model DOES have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a simple single
-     *                             dimension array where the key is the fully qualified primary key column and
-     *                             the value is an array of ids that will be deleted.
-     *                             Example:
-     *                              [ 'Event.EVT_ID' => [ 1,2,3 ]]
-     *                             If the model DOES NOT have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a
-     *                             two-dimensional array where each element is a group of columns and values that get deleted.
-     *                             Example:
-     *                              [
-     *                                  0 => [
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 5
-     *                                  ],
-     *                                  1 => [
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
-     *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 6
-     *                                  ]
-     *                              ]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_ids_for_delete(array $row_results_for_deleting, $block_deletes = true)
-    {
-        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = [];
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $primary_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            // following lines are commented out because the variables were not being used
-            // not deleting because unsure if calls were intentionally causing side effects
-            // $primary_table_pk_field          =
-            //     $this->get_field_by_column($primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column());
-            // $other_tables                    = $this->_get_other_tables();
-            $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = $query = [];
-            foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
-                // before we mark this item for deletion,
-                // make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
-                if (
-                    $block_deletes
-                    && $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
-                    )
-                ) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // primary table deletes
-                if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
-                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
-                }
-            }
-        } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
-            $fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
-            foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
-                $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = [];
-                foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
-                    if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
-                            $item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
-                    }
-                }
-                $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
-            }
-        } else {
-            // so there's no primary key and no combined key...
-            // sorry, can't help you
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Cannot delete objects of type %s because there is no primary key NOR combined key",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This receives an array of columns and values set to be deleted (as prepared by _get_ids_for_delete) and prepares
-     * the corresponding query_part for the query performing the deletion.
-     *
-     * @param array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column @see _get_ids_for_delete for how this array might be shaped.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)
-    {
-        $query_part = '';
-        if (empty($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)) {
-            return $query_part;
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $query = [];
-            foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
-                $query[] = $column . ' IN' . $this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
-            }
-            $query_part = ! empty($query)
-                ? implode(' AND ', $query)
-                : $query_part;
-        } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
-            $ways_to_identify_a_row = [];
-            foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
-                $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = [];
-                foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
-                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
-                }
-                $ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
-                                            . implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
-                                            . ')';
-            }
-            $query_part = implode(' OR ', $ways_to_identify_a_row);
-        }
-        return $query_part;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model field by the fully qualified name
-     *
-     * @param string $qualified_column_name eg 'Event_CPT.post_name' or $field_obj->get_qualified_column()
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_by_column($qualified_column_name)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if ($field_obj->get_qualified_column() === $qualified_column_name) {
-                return $field_obj;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__('Could not find a field on the model "%1$s" for qualified column "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
-                $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                $qualified_column_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Count all the rows that match criteria the model query params.
-     * If $field_to_count isn't provided, the model's primary key is used. Otherwise, we count by field_to_count's
-     * column
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params   @see
-     *                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_count field on model to count by (not column name)
-     * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
-     *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function count($query_params = [], $field_to_count = '', $distinct = false)
-    {
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        if ($field_to_count) {
-            $field_obj       = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_count);
-            $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            $pk_field_obj    = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            $column_to_count = $pk_field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        } else {
-            // there's no primary key
-            // if we're counting distinct items, and there's no primary key,
-            // we need to list out the columns for distinction;
-            // otherwise we can just use star
-            if ($distinct) {
-                $columns_to_use = [];
-                foreach ($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields() as $field_obj) {
-                    $columns_to_use[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-                }
-                $column_to_count = implode(',', $columns_to_use);
-            } else {
-                $column_to_count = '*';
-            }
-        }
-        $column_to_count = $distinct
-            ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count
-            : $column_to_count;
-        $SQL             =
-            "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sums up the value of the $field_to_sum (defaults to the primary key, which isn't terribly useful)
-     *
-     * @param array  $query_params @see
-     *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string $field_to_sum name of field (array key in $_fields array)
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function sum($query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        $model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
-        if ($field_to_sum) {
-            $field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_sum);
-        } else {
-            $field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-        }
-        $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
-        $SQL             =
-            "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
-        $return_value    = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
-        $data_type       = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-        if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
-            return (float) $return_value;
-        }
-        // must be %f
-        return (float) $return_value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just calls the specified method on $wpdb with the given arguments
-     * Consolidates a little extra error handling code
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return mixed
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global wpdb  $wpdb
-     */
-    protected function _do_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        // if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
-        // because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
-        // is probably out of sync with the code
-        if (DbStatus::isOffline()) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $wpdb_method
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $old_show_errors_value = $wpdb->show_errors;
-        if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-            $wpdb->show_errors(false);
-        }
-        $result = $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-        $this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
-        if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-            $wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
-            if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(sprintf(esc_html__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
-            }
-            if ($result === false) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'WPDB Error occurred, but no error message was logged by wpdb! The wpdb method called was "%1$s" and the arguments were "%2$s"',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $wpdb_method,
-                        var_export($arguments_to_provide, true)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        } elseif ($result === false) {
-            EE_Error::add_error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'A database error has occurred. Turn on WP_DEBUG for more information.||A database error occurred doing wpdb method "%1$s", with arguments "%2$s". The error was "%3$s"',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $wpdb_method,
-                    var_export($arguments_to_provide, true),
-                    $wpdb->last_error
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Attempts to run the indicated WPDB method with the provided arguments,
-     * and if there's an error tries to verify the DB is correct. Uses
-     * the static property EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level to determine whether
-     * we should try to fix the EE core db, the addons, or just give up
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    private function _process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        $wpdb->last_error = null;
-        $result           = call_user_func_array([$wpdb, $wpdb_method], $arguments_to_provide);
-        // was there an error running the query? but we don't care on new activations
-        // (we're going to setup the DB anyway on new activations)
-        if (
-            ($result === false || ! empty($wpdb->last_error))
-            && EE_System::instance()->detect_req_type() !== EE_System::req_type_new_activation
-        ) {
-            switch (EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level) {
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_none:
-                    // let's double-check core's DB
-                    $error_message = $this->_verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-                    break;
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_core:
-                    // STILL NO LOVE?? verify all the addons too. Maybe they need to be fixed
-                    $error_message = $this->_verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-                    break;
-                case EEM_Base::db_verified_addons:
-                    // ummmm... you in trouble
-                    return $result;
-            }
-            if (! empty($error_message)) {
-                EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
-                trigger_error($error_message);
-            }
-            return $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the EE core database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
-     * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
-     *
-     * @param string $wpdb_method
-     * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function _verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        // ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the core db, in case the problem persists
-        EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_core;
-        $error_message                    = sprintf(
-            esc_html__(
-                'WPDB Error "%1$s" while running wpdb method "%2$s" with arguments %3$s. Automatically attempting to fix EE Core DB',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            $wpdb->last_error,
-            $wpdb_method,
-            wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
-        );
-        EE_System::instance()->initialize_db_if_no_migrations_required(false, true);
-        return $error_message;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
-     * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
-     *
-     * @param $wpdb_method
-     * @param $arguments_to_provide
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function _verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        // ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the addons dbs, in case the problem persists
-        EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_addons;
-        $error_message                    = sprintf(
-            esc_html__(
-                'WPDB AGAIN: Error "%1$s" while running the same method and arguments as before. Automatically attempting to fix EE Addons DB',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ),
-            $wpdb->last_error,
-            $wpdb_method,
-            wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
-        );
-        EE_System::instance()->initialize_addons();
-        return $error_message;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * In order to avoid repeating this code for the get_all, sum, and count functions, put the code parts
-     * that are identical in here. Returns a string of SQL of everything in a SELECT query except the beginning
-     * SELECT clause, eg " FROM wp_posts AS Event INNER JOIN ... WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT ... GROUP BY ... HAVING
-     * ..."
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
-    {
-        return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Set to easily debug the next X queries ran from this model.
-     *
-     * @param int $count
-     */
-    public function show_next_x_db_queries($count = 1)
-    {
-        $this->_show_next_x_db_queries = $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $sql_query
-     */
-    public function show_db_query_if_previously_requested($sql_query)
-    {
-        if ($this->_show_next_x_db_queries > 0) {
-            $left = is_admin() ? '12rem' : '2rem';
-            echo "
+	 *                                                      'OR' => [
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname'       => ['like', 'Mc%'],
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Attendee.ATT_fname*other' => ['like', 'Mac%'],
+	 *                                                      ],
+	 *                                                  ],
+	 *                                                  'limit'    => 10,
+	 *                                                  'group_by' => 'TXN_ID',
+	 *                                              ]
+	 *                                          );
+	 *                                        get all the answers to the question titled "shirt size" for event with id
+	 *                                        12, ordered by their answer:
+	 *                                          EEM_Answer::instance()->get_all(
+	 *                                              [
+	 *                                                  [
+	 *                                                      'Question.QST_display_text' => 'shirt size',
+	 *                                                      'Registration.Event.EVT_ID' => 12,
+	 *                                                  ],
+	 *                                                  'order_by' => ['ANS_value' => 'ASC'],
+	 *                                              ]
+	 *                                          );
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all($query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (
+			isset($query_params['limit'])
+			&& ! isset($query_params['group_by'])
+		) {
+			$query_params['group_by'] = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
+		}
+		return $this->_create_objects($this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Modifies the query parameters so we only get back model objects
+	 * that "belong" to the current user
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function alter_query_params_to_only_include_mine($query_params = [])
+	{
+		$wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
+		if ($wp_user_field_name) {
+			$query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
+		}
+		return $query_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the name of the field's name that points to the WP_User table
+	 *  on this model (or follows the _model_chain_to_wp_user and uses that model's
+	 * foreign key to the WP_User table)
+	 *
+	 * @return string|boolean string on success, boolean false when there is no
+	 * foreign key to the WP_User table
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function wp_user_field_name()
+	{
+		try {
+			if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
+				$models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
+				$last_model_name              = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
+				$model_with_fk_to_wp_users    = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
+				$model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
+			} else {
+				$model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
+				$model_chain_to_wp_user    = '';
+			}
+			$wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
+			return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the _model_chain_to_wp_user string, which indicates which related model
+	 * (or transiently-related model) has a foreign key to the wp_users table;
+	 * useful for finding if model objects of this type are 'owned' by the current user.
+	 * This is an empty string when the foreign key is on this model and when it isn't,
+	 * but is only non-empty when this model's ownership is indicated by a RELATED model
+	 * (or transiently-related model)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function model_chain_to_wp_user()
+	{
+		return $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether this model is 'owned' by a specific wordpress user (even indirectly,
+	 * like how registrations don't have a foreign key to wp_users, but the
+	 * events they are for are), or is unrelated to wp users.
+	 * generally available
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_owned()
+	{
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_wp_user()) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		try {
+			$this->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
+			return true;
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used internally to get WPDB results, because other functions, besides get_all, may want to do some queries, but
+	 * may want to preserve the WPDB results (eg, update, which first queries to make sure we have all the tables on
+	 * the model)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params      @see
+	 *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
+	 * @param mixed  $columns_to_select What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+	 *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
+	 *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
+	 *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
+	 *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
+	 *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
+	 *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
+	 *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
+	 * @return array | stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$this->_custom_selections = $this->getCustomSelection($query_params, $columns_to_select);
+		$model_query_info         = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$select_expressions       = $columns_to_select === null
+			? $this->_construct_default_select_sql($model_query_info)
+			: '';
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+			$custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
+			$select_expressions .= $select_expressions
+				? ', ' . $custom_expressions
+				: $custom_expressions;
+		}
+
+		$SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', [$SQL, $output]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a CustomSelects object if the $query_params or $columns_to_select allows for it.
+	 * Note: $query_params['extra_selects'] will always override any $columns_to_select values. It is the preferred
+	 * method of including extra select information.
+	 *
+	 * @param array             $query_params
+	 * @param null|array|string $columns_to_select
+	 * @return null|CustomSelects
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 */
+	protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null): ?CustomSelects
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$selects = $query_params['extra_selects'] ?? $columns_to_select;
+		$selects = is_string($selects)
+			? explode(',', $selects)
+			: $selects;
+		return new CustomSelects($selects);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of rows from the database just like $wpdb->get_results would,
+	 * but you can use the model query params to more easily
+	 * take care of joins, field preparation etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params      @see
+	 *                                  https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $output            ARRAY_A, OBJECT_K, etc. Just like
+	 * @param mixed  $columns_to_select , What columns to select. By default, we select all columns specified by the
+	 *                                  fields on the model, and the models we joined to in the query. However, you can
+	 *                                  override this and set the select to "*", or a specific column name, like
+	 *                                  "ATT_ID", etc. If you would like to use these custom selections in WHERE,
+	 *                                  GROUP_BY, or HAVING clauses, you must instead provide an array. Array keys are
+	 *                                  the aliases used to refer to this selection, and values are to be
+	 *                                  numerically-indexed arrays, where 0 is the selection and 1 is the data type.
+	 *                                  Eg, array('count'=>array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%d'))
+	 * @return array|stdClass[] like results of $wpdb->get_results($sql,OBJECT), (ie, output type is OBJECT)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_wpdb_results($query_params = [], $output = ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select = null)
+	{
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, $output, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For creating a custom select statement
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $columns_to_select either a string to be inserted directly as the select statement,
+	 *                                 or an array where keys are aliases, and values are arrays where 0=>the selection
+	 *                                 SQL, and 1=>is the datatype
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_select_from_input($columns_to_select)
+	{
+		if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
+			$select_sql_array = [];
+			foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
+				if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Custom selection %s (alias %s) needs to be an array like array('COUNT(REG_ID)','%%d')",
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$selection_and_datatype,
+							$alias
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Datatype %s (for selection '%s' and alias '%s') is not a valid wpdb datatype (eg %%s)",
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$selection_and_datatype[1],
+							$selection_and_datatype[0],
+							$alias,
+							implode(', ', $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$select_sql_array[] = "{$selection_and_datatype[0]} AS $alias";
+			}
+			$columns_to_select_string = implode(', ', $select_sql_array);
+		} else {
+			$columns_to_select_string = $columns_to_select;
+		}
+		return $columns_to_select_string;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Convenient wrapper for getting the primary key field's name. Eg, on Registration, this would be 'REG_ID'
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function primary_key_name()
+	{
+		return $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given only its ID (or null if none is found).
+	 * If there is no primary key on this model, $id is treated as primary key string
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id int or string, depending on the type of the model's primary key
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|mixed|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_by_ID($id)
+	{
+		// since entities with no ID can still have properties, we need to check the cache for them
+		$cached_value = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($cached_value) {
+			return $cached_value;
+		}
+		// but if no cached property AND no id is passed, just return null
+		if (empty($id)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$model_object = $this->get_one(
+			$this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+				$id,
+				['default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL]
+			)
+		);
+		$className    = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($model_object instanceof $className) {
+			// make sure valid objects get added to the entity map
+			// so that the next call to this method doesn't trigger another trip to the db
+			$this->add_to_entity_map($model_object);
+		}
+		return $model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Alters query parameters to only get items with this ID are returned.
+	 * Takes into account that the ID might be a string produced by EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string(),
+	 * or could just be a simple primary key ID
+	 *
+	 * @param int   $id
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return array of normal query params, @see
+	 *               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
+			$query_params[0] = [];
+		}
+		$conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
+		if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
+			$query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
+		} else {
+			// no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
+			$query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
+		}
+		return $query_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a single item for this model from the DB, given the $query_params. Only returns a single class, not an
+	 * array. If no item is found, null is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like EEM_Base's $query_params variable.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|NULL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one($query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::get_one',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$items                 = $this->get_all($query_params);
+		if (empty($items)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return array_shift($items);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next x number of items in sequence from the given value as
+	 * found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
+	 *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
+	 *                                      columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function next_x(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		return $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'>',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			$limit,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous x number of items in sequence from the given value
+	 * as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param int   $limit                  How many to return.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an array of
+	 *                                      EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the
+	 *                                      columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function previous_x(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		return $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'<',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			$limit,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the next item in sequence from the given value as found in the
+	 * database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
+	 *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
+	 *                                      can indicate just the columns you
+	 *                                      want and a single array indexed by
+	 *                                      the columns will be returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function next(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$results = $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'>',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			1,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+		return empty($results)
+			? null
+			: reset($results);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the previous item in sequence from the given value as found in
+	 * the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $current_field_value    Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param null  $field_to_order_by      What field is used for the
+	 *                                      reference point.
+	 * @param array $query_params           Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null  $columns_to_select      If left null, then an EE_Base_Class
+	 *                                      object is returned, otherwise you
+	 *                                      can indicate just the columns you
+	 *                                      want and a single array indexed by
+	 *                                      the columns will be returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|null|array()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function previous(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		$results = $this->_get_consecutive(
+			$current_field_value,
+			'<',
+			$field_to_order_by,
+			1,
+			$query_params,
+			$columns_to_select
+		);
+		return empty($results)
+			? null
+			: reset($results);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the a consecutive number of items in sequence from the given
+	 * value as found in the database matching the given query conditions.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed  $current_field_value   Value used for the reference point.
+	 * @param string $operand               What operand is used for the sequence.
+	 * @param string $field_to_order_by     What field is used for the reference point.
+	 * @param int    $limit                 How many to return.
+	 * @param array  $query_params          Extra conditions on the query.
+	 * @param null   $columns_to_select     If left null, then an array of EE_Base_Class objects is returned,
+	 *                                      otherwise you can indicate just the columns you want returned.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_consecutive(
+		$current_field_value,
+		$operand = '>',
+		$field_to_order_by = null,
+		$limit = 1,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$columns_to_select = null
+	) {
+		// if $field_to_order_by is empty then let's assume we're ordering by the primary key.
+		if (empty($field_to_order_by)) {
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$field_to_order_by = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+			} else {
+				if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						esc_html__(
+							'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive() has been called with no $field_to_order_by argument and there is no primary key on the field.  Please provide the field you would like to use as the base for retrieving the next item(s).',
+							'event_espresso'
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					esc_html__('There was an error with the query.', 'event_espresso'),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+				return [];
+			}
+		}
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		// let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
+		$query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
+		$query_params['limit']                 = $limit;
+		// set direction
+		$incoming_orderby         = isset($query_params['order_by'])
+			? (array) $query_params['order_by']
+			: [];
+		$query_params['order_by'] = $operand === '>'
+			? [$field_to_order_by => 'ASC'] + $incoming_orderby
+			: [$field_to_order_by => 'DESC'] + $incoming_orderby;
+		// if $columns_to_select is empty then that means we're returning EE_Base_Class objects
+		if (empty($columns_to_select)) {
+			return $this->get_all($query_params);
+		}
+		// getting just the fields
+		return $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A, $columns_to_select);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This sets the _timezone property after model object has been instantiated.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $timezone valid PHP DateTimeZone timezone string
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public function set_timezone(?string $timezone = '')
+	{
+		if (! $timezone) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_timezone = $timezone;
+		// note we need to loop through relations and set the timezone on those objects as well.
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation) {
+			$relation->set_timezone($timezone);
+		}
+		// and finally we do the same for any datetime fields
+		foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+				$field->set_timezone($timezone);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just returns whatever is set for the current timezone.
+	 *
+	 * @access public
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public function get_timezone()
+	{
+		// first validate if timezone is set.  If not, then let's set it be whatever is set on the model fields.
+		if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
+			foreach ($this->_fields as $field) {
+				if ($field instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+					$this->set_timezone($field->get_timezone());
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// if timezone STILL empty then return the default timezone for the site.
+		if (empty($this->_timezone)) {
+			$this->set_timezone(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone());
+		}
+		return $this->_timezone;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the date formats set for the given field name and also ensures that
+	 * $this->_timezone property is set correctly.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name The name of the field the formats are being retrieved for.
+	 * @param bool   $pretty     Whether to return the pretty formats (true) or not (false).
+	 * @return array formats in an array with the date format first, and the time format last.
+	 * @throws EE_Error   If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 */
+	public function get_formats_for($field_name, $pretty = false)
+	{
+		$field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		// if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
+		if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The field sent into EEM_Base::get_formats_for (%s) is not registered as a EE_Datetime_Field. Please check the spelling and make sure you are submitting the right field name to retrieve date_formats for.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$field_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// while we are here, let's make sure the timezone internally in EEM_Base matches what is stored on
+		// the field.
+		$this->_timezone = (string) $field_settings->get_timezone();
+		return [$field_settings->get_date_format($pretty), $field_settings->get_time_format($pretty)];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the current time in a format setup for a query on this model.
+	 * Usage of this method makes it easier to setup queries against EE_Datetime_Field columns because
+	 * it will return:
+	 *  - a formatted string in the timezone and format currently set on the EE_Datetime_Field for the given field for
+	 *  NOW
+	 *  - or a unix timestamp (equivalent to time())
+	 * Note: When requesting a formatted string, if the date or time format doesn't include seconds, for example,
+	 * the time returned, because it uses that format, will also NOT include seconds. For this reason, if you want
+	 * the time returned to be the current time down to the exact second, set $timestamp to true.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name       The field the current time is needed for.
+	 * @param bool   $timestamp        True means to return a unix timestamp. Otherwise a
+	 *                                 formatted string matching the set format for the field in the set timezone will
+	 *                                 be returned.
+	 * @param string $what             Whether to return the string in just the time format, the date format, or both.
+	 * @return int|string  If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type, then an EE_Error
+	 *                                 exception is triggered.
+	 * @throws EE_Error    If the given field_name is not of the EE_Datetime_Field type.
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 */
+	public function current_time_for_query($field_name, $timestamp = false, $what = 'both')
+	{
+		$formats  = $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
+		$DateTime = new DateTime("now", new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+		if ($timestamp) {
+			return $DateTime->format('U');
+		}
+		// not returning timestamp, so return formatted string in timezone.
+		switch ($what) {
+			case 'time':
+				return $DateTime->format($formats[1]);
+			case 'date':
+				return $DateTime->format($formats[0]);
+			default:
+				return $DateTime->format(implode(' ', $formats));
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This receives a time string for a given field and ensures
+	 * that it is set up to match what the internal settings for the model are.
+	 * Returns a DateTime object.
+	 * Note: a gotcha for when you send in unix timestamp.  Remember a unix timestamp is already timezone agnostic,
+	 * (functionally the equivalent of UTC+0).
+	 * So when you send it in, whatever timezone string you include is ignored.
+	 *
+	 * @param string      $field_name      The field being setup.
+	 * @param string      $timestring      The date time string being used.
+	 * @param string      $incoming_format The format for the time string.
+	 * @param string|null $timezone_string By default, it is assumed the incoming time string is in timezone for
+	 *                                     the blog.  If this is not the case, then it can be specified here.  If
+	 *                                     incoming format is
+	 *                                     'U', this is ignored.
+	 * @return DbSafeDateTime
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public function convert_datetime_for_query(
+		string $field_name,
+		string $timestring,
+		string $incoming_format,
+		?string $timezone_string = ''
+	): DbSafeDateTime {
+		// just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
+		$this->get_formats_for($field_name);
+		// load EEH_DTT_Helper
+		$timezone_string     = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
+		$incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($timezone_string));
+		EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
+		return DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the tables comprising this model. Array keys are the table aliases, and values are EE_Table objects
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Table_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function get_tables()
+	{
+		return $this->_tables;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates all the database entries (in each table for this model) according to $fields_n_values and optionally
+	 * also updates all the model objects, where the criteria expressed in $query_params are met..
+	 * Also note: if this model has multiple tables, this update verifies all the secondary tables have an entry for
+	 * each row (in the primary table) we're trying to update; if not, it inserts an entry in the secondary table. Eg:
+	 * if our model has 2 tables: wp_posts (primary), and wp_esp_event (secondary). Let's say we are trying to update a
+	 * model object with EVT_ID = 1
+	 * (which means where wp_posts has ID = 1, because wp_posts.ID is the primary key's column), which exists, but
+	 * there is no entry in wp_esp_event for this entry in wp_posts. So, this update script will insert a row into
+	 * wp_esp_event, using any available parameters from $fields_n_values (eg, if "EVT_limit" => 40 is in
+	 * $fields_n_values, the new entry in wp_esp_event will set EVT_limit = 40, and use default for other columns which
+	 * are not specified)
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $fields_n_values         keys are model fields (exactly like keys in EEM_Base::_fields, NOT db
+	 *                                         columns!), values are strings, ints, floats, and maybe arrays if they
+	 *                                         are to be serialized. Basically, the values are what you'd expect to be
+	 *                                         values on the model, NOT necessarily what's in the DB. For example, if
+	 *                                         we wanted to update only the TXN_details on any Transactions where its
+	 *                                         ID=34, we'd use this method as follows:
+	 *                                         EEM_Transaction::instance()->update(
+	 *                                         array('TXN_details'=>array('detail1'=>'monkey','detail2'=>'banana'),
+	 *                                         array(array('TXN_ID'=>34)));
+	 * @param array   $query_params            @see
+	 *                                         https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 *                                         Eg, consider updating Question's QST_admin_label field is of type
+	 *                                         Simple_HTML. If you use this function to update that field to $new_value
+	 *                                         = (note replace 8's with appropriate opening and closing tags in the
+	 *                                         following example)"8script8alert('I hack all');8/script88b8boom
+	 *                                         baby8/b8", then if you set $values_already_prepared_by_model_object to
+	 *                                         TRUE, it is assumed that you've already called
+	 *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value), which removes the
+	 *                                         malicious javascript. However, if
+	 *                                         $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is left as FALSE, then
+	 *                                         EE_Simple_HTML_Field->prepare_for_set($new_value) will be called on it,
+	 *                                         and every other field, before insertion. We provide this parameter
+	 *                                         because model objects perform their prepare_for_set function on all
+	 *                                         their values, and so don't need to be called again (and in many cases,
+	 *                                         shouldn't be called again. Eg: if we escape HTML characters in the
+	 *                                         prepare_for_set method...)
+	 * @param boolean $keep_model_objs_in_sync if TRUE, makes sure we ALSO update model objects
+	 *                                         in this model's entity map according to $fields_n_values that match
+	 *                                         $query_params. This obviously has some overhead, so you can disable it
+	 *                                         by setting this to FALSE, but be aware that model objects being used
+	 *                                         could get out-of-sync with the database
+	 * @return int how many rows got updated or FALSE if something went wrong with the query (wp returns FALSE or num
+	 *                                         rows affected which *could* include 0 which DOES NOT mean the query was
+	 *                                         bad)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::update',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		/**
+		 * Action called before a model update call has been made.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__begin', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params);
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields about to be updated given the query parameters. You can provide the
+		 * $query_params to $this->get_all() to find exactly which records will be updated
+		 *
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their new values
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model           the model being queried
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 */
+		$fields_n_values = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__update__fields_n_values',
+			$fields_n_values,
+			$this,
+			$query_params
+		);
+		// need to verify that, for any entry we want to update, there are entries in each secondary table.
+		// to do that, for each table, verify that it's PK isn't null.
+		$tables = $this->get_tables();
+		// and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
+		// NOTE: we should make this code more efficient by NOT querying twice
+		// before the real update, but that needs to first go through ALPHA testing
+		// as it's dangerous. says Mike August 8 2014
+		// we want to make sure the default_where strategy is ignored
+		$this->_ignore_where_strategy = true;
+		$wpdb_select_results          = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+		foreach ($wpdb_select_results as $wpdb_result) {
+			// type cast stdClass as array
+			$wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
+			// get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+			} else {
+				// if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
+				$main_table_pk_value = null;
+			}
+			// if there are more than 1 tables, we'll want to verify that each table for this model has an entry in the other tables
+			// and if the other tables don't have a row for each table-to-be-updated, we'll insert one with whatever values available in the current update query
+			if (count($tables) > 1) {
+				// foreach matching row in the DB, ensure that each table's PK isn't null. If so, there must not be an entry
+				// in that table, and so we'll want to insert one
+				foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
+					$this_table_pk_column = $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
+					// if there is no private key for this table on the results, it means there's no entry
+					// in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
+					if (
+						! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
+						   && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
+					) {
+						$success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
+							$table_obj,
+							$fields_n_values,
+							$main_table_pk_value
+						);
+						// if we died here, report the error
+						if (! $success) {
+							return false;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			//              //and now check that if we have cached any models by that ID on the model, that
+			//              //they also get updated properly
+			//              $model_object = $this->get_from_entity_map( $main_table_pk_value );
+			//              if( $model_object ){
+			//                  foreach( $fields_n_values as $field => $value ){
+			//                      $model_object->set($field, $value);
+			// let's make sure default_where strategy is followed now
+			$this->_ignore_where_strategy = false;
+		}
+		// if we want to keep model objects in sync, AND
+		// if this wasn't called from a model object (to update itself)
+		// then we want to make sure we keep all the existing
+		// model objects in sync with the db
+		if ($keep_model_objs_in_sync && ! $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$model_objs_affected_ids = $this->get_col($query_params);
+			} else {
+				// we need to select a bunch of columns and then combine them into the the "index primary key string"s
+				$models_affected_key_columns = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params, ARRAY_A);
+				$model_objs_affected_ids     = [];
+				foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
+					$combined_index_key                             = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
+					$model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
+				// wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
+				return 0;
+			}
+			foreach ($model_objs_affected_ids as $id) {
+				$model_obj_in_entity_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+				if ($model_obj_in_entity_map) {
+					foreach ($fields_n_values as $field => $new_value) {
+						$model_obj_in_entity_map->set($field, $new_value);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// if there is a primary key on this model, we can now do a slight optimization
+			if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				// we already know what we want to update. So let's make the query simpler so it's a little more efficient
+				$query_params = [
+					[$this->primary_key_name() => ['IN', $model_objs_affected_ids]],
+					'limit'                    => count($model_objs_affected_ids),
+					'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
+				];
+			}
+		}
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+
+		// note: the following query doesn't use _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query()
+		// because it doesn't accept LIMIT, ORDER BY, etc.
+		$rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
+			'query',
+			[
+				"UPDATE " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+				. " SET " . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+				. $model_query_info->get_where_sql(),
+			]
+		);
+
+		/**
+		 * Action called after a model update call has been made.
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values the updated fields and their new values
+		 * @param array    $query_params    @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 * @param int      $rows_affected
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
+		return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Analogous to $wpdb->get_col, returns a 1-dimensional array where the values
+	 * are the values of the field specified (or by default the primary key field)
+	 * that matched the query params. Note that you should pass the name of the
+	 * model FIELD, not the database table's column name.
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params
+	 * @param string $field_to_select
+	 * @return array just like $wpdb->get_col()
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md for $query_params values
+	 */
+	public function get_col($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
+	{
+		if ($field_to_select) {
+			$field = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_select);
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+		} else {
+			$field_settings = $this->field_settings();
+			// no primary key, just grab the first column
+			$field = reset($field_settings);
+			// don't need this array now
+			unset($field_settings);
+		}
+		$model_query_info   = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		$select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
+		$SQL                =
+			"SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', [$SQL]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a single column value for a single row from the database
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params    @see
+	 *                                https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_select @see EEM_Base::get_col()
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_var($query_params = [], $field_to_select = null)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$col                   = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
+		if (! empty($col)) {
+			return reset($col);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Makes the SQL for after "UPDATE table_X inner join table_Y..." and before "...WHERE". Eg "Question.name='party
+	 * time?', Question.desc='what do you think?',..." Values are filtered through wpdb->prepare to avoid against SQL
+	 * injection, but currently no further filtering is done
+	 *
+	 * @param array $fields_n_values array keys are field names on this model, and values are what those fields should
+	 *                               be updated to in the DB
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global      $wpdb
+	 */
+	public function _construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		$cols_n_values = [];
+		foreach ($fields_n_values as $field_name => $value) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+			// if the value is NULL, we want to assign the value to that.
+			// wpdb->prepare doesn't really handle that properly
+			$prepared_value  = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
+			$value_sql       = $prepared_value === null
+				? 'NULL'
+				: $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
+			$cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
+		}
+		return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
+	 * Performs a HARD delete, meaning the database row should always be removed,
+	 * not just have a flag field on it switched
+	 * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete_permanently()
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id
+	 * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int the number of rows deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true): int
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently(
+			[
+				[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
+				'limit' => 1,
+			],
+			$block_deletes
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes a single row from the DB given the model object's primary key value. (eg, EE_Attendee->ID()'s value).
+	 * Wrapper for EEM_Base::delete()
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed $id
+	 * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int the number of rows deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_by_ID($id, $block_deletes = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete(
+			[
+				[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
+				'limit' => 1,
+			],
+			$block_deletes
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Identical to delete_permanently, but does a "soft" delete if possible,
+	 * meaning if the model has a field that indicates its been "trashed" or
+	 * "soft deleted", we will just set that instead of actually deleting the rows.
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $query_params
+	 * @param boolean $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                               ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                               It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int how many rows got deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see EEM_Base::delete_permanently
+	 */
+	public function delete($query_params, $block_deletes = true)
+	{
+		return $this->delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes the model objects that meet the query params. Note: this method is overridden
+	 * in EEM_Soft_Delete_Base so that soft-deleted model objects are instead only flagged
+	 * as archived, not actually deleted
+	 *
+	 * @param array   $query_params
+	 * @param boolean $block_deletes  whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                                ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                                It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return int how many rows got deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function delete_permanently($query_params, $block_deletes = true): int
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Action called just before performing a real deletion query. You can use the
+		 * model and its $query_params to find exactly which items will be deleted
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array    $query_params  The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
+		 * @param bool     $block_deletes @see param description in method phpdoc block.
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__begin', $this, $query_params, $block_deletes);
+		// some MySQL databases may be running safe mode, which may restrict
+		// deletion if there is no KEY column used in the WHERE statement of a deletion.
+		// to get around this, we first do a SELECT, get all the IDs, and then run another query
+		// to delete them
+		$items_for_deletion           = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results($query_params);
+		$columns_and_ids_for_deleting = $this->_get_ids_for_delete($items_for_deletion, $block_deletes);
+		$deletion_where_query_part    = $this->_build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(
+			$columns_and_ids_for_deleting
+		);
+		/**
+		 * Allows client code to act on the items being deleted before the query is actually executed.
+		 * see php doc blocks for more details
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $this                         The model instance being acted on.
+		 * @param array    $query_params                 The incoming array of query parameters influencing what gets deleted.
+		 * @param bool     $block_deletes                @see param description in method phpdoc block.
+		 * @param array    $columns_and_ids_for_deleting An array indicating what entities will get removed as
+		 *                                               derived from the incoming query parameters.
+		 * @see details on the structure of this array in the phpdocs for the `_get_ids_for_delete_method`
+		 */
+		do_action(
+			'AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__before_query',
+			$this,
+			$query_params,
+			$block_deletes,
+			$columns_and_ids_for_deleting
+		);
+		$rows_deleted = 0;
+		if ($deletion_where_query_part) {
+			$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+			$table_aliases    = array_keys($this->_tables);
+			$SQL              = "DELETE "
+								. implode(", ", $table_aliases)
+								. " FROM "
+								. $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+								. " WHERE "
+								. $deletion_where_query_part;
+			$rows_deleted     = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
+		}
+
+		// Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
+		// there was no error with the delete query.
+		if (
+			$this->has_primary_key_field()
+			&& $rows_deleted !== false
+			&& isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
+		) {
+			$ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+			foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
+				if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
+					unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// delete any extra meta attached to the deleted entities but ONLY if this model is not an instance of
+			// `EEM_Extra_Meta`.  In other words we want to prevent recursion on EEM_Extra_Meta::delete_permanently calls
+			// unnecessarily.  It's very unlikely that users will have assigned Extra Meta to Extra Meta
+			// (although it is possible).
+			// Note this can be skipped by using the provided filter and returning false.
+			if (
+				apply_filters(
+					'FHEE__EEM_Base__delete_permanently__dont_delete_extra_meta_for_extra_meta',
+					! $this instanceof EEM_Extra_Meta,
+					$this
+				)
+			) {
+				EEM_Extra_Meta::instance()->delete_permanently(
+					[
+						0 => [
+							'EXM_type' => $this->get_this_model_name(),
+							'OBJ_ID'   => [
+								'IN',
+								$ids_for_removal,
+							],
+						],
+					]
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * Action called just after performing a real deletion query. Although at this point the
+		 * items should have been deleted
+		 *
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model
+		 * @param array $query_params
+		 * @param int   $rows_deleted
+		 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+		 */
+		do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
+		return (int) $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks all the relations that throw error messages when there are blocking related objects
+	 * for related model objects. If there are any related model objects on those relations,
+	 * adds an EE_Error, and return true
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $this_model_obj_or_id
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class     $ignore_this_model_obj a model object like 'EE_Event', or 'EE_Term_Taxonomy', which
+	 *                                                 should be ignored when determining whether there are related
+	 *                                                 model objects which block this model object's deletion. Useful
+	 *                                                 if you know A is related to B and are considering deleting A,
+	 *                                                 but want to see if A has any other objects blocking its deletion
+	 *                                                 before removing the relation between A and B
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_is_blocked_by_related_models($this_model_obj_or_id, $ignore_this_model_obj = null)
+	{
+		// first, if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, get its model
+		$ignored_model = $ignore_this_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class
+			? $ignore_this_model_obj->get_model()
+			: null;
+		// now check all the relations of $this_model_obj_or_id and see if there
+		// are any related model objects blocking it?
+		$is_blocked = false;
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj->block_delete_if_related_models_exist()) {
+				// if $ignore_this_model_obj was supplied, then for the query
+				// on that model needs to be told to ignore $ignore_this_model_obj
+				if ($ignored_model && $relation_name === $ignored_model->get_this_model_name()) {
+					$related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related(
+						$this_model_obj_or_id,
+						[
+							[
+								$ignored_model->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => [
+									'!=',
+									$ignore_this_model_obj->ID(),
+								],
+							],
+						]
+					);
+				} else {
+					$related_model_objects = $relation_obj->get_all_related($this_model_obj_or_id);
+				}
+				if ($related_model_objects) {
+					EE_Error::add_error($relation_obj->get_deletion_error_message(), __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+					$is_blocked = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $is_blocked;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Builds the columns and values for items to delete from the incoming $row_results_for_deleting array.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $row_results_for_deleting
+	 * @param bool  $block_deletes whether to allow related model objects to block (prevent) this deletion
+	 *                             ie: enforce referential integrity
+	 *                             It's advisable to always leave this as TRUE, otherwise you could corrupt your DB
+	 * @return array               The shape of this array depends on whether the model `has_primary_key_field` or not.
+	 *                             If the model DOES have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a simple single
+	 *                             dimension array where the key is the fully qualified primary key column and
+	 *                             the value is an array of ids that will be deleted.
+	 *                             Example:
+	 *                              [ 'Event.EVT_ID' => [ 1,2,3 ]]
+	 *                             If the model DOES NOT have a primary_key_field, then the array will be a
+	 *                             two-dimensional array where each element is a group of columns and values that get deleted.
+	 *                             Example:
+	 *                              [
+	 *                                  0 => [
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 5
+	 *                                  ],
+	 *                                  1 => [
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.object_id' => 1
+	 *                                      'Term_Relationship.term_taxonomy_id' => 6
+	 *                                  ]
+	 *                              ]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_ids_for_delete(array $row_results_for_deleting, $block_deletes = true)
+	{
+		$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = [];
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$primary_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			// following lines are commented out because the variables were not being used
+			// not deleting because unsure if calls were intentionally causing side effects
+			// $primary_table_pk_field          =
+			//     $this->get_field_by_column($primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column());
+			// $other_tables                    = $this->_get_other_tables();
+			$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column = $query = [];
+			foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
+				// before we mark this item for deletion,
+				// make sure there's no related entities blocking its deletion (if we're checking)
+				if (
+					$block_deletes
+					&& $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
+						$item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
+					)
+				) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				// primary table deletes
+				if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
+					$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
+						$item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
+				}
+			}
+		} elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
+			$fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
+			foreach ($row_results_for_deleting as $item_to_delete) {
+				$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = [];
+				foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
+					if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+						$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
+							$item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
+					}
+				}
+				$ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
+			}
+		} else {
+			// so there's no primary key and no combined key...
+			// sorry, can't help you
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Cannot delete objects of type %s because there is no primary key NOR combined key",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This receives an array of columns and values set to be deleted (as prepared by _get_ids_for_delete) and prepares
+	 * the corresponding query_part for the query performing the deletion.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column @see _get_ids_for_delete for how this array might be shaped.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _build_query_part_for_deleting_from_columns_and_values(array $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)
+	{
+		$query_part = '';
+		if (empty($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column)) {
+			return $query_part;
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$query = [];
+			foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
+				$query[] = $column . ' IN' . $this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
+			}
+			$query_part = ! empty($query)
+				? implode(' AND ', $query)
+				: $query_part;
+		} elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
+			$ways_to_identify_a_row = [];
+			foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
+				$values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = [];
+				foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
+					$values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
+				}
+				$ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
+											. implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
+											. ')';
+			}
+			$query_part = implode(' OR ', $ways_to_identify_a_row);
+		}
+		return $query_part;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model field by the fully qualified name
+	 *
+	 * @param string $qualified_column_name eg 'Event_CPT.post_name' or $field_obj->get_qualified_column()
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_by_column($qualified_column_name)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if ($field_obj->get_qualified_column() === $qualified_column_name) {
+				return $field_obj;
+			}
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__('Could not find a field on the model "%1$s" for qualified column "%2$s"', 'event_espresso'),
+				$this->get_this_model_name(),
+				$qualified_column_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Count all the rows that match criteria the model query params.
+	 * If $field_to_count isn't provided, the model's primary key is used. Otherwise, we count by field_to_count's
+	 * column
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params   @see
+	 *                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_count field on model to count by (not column name)
+	 * @param bool   $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then you can trigger
+	 *                               that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function count($query_params = [], $field_to_count = '', $distinct = false)
+	{
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		if ($field_to_count) {
+			$field_obj       = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_count);
+			$column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		} elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			$pk_field_obj    = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			$column_to_count = $pk_field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		} else {
+			// there's no primary key
+			// if we're counting distinct items, and there's no primary key,
+			// we need to list out the columns for distinction;
+			// otherwise we can just use star
+			if ($distinct) {
+				$columns_to_use = [];
+				foreach ($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields() as $field_obj) {
+					$columns_to_use[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+				}
+				$column_to_count = implode(',', $columns_to_use);
+			} else {
+				$column_to_count = '*';
+			}
+		}
+		$column_to_count = $distinct
+			? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count
+			: $column_to_count;
+		$SQL             =
+			"SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sums up the value of the $field_to_sum (defaults to the primary key, which isn't terribly useful)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $query_params @see
+	 *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string $field_to_sum name of field (array key in $_fields array)
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function sum($query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		$model_query_info = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
+		if ($field_to_sum) {
+			$field_obj = $this->field_settings_for($field_to_sum);
+		} else {
+			$field_obj = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+		}
+		$column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
+		$SQL             =
+			"SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+		$return_value    = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
+		$data_type       = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+		if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
+			return (float) $return_value;
+		}
+		// must be %f
+		return (float) $return_value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just calls the specified method on $wpdb with the given arguments
+	 * Consolidates a little extra error handling code
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return mixed
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global wpdb  $wpdb
+	 */
+	protected function _do_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		// if we're in maintenance mode level 2, DON'T run any queries
+		// because level 2 indicates the database needs updating and
+		// is probably out of sync with the code
+		if (DbStatus::isOffline()) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(
+				esc_html__(
+					"Event Espresso Level 2 Maintenance mode is active. That means EE can not run ANY database queries until the necessary migration scripts have run which will take EE out of maintenance mode level 2. Please inform support of this error.",
+					"event_espresso"
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'There is no method named "%s" on Wordpress\' $wpdb object',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$wpdb_method
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$old_show_errors_value = $wpdb->show_errors;
+		if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+			$wpdb->show_errors(false);
+		}
+		$result = $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+		$this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
+		if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+			$wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
+			if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(sprintf(esc_html__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
+			}
+			if ($result === false) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'WPDB Error occurred, but no error message was logged by wpdb! The wpdb method called was "%1$s" and the arguments were "%2$s"',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$wpdb_method,
+						var_export($arguments_to_provide, true)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		} elseif ($result === false) {
+			EE_Error::add_error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'A database error has occurred. Turn on WP_DEBUG for more information.||A database error occurred doing wpdb method "%1$s", with arguments "%2$s". The error was "%3$s"',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$wpdb_method,
+					var_export($arguments_to_provide, true),
+					$wpdb->last_error
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Attempts to run the indicated WPDB method with the provided arguments,
+	 * and if there's an error tries to verify the DB is correct. Uses
+	 * the static property EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level to determine whether
+	 * we should try to fix the EE core db, the addons, or just give up
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return mixed
+	 */
+	private function _process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		$wpdb->last_error = null;
+		$result           = call_user_func_array([$wpdb, $wpdb_method], $arguments_to_provide);
+		// was there an error running the query? but we don't care on new activations
+		// (we're going to setup the DB anyway on new activations)
+		if (
+			($result === false || ! empty($wpdb->last_error))
+			&& EE_System::instance()->detect_req_type() !== EE_System::req_type_new_activation
+		) {
+			switch (EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level) {
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_none:
+					// let's double-check core's DB
+					$error_message = $this->_verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+					break;
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_core:
+					// STILL NO LOVE?? verify all the addons too. Maybe they need to be fixed
+					$error_message = $this->_verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+					break;
+				case EEM_Base::db_verified_addons:
+					// ummmm... you in trouble
+					return $result;
+			}
+			if (! empty($error_message)) {
+				EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
+				trigger_error($error_message);
+			}
+			return $this->_process_wpdb_query($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the EE core database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
+	 * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
+	 *
+	 * @param string $wpdb_method
+	 * @param array  $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function _verify_core_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		// ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the core db, in case the problem persists
+		EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_core;
+		$error_message                    = sprintf(
+			esc_html__(
+				'WPDB Error "%1$s" while running wpdb method "%2$s" with arguments %3$s. Automatically attempting to fix EE Core DB',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			$wpdb->last_error,
+			$wpdb_method,
+			wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
+		);
+		EE_System::instance()->initialize_db_if_no_migrations_required(false, true);
+		return $error_message;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies the EE addons' database is up-to-date and records that we've done it on
+	 * EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level
+	 *
+	 * @param $wpdb_method
+	 * @param $arguments_to_provide
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function _verify_addons_db($wpdb_method, $arguments_to_provide)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		// ok remember that we've already attempted fixing the addons dbs, in case the problem persists
+		EEM_Base::$_db_verification_level = EEM_Base::db_verified_addons;
+		$error_message                    = sprintf(
+			esc_html__(
+				'WPDB AGAIN: Error "%1$s" while running the same method and arguments as before. Automatically attempting to fix EE Addons DB',
+				'event_espresso'
+			),
+			$wpdb->last_error,
+			$wpdb_method,
+			wp_json_encode($arguments_to_provide)
+		);
+		EE_System::instance()->initialize_addons();
+		return $error_message;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * In order to avoid repeating this code for the get_all, sum, and count functions, put the code parts
+	 * that are identical in here. Returns a string of SQL of everything in a SELECT query except the beginning
+	 * SELECT clause, eg " FROM wp_posts AS Event INNER JOIN ... WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT ... GROUP BY ... HAVING
+	 * ..."
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
+	{
+		return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
+			   $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to easily debug the next X queries ran from this model.
+	 *
+	 * @param int $count
+	 */
+	public function show_next_x_db_queries($count = 1)
+	{
+		$this->_show_next_x_db_queries = $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $sql_query
+	 */
+	public function show_db_query_if_previously_requested($sql_query)
+	{
+		if ($this->_show_next_x_db_queries > 0) {
+			$left = is_admin() ? '12rem' : '2rem';
+			echo "
             <div class='ee-status-outline ee-status-bg--attention' style='margin: 2rem 2rem 2rem $left;'>
                 " . esc_html($sql_query) . "
             </div>";
-            $this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
-     * There are the 3 cases:
-     * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $other_model_id_or_obj's primary_key. If
-     * $otherModelObject has no ID, it is first saved.
-     * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $other_model_id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $id_or_obj's primary_key. If $id_or_obj
-     * has no ID, it is first saved.
-     * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships: checks that there isn't already an entry in the join table, and adds one.
-     * If one of the model Objects has not yet been saved to the database, it is saved before adding the entry in the
-     * join table
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj                        EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj            EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
-     * @param string            $relationName                     , key in EEM_Base::_relations
-     *                                                            an attendee to a group, you also want to specify
-     *                                                            which role they will have in that group. So you would
-     *                                                            use this parameter to specify
-     *                                                            array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
-     * @param array|null        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values This allows you to enter further query params for the
-     *                                                            relation to for relation to methods that allow you to
-     *                                                            further specify extra columns to join by (such as
-     *                                                            HABTM).  Keep in mind that the only acceptable
-     *                                                            query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs because
-     *                                                            these will be inserted in any new rows created as
-     *                                                            well.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class which was added as a relation. Object referred to by $other_model_id_or_obj
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function add_relationship_to(
-        $id_or_obj,
-        $other_model_id_or_obj,
-        $relationName,
-        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values = []
-    ) {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->add_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $extra_join_model_fields_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
-     * There are the 3 cases:
-     * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $modelObject's foreign_key to null, if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws an
-     * error
-     * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $otherModelObject's foreign_key to null,if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws
-     * an error
-     * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships:removes any existing entry in the join table between the two models.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj             EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
-     * @param string            $relationName          key in EEM_Base::_relations
-     * @param array|null        $where_query           This allows you to enter further query params for the relation
-     *                                                 to for relation to methods that allow you to further specify
-     *                                                 extra columns to join by (such as HABTM). Keep in mind that the
-     *                                                 only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
-     *                                                 because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = [])
-    {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->remove_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $where_query);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed       $id_or_obj
-     * @param string      $relationName
-     * @param array|null  $where_query_params
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function remove_relations($id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query_params = [])
-    {
-        $relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
-        return $relation_obj->remove_relations($id_or_obj, $where_query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the related items of the specified $model_name, using $query_params.
-     * Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
-     * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
-     *
-     * @param mixed       $id_or_obj    EE_Base_Class child or its ID
-     * @param string      $model_name   like 'Event', 'Registration', etc. always singular
-     * @param array|null  $query_params @see
-     *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, ?array $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->get_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
-     * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params.
-     * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
-     * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name
-     * @param array|null               $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->delete_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Hard deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
-     * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params. If
-     * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
-     * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name
-     * @param array|null               $query_params
-     * @return int how many deleted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function delete_related_permanently($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        $model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
-        $relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        return $relation_settings->delete_related_permanently($model_obj, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
-     * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name     like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array|null               $query_params   @see
-     *                                                 https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string                   $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @param bool                     $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then
-     *                                                 you can trigger that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
-     * @return int
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function count_related(
-        $id_or_obj,
-        $model_name,
-        $query_params = [],
-        $field_to_count = null,
-        $distinct = false
-    ) {
-        $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
-        // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
-        }
-        $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
-        return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
-     * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
-     * @param string                   $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
-     * @param array|null               $query_params @see
-     *                                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @param string                   $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
-     * @return float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
-    {
-        $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::sum_related',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
-        // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
-            $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
-        }
-        $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
-        $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
-        return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses $this->_relatedModels info to find the first related model object of relation $relationName to the given
-     * $modelObject
-     *
-     * @param int | EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj        EE_Base_Class child or its ID
-     * @param string              $other_model_name , key in $this->_relatedModels, eg 'Registration', or 'Events'
-     * @param array|null          $query_params     @see
-     *                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_first_related(EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $results               = $this->get_all_related($id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params);
-        if ($results) {
-            return array_shift($results);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model's name as it's expected in queries. For example, if this is EEM_Event model, that would be Event
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_this_model_name()
-    {
-        return str_replace("EEM_", "", get_class($this));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model field on this model which is of type EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     *
-     * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_field_containing_related_model_name()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field) {
-                $field_with_model_name = $field;
-            }
-        }
-        if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
-                    $this->get_this_model_name()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $field_with_model_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new entry into the database, for each table.
-     * Note: does not add the item to the entity map because that is done by EE_Base_Class::save() right after this.
-     * If client code uses EEM_Base::insert() directly, then although the item isn't in the entity map,
-     * we also know there is no model object with the newly inserted item's ID at the moment (because
-     * if there were, then they would already be in the DB and this would fail); and in the future if someone
-     * creates a model object with this ID (or grabs it from the DB) then it will be added to the
-     * entity map at that time anyways. SO, no need for EEM_Base::insert ot add to the entity map
-     *
-     * @param array $field_n_values keys are field names, values are their values (in the client code's domain if
-     *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is false, in the model object's domain if
-     *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is true. See comment about this at the top
-     *                              of EEM_Base)
-     * @return int|string new primary key on main table that got inserted
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function insert($field_n_values)
-    {
-        /**
-         * Filters the fields and their values before inserting an item using the models
-         *
-         * @param array    $fields_n_values keys are the fields and values are their new values
-         * @param EEM_Base $model           the model used
-         */
-        $field_n_values = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__insert__fields_n_values', $field_n_values, $this);
-        if ($this->_satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values)) {
-            $main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $new_id     = $this->_insert_into_specific_table($main_table, $field_n_values, false);
-            if ($new_id !== false) {
-                foreach ($this->_get_other_tables() as $other_table) {
-                    $this->_insert_into_specific_table($other_table, $field_n_values, $new_id);
-                }
-            }
-            /**
-             * Done just after attempting to insert a new model object
-             *
-             * @param EEM_Base $model           used
-             * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their values
-             * @param int|string the              ID of the newly-inserted model object
-             */
-            do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__insert__end', $this, $field_n_values, $new_id);
-            return $new_id;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks that the result would satisfy the unique indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @param array  $field_n_values
-     * @param string $action
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _satisfies_unique_indexes(array $field_n_values, $action = 'insert')
-    {
-        foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $index_name => $index) {
-            $uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($field_n_values, $index->fields());
-            if ($this->exists([$uniqueness_where_params])) {
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "Could not %s %s. %s uniqueness index failed. Fields %s must form a unique set, but an entry already exists with values %s.",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $action,
-                        $this->_get_class_name(),
-                        $index_name,
-                        implode(",", $index->field_names()),
-                        http_build_query($uniqueness_where_params)
-                    ),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks the database for an item that conflicts (ie, if this item were
-     * saved to the DB would break some uniqueness requirement, like a primary key
-     * or an index primary key set) with the item specified. $id_obj_or_fields_array
-     * can be either an EE_Base_Class or an array of fields n values
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|array $obj_or_fields_array
-     * @param boolean             $include_primary_key whether to use the model object's primary key
-     *                                                 when looking for conflicts
-     *                                                 (ie, if false, we ignore the model object's primary key
-     *                                                 when finding "conflicts". If true, it's also considered).
-     *                                                 Only works for INT primary key,
-     *                                                 STRING primary keys cannot be ignored
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_conflicting($obj_or_fields_array, $include_primary_key = true)
-    {
-        if ($obj_or_fields_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array->model_field_array();
-        } elseif (is_array($obj_or_fields_array)) {
-            $fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "%s get_all_conflicting should be called with a model object or an array of field names and values, you provided %d",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name,
-                    $obj_or_fields_array
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $query_params = [];
-        if (
-            $this->has_primary_key_field()
-            && ($include_primary_key
-                || $this->get_primary_key_field()
-                   instanceof
-                   EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
-            && isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
-        ) {
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
-            $uniqueness_where_params                              =
-                array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
-        }
-        // if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
-        if (empty($query_params)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->get_one($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Like count, but is optimized and returns a boolean instead of an int
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function exists($query_params)
-    {
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        return $this->count($query_params) > 0;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Wrapper for exists, except ignores default query parameters so we're only considering ID
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function exists_by_ID($id)
-    {
-        return $this->exists(
-            [
-                'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
-                [
-                    $this->primary_key_name() => $id,
-                ],
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Inserts a new row in $table, using the $cols_n_values which apply to that table.
-     * If a $new_id is supplied and if $table is an EE_Other_Table, we assume
-     * we need to add a foreign key column to point to $new_id (which should be the primary key's value
-     * on the main table)
-     * This is protected rather than private because private is not accessible to any child methods and there MAY be
-     * cases where we want to call it directly rather than via insert().
-     *
-     * @access   protected
-     * @param EE_Table_Base $table
-     * @param array         $fields_n_values each key should be in field's keys, and value should be an int, string or
-     *                                       float
-     * @param int           $new_id          for now we assume only int keys
-     * @return int ID of new row inserted, or FALSE on failure
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @global WPDB         $wpdb            only used to get the $wpdb->insert_id after performing an insert
-     */
-    protected function _insert_into_specific_table(EE_Table_Base $table, $fields_n_values, $new_id = 0)
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        $insertion_col_n_values = [];
-        $format_for_insertion   = [];
-        $fields_on_table        = $this->_get_fields_for_table($table->get_table_alias());
-        foreach ($fields_on_table as $field_obj) {
-            // check if its an auto-incrementing column, in which case we should just leave it to do its autoincrement thing
-            if ($field_obj->is_auto_increment()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
-            // if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
-            if ($prepared_value !== null) {
-                $insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
-                $format_for_insertion[]                                   = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-            }
-        }
-        if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
-            // its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
-            // so add the fk to the main table as a column
-            $insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
-            $format_for_insertion[]                              =
-                '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
-        }
-
-        // insert the new entry
-        $result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
-            'insert',
-            [$table->get_table_name(), $insertion_col_n_values, $format_for_insertion]
-        );
-        if ($result === false) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // ok, now what do we return for the ID of the newly-inserted thing?
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if ($this->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
-                return $wpdb->insert_id;
-            }
-            // it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
-            // it must have been supplied
-            return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
-        }
-        // we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
-        // a unique string indicating this model
-        return $this->get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Prepare the $field_obj 's value in $fields_n_values for use in the database.
-     * If the field doesn't allow NULL, try to use its default. (If it doesn't allow NULL,
-     * and there is no default, we pass it along. WPDB will take care of it)
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
-     * @param array               $fields_n_values
-     * @return mixed string|int|float depending on what the table column will be expecting
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
-    {
-        $field_name = $field_obj->get_name();
-        // if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
-        if (! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_name ])) {
-            $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-        }
-        $unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] ?? null;
-        return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Consolidates code for preparing  a value supplied to the model for use int eh db. Calls the field's
-     * prepare_for_use_in_db method on the value, and depending on $value_already_prepare_by_model_obj, may also call
-     * the field's prepare_for_set() method.
-     *
-     * @param mixed               $value value in the client code domain if $value_already_prepared_by_model_object is
-     *                                   false, otherwise a value in the model object's domain (see lengthy comment at
-     *                                   top of file)
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field field which will be doing the preparing of the value. If null, we assume
-     *                                   $value is a custom selection
-     * @return mixed a value ready for use in the database for insertions, updating, or in a where clause
-     */
-    private function _prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field)
-    {
-        if ($field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            // phpcs:disable PSR2.ControlStructures.SwitchDeclaration.TerminatingComment
-            switch ($this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
-                /** @noinspection PhpMissingBreakStatementInspection */
-                case self::not_prepared_by_model_object:
-                    $value = $field->prepare_for_set($value);
-                // purposefully left out "return"
-                // no break
-                case self::prepared_by_model_object:
-                    /** @noinspection SuspiciousAssignmentsInspection */
-                    $value = $field->prepare_for_use_in_db($value);
-                // no break
-                case self::prepared_for_use_in_db:
-                    // leave the value alone
-            }
-            // phpcs:enable
-        }
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the main table on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Primary_Table
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_main_table()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table) {
-            if ($table instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
-                return $table;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'There are no main tables on %s. They should be added to _tables array in the constructor',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $this->class_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * table
-     * returns EE_Primary_Table table name
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function table()
-    {
-        return $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * table
-     * returns first EE_Secondary_Table table name
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function second_table()
-    {
-        // grab second table from tables array
-        $second_table = end($this->_tables);
-        return $second_table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table
-            ? $second_table->get_table_name()
-            : null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_table_obj_by_alias
-     * returns table name given it's alias
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias
-     * @return EE_Primary_Table | EE_Secondary_Table
-     */
-    public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
-    {
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] ?? null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the tables of type EE_Other_Table from EEM_CPT_Basel_Model::_tables
-     *
-     * @return EE_Secondary_Table[]
-     */
-    protected function _get_other_tables()
-    {
-        $other_tables = [];
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
-            if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
-            }
-        }
-        return $other_tables;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all the fields that correspond to the given table
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias , array key in EEM_Base::_tables
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     */
-    public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
-    {
-        return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Recurses through all the where parameters, and finds all the related models we'll need
-     * to complete this query. Eg, given where parameters like array('EVT_ID'=>3) from within Event model, we won't
-     * need any related models. But if the array were array('Registrations.REG_ID'=>3), we'd need the related
-     * Registration model. If it were array('Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_ID'=>3), then we'd need the
-     * related Registration, Transaction, and Payment models.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _extract_related_models_from_query($query_params)
-    {
-        $query_info_carrier = new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier();
-        if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys($query_params[0], $query_info_carrier, 0);
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-                    $query_params['group_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'group_by'
-                );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['group_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'group_by'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                $query_params[0],
-                $query_info_carrier,
-                'having'
-            );
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (array_key_exists('force_join', $query_params)) {
-            $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-                $query_params['force_join'],
-                $query_info_carrier,
-                'force_join'
-            );
-        }
-        $this->extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects($query_info_carrier);
-        return $query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For extracting related models from WHERE (0), HAVING (having), ORDER BY (order_by) or forced joins (force_join)
-     *
-     * @param array                       $sub_query_params
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#-0-where-conditions
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-        $sub_query_params,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
-        $query_param_type
-    ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            $sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
-            foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
-                // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $param,
-                    $model_query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_param_type
-                );
-                // if $possibly_array_of_params is an array, try recursing into it, searching for keys which
-                // indicate needed joins. Eg, array('NOT'=>array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)). In this case, we tried
-                // extracting models out of the 'NOT', which obviously wasn't successful, and then we recurse into the value
-                // of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
-                $query_param_sans_stars =
-                    $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
-                if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                    if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    "You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
-                                    "event_espresso"
-                                ),
-                                $param,
-                                $possibly_array_of_params
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                        $possibly_array_of_params,
-                        $model_query_info_carrier,
-                        $query_param_type
-                    );
-                } elseif (
-                    $query_param_type === 0 // ie WHERE
-                    && is_array($possibly_array_of_params) // need is_array() check so we don't try to explode a string
-                    && isset($possibly_array_of_params[2])
-                    && $possibly_array_of_params[2]
-                ) {
-                    // then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
-                    // indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
-                    // from which we should extract query parameters!
-                    if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    "Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
-                                    "event_espresso"
-                                ),
-                                $query_param_type,
-                                implode(",", $possibly_array_of_params)
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                        $possibly_array_of_params[1],
-                        $model_query_info_carrier,
-                        $query_param_type
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $model_query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * For extracting related models from forced_joins, where the array values contain the info about what
-     * models to join with. Eg an array like array('Attendee','Price.Price_Type');
-     *
-     * @param array                       $sub_query_params @see
-     *                                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
-        $sub_query_params,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
-        $query_param_type
-    ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
-                        $sub_query_params
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            foreach ($sub_query_params as $param) {
-                // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $param,
-                    $model_query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_param_type
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $model_query_info_carrier;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extract all the query parts from  model query params
-     * and put into a EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier for easy extraction into a query. We create this object
-     * instead of directly constructing the SQL because often we need to extract info from the $query_params
-     * but use them in a different order. Eg, we need to know what models we are querying
-     * before we know what joins to perform. However, we need to know what data types correspond to which fields on
-     * other models before we can finalize the where clause SQL.
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ModelConfigurationException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     */
-    public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        '$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        $query_params[0] = $query_params[0] ?? [];
-        // first check if we should alter the query to account for caps or not
-        // because the caps might require us to do extra joins
-        if (isset($query_params['caps']) && $query_params['caps'] !== 'none') {
-            $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive(
-                $query_params[0],
-                $this->caps_where_conditions($query_params['caps'])
-            );
-        }
-
-        // check if we should alter the query to remove data related to protected
-        // custom post types
-        if (isset($query_params['exclude_protected']) && $query_params['exclude_protected'] === true) {
-            $where_param_key_for_password = $this->modelChainAndPassword();
-            // only include if related to a cpt where no password has been set
-            $query_params[0]['OR*nopassword'] = [
-                $where_param_key_for_password       => '',
-                $where_param_key_for_password . '*' => ['IS_NULL'],
-            ];
-        }
-        $query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
-        // verify where_query_params has NO numeric indexes.... that's simply not how you use it!
-        foreach ($query_params[0] as $key => $value) {
-            if (is_int($key)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "WHERE query params must NOT be numerically-indexed. You provided the array key '%s' for value '%s' while querying model %s. All the query params provided were '%s' Please read documentation on EEM_Base::get_all.",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $key,
-                        var_export($value, true),
-                        var_export($query_params, true),
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if (
-            array_key_exists('default_where_conditions', $query_params)
-            && ! empty($query_params['default_where_conditions'])
-        ) {
-            $use_default_where_conditions = $query_params['default_where_conditions'];
-        } else {
-            $use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
-        }
-        $query_params[0] = array_merge(
-            $this->_get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
-                $query_object,
-                $use_default_where_conditions,
-                $query_params[0]
-            ),
-            $query_params[0]
-        );
-        $query_object->set_where_sql($this->_construct_where_clause($query_params[0]));
-        // if this is a "on_join_limit" then we are limiting on on a specific table in a multi_table join.
-        // So we need to setup a subquery and use that for the main join.
-        // Note for now this only works on the primary table for the model.
-        // So for instance, you could set the limit array like this:
-        // array( 'on_join_limit' => array('Primary_Table_Alias', array(1,10) ) )
-        if (array_key_exists('on_join_limit', $query_params) && ! empty($query_params['on_join_limit'])) {
-            $query_object->set_main_model_join_sql(
-                $this->_construct_limit_join_select(
-                    $query_params['on_join_limit'][0],
-                    $query_params['on_join_limit'][1]
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // set limit
-        if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
-                if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
-                    $e = sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
-                    );
-                    throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
-                }
-                // they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
-            }
-        }
-        // set order by
-        if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                // if they're using 'order_by' as an array, they can't use 'order' (because 'order_by' must
-                // specify whether to ascend or descend on each field. Eg 'order_by'=>array('EVT_ID'=>'ASC'). So
-                // including 'order' wouldn't make any sense if 'order_by' has already specified which way to order!
-                if (array_key_exists('order', $query_params)) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "In querying %s, we are using query parameter 'order_by' as an array (keys:%s,values:%s), and so we can't use query parameter 'order' (value %s). You should just use the 'order_by' parameter ",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            $this->class_name,
-                            implode(", ", array_keys($query_params['order_by'])),
-                            implode(", ", $query_params['order_by']),
-                            $query_params['order']
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_object,
-                    'order_by'
-                );
-                // assume it's an array of fields to order by
-                $order_array = [];
-                foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
-                    $order         = $this->_extract_order($order);
-                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
-                }
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
-                $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $query_params['order_by'],
-                    $query_object,
-                    'order',
-                    $query_params['order_by']
-                );
-                $order = isset($query_params['order'])
-                    ? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
-                    : 'DESC';
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(
-                    " ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
-        if (
-            ! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
-            && array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
-            && ! empty($query_params['order'])
-        ) {
-            $pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            $order    = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
-            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
-        }
-        // set group by
-        if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
-            if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                // it's an array, so assume we'll be grouping by a bunch of stuff
-                $group_by_array = [];
-                foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
-                    $group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
-                }
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(
-                    " GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        // set having
-        if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params) && $query_params['having']) {
-            $query_object->set_having_sql($this->_construct_having_clause($query_params['having']));
-        }
-        // now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
-        foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
-            if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "You passed %s as a query parameter to %s, which is illegal! The allowed query parameters are %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $query_key,
-                        $this->class_name,
-                        //                      print_r( $this->_allowed_query_params, TRUE )
-                        implode(',', $this->_allowed_query_params)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $main_model_join_sql = $query_object->get_main_model_join_sql();
-        if (empty($main_model_join_sql)) {
-            $query_object->set_main_model_join_sql($this->_construct_internal_join());
-        }
-        return $query_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the where conditions that should be imposed on the query based on the
-     * context (eg reading frontend, backend, edit or delete).
-     *
-     * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
-     * @return array @see
-     *                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function caps_where_conditions($context = self::caps_read)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
-        $cap_where_conditions = [];
-        $cap_restrictions     = $this->caps_missing($context);
-        foreach ($cap_restrictions as $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            $cap_where_conditions = array_replace_recursive(
-                $cap_where_conditions,
-                $restriction_if_no_cap->get_default_where_conditions()
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__caps_where_conditions__return',
-            $cap_where_conditions,
-            $this,
-            $context,
-            $cap_restrictions
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies that $should_be_order_string is in $this->_allowed_order_values,
-     * otherwise throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $should_be_order_string
-     * @return string either ASC, asc, DESC or desc
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_order($should_be_order_string)
-    {
-        if (in_array($should_be_order_string, $this->_allowed_order_values)) {
-            return $should_be_order_string;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "While performing a query on '%s', tried to use '%s' as an order parameter. ",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $this->class_name,
-                $should_be_order_string
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Looks at all the models which are included in this query, and asks each
-     * for their universal_where_params, and returns them in the same format as $query_params[0] (where),
-     * so they can be merged
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $use_default_where_conditions can be 'none','other_models_only', or 'all'.
-     *                                                                  'none' means NO default where conditions will
-     *                                                                  be used AT ALL during this query.
-     *                                                                  'other_models_only' means default where
-     *                                                                  conditions from other models will be used, but
-     *                                                                  not for this primary model. 'all', the default,
-     *                                                                  means default where conditions will apply as
-     *                                                                  normal
-     * @param array                       $where_query_params
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params
-     *                                                                  .md#0-where-conditions
-     */
-    private function _get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
-        $use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-        $where_query_params = []
-    ) {
-        $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
-        if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $use_default_where_conditions,
-                    implode(", ", $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $universal_query_params = [];
-        if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
-            $universal_query_params = $this->_get_default_where_conditions();
-        } elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
-            $universal_query_params = $this->_get_minimum_where_conditions();
-        }
-        foreach ($query_info_carrier->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_path => $model_name) {
-            $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-            if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
-                $related_model_universal_where_params =
-                    $related_model->_get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-            } elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
-                $related_model_universal_where_params =
-                    $related_model->_get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-            } else {
-                // we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
-                continue;
-            }
-            $overrides              = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
-                $related_model_universal_where_params,
-                $where_query_params,
-                $related_model,
-                $model_relation_path
-            );
-            $universal_query_params = EEH_Array::merge_arrays_and_overwrite_keys(
-                $universal_query_params,
-                $overrides
-            );
-        }
-        return $universal_query_params;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether we should use default where conditions for the model in question
-     * (this model, or other related models).
-     * Basically, we should use default where conditions on this model if they have requested to use them on all models,
-     * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
-     * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
-     * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
-     *
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
-     * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function _should_use_default_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
-    {
-        return (
-                   $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       [
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
-                       ],
-                       true
-                   )
-               )
-               || (
-                   ! $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       [
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
-                       ],
-                       true
-                   )
-               );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether we should use default minimum conditions for the model in question
-     * (this model, or other related models).
-     * Basically, we should use minimum where conditions on this model only if they requested all models to use minimum
-     * where conditions.
-     * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
-     * on this model or others
-     *
-     * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
-     * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    private function _should_use_minimum_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
-    {
-        return (
-                   $for_this_model
-                   && $default_where_conditions_value === EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL
-               )
-               || (
-                   ! $for_this_model
-                   && in_array(
-                       $default_where_conditions_value,
-                       [
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
-                           EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
-                       ],
-                       true
-                   )
-               );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if any of the defaults have been overridden. If there are any that AREN'T overridden,
-     * then we also add a special where condition which allows for that model's primary key
-     * to be null (which is important for JOINs. Eg, if you want to see all Events ordered by Venue's name,
-     * then Event's with NO Venue won't appear unless you allow VNU_ID to be NULL)
-     *
-     * @param array    $default_where_conditions
-     * @param array    $provided_where_conditions
-     * @param EEM_Base $model
-     * @param string   $model_relation_path like 'Transaction.Payment.'
-     * @return array @see
-     *                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
-        $default_where_conditions,
-        $provided_where_conditions,
-        $model,
-        $model_relation_path
-    ) {
-        $null_friendly_where_conditions = [];
-        $none_overridden                = true;
-        $or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
-        foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
-            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
-                $none_overridden = false;
-            } else {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
-            }
-        }
-        if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
-            if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
-                                                                                   . "."
-                                                                                   . $model->primary_key_name() ] =
-                    ['IS NULL'];
-            }/*else{
+			$this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
+	 * There are the 3 cases:
+	 * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $other_model_id_or_obj's primary_key. If
+	 * $otherModelObject has no ID, it is first saved.
+	 * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $other_model_id_or_obj's foreign_key to be $id_or_obj's primary_key. If $id_or_obj
+	 * has no ID, it is first saved.
+	 * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships: checks that there isn't already an entry in the join table, and adds one.
+	 * If one of the model Objects has not yet been saved to the database, it is saved before adding the entry in the
+	 * join table
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj                        EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj            EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
+	 * @param string            $relationName                     , key in EEM_Base::_relations
+	 *                                                            an attendee to a group, you also want to specify
+	 *                                                            which role they will have in that group. So you would
+	 *                                                            use this parameter to specify
+	 *                                                            array('role-column-name'=>'role-id')
+	 * @param array|null        $extra_join_model_fields_n_values This allows you to enter further query params for the
+	 *                                                            relation to for relation to methods that allow you to
+	 *                                                            further specify extra columns to join by (such as
+	 *                                                            HABTM).  Keep in mind that the only acceptable
+	 *                                                            query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs because
+	 *                                                            these will be inserted in any new rows created as
+	 *                                                            well.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class which was added as a relation. Object referred to by $other_model_id_or_obj
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function add_relationship_to(
+		$id_or_obj,
+		$other_model_id_or_obj,
+		$relationName,
+		$extra_join_model_fields_n_values = []
+	) {
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->add_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $extra_join_model_fields_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes a relationship of the correct type between $modelObject and $otherModelObject.
+	 * There are the 3 cases:
+	 * 'belongsTo' relationship: sets $modelObject's foreign_key to null, if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws an
+	 * error
+	 * 'hasMany' relationship: sets $otherModelObject's foreign_key to null,if that field is nullable.Otherwise throws
+	 * an error
+	 * 'hasAndBelongsToMany' relationships:removes any existing entry in the join table between the two models.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $id_or_obj             EE_base_Class or ID of $thisModelObject
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int $other_model_id_or_obj EE_base_Class or ID of other Model Object
+	 * @param string            $relationName          key in EEM_Base::_relations
+	 * @param array|null        $where_query           This allows you to enter further query params for the relation
+	 *                                                 to for relation to methods that allow you to further specify
+	 *                                                 extra columns to join by (such as HABTM). Keep in mind that the
+	 *                                                 only acceptable query_params is strict "col" => "value" pairs
+	 *                                                 because these will be inserted in any new rows created as well.
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function remove_relationship_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query = [])
+	{
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->remove_relation_to($id_or_obj, $other_model_id_or_obj, $where_query);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed       $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string      $relationName
+	 * @param array|null  $where_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function remove_relations($id_or_obj, $relationName, $where_query_params = [])
+	{
+		$relation_obj = $this->related_settings_for($relationName);
+		return $relation_obj->remove_relations($id_or_obj, $where_query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the related items of the specified $model_name, using $query_params.
+	 * Note: by default, we remove the "default query params"
+	 * because we want to get even deleted items etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed       $id_or_obj    EE_Base_Class child or its ID
+	 * @param string      $model_name   like 'Event', 'Registration', etc. always singular
+	 * @param array|null  $query_params @see
+	 *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, ?array $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->get_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
+	 * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params.
+	 * However, if the model objects can't be deleted because of blocking related model objects, then
+	 * they aren't deleted. (Unless the thing that would have been deleted can be soft-deleted, that still happens).
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->delete_all_related($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Hard deletes all the model objects across the relation indicated by $model_name
+	 * which are related to $id_or_obj which meet the criteria set in $query_params. If
+	 * the model objects can't be hard deleted because of blocking related model objects,
+	 * just does a soft-delete on them instead.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params
+	 * @return int how many deleted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function delete_related_permanently($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		$model_obj         = $this->ensure_is_obj($id_or_obj);
+		$relation_settings = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		return $relation_settings->delete_related_permanently($model_obj, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply counts them. Ignores default_where_conditions by default,
+	 * unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name     like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params   @see
+	 *                                                 https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string                   $field_to_count name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @param bool                     $distinct       if we want to only count the distinct values for the column then
+	 *                                                 you can trigger that by the setting $distinct to TRUE;
+	 * @return int
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function count_related(
+		$id_or_obj,
+		$model_name,
+		$query_params = [],
+		$field_to_count = null,
+		$distinct = false
+	) {
+		$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+		// we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
+		// except add a condition to say to match the current mod
+		if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
+		}
+		$this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+		$query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+		return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Instead of getting the related model objects, simply sums up the values of the specified field.
+	 * Note: ignores default_where_conditions by default, unless otherwise specified in the $query_params
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $id_or_obj
+	 * @param string                   $model_name   like 'Event', or 'Registration'
+	 * @param array|null               $query_params @see
+	 *                                               https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @param string                   $field_to_sum name of field to count by. By default, uses primary key
+	 * @return float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
+	{
+		$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::sum_related',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		// we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
+		// except add a condition to say to match the current mod
+		if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+			$query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
+		}
+		$this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
+		$this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
+		$query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+		return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses $this->_relatedModels info to find the first related model object of relation $relationName to the given
+	 * $modelObject
+	 *
+	 * @param int | EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj        EE_Base_Class child or its ID
+	 * @param string              $other_model_name , key in $this->_relatedModels, eg 'Registration', or 'Events'
+	 * @param array|null          $query_params     @see
+	 *                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_first_related(EE_Base_Class $id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$results               = $this->get_all_related($id_or_obj, $other_model_name, $query_params);
+		if ($results) {
+			return array_shift($results);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model's name as it's expected in queries. For example, if this is EEM_Event model, that would be Event
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_this_model_name()
+	{
+		return str_replace("EEM_", "", get_class($this));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model field on this model which is of type EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_field_containing_related_model_name()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name_Field) {
+				$field_with_model_name = $field;
+			}
+		}
+		if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
+					$this->get_this_model_name()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $field_with_model_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Inserts a new entry into the database, for each table.
+	 * Note: does not add the item to the entity map because that is done by EE_Base_Class::save() right after this.
+	 * If client code uses EEM_Base::insert() directly, then although the item isn't in the entity map,
+	 * we also know there is no model object with the newly inserted item's ID at the moment (because
+	 * if there were, then they would already be in the DB and this would fail); and in the future if someone
+	 * creates a model object with this ID (or grabs it from the DB) then it will be added to the
+	 * entity map at that time anyways. SO, no need for EEM_Base::insert ot add to the entity map
+	 *
+	 * @param array $field_n_values keys are field names, values are their values (in the client code's domain if
+	 *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is false, in the model object's domain if
+	 *                              $values_already_prepared_by_model_object is true. See comment about this at the top
+	 *                              of EEM_Base)
+	 * @return int|string new primary key on main table that got inserted
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function insert($field_n_values)
+	{
+		/**
+		 * Filters the fields and their values before inserting an item using the models
+		 *
+		 * @param array    $fields_n_values keys are the fields and values are their new values
+		 * @param EEM_Base $model           the model used
+		 */
+		$field_n_values = (array) apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__insert__fields_n_values', $field_n_values, $this);
+		if ($this->_satisfies_unique_indexes($field_n_values)) {
+			$main_table = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$new_id     = $this->_insert_into_specific_table($main_table, $field_n_values, false);
+			if ($new_id !== false) {
+				foreach ($this->_get_other_tables() as $other_table) {
+					$this->_insert_into_specific_table($other_table, $field_n_values, $new_id);
+				}
+			}
+			/**
+			 * Done just after attempting to insert a new model object
+			 *
+			 * @param EEM_Base $model           used
+			 * @param array    $fields_n_values fields and their values
+			 * @param int|string the              ID of the newly-inserted model object
+			 */
+			do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__insert__end', $this, $field_n_values, $new_id);
+			return $new_id;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks that the result would satisfy the unique indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $field_n_values
+	 * @param string $action
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _satisfies_unique_indexes(array $field_n_values, $action = 'insert')
+	{
+		foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $index_name => $index) {
+			$uniqueness_where_params = array_intersect_key($field_n_values, $index->fields());
+			if ($this->exists([$uniqueness_where_params])) {
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"Could not %s %s. %s uniqueness index failed. Fields %s must form a unique set, but an entry already exists with values %s.",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$action,
+						$this->_get_class_name(),
+						$index_name,
+						implode(",", $index->field_names()),
+						http_build_query($uniqueness_where_params)
+					),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks the database for an item that conflicts (ie, if this item were
+	 * saved to the DB would break some uniqueness requirement, like a primary key
+	 * or an index primary key set) with the item specified. $id_obj_or_fields_array
+	 * can be either an EE_Base_Class or an array of fields n values
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|array $obj_or_fields_array
+	 * @param boolean             $include_primary_key whether to use the model object's primary key
+	 *                                                 when looking for conflicts
+	 *                                                 (ie, if false, we ignore the model object's primary key
+	 *                                                 when finding "conflicts". If true, it's also considered).
+	 *                                                 Only works for INT primary key,
+	 *                                                 STRING primary keys cannot be ignored
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_conflicting($obj_or_fields_array, $include_primary_key = true)
+	{
+		if ($obj_or_fields_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array->model_field_array();
+		} elseif (is_array($obj_or_fields_array)) {
+			$fields_n_values = $obj_or_fields_array;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"%s get_all_conflicting should be called with a model object or an array of field names and values, you provided %d",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$this->class_name,
+					$obj_or_fields_array
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$query_params = [];
+		if (
+			$this->has_primary_key_field()
+			&& ($include_primary_key
+				|| $this->get_primary_key_field()
+				   instanceof
+				   EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
+			&& isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
+		) {
+			$query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
+			$uniqueness_where_params                              =
+				array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
+			$query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
+		}
+		// if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
+		if (empty($query_params)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->get_one($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Like count, but is optimized and returns a boolean instead of an int
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function exists($query_params)
+	{
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		return $this->count($query_params) > 0;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Wrapper for exists, except ignores default query parameters so we're only considering ID
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function exists_by_ID($id)
+	{
+		return $this->exists(
+			[
+				'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
+				[
+					$this->primary_key_name() => $id,
+				],
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Inserts a new row in $table, using the $cols_n_values which apply to that table.
+	 * If a $new_id is supplied and if $table is an EE_Other_Table, we assume
+	 * we need to add a foreign key column to point to $new_id (which should be the primary key's value
+	 * on the main table)
+	 * This is protected rather than private because private is not accessible to any child methods and there MAY be
+	 * cases where we want to call it directly rather than via insert().
+	 *
+	 * @access   protected
+	 * @param EE_Table_Base $table
+	 * @param array         $fields_n_values each key should be in field's keys, and value should be an int, string or
+	 *                                       float
+	 * @param int           $new_id          for now we assume only int keys
+	 * @return int ID of new row inserted, or FALSE on failure
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @global WPDB         $wpdb            only used to get the $wpdb->insert_id after performing an insert
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_into_specific_table(EE_Table_Base $table, $fields_n_values, $new_id = 0)
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		$insertion_col_n_values = [];
+		$format_for_insertion   = [];
+		$fields_on_table        = $this->_get_fields_for_table($table->get_table_alias());
+		foreach ($fields_on_table as $field_obj) {
+			// check if its an auto-incrementing column, in which case we should just leave it to do its autoincrement thing
+			if ($field_obj->is_auto_increment()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			$prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
+			// if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
+			if ($prepared_value !== null) {
+				$insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
+				$format_for_insertion[]                                   = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+			}
+		}
+		if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
+			// its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
+			// so add the fk to the main table as a column
+			$insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
+			$format_for_insertion[]                              =
+				'%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
+		}
+
+		// insert the new entry
+		$result = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
+			'insert',
+			[$table->get_table_name(), $insertion_col_n_values, $format_for_insertion]
+		);
+		if ($result === false) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// ok, now what do we return for the ID of the newly-inserted thing?
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if ($this->get_primary_key_field()->is_auto_increment()) {
+				return $wpdb->insert_id;
+			}
+			// it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
+			// it must have been supplied
+			return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
+		}
+		// we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
+		// a unique string indicating this model
+		return $this->get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepare the $field_obj 's value in $fields_n_values for use in the database.
+	 * If the field doesn't allow NULL, try to use its default. (If it doesn't allow NULL,
+	 * and there is no default, we pass it along. WPDB will take care of it)
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field_obj
+	 * @param array               $fields_n_values
+	 * @return mixed string|int|float depending on what the table column will be expecting
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values)
+	{
+		$field_name = $field_obj->get_name();
+		// if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
+		if (! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_name ])) {
+			$fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+		}
+		$unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] ?? null;
+		return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Consolidates code for preparing  a value supplied to the model for use int eh db. Calls the field's
+	 * prepare_for_use_in_db method on the value, and depending on $value_already_prepare_by_model_obj, may also call
+	 * the field's prepare_for_set() method.
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed               $value value in the client code domain if $value_already_prepared_by_model_object is
+	 *                                   false, otherwise a value in the model object's domain (see lengthy comment at
+	 *                                   top of file)
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base $field field which will be doing the preparing of the value. If null, we assume
+	 *                                   $value is a custom selection
+	 * @return mixed a value ready for use in the database for insertions, updating, or in a where clause
+	 */
+	private function _prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field)
+	{
+		if ($field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			// phpcs:disable PSR2.ControlStructures.SwitchDeclaration.TerminatingComment
+			switch ($this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object) {
+				/** @noinspection PhpMissingBreakStatementInspection */
+				case self::not_prepared_by_model_object:
+					$value = $field->prepare_for_set($value);
+				// purposefully left out "return"
+				// no break
+				case self::prepared_by_model_object:
+					/** @noinspection SuspiciousAssignmentsInspection */
+					$value = $field->prepare_for_use_in_db($value);
+				// no break
+				case self::prepared_for_use_in_db:
+					// leave the value alone
+			}
+			// phpcs:enable
+		}
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the main table on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Table
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_main_table()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table) {
+			if ($table instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
+				return $table;
+			}
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'There are no main tables on %s. They should be added to _tables array in the constructor',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$this->class_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * table
+	 * returns EE_Primary_Table table name
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function table()
+	{
+		return $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * table
+	 * returns first EE_Secondary_Table table name
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function second_table()
+	{
+		// grab second table from tables array
+		$second_table = end($this->_tables);
+		return $second_table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table
+			? $second_table->get_table_name()
+			: null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_table_obj_by_alias
+	 * returns table name given it's alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Table | EE_Secondary_Table
+	 */
+	public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] ?? null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the tables of type EE_Other_Table from EEM_CPT_Basel_Model::_tables
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Secondary_Table[]
+	 */
+	protected function _get_other_tables()
+	{
+		$other_tables = [];
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
+			if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
+			}
+		}
+		return $other_tables;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all the fields that correspond to the given table
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias , array key in EEM_Base::_tables
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
+	{
+		return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Recurses through all the where parameters, and finds all the related models we'll need
+	 * to complete this query. Eg, given where parameters like array('EVT_ID'=>3) from within Event model, we won't
+	 * need any related models. But if the array were array('Registrations.REG_ID'=>3), we'd need the related
+	 * Registration model. If it were array('Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_ID'=>3), then we'd need the
+	 * related Registration, Transaction, and Payment models.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _extract_related_models_from_query($query_params)
+	{
+		$query_info_carrier = new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier();
+		if (array_key_exists(0, $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys($query_params[0], $query_info_carrier, 0);
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+					$query_params['group_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'group_by'
+				);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['group_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'group_by'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+				$query_params[0],
+				$query_info_carrier,
+				'having'
+			);
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (array_key_exists('force_join', $query_params)) {
+			$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+				$query_params['force_join'],
+				$query_info_carrier,
+				'force_join'
+			);
+		}
+		$this->extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects($query_info_carrier);
+		return $query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For extracting related models from WHERE (0), HAVING (having), ORDER BY (order_by) or forced joins (force_join)
+	 *
+	 * @param array                       $sub_query_params
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#-0-where-conditions
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+		$sub_query_params,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
+		$query_param_type
+	) {
+		if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+			$sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
+			foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
+				// $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$param,
+					$model_query_info_carrier,
+					$query_param_type
+				);
+				// if $possibly_array_of_params is an array, try recursing into it, searching for keys which
+				// indicate needed joins. Eg, array('NOT'=>array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)). In this case, we tried
+				// extracting models out of the 'NOT', which obviously wasn't successful, and then we recurse into the value
+				// of array('Registration.TXN_ID'=>23)
+				$query_param_sans_stars =
+					$this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
+				if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+					if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									"You used a special where query param %s, but the value isn't an array of where query params, it's just %s'. It should be an array, eg array('EVT_ID'=>23,'OR'=>array('Venue.VNU_ID'=>32,'Venue.VNU_name'=>'monkey_land'))",
+									"event_espresso"
+								),
+								$param,
+								$possibly_array_of_params
+							)
+						);
+					}
+					$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+						$possibly_array_of_params,
+						$model_query_info_carrier,
+						$query_param_type
+					);
+				} elseif (
+					$query_param_type === 0 // ie WHERE
+					&& is_array($possibly_array_of_params) // need is_array() check so we don't try to explode a string
+					&& isset($possibly_array_of_params[2])
+					&& $possibly_array_of_params[2]
+				) {
+					// then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
+					// indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
+					// from which we should extract query parameters!
+					if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									"Improperly formed query parameter %s. It should be numerically indexed like array('<','DTT_sold',true); but you provided %s",
+									"event_espresso"
+								),
+								$query_param_type,
+								implode(",", $possibly_array_of_params)
+							)
+						);
+					}
+					$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+						$possibly_array_of_params[1],
+						$model_query_info_carrier,
+						$query_param_type
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $model_query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * For extracting related models from forced_joins, where the array values contain the info about what
+	 * models to join with. Eg an array like array('Attendee','Price.Price_Type');
+	 *
+	 * @param array                       $sub_query_params @see
+	 *                                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type one of $this->_allowed_query_params
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_values(
+		$sub_query_params,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
+		$query_param_type
+	) {
+		if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+			if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
+						$sub_query_params
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			foreach ($sub_query_params as $param) {
+				// $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$param,
+					$model_query_info_carrier,
+					$query_param_type
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $model_query_info_carrier;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extract all the query parts from  model query params
+	 * and put into a EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier for easy extraction into a query. We create this object
+	 * instead of directly constructing the SQL because often we need to extract info from the $query_params
+	 * but use them in a different order. Eg, we need to know what models we are querying
+	 * before we know what joins to perform. However, we need to know what data types correspond to which fields on
+	 * other models before we can finalize the where clause SQL.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ModelConfigurationException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 */
+	public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		$query_params[0] = $query_params[0] ?? [];
+		// first check if we should alter the query to account for caps or not
+		// because the caps might require us to do extra joins
+		if (isset($query_params['caps']) && $query_params['caps'] !== 'none') {
+			$query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive(
+				$query_params[0],
+				$this->caps_where_conditions($query_params['caps'])
+			);
+		}
+
+		// check if we should alter the query to remove data related to protected
+		// custom post types
+		if (isset($query_params['exclude_protected']) && $query_params['exclude_protected'] === true) {
+			$where_param_key_for_password = $this->modelChainAndPassword();
+			// only include if related to a cpt where no password has been set
+			$query_params[0]['OR*nopassword'] = [
+				$where_param_key_for_password       => '',
+				$where_param_key_for_password . '*' => ['IS_NULL'],
+			];
+		}
+		$query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
+		// verify where_query_params has NO numeric indexes.... that's simply not how you use it!
+		foreach ($query_params[0] as $key => $value) {
+			if (is_int($key)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"WHERE query params must NOT be numerically-indexed. You provided the array key '%s' for value '%s' while querying model %s. All the query params provided were '%s' Please read documentation on EEM_Base::get_all.",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$key,
+						var_export($value, true),
+						var_export($query_params, true),
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if (
+			array_key_exists('default_where_conditions', $query_params)
+			&& ! empty($query_params['default_where_conditions'])
+		) {
+			$use_default_where_conditions = $query_params['default_where_conditions'];
+		} else {
+			$use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL;
+		}
+		$query_params[0] = array_merge(
+			$this->_get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
+				$query_object,
+				$use_default_where_conditions,
+				$query_params[0]
+			),
+			$query_params[0]
+		);
+		$query_object->set_where_sql($this->_construct_where_clause($query_params[0]));
+		// if this is a "on_join_limit" then we are limiting on on a specific table in a multi_table join.
+		// So we need to setup a subquery and use that for the main join.
+		// Note for now this only works on the primary table for the model.
+		// So for instance, you could set the limit array like this:
+		// array( 'on_join_limit' => array('Primary_Table_Alias', array(1,10) ) )
+		if (array_key_exists('on_join_limit', $query_params) && ! empty($query_params['on_join_limit'])) {
+			$query_object->set_main_model_join_sql(
+				$this->_construct_limit_join_select(
+					$query_params['on_join_limit'][0],
+					$query_params['on_join_limit'][1]
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// set limit
+		if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
+				if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
+					$e = sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
+					);
+					throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
+				}
+				// they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
+				$query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
+				$query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
+			}
+		}
+		// set order by
+		if (array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				// if they're using 'order_by' as an array, they can't use 'order' (because 'order_by' must
+				// specify whether to ascend or descend on each field. Eg 'order_by'=>array('EVT_ID'=>'ASC'). So
+				// including 'order' wouldn't make any sense if 'order_by' has already specified which way to order!
+				if (array_key_exists('order', $query_params)) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"In querying %s, we are using query parameter 'order_by' as an array (keys:%s,values:%s), and so we can't use query parameter 'order' (value %s). You should just use the 'order_by' parameter ",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							$this->class_name,
+							implode(", ", array_keys($query_params['order_by'])),
+							implode(", ", $query_params['order_by']),
+							$query_params['order']
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$this->_extract_related_models_from_sub_params_array_keys(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_object,
+					'order_by'
+				);
+				// assume it's an array of fields to order by
+				$order_array = [];
+				foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
+					$order         = $this->_extract_order($order);
+					$order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
+				}
+				$query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+				$this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$query_params['order_by'],
+					$query_object,
+					'order',
+					$query_params['order_by']
+				);
+				$order = isset($query_params['order'])
+					? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
+					: 'DESC';
+				$query_object->set_order_by_sql(
+					" ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// if 'order_by' wasn't set, maybe they are just using 'order' on its own?
+		if (
+			! array_key_exists('order_by', $query_params)
+			&& array_key_exists('order', $query_params)
+			&& ! empty($query_params['order'])
+		) {
+			$pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			$order    = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
+			$query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
+		}
+		// set group by
+		if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
+			if (is_array($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				// it's an array, so assume we'll be grouping by a bunch of stuff
+				$group_by_array = [];
+				foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
+					$group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
+				}
+				$query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
+			} elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+				$query_object->set_group_by_sql(
+					" GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		// set having
+		if (array_key_exists('having', $query_params) && $query_params['having']) {
+			$query_object->set_having_sql($this->_construct_having_clause($query_params['having']));
+		}
+		// now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
+		foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
+			if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"You passed %s as a query parameter to %s, which is illegal! The allowed query parameters are %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$query_key,
+						$this->class_name,
+						//                      print_r( $this->_allowed_query_params, TRUE )
+						implode(',', $this->_allowed_query_params)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$main_model_join_sql = $query_object->get_main_model_join_sql();
+		if (empty($main_model_join_sql)) {
+			$query_object->set_main_model_join_sql($this->_construct_internal_join());
+		}
+		return $query_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the where conditions that should be imposed on the query based on the
+	 * context (eg reading frontend, backend, edit or delete).
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts()
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                        https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function caps_where_conditions($context = self::caps_read)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
+		$cap_where_conditions = [];
+		$cap_restrictions     = $this->caps_missing($context);
+		foreach ($cap_restrictions as $restriction_if_no_cap) {
+			$cap_where_conditions = array_replace_recursive(
+				$cap_where_conditions,
+				$restriction_if_no_cap->get_default_where_conditions()
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__caps_where_conditions__return',
+			$cap_where_conditions,
+			$this,
+			$context,
+			$cap_restrictions
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies that $should_be_order_string is in $this->_allowed_order_values,
+	 * otherwise throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $should_be_order_string
+	 * @return string either ASC, asc, DESC or desc
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_order($should_be_order_string)
+	{
+		if (in_array($should_be_order_string, $this->_allowed_order_values)) {
+			return $should_be_order_string;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"While performing a query on '%s', tried to use '%s' as an order parameter. ",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$this->class_name,
+				$should_be_order_string
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Looks at all the models which are included in this query, and asks each
+	 * for their universal_where_params, and returns them in the same format as $query_params[0] (where),
+	 * so they can be merged
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $use_default_where_conditions can be 'none','other_models_only', or 'all'.
+	 *                                                                  'none' means NO default where conditions will
+	 *                                                                  be used AT ALL during this query.
+	 *                                                                  'other_models_only' means default where
+	 *                                                                  conditions from other models will be used, but
+	 *                                                                  not for this primary model. 'all', the default,
+	 *                                                                  means default where conditions will apply as
+	 *                                                                  normal
+	 * @param array                       $where_query_params
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params
+	 *                                                                  .md#0-where-conditions
+	 */
+	private function _get_default_where_conditions_for_models_in_query(
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
+		$use_default_where_conditions = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+		$where_query_params = []
+	) {
+		$allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
+		if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"You passed an invalid value to the query parameter 'default_where_conditions' of '%s'. Allowed values are %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$use_default_where_conditions,
+					implode(", ", $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$universal_query_params = [];
+		if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
+			$universal_query_params = $this->_get_default_where_conditions();
+		} elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, true)) {
+			$universal_query_params = $this->_get_minimum_where_conditions();
+		}
+		foreach ($query_info_carrier->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_path => $model_name) {
+			$related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
+			if ($this->_should_use_default_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
+				$related_model_universal_where_params =
+					$related_model->_get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+			} elseif ($this->_should_use_minimum_where_conditions($use_default_where_conditions, false)) {
+				$related_model_universal_where_params =
+					$related_model->_get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+			} else {
+				// we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
+				continue;
+			}
+			$overrides              = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+				$related_model_universal_where_params,
+				$where_query_params,
+				$related_model,
+				$model_relation_path
+			);
+			$universal_query_params = EEH_Array::merge_arrays_and_overwrite_keys(
+				$universal_query_params,
+				$overrides
+			);
+		}
+		return $universal_query_params;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether we should use default where conditions for the model in question
+	 * (this model, or other related models).
+	 * Basically, we should use default where conditions on this model if they have requested to use them on all models,
+	 * this model only, or to use minimum where conditions on all other models and normal where conditions on this one.
+	 * We should use default where conditions on related models when they requested to use default where conditions
+	 * on all models, or specifically just on other related models
+	 *
+	 * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+	 * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function _should_use_default_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
+	{
+		return (
+				   $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   [
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
+					   ],
+					   true
+				   )
+			   )
+			   || (
+				   ! $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   [
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
+					   ],
+					   true
+				   )
+			   );
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether we should use default minimum conditions for the model in question
+	 * (this model, or other related models).
+	 * Basically, we should use minimum where conditions on this model only if they requested all models to use minimum
+	 * where conditions.
+	 * We should use minimum where conditions on related models if they requested to use minimum where conditions
+	 * on this model or others
+	 *
+	 * @param      $default_where_conditions_value
+	 * @param bool $for_this_model false means this is for OTHER related models
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	private function _should_use_minimum_where_conditions($default_where_conditions_value, $for_this_model = true)
+	{
+		return (
+				   $for_this_model
+				   && $default_where_conditions_value === EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL
+			   )
+			   || (
+				   ! $for_this_model
+				   && in_array(
+					   $default_where_conditions_value,
+					   [
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
+						   EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
+					   ],
+					   true
+				   )
+			   );
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if any of the defaults have been overridden. If there are any that AREN'T overridden,
+	 * then we also add a special where condition which allows for that model's primary key
+	 * to be null (which is important for JOINs. Eg, if you want to see all Events ordered by Venue's name,
+	 * then Event's with NO Venue won't appear unless you allow VNU_ID to be NULL)
+	 *
+	 * @param array    $default_where_conditions
+	 * @param array    $provided_where_conditions
+	 * @param EEM_Base $model
+	 * @param string   $model_relation_path like 'Transaction.Payment.'
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                                      https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+		$default_where_conditions,
+		$provided_where_conditions,
+		$model,
+		$model_relation_path
+	) {
+		$null_friendly_where_conditions = [];
+		$none_overridden                = true;
+		$or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
+		foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
+			if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
+				$none_overridden = false;
+			} else {
+				$null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
+			}
+		}
+		if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
+			if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
+				$null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
+																				   . "."
+																				   . $model->primary_key_name() ] =
+					['IS NULL'];
+			}/*else{
                 //@todo NO PK, use other defaults
             }*/
-        }
-        return $null_friendly_where_conditions;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the _default_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
-     * default where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
-     * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
-     * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
-     * @return array @see
-     *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
-    {
-        if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the _minimum_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
-     * minimum where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
-     * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
-     * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
-     * Similar to _get_default_where_conditions
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
-     * @return array @see
-     *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
-    {
-        if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the string of SQL for the select part of a select query, everything behind SELECT and before FROM.
-     * Eg, "Event.post_id, Event.post_name,Event_Detail.EVT_ID..."
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_default_select_sql(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
-    {
-        $selects = $this->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model();
-        foreach (
-            $model_query_info->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_chain => $name_of_other_model_included
-        ) {
-            $other_model_included = $this->get_related_model_obj($name_of_other_model_included);
-            $other_model_selects  = $other_model_included->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain);
-            foreach ($other_model_selects as $key => $value) {
-                $selects[] = $value;
-            }
-        }
-        return implode(", ", $selects);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of columns to select for this model, which are necessary for it to create its objects.
-     * So that's going to be the columns for all the fields on the model
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_chain like 'Question.Question_Group.Event'
-     * @return array numerically indexed, values are columns to select and rename, eg "Event.ID AS 'Event.ID'"
-     */
-    public function _get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain = '')
-    {
-        $fields                                       = $this->field_settings();
-        $selects                                      = [];
-        $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix =
-            EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix(
-                $model_relation_chain,
-                $this->get_this_model_name()
-            );
-        foreach ($fields as $field_obj) {
-            $selects[] = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
-                         . "."
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                         . " AS '"
-                         . $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
-                         . "."
-                         . $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                         . "'";
-        }
-        // make sure we are also getting the PKs of each table
-        $tables = $this->get_tables();
-        if (count($tables) > 1) {
-            foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
-                $qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
-                                       . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
-                    $selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $selects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Given a $query_param like 'Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID', pops off 'Registration.',
-     * gets the join statement for it; gets the data types for it; and passes the remaining 'Transaction.TXN_ID'
-     * onto its related Transaction object to do the same. Returns an EE_Join_And_Data_Types object which contains the
-     * SQL for joining, and the data types
-     *
-     * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
-     * @param string                      $query_param          like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
-     * @param string                      $query_param_type     like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
-     *                                                          or 'PAY_ID'. Otherwise, we don't expect there to be a
-     *                                                          column name. We only want model names, eg 'Event.Venue'
-     *                                                          or 'Registration's
-     * @param string                      $original_query_param what it originally was (eg
-     *                                                          Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID). If null, we assume it
-     *                                                          matches $query_param
-     * @return void only modifies the EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier passed into it
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-        $query_param,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
-        $query_param_type,
-        $original_query_param = null
-    ) {
-        if ($original_query_param === null) {
-            $original_query_param = $query_param;
-        }
-        $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
-        // check to see if we have a field on this model
-        $this_model_fields = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (array_key_exists($query_param, $this_model_fields)) {
-            $field_is_allowed = in_array(
-                $query_param_type,
-                [0, 'where', 'having', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'order', 'custom_selects'],
-                true
-            );
-            if ($field_is_allowed) {
-                return;
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Using a field name (%s) on model %s is not allowed on this query param type '%s'. Original query param was %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $query_param,
-                    $this->class_name,
-                    $query_param_type,
-                    $original_query_param
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // check if this is a special logic query param
-        if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-            $operator_is_allowed = in_array($query_param_type, ['where', 'having', 0, 'custom_selects'], true);
-            if ($operator_is_allowed) {
-                return;
-            }
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Logic query params ("%1$s") are being used incorrectly with the following query param ("%2$s") on model %3$s. %4$sAdditional Info:%4$s%5$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    implode('", "', $this->_logic_query_param_keys),
-                    $query_param,
-                    $this->class_name,
-                    '<br />',
-                    "\t"
-                    . ' $passed_in_query_info = <pre>'
-                    . print_r($passed_in_query_info, true)
-                    . '</pre>'
-                    . "\n\t"
-                    . ' $query_param_type = '
-                    . $query_param_type
-                    . "\n\t"
-                    . ' $original_query_param = '
-                    . $original_query_param
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // check if it's a custom selection
-        if (
-            $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // check if has a model name at the beginning
-        // and
-        // check if it's a field on a related model
-        if (
-            $this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-                $passed_in_query_info,
-                $query_param,
-                $original_query_param,
-                $query_param_type
-            )
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // ok so $query_param didn't start with a model name
-        // and we previously confirmed it wasn't a logic query param or field on the current model
-        // it's wack, that's what it is
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "There is no model named '%s' related to %s. Query param type is %s and original query param is %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $query_param,
-                $this->class_name,
-                $query_param_type,
-                $original_query_param
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extracts any possible join model information from the provided possible_join_string.
-     * This method will read the provided $possible_join_string value and determine if there are any possible model
-     * join
-     * parts that should be added to the query.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @param string                      $possible_join_string  Such as Registration.REG_ID, or Registration
-     * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
-     * @param string                      $query_parameter_type  The type for the source of the $possible_join_string
-     *                                                           ('where', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'custom_selects'
-     *                                                           etc.)
-     * @return bool  returns true if a join was added and false if not.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
-        $possible_join_string,
-        $original_query_param,
-        $query_parameter_type
-    ) {
-        foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
-                $this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
-                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
-                if ($possible_join_string === '') {
-                    // nothing left to $query_param
-                    // we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                "Query param '%s' (of type %s on model %s) shouldn't end on a period (.) ",
-                                "event_espresso"
-                            ),
-                            $possible_join_string,
-                            $query_parameter_type,
-                            $this->class_name,
-                            $valid_related_model_name
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $related_model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($valid_related_model_name);
-                $related_model_obj->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
-                    $possible_join_string,
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $query_parameter_type,
-                    $original_query_param
-                );
-                return true;
-            }
-            if ($possible_join_string === $valid_related_model_name) {
-                $this->_add_join_to_model(
-                    $valid_related_model_name,
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $original_query_param
-                );
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Extracts related models from Custom Selects and sets up any joins for those related models.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier)
-    {
-        if (
-            $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && (
-                $this->_custom_selections->type() === CustomSelects::TYPE_STRUCTURED
-                || $this->_custom_selections->type() == CustomSelects::TYPE_COMPLEX
-            )
-        ) {
-            $original_selects = $this->_custom_selections->originalSelects();
-            foreach ($original_selects as $alias => $select_configuration) {
-                $this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
-                    $query_info_carrier,
-                    $select_configuration[0],
-                    $select_configuration[0],
-                    'custom_selects'
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Privately used by _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param to add a join to $model_name
-     * and store it on $passed_in_query_info
-     *
-     * @param string                      $model_name
-     * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
-     * @param string                      $original_query_param used to extract the relation chain between the queried
-     *                                                          model and $model_name. Eg, if we are querying Event,
-     *                                                          and are adding a join to 'Payment' with the original
-     *                                                          query param key
-     *                                                          'Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount', we want
-     *                                                          to extract 'Registration.Transaction.Payment', in case
-     *                                                          Payment wants to add default query params so that it
-     *                                                          will know what models to prepend onto its default query
-     *                                                          params or in case it wants to rename tables (in case
-     *                                                          there are multiple joins to the same table)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _add_join_to_model(
-        $model_name,
-        EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
-        $original_query_param
-    ) {
-        $relation_obj         = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
-        $model_relation_chain = EE_Model_Parser::extract_model_relation_chain($model_name, $original_query_param);
-        // check if the relation is HABTM, because then we're essentially doing two joins
-        // If so, join first to the JOIN table, and add its data types, and then continue as normal
-        if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_HABTM_Relation) {
-            $join_model_obj = $relation_obj->get_join_model();
-            // replace the model specified with the join model for this relation chain, whi
-            $relation_chain_to_join_model =
-                EE_Model_Parser::replace_model_name_with_join_model_name_in_model_relation_chain(
-                    $model_name,
-                    $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $model_relation_chain
-                );
-            $passed_in_query_info->merge(
-                new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
-                    [$relation_chain_to_join_model => $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name()],
-                    $relation_obj->get_join_to_intermediate_model_statement($relation_chain_to_join_model)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // now just join to the other table pointed to by the relation object, and add its data types
-        $passed_in_query_info->merge(
-            new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
-                [$model_relation_chain => $model_name],
-                $relation_obj->get_join_statement($model_relation_chain)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs SQL for where clause, like "WHERE Event.ID = 23 AND Transaction.amount > 100" etc.
-     *
-     * @param array $where_params @see
-     *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_where_clause($where_params)
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
-        if ($SQL) {
-            return " WHERE " . $SQL;
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Just like the _construct_where_clause, except prepends 'HAVING' instead of 'WHERE',
-     * and should be passed HAVING parameters, not WHERE parameters
-     *
-     * @param array $having_params
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_having_clause($having_params)
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
-        if ($SQL) {
-            return " HAVING " . $SQL;
-        }
-        return '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used for creating nested WHERE conditions. Eg "WHERE ! (Event.ID = 3 OR ( Event_Meta.meta_key = 'bob' AND
-     * Event_Meta.meta_value = 'foo'))"
-     *
-     * @param array  $where_params @see
-     *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
-     * @param string $glue         joins each subclause together. Should really only be " AND " or " OR "...
-     * @return string of SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, $glue = ' AND')
-    {
-        $where_clauses = [];
-        foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
-            $query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
-            if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                switch ($query_param) {
-                    case 'not':
-                    case 'NOT':
-                        $where_clauses[] = "! ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               $glue
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                    case 'and':
-                    case 'AND':
-                        $where_clauses[] = " ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               ' AND '
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                    case 'or':
-                    case 'OR':
-                        $where_clauses[] = " ("
-                                           . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
-                                               $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
-                                               ' OR '
-                                           )
-                                           . ")";
-                        break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                $field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
-                // if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
-                if (! $field_obj) {
-                    if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-                        $field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
-                    } else {
-                        throw new EE_Error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    "%s is neither a valid model field name, nor a custom selection",
-                                    "event_espresso"
-                                ),
-                                $query_param
-                            )
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-                $op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
-                $where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
-            }
-        }
-        return $where_clauses
-            ? implode($glue, $where_clauses)
-            : '';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes the input parameter and extract the table name (alias) and column name
-     *
-     * @param string $query_param like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
-     * @return string table alias and column name for SQL, eg "Transaction.TXN_ID"
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param)
-    {
-        $field = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
-        if ($field) {
-            $table_alias_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_from_query_param(
-                $field->get_model_name(),
-                $query_param
-            );
-            return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        if (
-            $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            && in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
-        ) {
-            // maybe it's custom selection item?
-            // if so, just use it as the "column name"
-            return $query_param;
-        }
-        $custom_select_aliases = $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
-            ? implode(',', $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases())
-            : '';
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "%s is not a valid field on this model, nor a custom selection (%s)",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $query_param,
-                $custom_select_aliases
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Removes the * and anything after it from the condition query param key. It is useful to add the * to condition
-     * query param keys (eg, 'OR*', 'EVT_ID') in order for the array keys to still be unique, so that they don't get
-     * overwritten Takes a string like 'Event.EVT_ID*', 'TXN_total**', 'OR*1st', and 'DTT_reg_start*foobar' to
-     * 'Event.EVT_ID', 'TXN_total', 'OR', and 'DTT_reg_start', respectively.
-     *
-     * @param string $condition_query_param_key
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($condition_query_param_key)
-    {
-        $pos_of_star = strpos($condition_query_param_key, '*');
-        if ($pos_of_star === false) {
-            return $condition_query_param_key;
-        }
-        return substr($condition_query_param_key, 0, $pos_of_star);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * creates the SQL for the operator and the value in a WHERE clause, eg "< 23" or "LIKE '%monkey%'"
-     *
-     * @param array|string               $op_and_value
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj . If string, should be one of EEM_Base::_valid_wpdb_data_types
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _construct_op_and_value($op_and_value, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $operator = '=';
-        $value    = $op_and_value;
-        if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
-            $operator = isset($op_and_value[0])
-                ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0])
-                : null;
-            if (! $operator) {
-                $php_array_like_string = [];
-                foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
-                    $value = is_array($value) ? '[' . implode(",", $value) . ']' : $value;
-                    $php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
-                }
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "You setup a query parameter like you were going to specify an operator, but didn't. You provided '(%s)', but the operator should be at array key index 0 (eg array('>',32))",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        implode(",", $php_array_like_string)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $value = $op_and_value[1] ?? null;
-        }
-
-        // check to see if the value is actually another field
-        if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2]) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            // in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
-            // it will need to handle a little differently
-            $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
-            // note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            // the value should be an array with count of two.
-            if (count($value) !== 2) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "The '%s' operator must be used with an array of values and there must be exactly TWO values in that array.",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        "BETWEEN"
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
-            if ($value !== null) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "You attempted to give a value  (%s) while using a NULL-style operator (%s). That isn't valid",
-                            "event_espresso"
-                        ),
-                        $value,
-                        $operator
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            return $operator;
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            // if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
-            // remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
-        }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Operator '%s' must be used with an array of values, eg 'Registration.REG_ID' => array('%s',array(1,2,3))",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $operator,
-                    $operator
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "Operator '%s' must be used with a single value, not an array. Eg 'Registration.REG_ID => array('%s',23))",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $operator,
-                    $operator
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "It appears you've provided some totally invalid query parameters. Operator and value were:'%s', which isn't right at all",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                http_build_query($op_and_value)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Creates the operands to be used in a BETWEEN query, eg "'2014-12-31 20:23:33' AND '2015-01-23 12:32:54'"
-     *
-     * @param array                      $values
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be the datatype to be used when querying, eg
-     *                                              '%s'
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_between_value($values, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $cleaned_values = [];
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes an array or a comma-separated list of $values and cleans them
-     * according to $data_type using $wpdb->prepare, and then makes the list a
-     * string surrounded by ( and ). Eg, _construct_in_value(array(1,2,3),'%d') would
-     * return '(1,2,3)'; _construct_in_value("1,2,hack",'%d') would return '(1,2,1)' (assuming
-     * I'm right that a string, when interpreted as a digit, becomes a 1. It might become a 0)
-     *
-     * @param mixed                      $values    array or comma-separated string
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be a wpdb data type like '%s', or '%d'
-     * @return string of SQL to follow an 'IN' or 'NOT IN' operator
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_in_value($values, $field_obj)
-    {
-        $prepped = [];
-        // check if the value is a CSV list
-        if (is_string($values)) {
-            // in which case, turn it into an array
-            $values = explode(',', $values);
-        }
-        // make sure we only have one of each value in the list
-        $values = array_unique($values);
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            $prepped[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
-        }
-        // we would just LOVE to leave $cleaned_values as an empty array, and return the value as "()",
-        // but unfortunately that's invalid SQL. So instead we return a string which we KNOW will evaluate to be the empty set
-        // which is effectively equivalent to returning "()". We don't return "(0)" because that only works for auto-incrementing columns
-        if (empty($prepped)) {
-            $all_fields  = $this->field_settings();
-            $first_field = reset($all_fields);
-            $main_table  = $this->_get_main_table();
-            $prepped[]   = "SELECT {$first_field->get_table_column()} FROM {$main_table->get_table_name()} WHERE FALSE";
-        }
-        return '(' . implode(',', $prepped) . ')';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed                      $value
-     * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string it should be a wpdb data type like '%d'
-     * @return false|null|string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj)
-    {
-        /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
-        global $wpdb;
-        if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-            return $wpdb->prepare(
-                $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(),
-                $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
-            );
-        } //$field_obj should really just be a data type
-        if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
-                    $field_obj,
-                    implode(",", $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $wpdb->prepare($field_obj, $value);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Takes the input parameter and finds the model field that it indicates.
-     *
-     * @param string $query_param_name like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param_name)
-    {
-        // ok, now proceed with deducing which part is the model's name, and which is the field's name
-        // which will help us find the database table and column
-        $query_param_parts = explode(".", $query_param_name);
-        if (empty($query_param_parts)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "_extract_column_name is empty when trying to extract column and table name from %s",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $query_param_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        $number_of_parts       = count($query_param_parts);
-        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
-        if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
-            $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj  = $this;
-        } else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
-            // the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
-            $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
-        }
-        try {
-            return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Given a field's name (ie, a key in $this->field_settings()), uses the EE_Model_Field object to get the table's
-     * alias and column which corresponds to it
-     *
-     * @param string $field_name
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
-    {
-        $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $field      = $all_fields[ $field_name ] ?? false;
-        if ($field) {
-            return $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "There is no field titled %s on model %s. Either the query trying to use it is bad, or you need to add it to the list of fields on the model.",
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $field_name,
-                $this->class_name
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * similar to \EEM_Base::_get_qualified_column_for_field() but returns an array with data for ALL fields.
-     * Example usage:
-     * EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
-     *      array(),
-     *      ARRAY_A,
-     *      EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields()
-     *  );
-     * is equivalent to
-     *  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results( array(), ARRAY_A, '*' );
-     * and
-     *  EEM_Event::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
-     *      array(
-     *          array(
-     *              'Datetime.Ticket.TKT_ID' => array( '<', 100 ),
-     *          ),
-     *          ARRAY_A,
-     *          implode(
-     *              ', ',
-     *              array_merge(
-     *                  EEM_Event::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( '', false ),
-     *                  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( 'Datetime', false )
-     *              )
-     *          )
-     *      )
-     *  );
-     * selects rows from the database, selecting all the event and ticket columns, where the ticket ID is below 100
-     *
-     * @param string $model_relation_chain        the chain of models used to join between the model you want to query
-     *                                            and the one whose fields you are selecting for example: when querying
-     *                                            tickets model and selecting fields from the tickets model you would
-     *                                            leave this parameter empty, because no models are needed to join
-     *                                            between the queried model and the selected one. Likewise when
-     *                                            querying the datetime model and selecting fields from the tickets
-     *                                            model, it would also be left empty, because there is a direct
-     *                                            relation from datetimes to tickets, so no model is needed to join
-     *                                            them together. However, when querying from the event model and
-     *                                            selecting fields from the ticket model, you should provide the string
-     *                                            'Datetime', indicating that the event model must first join to the
-     *                                            datetime model in order to find its relation to ticket model.
-     *                                            Also, when querying from the venue model and selecting fields from
-     *                                            the ticket model, you should provide the string 'Event.Datetime',
-     *                                            indicating you need to join the venue model to the event model,
-     *                                            to the datetime model, in order to find its relation to the ticket
-     *                                            model. This string is used to deduce the prefix that gets added onto
-     *                                            the models' tables qualified columns
-     * @param bool   $return_string               if true, will return a string with qualified column names separated
-     *                                            by ', ' if false, will simply return a numerically indexed array of
-     *                                            qualified column names
-     * @return array|string
-     */
-    public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
-    {
-        $table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain)
-                ? ''
-                : '__');
-        $qualified_columns = [];
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
-            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
-        }
-        return $return_string
-            ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns)
-            : $qualified_columns;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * constructs the select use on special limit joins
-     * NOTE: for now this has only been tested and will work when the  table alias is for the PRIMARY table. Although
-     * its setup so the select query will be setup on and just doing the special select join off of the primary table
-     * (as that is typically where the limits would be set).
-     *
-     * @param string       $table_alias The table the select is being built for
-     * @param mixed|string $limit       The limit for this select
-     * @return string                The final select join element for the query.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_limit_join_select($table_alias, $limit)
-    {
-        $SQL = '';
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
-                $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
-                    ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
-            } elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
-                    ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
-            }
-        }
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs the internal join if there are multiple tables, or simply the table's name and alias
-     * Eg "wp_post AS Event" or "wp_post AS Event INNER JOIN wp_postmeta Event_Meta ON Event.ID = Event_Meta.post_id"
-     *
-     * @return string SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_internal_join()
-    {
-        $SQL = $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_sql();
-        $SQL .= $this->_construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($this->_get_main_table()->get_table_alias());
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs the SQL for joining all the tables on this model.
-     * Normally $alias should be the primary table's alias, but in cases where
-     * we have already joined to a secondary table (eg, the secondary table has a foreign key and is joined before the
-     * primary table) then we should provide that secondary table's alias. Eg, with $alias being the primary table's
-     * alias, this will construct SQL like:
-     * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_secondary_table AS Secondary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
-     * With $alias being a secondary table's alias, this will construct SQL like:
-     * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_primary_table AS Primary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
-     *
-     * @param string $alias_prefixed table alias to join to (this table should already be in the FROM SQL clause)
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function _construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($alias_prefixed)
-    {
-        $SQL               = '';
-        $alias_sans_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($alias_prefixed);
-        foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
-            if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {// table is secondary table
-                if ($alias_sans_prefix === $table_obj->get_table_alias()) {
-                    // so we're joining to this table, meaning the table is already in
-                    // the FROM statement, BUT the primary table isn't. So we want
-                    // to add the inverse join sql
-                    $SQL .= $table_obj->get_inverse_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
-                } else {
-                    // just add a regular JOIN to this table from the primary table
-                    $SQL .= $table_obj->get_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
-                }
-            }// if it's a primary table, dont add any SQL. it should already be in the FROM statement
-        }
-        return $SQL;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array for storing all the data types on the next-to-be-executed-query.
-     * This should be a growing array of keys being table-columns (eg 'EVT_ID' and 'Event.EVT_ID'), and values being
-     * their data type (eg, '%s', '%d', etc)
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function _get_data_types()
-    {
-        $data_types = [];
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
-            // $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-            /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-            $data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
-        }
-        return $data_types;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model object given the relation's name / model's name (eg, 'Event', 'Registration',etc. Always singular)
-     *
-     * @param string $model_name
-     * @return EEM_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
-    {
-        $model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
-        if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $model_name,
-                    $model_classname
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the array of EE_ModelRelations for this model.
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base[]
-     */
-    public function relation_settings()
-    {
-        return $this->_model_relations;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all related models that this model BELONGS TO. Handy to know sometimes
-     * because without THOSE models, this model probably doesn't have much purpose.
-     * (Eg, without an event, datetimes have little purpose.)
-     *
-     * @return EE_Belongs_To_Relation[]
-     */
-    public function belongs_to_relations()
-    {
-        $belongs_to_relations = [];
-        foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
-            }
-        }
-        return $belongs_to_relations;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the specified EE_Model_Relation, or throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name name of relation, key in $this->_relatedModels
-     * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
-    {
-        $relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Cannot get %s related to %s. There is no model relation of that type. There is, however, %s...',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $relation_name,
-                    $this->_get_class_name(),
-                    implode(', ', array_keys($relatedModels))
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * A convenience method for getting a specific field's settings, instead of getting all field settings for all
-     * fields
-     *
-     * @param string  $fieldName
-     * @param boolean $include_db_only_fields
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
-    {
-        $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
-        if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
-                    $fieldName,
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if this field exists on this model
-     *
-     * @param string $fieldName a key in the model's _field_settings array
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_field($fieldName)
-    {
-        $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether this model has a relation to the specified model
-     *
-     * @param string $relation_name possibly one of the keys in the relation_settings array
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_relation($relation_name)
-    {
-        $relations = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
-     * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
-     *
-     * @param $field_obj
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj): bool
-    {
-        return $field_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
-     * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
-     *
-     * @return EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_primary_key_field()
-    {
-        if ($this->_primary_key_field === null) {
-            foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_obj) {
-                if ($this->is_primary_key_field($field_obj)) {
-                    $this->_primary_key_field = $field_obj;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_primary_key_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether not there is a primary key on this model.
-     * Internally does some caching.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function has_primary_key_field()
-    {
-        if ($this->_has_primary_key_field === null) {
-            try {
-                $this->get_primary_key_field();
-                $this->_has_primary_key_field = true;
-            } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-                $this->_has_primary_key_field = false;
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_has_primary_key_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds the first field of type $field_class_name.
-     *
-     * @param string $field_class_name class name of field that you want to find. Eg, EE_Datetime_Field,
-     *                                 EE_Foreign_Key_Field, etc
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base or null if none is found
-     */
-    public function get_a_field_of_type($field_class_name)
-    {
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
-            if ($field instanceof $field_class_name) {
-                return $field;
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a foreign key field pointing to model.
-     *
-     * @param string $model_name eg Event, Registration, not EEM_Event
-     * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
-    {
-        if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
-            foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
-                if (
-                    $field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
-                    && in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
-                ) {
-                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $model_name,
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the table name (including $wpdb->prefix) for the table alias
-     *
-     * @param string $table_alias eg Event, Event_Meta, Registration, Transaction, but maybe
-     *                            a table alias with a model chain prefix, like 'Venue__Event_Venue___Event_Meta'.
-     *                            Either one works
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
-    {
-        $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix =
-            EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a flat array of all field son this model, instead of organizing them
-     * by table_alias as they are in the constructor.
-     *
-     * @param bool $include_db_only_fields flag indicating whether to include the db-only fields
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] where the keys are the field's name
-     */
-    public function field_settings($include_db_only_fields = false)
-    {
-        if ($include_db_only_fields) {
-            if ($this->_cached_fields === null) {
-                $this->_cached_fields = [];
-                foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
-                    foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return $this->_cached_fields;
-        }
-        if ($this->_cached_fields_non_db_only === null) {
-            $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = [];
-            foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
-                foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        cycle though array of attendees and create objects out of each item
-     *
-     * @access        private
-     * @param array $rows        of results of $wpdb->get_results($query,ARRAY_A)
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[] array keys are primary keys (if there is a primary key on the model. if not,
-     *                           numerically indexed)
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _create_objects($rows = [])
-    {
-        $array_of_objects = [];
-        if (empty($rows)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key = 0;
-        $has_primary_key                   = $this->has_primary_key_field();
-        $primary_key_field                 = $has_primary_key
-            ? $this->get_primary_key_field()
-            : null;
-        foreach ((array) $rows as $row) {
-            if (empty($row)) {
-                // wp did its weird thing where it returns an array like array(0=>null), which is totally not helpful...
-                return [];
-            }
-            // check if we've already set this object in the results array,
-            // in which case there's no need to process it further (again)
-            if ($has_primary_key) {
-                $table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                    $row,
-                    $primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
-                    $primary_key_field->get_table_column()
-                );
-                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            $classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                        $this->get_this_model_name(),
-                        http_build_query($row)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            // set the timezone on the instantiated objects
-            $classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-            // make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
-            $key                      = $has_primary_key
-                ? $classInstance->ID()
-                : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
-            $array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
-            // also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
-            // those related models
-            // (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
-            // that filtered out some fo the results, then we'd be caching an incomplete set
-            // so it requires a little more thought than just caching them immediately...)
-            foreach ($this->_model_relations as $modelName => $relation_obj) {
-                if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                    // check if this model's INFO is present. If so, cache it on the model
-                    $other_model           = $relation_obj->get_other_model();
-                    $other_model_obj_maybe = $other_model->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-                    // if we managed to make a model object from the results, cache it on the main model object
-                    if ($other_model_obj_maybe) {
-                        // set timezone on these other model objects if they are present
-                        $other_model_obj_maybe->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
-                        $classInstance->cache($modelName, $other_model_obj_maybe);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // also, if this was a custom select query, let's see if there are any results for the custom select fields
-            // and add them to the object as well.  We'll convert according to the set data_type if there's any set for
-            // the field in the CustomSelects object
-            if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-                $classInstance->setCustomSelectsValues(
-                    $this->getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults($row)
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return $array_of_objects;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will parse a given row of results from the db and see if any keys in the results match an alias within the
-     * current CustomSelects object. This will be used to build an array of values indexed by those keys.
-     *
-     * @param array $db_results_row
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults(array $db_results_row)
-    {
-        $results = [];
-        if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
-            foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
-                if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
-                    $results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
-                        $db_results_row[ $alias ],
-                        $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $results;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This will set the value for the given alias
-     *
-     * @param string $value
-     * @param string $datatype (one of %d, %s, %f)
-     * @return int|string|float (int for %d, string for %s, float for %f)
-     */
-    protected function convertValueToDataType($value, $datatype)
-    {
-        switch ($datatype) {
-            case '%f':
-                return (float) $value;
-            case '%d':
-                return (int) $value;
-            default:
-                return (string) $value;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * The purpose of this method is to allow us to create a model object that is not in the db that holds default
-     * values. A typical example of where this is used is when creating a new item and the initial load of a form.  We
-     * dont' necessarily want to test for if the object is present but just assume it is BUT load the defaults from the
-     * object (as set in the model_field!).
-     *
-     * @return EE_Base_Class single EE_Base_Class object with default values for the properties.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function create_default_object()
-    {
-        $this_model_fields_and_values = [];
-        // setup the row using default values;
-        foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            $this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
-        }
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        return EE_Registry::instance()->load_class($className, [$this_model_fields_and_values], false, false);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
-     *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
-    {
-        if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
-            $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
-        }
-        $primary_key = null;
-        // make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
-        $this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
-        }
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        // check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
-        // if not, return null
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        } elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
-            $first_column = reset($this_model_fields_n_values);
-            if (empty($first_column)) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-        // if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
-        if ($primary_key) {
-            $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
-                $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
-                                            ->load_class(
-                                                $className,
-                                                [$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
-                                                true,
-                                                false
-                                            );
-                // add this new object to the entity map
-                $classInstance = $this->add_to_entity_map($classInstance);
-            }
-        } else {
-            $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class(
-                $className,
-                [$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
-                true,
-                false
-            );
-        }
-        return $classInstance;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the model object from the  entity map if it exists
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     */
-    public function get_from_entity_map($id)
-    {
-        return $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] ?? null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * add_to_entity_map
-     * Adds the object to the model's entity mappings
-     *        Effectively tells the models "Hey, this model object is the most up-to-date representation of the data,
-     *        and for the remainder of the request, it's even more up-to-date than what's in the database.
-     *        So, if the database doesn't agree with what's in the entity mapper, ignore the database"
-     *        If the database gets updated directly and you want the entity mapper to reflect that change,
-     *        then this method should be called immediately after the update query
-     * Note: The map is indexed by whatever the current blog id is set (via EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id).  This is
-     * so on multisite, the entity map is specific to the query being done for a specific site.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $object
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if (! $object instanceof $className) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
-                    is_object($object)
-                        ? get_class($object)
-                        : $object,
-                    $className
-                )
-            );
-        }
-
-        if (! $object->ID()) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $this->class_name
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // double check it's not already there
-        $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($object->ID());
-        if ($classInstance) {
-            return $classInstance;
-        }
-        $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
-        return $object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * if a valid identifier is provided, then that entity is unset from the entity map,
-     * if no identifier is provided, then the entire entity map is emptied
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
-    {
-        if (empty($id)) {
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = [];
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-            unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Public wrapper for _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values.
-     * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
-     * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
-     *
-     * @param array $cols_n_values
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values(array $cols_n_values): array
-    {
-        return $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values
-     * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
-     * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
-     *
-     * @param array|stdClass $cols_n_values
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values): array
-    {
-        if ($cols_n_values instanceof stdClass) {
-            $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
-        }
-        $this_model_fields_n_values = [];
-        foreach ($this->get_tables() as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
-            $table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                $cols_n_values,
-                $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column(),
-                $table_obj->get_pk_column()
-            );
-            // there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
-            if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
-                foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        // prepare field as if its coming from db
-                        $prepared_value                            =
-                            $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // the table's rows existed. Use their values
-                foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
-                            $cols_n_values,
-                            $field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
-                            $field_obj->get_table_column()
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $this_model_fields_n_values;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param $cols_n_values
-     * @param $qualified_column
-     * @param $regular_column
-     * @return null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not($cols_n_values, $qualified_column, $regular_column)
-    {
-        $value = null;
-        // ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
-        // does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
-        // or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
-        if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
-        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
-        } elseif (! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
-            // no PK?  ok check if there is a foreign key alias set for this table
-            // then check if that alias exists in the incoming data
-            // AND that the actual PK the $FK_alias represents matches the $qualified_column (full PK)
-            foreach ($this->foreign_key_aliases as $FK_alias => $PK_column) {
-                if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && !empty($cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ])) {
-                    $value = $cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ];
-                    [$pk_class] = explode('.', $PK_column);
-                    $pk_model_name = "EEM_{$pk_class}";
-                    /** @var EEM_Base $pk_model */
-                    $pk_model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($pk_model_name);
-                    if ($pk_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
-                        // make sure object is pulled from db and added to entity map
-                        $pk_model->get_one_by_ID($value);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return $value;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_entity_map_from_db
-     * Makes sure the model object in the entity map at $id assumes the values
-     * of the database (opposite of EE_base_Class::save())
-     *
-     * @param int|string $id
-     * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|mixed|null
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function refresh_entity_map_from_db($id)
-    {
-        $obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($obj_in_map) {
-            $wpdb_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results(
-                [[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id], 'limit' => 1]
-            );
-            if ($wpdb_results && is_array($wpdb_results)) {
-                $one_row = reset($wpdb_results);
-                foreach ($this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($one_row) as $field_name => $db_value) {
-                    $obj_in_map->set_from_db($field_name, $db_value);
-                }
-                // clear the cache of related model objects
-                foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-                    $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
-                }
-            }
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
-            return $obj_in_map;
-        }
-        return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * refresh_entity_map_with
-     * Leaves the entry in the entity map alone, but updates it to match the provided
-     * $replacing_model_obj (which we assume to be its equivalent but somehow NOT in the entity map).
-     * This is useful if you have a model object you want to make authoritative over what's in the entity map currently.
-     * Note: The old $replacing_model_obj should now be destroyed as it's now un-authoritative
-     *
-     * @param int|string    $id
-     * @param EE_Base_Class $replacing_model_obj
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function refresh_entity_map_with($id, $replacing_model_obj)
-    {
-        $obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
-        if ($obj_in_map) {
-            if ($replacing_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                foreach ($replacing_model_obj->model_field_array() as $field_name => $value) {
-                    $obj_in_map->set($field_name, $value);
-                }
-                // make the model object in the entity map's cache match the $replacing_model_obj
-                foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
-                    $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
-                    foreach ($replacing_model_obj->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $cache_id => $cached_obj) {
-                        $obj_in_map->cache($relation_name, $cached_obj, $cache_id);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return $obj_in_map;
-        }
-        $this->add_to_entity_map($replacing_model_obj);
-        return $replacing_model_obj;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the EE class that corresponds to this model. Eg, for EEM_Answer that
-     * would be EE_Answer.To import that class, you'd just add ".class.php" to the name, like so
-     * require_once($this->_getClassName().".class.php");
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _get_class_name()
-    {
-        return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Get the name of the items this model represents, for the quantity specified. Eg,
-     * if $quantity==1, on EEM_Event, it would 'Event' (internationalized), otherwise
-     * it would be 'Events'.
-     *
-     * @param int|float|null $quantity
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function item_name($quantity = 1): string
-    {
-        $quantity = floor($quantity);
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__item_name__plural_or_singular',
-            $quantity > 1
-                ? $this->plural_item
-                : $this->singular_item,
-            $quantity,
-            $this->plural_item,
-            $this->singular_item
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_TempBase.
-     * If a method is called on a child of EE_TempBase that doesn't exist, this function is called
-     * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments. Instead of
-     * requiring a plugin to extend the EE_TempBase (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that
-     * happen?) they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}' (eg,
-     * filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function) and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function
-     * was called, and an array of the original arguments passed to the function. Whatever their callback function
-     * returns will be returned by this function. Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
-     * add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3); function
-     * my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_TempBase $object,$argsArray){
-     * $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
-     *        return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
-     * }
-     * require('EEM_Answer.model.php');
-     * echo EEM_Answer::instance()->my_callback('monkeys',100);
-     * // will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
-     *
-     * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_TempBase, but which
-     * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
-     * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function __call($methodName, $args)
-    {
-        $className = $this->class_name;
-        $tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Method %1$s on model %2$s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: %4$s function my_callback(%4$s \$previousReturnValue, EEM_Base \$object\ $argsArray=NULL ){%4$s     /*function body*/%4$s      return \$whatever;%4$s }%4$s add_filter( \'%3$s\', \'my_callback\', 10, 3 );',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $methodName,
-                    $className,
-                    $tagName,
-                    '<br />'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Ensures $base_class_obj_or_id is of the EE_Base_Class child that corresponds ot this model.
-     * If not, assumes its an ID, and uses $this->get_one_by_ID() to get the EE_Base_Class.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|string|int $base_class_obj_or_id either:
-     *                                                       the EE_Base_Class object that corresponds to this Model,
-     *                                                       the object's class name
-     *                                                       or object's ID
-     * @param boolean                  $ensure_is_in_db      if set, we will also verify this model object
-     *                                                       exists in the database. If it does not, we add it
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
-            $model_object = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } else {
-            $primary_key_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
-            if (
-                $primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
-                && (
-                    is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)
-                    || is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
-                )
-            ) {
-                // assume it's an ID.
-                // either a proper integer or a string representing an integer (eg "101" instead of 101)
-                $model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            } elseif (
-                $primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
-                && is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
-            ) {
-                // assume it's a string representation of the object
-                $model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
-            } else {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            "'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $base_class_obj_or_id,
-                        $this->_get_class_name(),
-                        print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        if ($ensure_is_in_db && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class && $model_object->ID() !== null) {
-            $model_object->save();
-        }
-        return $model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to ensure_is_obj(), this method makes sure $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * is a value of the this model's primary key. If it's an EE_Base_Class child,
-     * returns it ID.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $base_class_obj_or_id
-     * @return int|string depending on the type of this model object's ID
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function ensure_is_ID($base_class_obj_or_id)
-    {
-        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
-            /** @var $base_class_obj_or_id EE_Base_Class */
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id->ID();
-        } elseif (is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            // assume it's an ID
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } elseif (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
-            // assume its a string representation of the object
-            $id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $base_class_obj_or_id,
-                    $this->_get_class_name(),
-                    print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $id;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets whether the values passed to the model (eg, values in WHERE, values in INSERT, UPDATE, etc)
-     * have already been ran through the appropriate model field's prepare_for_use_in_db method. IE, they have
-     * been sanitized and converted into the appropriate domain.
-     * Usually the only place you'll want to change the default (which is to assume values have NOT been sanitized by
-     * the model object/model field) is when making a method call from WITHIN a model object, which has direct access
-     * to its sanitized values. Note: after changing this setting, you should set it back to its previous value (using
-     * get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()) eg.
-     * $EVT = EEM_Event::instance(); $old_setting =
-     * $EVT->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
-     * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
-     * $EVT->update(array('foo'=>'bar'),array(array('foo'=>'monkey')));
-     * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object($old_setting);
-     *
-     * @param int $values_already_prepared like one of the constants on EEM_Base
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
-        $values_already_prepared = self::not_prepared_by_model_object
-    ) {
-        $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = $values_already_prepared;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
-     *
-     * @return int
-     */
-    public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
-    {
-        return $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Index[]
-     */
-    public function indexes()
-    {
-        return $this->_indexes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the Unique Indexes on this model
-     *
-     * @return EE_Unique_Index[]
-     */
-    public function unique_indexes()
-    {
-        $unique_indexes = [];
-        foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
-            if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
-                $unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
-            }
-        }
-        return $unique_indexes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the fields which, when combined, make the primary key.
-     * This is usually just an array with 1 element (the primary key), but in cases
-     * where there is no primary key, it's a combination of fields as defined
-     * on a primary index
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] indexed by the field's name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-    {
-        foreach ($this->indexes() as $index) {
-            if ($index instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Index) {
-                return $index->fields();
-            }
-        }
-        return [$this->primary_key_name() => $this->get_primary_key_field()];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Used to build a primary key string (when the model has no primary key),
-     * which can be used a unique string to identify this model object.
-     *
-     * @param array $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their values.
-     *                               Note: if you have results from `EEM_Base::get_all_wpdb_results()`, you need to
-     *                               run it through `EEM_Base::deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values()`
-     *                               before passing it to this function (that will convert it from columns-n-values
-     *                               to field-names-n-values).
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values)
-    {
-        $cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index = array_intersect_key(
-            $fields_n_values,
-            $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
-        );
-        return http_build_query($cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the field values from the primary key string
-     *
-     * @param string $index_primary_key_string
-     * @return null|array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see EEM_Base::get_combined_primary_key_fields() and EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string()
-     */
-    public function parse_index_primary_key_string($index_primary_key_string)
-    {
-        $key_fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
-        // check all of them are in the $id
-        $key_vals_in_combined_pk = [];
-        parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
-        foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-        return $key_vals_in_combined_pk;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * verifies that an array of key-value pairs for model fields has a key
-     * for each field comprising the primary key index
-     *
-     * @param array $key_vals
-     * @return boolean
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($key_vals)
-    {
-        $keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
-        foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Finds all model objects in the DB that appear to be a copy of $model_object_or_attributes_array.
-     * We consider something to be a copy if all the attributes match (except the ID, of course).
-     *
-     * @param array|EE_Base_Class $model_object_or_attributes_array If its an array, it's field-value pairs
-     * @param array               $query_params                     @see
-     *                                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @return EE_Base_Class[] Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically
-     *                                                              indexed)
-     */
-    public function get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if ($model_object_or_attributes_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array->model_field_array();
-        } elseif (is_array($model_object_or_attributes_array)) {
-            $attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array;
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        "get_all_copies should be provided with either a model object or an array of field-value-pairs, but was given %s",
-                        "event_espresso"
-                    ),
-                    $model_object_or_attributes_array
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
-        // from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
-        }
-        if (isset($query_params[0])) {
-            $query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
-        } else {
-            $query_params[0] = $attributes_array;
-        }
-        return $this->get_all($query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the first copy we find. See get_all_copies for more details
-     *
-     * @param mixed EE_Base_Class | array        $model_object_or_attributes_array
-     * @param array $query_params
-     * @return EE_Base_Class
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
-    {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
-            EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
-                'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
-                    gettype($query_params)
-                ),
-                '4.6.0'
-            );
-            $query_params = [];
-        }
-        $query_params['limit'] = 1;
-        $copies                = $this->get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params);
-        if (is_array($copies)) {
-            return array_shift($copies);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the item with the specified id. Ignores default query parameters because
-     * we have specified the ID, and its assumed we KNOW what we're doing
-     *
-     * @param array      $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values
-     * @param int|string $id              the value of the primary key to update
-     * @return int number of rows updated
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function update_by_ID($fields_n_values, $id)
-    {
-        $query_params = [
-            0                          => [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
-            'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
-        ];
-        return $this->update($fields_n_values, $query_params);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Changes an operator which was supplied to the models into one usable in SQL
-     *
-     * @param string $operator_supplied
-     * @return string an operator which can be used in SQL
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
-    {
-        $sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ] ?? null;
-        if ($sql_operator) {
-            return $sql_operator;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    "The operator '%s' is not in the list of valid operators: %s",
-                    "event_espresso"
-                ),
-                $operator_supplied,
-                implode(",", array_keys($this->_valid_operators))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the valid operators
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_operators()
-    {
-        return $this->_valid_operators;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the between-style operators (take 2 arguments).
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_between_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_between_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "like"-style operators (take a single argument, but it may contain wildcards)
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_like_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_like_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "in"-style operators
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_in_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_in_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the "null"-style operators (accept no arguments)
-     *
-     * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
-     */
-    public function valid_null_style_operators()
-    {
-        return array_intersect(
-            $this->valid_operators(),
-            $this->_null_style_operators
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array where keys are the primary keys and values are their 'names'
-     * (as determined by the model object's name() function, which is often overridden)
-     *
-     * @param array $query_params like get_all's
-     * @return string[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_all_names($query_params = [])
-    {
-        $objs  = $this->get_all($query_params);
-        $names = [];
-        foreach ($objs as $obj) {
-            $names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
-        }
-        return $names;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an array of primary keys from the model objects. If you acquired the model objects
-     * using EEM_Base::get_all() you don't need to call this (and probably shouldn't because
-     * this is duplicated effort and reduces efficiency) you would be better to use
-     * array_keys() on $model_objects.
-     *
-     * @param \EE_Base_Class[] $model_objects
-     * @param boolean          $filter_out_empty_ids if a model object has an ID of '' or 0, don't bother including it
-     *                                               in the returned array
-     * @return array
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
-    {
-        if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                EE_Error::add_error(
-                    esc_html__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
-                    __FILE__,
-                    __FUNCTION__,
-                    __LINE__
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        $IDs = [];
-        foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
-            $id = $model_object->ID();
-            if (! $id) {
-                if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Called %1$s on a model object that has no ID and so probably hasn\'t been saved to the database',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        __FILE__,
-                        __FUNCTION__,
-                        __LINE__
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            $IDs[] = $id;
-        }
-        return $IDs;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the string used in capabilities relating to this model. If there
-     * are no capabilities that relate to this model returns false
-     *
-     * @return string|false
-     */
-    public function cap_slug()
-    {
-        return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_slug', $this->_caps_slug, $this);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the capability-restrictions array (@param string $context
-     *
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by associated capability
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions).
-     *      If $context is provided (which should be set to one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts())
-     *      only returns the cap restrictions array in that context (ie, the array
-     *      at that key)
-     */
-    public function cap_restrictions($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
-    {
-        EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
-        // check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
-        if (
-            isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
-            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
-            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
-        ) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
-                $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
-                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
-            );
-        }
-        // and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
-        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
-            if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
-                $where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
-            }
-        }
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Indicating whether this model thinks its a wp core model
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     */
-    public function is_wp_core_model()
-    {
-        return $this->_wp_core_model;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the caps that are missing which impose a restriction on
-     * queries made in this context
-     *
-     * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::caps_ constants
-     * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by capability name
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function caps_missing($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
-    {
-        $missing_caps     = [];
-        $cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
-        foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
-            if (
-                ! EE_Capabilities::instance()
-                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
-            ) {
-                $missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
-            }
-        }
-        return $missing_caps;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the mapping from capability contexts to action strings used in capability names
-     *
-     * @return array keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are usually
-     * one of 'read', 'edit', or 'delete'
-     */
-    public function cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()
-    {
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
-            $this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the action string for the specified capability context
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return string one of EEM_Base::cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() values
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function cap_action_for_context($context)
-    {
-        $mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
-        if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
-            return $mapping[ $context ];
-        }
-        if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
-            return $action;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Cannot find capability restrictions for context "%1$s", allowed values are:%2$s',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $context,
-                implode(',', array_keys($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()))
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all the capability contexts which are valid when querying models
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function valid_cap_contexts(): array
-    {
-        return (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EEM_Base__valid_cap_contexts',
-            [
-                self::caps_read,
-                self::caps_read_admin,
-                self::caps_edit,
-                self::caps_delete,
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns all valid options for 'default_where_conditions'
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public static function valid_default_where_conditions(): array
-    {
-        return [
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
-            EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
-        ];
-    }
-
-    // public static function default_where_conditions_full
-
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies $context is one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), if not it throws an exception
-     *
-     * @param string $context
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public static function verify_is_valid_cap_context($context): bool
-    {
-        $valid_cap_contexts = EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts();
-        if (in_array($context, $valid_cap_contexts)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        throw new EE_Error(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Context "%1$s" passed into model "%2$s" is not a valid context. They are: %3$s',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $context,
-                'EEM_Base',
-                implode(',', $valid_cap_contexts)
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Clears all the models field caches. This is only useful when a sub-class
-     * might have added a field or something and these caches might be invalidated
-     */
-    protected function _invalidate_field_caches()
-    {
-        $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
-        $this->_cached_fields               = null;
-        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only   = null;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of all the where query param keys that relate to logic instead of field names
-     * (eg "and", "or", "not").
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function logic_query_param_keys(): array
-    {
-        return $this->_logic_query_param_keys;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether the where query param array key is for a logic query param.
-     * Eg 'OR', 'not*', and 'and*because-i-say-so' should all return true, whereas
-     * 'ATT_fname', 'EVT_name*not-you-or-me', and 'ORG_name' should return false
-     *
-     * @param $query_param_key
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    public function is_logic_query_param_key($query_param_key): bool
-    {
-        foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
-            if (
-                $query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
-                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
-            ) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if this model has a password field on it (regardless of whether that password field has any content)
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function hasPassword(): bool
-    {
-        // if we don't yet know if there's a password field, find out and remember it for next time.
-        if ($this->has_password_field === null) {
-            $password_field           = $this->getPasswordField();
-            $this->has_password_field = $password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field;
-        }
-        return $this->has_password_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the password field on this model, if there is one
-     *
-     * @return EE_Password_Field|null
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function getPasswordField()
-    {
-        // if we definetely already know there is a password field or not (because has_password_field is true or false)
-        // there's no need to search for it. If we don't know yet, then find out
-        if ($this->has_password_field === null && $this->password_field === null) {
-            $this->password_field = $this->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Password_Field');
-        }
-        // don't bother setting has_password_field because that's hasPassword()'s job.
-        return $this->password_field;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the list of field (as EE_Model_Field_Bases) that are protected by the password
-     *
-     * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function getPasswordProtectedFields()
-    {
-        $password_field = $this->getPasswordField();
-        $fields         = [];
-        if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
-            $field_names = $password_field->protectedFields();
-            foreach ($field_names as $field_name) {
-                $fields[ $field_name ] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
-            }
-        }
-        return $fields;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if the current user can perform the requested action on this model
-     *
-     * @param string              $cap_to_check one of the array keys from _cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map
-     * @param EE_Base_Class|array $model_obj_or_fields_n_values
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function currentUserCan($cap_to_check, $model_obj_or_fields_n_values)
-    {
-        if ($model_obj_or_fields_n_values instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-            $model_obj_or_fields_n_values = $model_obj_or_fields_n_values->model_field_array();
-        }
-        if (! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
-            throw new UnexpectedEntityException(
-                $model_obj_or_fields_n_values,
-                'EE_Base_Class',
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        '%1$s must be passed an `EE_Base_Class or an array of fields names with their values. You passed in something different.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    __FUNCTION__
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $this->exists(
-            $this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
-                $this->get_index_primary_key_string($model_obj_or_fields_n_values),
-                [
-                    'default_where_conditions' => 'none',
-                    'caps'                     => $cap_to_check,
-                ]
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the query param where conditions key to the password affecting this model.
-     * Eg on EEM_Event this would just be "password", on EEM_Datetime this would be "Event.password", etc.
-     *
-     * @return null|string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ModelConfigurationException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function modelChainAndPassword()
-    {
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_password === null) {
-            throw new ModelConfigurationException(
-                $this,
-                esc_html_x(
-                // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
-                    'Cannot exclude protected data because the model has not specified which model has the password.',
-                    // @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
-                    '1: model name',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if ($this->model_chain_to_password === '') {
-            $model_with_password = $this;
-        } else {
-            if ($pos_of_period = strrpos($this->model_chain_to_password, '.')) {
-                $last_model_in_chain = substr($this->model_chain_to_password, $pos_of_period + 1);
-            } else {
-                $last_model_in_chain = $this->model_chain_to_password;
-            }
-            $model_with_password = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_in_chain);
-        }
-
-        $password_field = $model_with_password->getPasswordField();
-        if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
-            $password_field_name = $password_field->get_name();
-        } else {
-            throw new ModelConfigurationException(
-                $this,
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html_x(
-                        'This model claims related model "%1$s" should have a password field on it, but none was found. The model relation chain is "%2$s"',
-                        '1: model name, 2: special string',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $model_with_password->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $this->model_chain_to_password
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return (
-               $this->model_chain_to_password
-                   ? $this->model_chain_to_password . '.'
-                   : ''
-               ) . $password_field_name;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if there is a password on a related model which restricts access to some of this model's rows,
-     * or if this model itself has a password affecting access to some of its other fields.
-     *
-     * @return boolean
-     * @since 4.9.74.p
-     */
-    public function restrictedByRelatedModelPassword(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->model_chain_to_password !== null;
-    }
+		}
+		return $null_friendly_where_conditions;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses the _default_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
+	 * default where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
+	 * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
+	 * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
+	{
+		if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Uses the _minimum_where_conditions_strategy set during __construct() to get
+	 * minimum where conditions on all get_all, update, and delete queries done by this model.
+	 * Use the same syntax as client code. Eg on the Event model, use array('Event.EVT_post_type'=>'esp_event'),
+	 * NOT array('Event_CPT.post_type'=>'esp_event').
+	 * Similar to _get_default_where_conditions
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_path eg, path from Event to Payment is "Registration.Transaction.Payment."
+	 * @return array @see
+	 *                                    https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_minimum_where_conditions($model_relation_path = '')
+	{
+		if ($this->_ignore_where_strategy) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		return $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy->get_default_where_conditions($model_relation_path);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the string of SQL for the select part of a select query, everything behind SELECT and before FROM.
+	 * Eg, "Event.post_id, Event.post_name,Event_Detail.EVT_ID..."
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_default_select_sql(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
+	{
+		$selects = $this->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model();
+		foreach (
+			$model_query_info->get_model_names_included() as $model_relation_chain => $name_of_other_model_included
+		) {
+			$other_model_included = $this->get_related_model_obj($name_of_other_model_included);
+			$other_model_selects  = $other_model_included->_get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain);
+			foreach ($other_model_selects as $key => $value) {
+				$selects[] = $value;
+			}
+		}
+		return implode(", ", $selects);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of columns to select for this model, which are necessary for it to create its objects.
+	 * So that's going to be the columns for all the fields on the model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_chain like 'Question.Question_Group.Event'
+	 * @return array numerically indexed, values are columns to select and rename, eg "Event.ID AS 'Event.ID'"
+	 */
+	public function _get_columns_to_select_for_this_model($model_relation_chain = '')
+	{
+		$fields                                       = $this->field_settings();
+		$selects                                      = [];
+		$table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix =
+			EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix(
+				$model_relation_chain,
+				$this->get_this_model_name()
+			);
+		foreach ($fields as $field_obj) {
+			$selects[] = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
+						 . "."
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_column()
+						 . " AS '"
+						 . $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_alias()
+						 . "."
+						 . $field_obj->get_table_column()
+						 . "'";
+		}
+		// make sure we are also getting the PKs of each table
+		$tables = $this->get_tables();
+		if (count($tables) > 1) {
+			foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
+				$qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
+									   . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
+				if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
+					$selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $selects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Given a $query_param like 'Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID', pops off 'Registration.',
+	 * gets the join statement for it; gets the data types for it; and passes the remaining 'Transaction.TXN_ID'
+	 * onto its related Transaction object to do the same. Returns an EE_Join_And_Data_Types object which contains the
+	 * SQL for joining, and the data types
+	 *
+	 * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
+	 * @param string                      $query_param          like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
+	 * @param string                      $query_param_type     like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID
+	 *                                                          or 'PAY_ID'. Otherwise, we don't expect there to be a
+	 *                                                          column name. We only want model names, eg 'Event.Venue'
+	 *                                                          or 'Registration's
+	 * @param string                      $original_query_param what it originally was (eg
+	 *                                                          Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID). If null, we assume it
+	 *                                                          matches $query_param
+	 * @return void only modifies the EEM_Related_Model_Info_Carrier passed into it
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+		$query_param,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
+		$query_param_type,
+		$original_query_param = null
+	) {
+		if ($original_query_param === null) {
+			$original_query_param = $query_param;
+		}
+		$query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
+		// check to see if we have a field on this model
+		$this_model_fields = $this->field_settings(true);
+		if (array_key_exists($query_param, $this_model_fields)) {
+			$field_is_allowed = in_array(
+				$query_param_type,
+				[0, 'where', 'having', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'order', 'custom_selects'],
+				true
+			);
+			if ($field_is_allowed) {
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Using a field name (%s) on model %s is not allowed on this query param type '%s'. Original query param was %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$query_param,
+					$this->class_name,
+					$query_param_type,
+					$original_query_param
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// check if this is a special logic query param
+		if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+			$operator_is_allowed = in_array($query_param_type, ['where', 'having', 0, 'custom_selects'], true);
+			if ($operator_is_allowed) {
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Logic query params ("%1$s") are being used incorrectly with the following query param ("%2$s") on model %3$s. %4$sAdditional Info:%4$s%5$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					implode('", "', $this->_logic_query_param_keys),
+					$query_param,
+					$this->class_name,
+					'<br />',
+					"\t"
+					. ' $passed_in_query_info = <pre>'
+					. print_r($passed_in_query_info, true)
+					. '</pre>'
+					. "\n\t"
+					. ' $query_param_type = '
+					. $query_param_type
+					. "\n\t"
+					. ' $original_query_param = '
+					. $original_query_param
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// check if it's a custom selection
+		if (
+			$this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// check if has a model name at the beginning
+		// and
+		// check if it's a field on a related model
+		if (
+			$this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+				$passed_in_query_info,
+				$query_param,
+				$original_query_param,
+				$query_param_type
+			)
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// ok so $query_param didn't start with a model name
+		// and we previously confirmed it wasn't a logic query param or field on the current model
+		// it's wack, that's what it is
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"There is no model named '%s' related to %s. Query param type is %s and original query param is %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$query_param,
+				$this->class_name,
+				$query_param_type,
+				$original_query_param
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts any possible join model information from the provided possible_join_string.
+	 * This method will read the provided $possible_join_string value and determine if there are any possible model
+	 * join
+	 * parts that should be added to the query.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @param string                      $possible_join_string  Such as Registration.REG_ID, or Registration
+	 * @param null|string                 $original_query_param
+	 * @param string                      $query_parameter_type  The type for the source of the $possible_join_string
+	 *                                                           ('where', 'order_by', 'group_by', 'custom_selects'
+	 *                                                           etc.)
+	 * @return bool  returns true if a join was added and false if not.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier,
+		$possible_join_string,
+		$original_query_param,
+		$query_parameter_type
+	) {
+		foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
+				$this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
+				$possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
+				if ($possible_join_string === '') {
+					// nothing left to $query_param
+					// we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								"Query param '%s' (of type %s on model %s) shouldn't end on a period (.) ",
+								"event_espresso"
+							),
+							$possible_join_string,
+							$query_parameter_type,
+							$this->class_name,
+							$valid_related_model_name
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$related_model_obj = $this->get_related_model_obj($valid_related_model_name);
+				$related_model_obj->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
+					$possible_join_string,
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$query_parameter_type,
+					$original_query_param
+				);
+				return true;
+			}
+			if ($possible_join_string === $valid_related_model_name) {
+				$this->_add_join_to_model(
+					$valid_related_model_name,
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$original_query_param
+				);
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts related models from Custom Selects and sets up any joins for those related models.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function extractRelatedModelsFromCustomSelects(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $query_info_carrier)
+	{
+		if (
+			$this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& (
+				$this->_custom_selections->type() === CustomSelects::TYPE_STRUCTURED
+				|| $this->_custom_selections->type() == CustomSelects::TYPE_COMPLEX
+			)
+		) {
+			$original_selects = $this->_custom_selections->originalSelects();
+			foreach ($original_selects as $alias => $select_configuration) {
+				$this->extractJoinModelFromQueryParams(
+					$query_info_carrier,
+					$select_configuration[0],
+					$select_configuration[0],
+					'custom_selects'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Privately used by _extract_related_model_info_from_query_param to add a join to $model_name
+	 * and store it on $passed_in_query_info
+	 *
+	 * @param string                      $model_name
+	 * @param EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info
+	 * @param string                      $original_query_param used to extract the relation chain between the queried
+	 *                                                          model and $model_name. Eg, if we are querying Event,
+	 *                                                          and are adding a join to 'Payment' with the original
+	 *                                                          query param key
+	 *                                                          'Registration.Transaction.Payment.PAY_amount', we want
+	 *                                                          to extract 'Registration.Transaction.Payment', in case
+	 *                                                          Payment wants to add default query params so that it
+	 *                                                          will know what models to prepend onto its default query
+	 *                                                          params or in case it wants to rename tables (in case
+	 *                                                          there are multiple joins to the same table)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _add_join_to_model(
+		$model_name,
+		EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $passed_in_query_info,
+		$original_query_param
+	) {
+		$relation_obj         = $this->related_settings_for($model_name);
+		$model_relation_chain = EE_Model_Parser::extract_model_relation_chain($model_name, $original_query_param);
+		// check if the relation is HABTM, because then we're essentially doing two joins
+		// If so, join first to the JOIN table, and add its data types, and then continue as normal
+		if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_HABTM_Relation) {
+			$join_model_obj = $relation_obj->get_join_model();
+			// replace the model specified with the join model for this relation chain, whi
+			$relation_chain_to_join_model =
+				EE_Model_Parser::replace_model_name_with_join_model_name_in_model_relation_chain(
+					$model_name,
+					$join_model_obj->get_this_model_name(),
+					$model_relation_chain
+				);
+			$passed_in_query_info->merge(
+				new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
+					[$relation_chain_to_join_model => $join_model_obj->get_this_model_name()],
+					$relation_obj->get_join_to_intermediate_model_statement($relation_chain_to_join_model)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// now just join to the other table pointed to by the relation object, and add its data types
+		$passed_in_query_info->merge(
+			new EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier(
+				[$model_relation_chain => $model_name],
+				$relation_obj->get_join_statement($model_relation_chain)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs SQL for where clause, like "WHERE Event.ID = 23 AND Transaction.amount > 100" etc.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $where_params @see
+	 *                            https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_where_clause($where_params)
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
+		if ($SQL) {
+			return " WHERE " . $SQL;
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Just like the _construct_where_clause, except prepends 'HAVING' instead of 'WHERE',
+	 * and should be passed HAVING parameters, not WHERE parameters
+	 *
+	 * @param array $having_params
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_having_clause($having_params)
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
+		if ($SQL) {
+			return " HAVING " . $SQL;
+		}
+		return '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used for creating nested WHERE conditions. Eg "WHERE ! (Event.ID = 3 OR ( Event_Meta.meta_key = 'bob' AND
+	 * Event_Meta.meta_value = 'foo'))"
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $where_params @see
+	 *                             https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md#0-where-conditions
+	 * @param string $glue         joins each subclause together. Should really only be " AND " or " OR "...
+	 * @return string of SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, $glue = ' AND')
+	{
+		$where_clauses = [];
+		foreach ($where_params as $query_param => $op_and_value_or_sub_condition) {
+			$query_param = $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($query_param);
+			if (in_array($query_param, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
+				switch ($query_param) {
+					case 'not':
+					case 'NOT':
+						$where_clauses[] = "! ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   $glue
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+					case 'and':
+					case 'AND':
+						$where_clauses[] = " ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   ' AND '
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+					case 'or':
+					case 'OR':
+						$where_clauses[] = " ("
+										   . $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive(
+											   $op_and_value_or_sub_condition,
+											   ' OR '
+										   )
+										   . ")";
+						break;
+				}
+			} else {
+				$field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
+				// if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
+				if (! $field_obj) {
+					if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+						$field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
+					} else {
+						throw new EE_Error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									"%s is neither a valid model field name, nor a custom selection",
+									"event_espresso"
+								),
+								$query_param
+							)
+						);
+					}
+				}
+				$op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
+				$where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
+			}
+		}
+		return $where_clauses
+			? implode($glue, $where_clauses)
+			: '';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes the input parameter and extract the table name (alias) and column name
+	 *
+	 * @param string $query_param like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
+	 * @return string table alias and column name for SQL, eg "Transaction.TXN_ID"
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param)
+	{
+		$field = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
+		if ($field) {
+			$table_alias_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::extract_table_alias_model_relation_chain_from_query_param(
+				$field->get_model_name(),
+				$query_param
+			);
+			return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		if (
+			$this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			&& in_array($query_param, $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases(), true)
+		) {
+			// maybe it's custom selection item?
+			// if so, just use it as the "column name"
+			return $query_param;
+		}
+		$custom_select_aliases = $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
+			? implode(',', $this->_custom_selections->columnAliases())
+			: '';
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"%s is not a valid field on this model, nor a custom selection (%s)",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$query_param,
+				$custom_select_aliases
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes the * and anything after it from the condition query param key. It is useful to add the * to condition
+	 * query param keys (eg, 'OR*', 'EVT_ID') in order for the array keys to still be unique, so that they don't get
+	 * overwritten Takes a string like 'Event.EVT_ID*', 'TXN_total**', 'OR*1st', and 'DTT_reg_start*foobar' to
+	 * 'Event.EVT_ID', 'TXN_total', 'OR', and 'DTT_reg_start', respectively.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $condition_query_param_key
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($condition_query_param_key)
+	{
+		$pos_of_star = strpos($condition_query_param_key, '*');
+		if ($pos_of_star === false) {
+			return $condition_query_param_key;
+		}
+		return substr($condition_query_param_key, 0, $pos_of_star);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * creates the SQL for the operator and the value in a WHERE clause, eg "< 23" or "LIKE '%monkey%'"
+	 *
+	 * @param array|string               $op_and_value
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj . If string, should be one of EEM_Base::_valid_wpdb_data_types
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _construct_op_and_value($op_and_value, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$operator = '=';
+		$value    = $op_and_value;
+		if (is_array($op_and_value)) {
+			$operator = isset($op_and_value[0])
+				? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0])
+				: null;
+			if (! $operator) {
+				$php_array_like_string = [];
+				foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
+					$value = is_array($value) ? '[' . implode(",", $value) . ']' : $value;
+					$php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
+				}
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"You setup a query parameter like you were going to specify an operator, but didn't. You provided '(%s)', but the operator should be at array key index 0 (eg array('>',32))",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						implode(",", $php_array_like_string)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$value = $op_and_value[1] ?? null;
+		}
+
+		// check to see if the value is actually another field
+		if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2]) {
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			// in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
+			// it will need to handle a little differently
+			$cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
+			// note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
+			return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			// the value should be an array with count of two.
+			if (count($value) !== 2) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"The '%s' operator must be used with an array of values and there must be exactly TWO values in that array.",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						"BETWEEN"
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
+			return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
+			if ($value !== null) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"You attempted to give a value  (%s) while using a NULL-style operator (%s). That isn't valid",
+							"event_espresso"
+						),
+						$value,
+						$operator
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			return $operator;
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			// if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
+			// remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
+		}
+		if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Operator '%s' must be used with an array of values, eg 'Registration.REG_ID' => array('%s',array(1,2,3))",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$operator,
+					$operator
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"Operator '%s' must be used with a single value, not an array. Eg 'Registration.REG_ID => array('%s',23))",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$operator,
+					$operator
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"It appears you've provided some totally invalid query parameters. Operator and value were:'%s', which isn't right at all",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				http_build_query($op_and_value)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates the operands to be used in a BETWEEN query, eg "'2014-12-31 20:23:33' AND '2015-01-23 12:32:54'"
+	 *
+	 * @param array                      $values
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be the datatype to be used when querying, eg
+	 *                                              '%s'
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_between_value($values, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$cleaned_values = [];
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			$cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes an array or a comma-separated list of $values and cleans them
+	 * according to $data_type using $wpdb->prepare, and then makes the list a
+	 * string surrounded by ( and ). Eg, _construct_in_value(array(1,2,3),'%d') would
+	 * return '(1,2,3)'; _construct_in_value("1,2,hack",'%d') would return '(1,2,1)' (assuming
+	 * I'm right that a string, when interpreted as a digit, becomes a 1. It might become a 0)
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed                      $values    array or comma-separated string
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string, it should be a wpdb data type like '%s', or '%d'
+	 * @return string of SQL to follow an 'IN' or 'NOT IN' operator
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_in_value($values, $field_obj)
+	{
+		$prepped = [];
+		// check if the value is a CSV list
+		if (is_string($values)) {
+			// in which case, turn it into an array
+			$values = explode(',', $values);
+		}
+		// make sure we only have one of each value in the list
+		$values = array_unique($values);
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			$prepped[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+		}
+		// we would just LOVE to leave $cleaned_values as an empty array, and return the value as "()",
+		// but unfortunately that's invalid SQL. So instead we return a string which we KNOW will evaluate to be the empty set
+		// which is effectively equivalent to returning "()". We don't return "(0)" because that only works for auto-incrementing columns
+		if (empty($prepped)) {
+			$all_fields  = $this->field_settings();
+			$first_field = reset($all_fields);
+			$main_table  = $this->_get_main_table();
+			$prepped[]   = "SELECT {$first_field->get_table_column()} FROM {$main_table->get_table_name()} WHERE FALSE";
+		}
+		return '(' . implode(',', $prepped) . ')';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed                      $value
+	 * @param EE_Model_Field_Base|string $field_obj if string it should be a wpdb data type like '%d'
+	 * @return false|null|string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj)
+	{
+		/** @type WPDB $wpdb */
+		global $wpdb;
+		if ($field_obj instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
+			return $wpdb->prepare(
+				$field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(),
+				$this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
+			);
+		} //$field_obj should really just be a data type
+		if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
+					$field_obj,
+					implode(",", $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $wpdb->prepare($field_obj, $value);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes the input parameter and finds the model field that it indicates.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $query_param_name like Registration.Transaction.TXN_ID, Event.Datetime.start_time, or REG_ID
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param_name)
+	{
+		// ok, now proceed with deducing which part is the model's name, and which is the field's name
+		// which will help us find the database table and column
+		$query_param_parts = explode(".", $query_param_name);
+		if (empty($query_param_parts)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"_extract_column_name is empty when trying to extract column and table name from %s",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$query_param_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		$number_of_parts       = count($query_param_parts);
+		$last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
+		if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
+			$field_name = $last_query_param_part;
+			$model_obj  = $this;
+		} else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
+			// the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
+			$field_name = $last_query_param_part;
+			$model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
+		}
+		try {
+			return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Given a field's name (ie, a key in $this->field_settings()), uses the EE_Model_Field object to get the table's
+	 * alias and column which corresponds to it
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_name
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
+	{
+		$all_fields = $this->field_settings();
+		$field      = $all_fields[ $field_name ] ?? false;
+		if ($field) {
+			return $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"There is no field titled %s on model %s. Either the query trying to use it is bad, or you need to add it to the list of fields on the model.",
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$field_name,
+				$this->class_name
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * similar to \EEM_Base::_get_qualified_column_for_field() but returns an array with data for ALL fields.
+	 * Example usage:
+	 * EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
+	 *      array(),
+	 *      ARRAY_A,
+	 *      EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields()
+	 *  );
+	 * is equivalent to
+	 *  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results( array(), ARRAY_A, '*' );
+	 * and
+	 *  EEM_Event::instance()->get_all_wpdb_results(
+	 *      array(
+	 *          array(
+	 *              'Datetime.Ticket.TKT_ID' => array( '<', 100 ),
+	 *          ),
+	 *          ARRAY_A,
+	 *          implode(
+	 *              ', ',
+	 *              array_merge(
+	 *                  EEM_Event::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( '', false ),
+	 *                  EEM_Ticket::instance()->get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields( 'Datetime', false )
+	 *              )
+	 *          )
+	 *      )
+	 *  );
+	 * selects rows from the database, selecting all the event and ticket columns, where the ticket ID is below 100
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_relation_chain        the chain of models used to join between the model you want to query
+	 *                                            and the one whose fields you are selecting for example: when querying
+	 *                                            tickets model and selecting fields from the tickets model you would
+	 *                                            leave this parameter empty, because no models are needed to join
+	 *                                            between the queried model and the selected one. Likewise when
+	 *                                            querying the datetime model and selecting fields from the tickets
+	 *                                            model, it would also be left empty, because there is a direct
+	 *                                            relation from datetimes to tickets, so no model is needed to join
+	 *                                            them together. However, when querying from the event model and
+	 *                                            selecting fields from the ticket model, you should provide the string
+	 *                                            'Datetime', indicating that the event model must first join to the
+	 *                                            datetime model in order to find its relation to ticket model.
+	 *                                            Also, when querying from the venue model and selecting fields from
+	 *                                            the ticket model, you should provide the string 'Event.Datetime',
+	 *                                            indicating you need to join the venue model to the event model,
+	 *                                            to the datetime model, in order to find its relation to the ticket
+	 *                                            model. This string is used to deduce the prefix that gets added onto
+	 *                                            the models' tables qualified columns
+	 * @param bool   $return_string               if true, will return a string with qualified column names separated
+	 *                                            by ', ' if false, will simply return a numerically indexed array of
+	 *                                            qualified column names
+	 * @return array|string
+	 */
+	public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
+	{
+		$table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain)
+				? ''
+				: '__');
+		$qualified_columns = [];
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
+			$qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+		}
+		return $return_string
+			? implode(', ', $qualified_columns)
+			: $qualified_columns;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * constructs the select use on special limit joins
+	 * NOTE: for now this has only been tested and will work when the  table alias is for the PRIMARY table. Although
+	 * its setup so the select query will be setup on and just doing the special select join off of the primary table
+	 * (as that is typically where the limits would be set).
+	 *
+	 * @param string       $table_alias The table the select is being built for
+	 * @param mixed|string $limit       The limit for this select
+	 * @return string                The final select join element for the query.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_limit_join_select($table_alias, $limit)
+	{
+		$SQL = '';
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
+				$SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
+					? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
+					: SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
+			} elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
+				$SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
+					? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
+					: SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
+			}
+		}
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs the internal join if there are multiple tables, or simply the table's name and alias
+	 * Eg "wp_post AS Event" or "wp_post AS Event INNER JOIN wp_postmeta Event_Meta ON Event.ID = Event_Meta.post_id"
+	 *
+	 * @return string SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_internal_join()
+	{
+		$SQL = $this->_get_main_table()->get_table_sql();
+		$SQL .= $this->_construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($this->_get_main_table()->get_table_alias());
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs the SQL for joining all the tables on this model.
+	 * Normally $alias should be the primary table's alias, but in cases where
+	 * we have already joined to a secondary table (eg, the secondary table has a foreign key and is joined before the
+	 * primary table) then we should provide that secondary table's alias. Eg, with $alias being the primary table's
+	 * alias, this will construct SQL like:
+	 * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_secondary_table AS Secondary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
+	 * With $alias being a secondary table's alias, this will construct SQL like:
+	 * " INNER JOIN wp_esp_primary_table AS Primary_Table ON Primary_Table.pk = Secondary_Table.fk".
+	 *
+	 * @param string $alias_prefixed table alias to join to (this table should already be in the FROM SQL clause)
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function _construct_internal_join_to_table_with_alias($alias_prefixed)
+	{
+		$SQL               = '';
+		$alias_sans_prefix = EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($alias_prefixed);
+		foreach ($this->_tables as $table_obj) {
+			if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {// table is secondary table
+				if ($alias_sans_prefix === $table_obj->get_table_alias()) {
+					// so we're joining to this table, meaning the table is already in
+					// the FROM statement, BUT the primary table isn't. So we want
+					// to add the inverse join sql
+					$SQL .= $table_obj->get_inverse_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
+				} else {
+					// just add a regular JOIN to this table from the primary table
+					$SQL .= $table_obj->get_join_sql($alias_prefixed);
+				}
+			}// if it's a primary table, dont add any SQL. it should already be in the FROM statement
+		}
+		return $SQL;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array for storing all the data types on the next-to-be-executed-query.
+	 * This should be a growing array of keys being table-columns (eg 'EVT_ID' and 'Event.EVT_ID'), and values being
+	 * their data type (eg, '%s', '%d', etc)
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function _get_data_types()
+	{
+		$data_types = [];
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
+			// $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+			/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+			$data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+		}
+		return $data_types;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model object given the relation's name / model's name (eg, 'Event', 'Registration',etc. Always singular)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_name
+	 * @return EEM_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
+	{
+		$model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
+		if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"You specified a related model named %s in your query. No such model exists, if it did, it would have the classname %s",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$model_name,
+					$model_classname
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the array of EE_ModelRelations for this model.
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base[]
+	 */
+	public function relation_settings()
+	{
+		return $this->_model_relations;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all related models that this model BELONGS TO. Handy to know sometimes
+	 * because without THOSE models, this model probably doesn't have much purpose.
+	 * (Eg, without an event, datetimes have little purpose.)
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Belongs_To_Relation[]
+	 */
+	public function belongs_to_relations()
+	{
+		$belongs_to_relations = [];
+		foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
+			if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+				$belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
+			}
+		}
+		return $belongs_to_relations;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the specified EE_Model_Relation, or throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name name of relation, key in $this->_relatedModels
+	 * @return EE_Model_Relation_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
+	{
+		$relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
+		if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Cannot get %s related to %s. There is no model relation of that type. There is, however, %s...',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$relation_name,
+					$this->_get_class_name(),
+					implode(', ', array_keys($relatedModels))
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * A convenience method for getting a specific field's settings, instead of getting all field settings for all
+	 * fields
+	 *
+	 * @param string  $fieldName
+	 * @param boolean $include_db_only_fields
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
+	{
+		$fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
+		if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
+					$fieldName,
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if this field exists on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $fieldName a key in the model's _field_settings array
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_field($fieldName)
+	{
+		$fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
+		if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether this model has a relation to the specified model
+	 *
+	 * @param string $relation_name possibly one of the keys in the relation_settings array
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_relation($relation_name)
+	{
+		$relations = $this->relation_settings();
+		if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
+	 * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
+	 *
+	 * @param $field_obj
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_primary_key_field($field_obj): bool
+	{
+		return $field_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * gets the field object of type 'primary_key' from the fieldsSettings attribute.
+	 * Eg, on EE_Answer that would be ANS_ID field object
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_primary_key_field()
+	{
+		if ($this->_primary_key_field === null) {
+			foreach ($this->field_settings(true) as $field_obj) {
+				if ($this->is_primary_key_field($field_obj)) {
+					$this->_primary_key_field = $field_obj;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_primary_key_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether not there is a primary key on this model.
+	 * Internally does some caching.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function has_primary_key_field()
+	{
+		if ($this->_has_primary_key_field === null) {
+			try {
+				$this->get_primary_key_field();
+				$this->_has_primary_key_field = true;
+			} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+				$this->_has_primary_key_field = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_has_primary_key_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds the first field of type $field_class_name.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $field_class_name class name of field that you want to find. Eg, EE_Datetime_Field,
+	 *                                 EE_Foreign_Key_Field, etc
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base or null if none is found
+	 */
+	public function get_a_field_of_type($field_class_name)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
+			if ($field instanceof $field_class_name) {
+				return $field;
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets a foreign key field pointing to model.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $model_name eg Event, Registration, not EEM_Event
+	 * @return EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
+	{
+		if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+			foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
+				if (
+					$field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
+					&& in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
+				) {
+					$this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"There is no foreign key field pointing to model %s on model %s",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$model_name,
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the table name (including $wpdb->prefix) for the table alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $table_alias eg Event, Event_Meta, Registration, Transaction, but maybe
+	 *                            a table alias with a model chain prefix, like 'Venue__Event_Venue___Event_Meta'.
+	 *                            Either one works
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_table_for_alias($table_alias)
+	{
+		$table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix =
+			EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
+		return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a flat array of all field son this model, instead of organizing them
+	 * by table_alias as they are in the constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $include_db_only_fields flag indicating whether to include the db-only fields
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] where the keys are the field's name
+	 */
+	public function field_settings($include_db_only_fields = false)
+	{
+		if ($include_db_only_fields) {
+			if ($this->_cached_fields === null) {
+				$this->_cached_fields = [];
+				foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
+					foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+						$this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return $this->_cached_fields;
+		}
+		if ($this->_cached_fields_non_db_only === null) {
+			$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only = [];
+			foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
+				foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					/** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        cycle though array of attendees and create objects out of each item
+	 *
+	 * @access        private
+	 * @param array $rows        of results of $wpdb->get_results($query,ARRAY_A)
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[] array keys are primary keys (if there is a primary key on the model. if not,
+	 *                           numerically indexed)
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _create_objects($rows = [])
+	{
+		$array_of_objects = [];
+		if (empty($rows)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		$count_if_model_has_no_primary_key = 0;
+		$has_primary_key                   = $this->has_primary_key_field();
+		$primary_key_field                 = $has_primary_key
+			? $this->get_primary_key_field()
+			: null;
+		foreach ((array) $rows as $row) {
+			if (empty($row)) {
+				// wp did its weird thing where it returns an array like array(0=>null), which is totally not helpful...
+				return [];
+			}
+			// check if we've already set this object in the results array,
+			// in which case there's no need to process it further (again)
+			if ($has_primary_key) {
+				$table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+					$row,
+					$primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
+					$primary_key_field->get_table_column()
+				);
+				if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			$classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
+			if (! $classInstance) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
+						$this->get_this_model_name(),
+						http_build_query($row)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			// set the timezone on the instantiated objects
+			$classInstance->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+			// make sure if there is any timezone setting present that we set the timezone for the object
+			$key                      = $has_primary_key
+				? $classInstance->ID()
+				: $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
+			$array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
+			// also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
+			// those related models
+			// (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
+			// that filtered out some fo the results, then we'd be caching an incomplete set
+			// so it requires a little more thought than just caching them immediately...)
+			foreach ($this->_model_relations as $modelName => $relation_obj) {
+				if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
+					// check if this model's INFO is present. If so, cache it on the model
+					$other_model           = $relation_obj->get_other_model();
+					$other_model_obj_maybe = $other_model->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
+					// if we managed to make a model object from the results, cache it on the main model object
+					if ($other_model_obj_maybe) {
+						// set timezone on these other model objects if they are present
+						$other_model_obj_maybe->set_timezone($this->_timezone);
+						$classInstance->cache($modelName, $other_model_obj_maybe);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// also, if this was a custom select query, let's see if there are any results for the custom select fields
+			// and add them to the object as well.  We'll convert according to the set data_type if there's any set for
+			// the field in the CustomSelects object
+			if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+				$classInstance->setCustomSelectsValues(
+					$this->getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults($row)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		return $array_of_objects;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will parse a given row of results from the db and see if any keys in the results match an alias within the
+	 * current CustomSelects object. This will be used to build an array of values indexed by those keys.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $db_results_row
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function getValuesForCustomSelectAliasesFromResults(array $db_results_row)
+	{
+		$results = [];
+		if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
+			foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
+				if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
+					$results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
+						$db_results_row[ $alias ],
+						$this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $results;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This will set the value for the given alias
+	 *
+	 * @param string $value
+	 * @param string $datatype (one of %d, %s, %f)
+	 * @return int|string|float (int for %d, string for %s, float for %f)
+	 */
+	protected function convertValueToDataType($value, $datatype)
+	{
+		switch ($datatype) {
+			case '%f':
+				return (float) $value;
+			case '%d':
+				return (int) $value;
+			default:
+				return (string) $value;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * The purpose of this method is to allow us to create a model object that is not in the db that holds default
+	 * values. A typical example of where this is used is when creating a new item and the initial load of a form.  We
+	 * dont' necessarily want to test for if the object is present but just assume it is BUT load the defaults from the
+	 * object (as set in the model_field!).
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class single EE_Base_Class object with default values for the properties.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function create_default_object()
+	{
+		$this_model_fields_and_values = [];
+		// setup the row using default values;
+		foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+			$this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+		}
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		return EE_Registry::instance()->load_class($className, [$this_model_fields_and_values], false, false);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param mixed $cols_n_values either an array of where each key is the name of a field, and the value is its value
+	 *                             or an stdClass where each property is the name of a column,
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
+	{
+		if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
+			$cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
+		}
+		$primary_key = null;
+		// make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
+		$this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+			$primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+		}
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		// check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
+		// if not, return null
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		} elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
+			$first_column = reset($this_model_fields_n_values);
+			if (empty($first_column)) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+		// if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
+		if ($primary_key) {
+			$classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
+			if (! $classInstance) {
+				$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
+											->load_class(
+												$className,
+												[$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
+												true,
+												false
+											);
+				// add this new object to the entity map
+				$classInstance = $this->add_to_entity_map($classInstance);
+			}
+		} else {
+			$classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()->load_class(
+				$className,
+				[$this_model_fields_n_values, $this->_timezone],
+				true,
+				false
+			);
+		}
+		return $classInstance;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the model object from the  entity map if it exists
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 */
+	public function get_from_entity_map($id)
+	{
+		return $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] ?? null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * add_to_entity_map
+	 * Adds the object to the model's entity mappings
+	 *        Effectively tells the models "Hey, this model object is the most up-to-date representation of the data,
+	 *        and for the remainder of the request, it's even more up-to-date than what's in the database.
+	 *        So, if the database doesn't agree with what's in the entity mapper, ignore the database"
+	 *        If the database gets updated directly and you want the entity mapper to reflect that change,
+	 *        then this method should be called immediately after the update query
+	 * Note: The map is indexed by whatever the current blog id is set (via EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id).  This is
+	 * so on multisite, the entity map is specific to the query being done for a specific site.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $object
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if (! $object instanceof $className) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
+					is_object($object)
+						? get_class($object)
+						: $object,
+					$className
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (! $object->ID()) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"You tried storing a model object with NO ID in the %s entity mapper.",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$this->class_name
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// double check it's not already there
+		$classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($object->ID());
+		if ($classInstance) {
+			return $classInstance;
+		}
+		$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
+		return $object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * if a valid identifier is provided, then that entity is unset from the entity map,
+	 * if no identifier is provided, then the entire entity map is emptied
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id the ID of the model object
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
+	{
+		if (empty($id)) {
+			$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = [];
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
+			unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Public wrapper for _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values.
+	 * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
+	 * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
+	 *
+	 * @param array $cols_n_values
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values(array $cols_n_values): array
+	{
+		return $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values
+	 * Given an array where keys are column (or column alias) names and values,
+	 * returns an array of their corresponding field names and database values
+	 *
+	 * @param array|stdClass $cols_n_values
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values): array
+	{
+		if ($cols_n_values instanceof stdClass) {
+			$cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
+		}
+		$this_model_fields_n_values = [];
+		foreach ($this->get_tables() as $table_alias => $table_obj) {
+			$table_pk_value = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+				$cols_n_values,
+				$table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column(),
+				$table_obj->get_pk_column()
+			);
+			// there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
+			if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
+				foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						// prepare field as if its coming from db
+						$prepared_value                            =
+							$field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
+						$this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// the table's rows existed. Use their values
+				foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
+					if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+						$this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+							$cols_n_values,
+							$field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
+							$field_obj->get_table_column()
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $this_model_fields_n_values;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param $cols_n_values
+	 * @param $qualified_column
+	 * @param $regular_column
+	 * @return null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not($cols_n_values, $qualified_column, $regular_column)
+	{
+		$value = null;
+		// ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
+		// does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
+		// or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
+		if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
+			$value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
+		} elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
+			$value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
+		} elseif (! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
+			// no PK?  ok check if there is a foreign key alias set for this table
+			// then check if that alias exists in the incoming data
+			// AND that the actual PK the $FK_alias represents matches the $qualified_column (full PK)
+			foreach ($this->foreign_key_aliases as $FK_alias => $PK_column) {
+				if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && !empty($cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ])) {
+					$value = $cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ];
+					[$pk_class] = explode('.', $PK_column);
+					$pk_model_name = "EEM_{$pk_class}";
+					/** @var EEM_Base $pk_model */
+					$pk_model = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($pk_model_name);
+					if ($pk_model instanceof EEM_Base) {
+						// make sure object is pulled from db and added to entity map
+						$pk_model->get_one_by_ID($value);
+					}
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_entity_map_from_db
+	 * Makes sure the model object in the entity map at $id assumes the values
+	 * of the database (opposite of EE_base_Class::save())
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string $id
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class|EE_Soft_Delete_Base_Class|mixed|null
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function refresh_entity_map_from_db($id)
+	{
+		$obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($obj_in_map) {
+			$wpdb_results = $this->_get_all_wpdb_results(
+				[[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id], 'limit' => 1]
+			);
+			if ($wpdb_results && is_array($wpdb_results)) {
+				$one_row = reset($wpdb_results);
+				foreach ($this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($one_row) as $field_name => $db_value) {
+					$obj_in_map->set_from_db($field_name, $db_value);
+				}
+				// clear the cache of related model objects
+				foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+					$obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
+				}
+			}
+			$this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
+			return $obj_in_map;
+		}
+		return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * refresh_entity_map_with
+	 * Leaves the entry in the entity map alone, but updates it to match the provided
+	 * $replacing_model_obj (which we assume to be its equivalent but somehow NOT in the entity map).
+	 * This is useful if you have a model object you want to make authoritative over what's in the entity map currently.
+	 * Note: The old $replacing_model_obj should now be destroyed as it's now un-authoritative
+	 *
+	 * @param int|string    $id
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class $replacing_model_obj
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function refresh_entity_map_with($id, $replacing_model_obj)
+	{
+		$obj_in_map = $this->get_from_entity_map($id);
+		if ($obj_in_map) {
+			if ($replacing_model_obj instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				foreach ($replacing_model_obj->model_field_array() as $field_name => $value) {
+					$obj_in_map->set($field_name, $value);
+				}
+				// make the model object in the entity map's cache match the $replacing_model_obj
+				foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $relation_name => $relation_obj) {
+					$obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
+					foreach ($replacing_model_obj->get_all_from_cache($relation_name) as $cache_id => $cached_obj) {
+						$obj_in_map->cache($relation_name, $cached_obj, $cache_id);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return $obj_in_map;
+		}
+		$this->add_to_entity_map($replacing_model_obj);
+		return $replacing_model_obj;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the EE class that corresponds to this model. Eg, for EEM_Answer that
+	 * would be EE_Answer.To import that class, you'd just add ".class.php" to the name, like so
+	 * require_once($this->_getClassName().".class.php");
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _get_class_name()
+	{
+		return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the name of the items this model represents, for the quantity specified. Eg,
+	 * if $quantity==1, on EEM_Event, it would 'Event' (internationalized), otherwise
+	 * it would be 'Events'.
+	 *
+	 * @param int|float|null $quantity
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function item_name($quantity = 1): string
+	{
+		$quantity = floor($quantity);
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__item_name__plural_or_singular',
+			$quantity > 1
+				? $this->plural_item
+				: $this->singular_item,
+			$quantity,
+			$this->plural_item,
+			$this->singular_item
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Very handy general function to allow for plugins to extend any child of EE_TempBase.
+	 * If a method is called on a child of EE_TempBase that doesn't exist, this function is called
+	 * (http://www.garfieldtech.com/blog/php-magic-call) and passed the method's name and arguments. Instead of
+	 * requiring a plugin to extend the EE_TempBase (which works fine is there's only 1 plugin, but when will that
+	 * happen?) they can add a hook onto 'filters_hook_espresso__{className}__{methodName}' (eg,
+	 * filters_hook_espresso__EE_Answer__my_great_function) and accepts 2 arguments: the object on which the function
+	 * was called, and an array of the original arguments passed to the function. Whatever their callback function
+	 * returns will be returned by this function. Example: in functions.php (or in a plugin):
+	 * add_filter('FHEE__EE_Answer__my_callback','my_callback',10,3); function
+	 * my_callback($previousReturnValue,EE_TempBase $object,$argsArray){
+	 * $returnString= "you called my_callback! and passed args:".implode(",",$argsArray);
+	 *        return $previousReturnValue.$returnString;
+	 * }
+	 * require('EEM_Answer.model.php');
+	 * echo EEM_Answer::instance()->my_callback('monkeys',100);
+	 * // will output "you called my_callback! and passed args:monkeys,100"
+	 *
+	 * @param string $methodName name of method which was called on a child of EE_TempBase, but which
+	 * @param array  $args       array of original arguments passed to the function
+	 * @return mixed whatever the plugin which calls add_filter decides
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function __call($methodName, $args)
+	{
+		$className = $this->class_name;
+		$tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
+		if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Method %1$s on model %2$s does not exist! You can create one with the following code in functions.php or in a plugin: %4$s function my_callback(%4$s \$previousReturnValue, EEM_Base \$object\ $argsArray=NULL ){%4$s     /*function body*/%4$s      return \$whatever;%4$s }%4$s add_filter( \'%3$s\', \'my_callback\', 10, 3 );',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$methodName,
+					$className,
+					$tagName,
+					'<br />'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return apply_filters($tagName, null, $this, $args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Ensures $base_class_obj_or_id is of the EE_Base_Class child that corresponds ot this model.
+	 * If not, assumes its an ID, and uses $this->get_one_by_ID() to get the EE_Base_Class.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|string|int $base_class_obj_or_id either:
+	 *                                                       the EE_Base_Class object that corresponds to this Model,
+	 *                                                       the object's class name
+	 *                                                       or object's ID
+	 * @param boolean                  $ensure_is_in_db      if set, we will also verify this model object
+	 *                                                       exists in the database. If it does not, we add it
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_obj($base_class_obj_or_id, $ensure_is_in_db = false)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
+			$model_object = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} else {
+			$primary_key_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
+			if (
+				$primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Int_Field
+				&& (
+					is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)
+					|| is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
+				)
+			) {
+				// assume it's an ID.
+				// either a proper integer or a string representing an integer (eg "101" instead of 101)
+				$model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			} elseif (
+				$primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_String_Field
+				&& is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)
+			) {
+				// assume it's a string representation of the object
+				$model_object = $this->get_one_by_ID($base_class_obj_or_id);
+			} else {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							"'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$base_class_obj_or_id,
+						$this->_get_class_name(),
+						print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
+					)
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		if ($ensure_is_in_db && $model_object instanceof EE_Base_Class && $model_object->ID() !== null) {
+			$model_object->save();
+		}
+		return $model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Similar to ensure_is_obj(), this method makes sure $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * is a value of the this model's primary key. If it's an EE_Base_Class child,
+	 * returns it ID.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|int|string $base_class_obj_or_id
+	 * @return int|string depending on the type of this model object's ID
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function ensure_is_ID($base_class_obj_or_id)
+	{
+		$className = $this->_get_class_name();
+		if ($base_class_obj_or_id instanceof $className) {
+			/** @var $base_class_obj_or_id EE_Base_Class */
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id->ID();
+		} elseif (is_int($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			// assume it's an ID
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} elseif (is_string($base_class_obj_or_id)) {
+			// assume its a string representation of the object
+			$id = $base_class_obj_or_id;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"'%s' is neither an object of type %s, nor an ID! Its full value is '%s'",
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$base_class_obj_or_id,
+					$this->_get_class_name(),
+					print_r($base_class_obj_or_id, true)
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $id;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether the values passed to the model (eg, values in WHERE, values in INSERT, UPDATE, etc)
+	 * have already been ran through the appropriate model field's prepare_for_use_in_db method. IE, they have
+	 * been sanitized and converted into the appropriate domain.
+	 * Usually the only place you'll want to change the default (which is to assume values have NOT been sanitized by
+	 * the model object/model field) is when making a method call from WITHIN a model object, which has direct access
+	 * to its sanitized values. Note: after changing this setting, you should set it back to its previous value (using
+	 * get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()) eg.
+	 * $EVT = EEM_Event::instance(); $old_setting =
+	 * $EVT->get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object();
+	 * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(true);
+	 * $EVT->update(array('foo'=>'bar'),array(array('foo'=>'monkey')));
+	 * $EVT->assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object($old_setting);
+	 *
+	 * @param int $values_already_prepared like one of the constants on EEM_Base
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object(
+		$values_already_prepared = self::not_prepared_by_model_object
+	) {
+		$this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object = $values_already_prepared;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Read comments for assume_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
+	 *
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	public function get_assumption_concerning_values_already_prepared_by_model_object()
+	{
+		return $this->_values_already_prepared_by_model_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Index[]
+	 */
+	public function indexes()
+	{
+		return $this->_indexes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the Unique Indexes on this model
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Unique_Index[]
+	 */
+	public function unique_indexes()
+	{
+		$unique_indexes = [];
+		foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
+			if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
+				$unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
+			}
+		}
+		return $unique_indexes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the fields which, when combined, make the primary key.
+	 * This is usually just an array with 1 element (the primary key), but in cases
+	 * where there is no primary key, it's a combination of fields as defined
+	 * on a primary index
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[] indexed by the field's name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->indexes() as $index) {
+			if ($index instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Index) {
+				return $index->fields();
+			}
+		}
+		return [$this->primary_key_name() => $this->get_primary_key_field()];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Used to build a primary key string (when the model has no primary key),
+	 * which can be used a unique string to identify this model object.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their values.
+	 *                               Note: if you have results from `EEM_Base::get_all_wpdb_results()`, you need to
+	 *                               run it through `EEM_Base::deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values()`
+	 *                               before passing it to this function (that will convert it from columns-n-values
+	 *                               to field-names-n-values).
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_index_primary_key_string($fields_n_values)
+	{
+		$cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index = array_intersect_key(
+			$fields_n_values,
+			$this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()
+		);
+		return http_build_query($cols_n_values_for_primary_key_index);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the field values from the primary key string
+	 *
+	 * @param string $index_primary_key_string
+	 * @return null|array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see EEM_Base::get_combined_primary_key_fields() and EEM_Base::get_index_primary_key_string()
+	 */
+	public function parse_index_primary_key_string($index_primary_key_string)
+	{
+		$key_fields = $this->get_combined_primary_key_fields();
+		// check all of them are in the $id
+		$key_vals_in_combined_pk = [];
+		parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
+		foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
+			if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+		return $key_vals_in_combined_pk;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * verifies that an array of key-value pairs for model fields has a key
+	 * for each field comprising the primary key index
+	 *
+	 * @param array $key_vals
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function has_all_combined_primary_key_fields($key_vals)
+	{
+		$keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
+		foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
+			if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Finds all model objects in the DB that appear to be a copy of $model_object_or_attributes_array.
+	 * We consider something to be a copy if all the attributes match (except the ID, of course).
+	 *
+	 * @param array|EE_Base_Class $model_object_or_attributes_array If its an array, it's field-value pairs
+	 * @param array               $query_params                     @see
+	 *                                                              https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class[] Array keys are object IDs (if there is a primary key on the model. if not, numerically
+	 *                                                              indexed)
+	 */
+	public function get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if ($model_object_or_attributes_array instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array->model_field_array();
+		} elseif (is_array($model_object_or_attributes_array)) {
+			$attributes_array = $model_object_or_attributes_array;
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						"get_all_copies should be provided with either a model object or an array of field-value-pairs, but was given %s",
+						"event_espresso"
+					),
+					$model_object_or_attributes_array
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
+		// from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
+		if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+			unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
+		}
+		if (isset($query_params[0])) {
+			$query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
+		} else {
+			$query_params[0] = $attributes_array;
+		}
+		return $this->get_all($query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the first copy we find. See get_all_copies for more details
+	 *
+	 * @param mixed EE_Base_Class | array        $model_object_or_attributes_array
+	 * @param array $query_params
+	 * @return EE_Base_Class
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
+	{
+		if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+			EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
+				'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('$query_params should be an array, you passed a variable of type %s', 'event_espresso'),
+					gettype($query_params)
+				),
+				'4.6.0'
+			);
+			$query_params = [];
+		}
+		$query_params['limit'] = 1;
+		$copies                = $this->get_all_copies($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params);
+		if (is_array($copies)) {
+			return array_shift($copies);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the item with the specified id. Ignores default query parameters because
+	 * we have specified the ID, and its assumed we KNOW what we're doing
+	 *
+	 * @param array      $fields_n_values keys are field names, values are their new values
+	 * @param int|string $id              the value of the primary key to update
+	 * @return int number of rows updated
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function update_by_ID($fields_n_values, $id)
+	{
+		$query_params = [
+			0                          => [$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() => $id],
+			'default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
+		];
+		return $this->update($fields_n_values, $query_params);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Changes an operator which was supplied to the models into one usable in SQL
+	 *
+	 * @param string $operator_supplied
+	 * @return string an operator which can be used in SQL
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
+	{
+		$sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ] ?? null;
+		if ($sql_operator) {
+			return $sql_operator;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					"The operator '%s' is not in the list of valid operators: %s",
+					"event_espresso"
+				),
+				$operator_supplied,
+				implode(",", array_keys($this->_valid_operators))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the valid operators
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_operators()
+	{
+		return $this->_valid_operators;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the between-style operators (take 2 arguments).
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_between_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_between_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "like"-style operators (take a single argument, but it may contain wildcards)
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_like_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_like_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "in"-style operators
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_in_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_in_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the "null"-style operators (accept no arguments)
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are accepted strings, values are the SQL they are converted to
+	 */
+	public function valid_null_style_operators()
+	{
+		return array_intersect(
+			$this->valid_operators(),
+			$this->_null_style_operators
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array where keys are the primary keys and values are their 'names'
+	 * (as determined by the model object's name() function, which is often overridden)
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_params like get_all's
+	 * @return string[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_all_names($query_params = [])
+	{
+		$objs  = $this->get_all($query_params);
+		$names = [];
+		foreach ($objs as $obj) {
+			$names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
+		}
+		return $names;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an array of primary keys from the model objects. If you acquired the model objects
+	 * using EEM_Base::get_all() you don't need to call this (and probably shouldn't because
+	 * this is duplicated effort and reduces efficiency) you would be better to use
+	 * array_keys() on $model_objects.
+	 *
+	 * @param \EE_Base_Class[] $model_objects
+	 * @param boolean          $filter_out_empty_ids if a model object has an ID of '' or 0, don't bother including it
+	 *                                               in the returned array
+	 * @return array
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
+	{
+		if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+			if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+				EE_Error::add_error(
+					esc_html__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
+					__FILE__,
+					__FUNCTION__,
+					__LINE__
+				);
+			}
+		}
+		$IDs = [];
+		foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
+			$id = $model_object->ID();
+			if (! $id) {
+				if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
+					EE_Error::add_error(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Called %1$s on a model object that has no ID and so probably hasn\'t been saved to the database',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						__FILE__,
+						__FUNCTION__,
+						__LINE__
+					);
+				}
+			}
+			$IDs[] = $id;
+		}
+		return $IDs;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the string used in capabilities relating to this model. If there
+	 * are no capabilities that relate to this model returns false
+	 *
+	 * @return string|false
+	 */
+	public function cap_slug()
+	{
+		return apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_slug', $this->_caps_slug, $this);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the capability-restrictions array (@param string $context
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by associated capability
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see EEM_Base::_cap_restrictions).
+	 *      If $context is provided (which should be set to one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts())
+	 *      only returns the cap restrictions array in that context (ie, the array
+	 *      at that key)
+	 */
+	public function cap_restrictions($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
+	{
+		EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
+		// check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
+		if (
+			isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
+			&& $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
+			&& ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
+		) {
+			$this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
+				$this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
+				$this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
+			);
+		}
+		// and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
+		foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
+			if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
+				$where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
+			}
+		}
+		return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicating whether this model thinks its a wp core model
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 */
+	public function is_wp_core_model()
+	{
+		return $this->_wp_core_model;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the caps that are missing which impose a restriction on
+	 * queries made in this context
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context one of EEM_Base::caps_ constants
+	 * @return EE_Default_Where_Conditions[] indexed by capability name
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function caps_missing($context = EEM_Base::caps_read)
+	{
+		$missing_caps     = [];
+		$cap_restrictions = $this->cap_restrictions($context);
+		foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
+			if (
+				! EE_Capabilities::instance()
+								 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
+			) {
+				$missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
+			}
+		}
+		return $missing_caps;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the mapping from capability contexts to action strings used in capability names
+	 *
+	 * @return array keys are one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), and values are usually
+	 * one of 'read', 'edit', or 'delete'
+	 */
+	public function cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()
+	{
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map',
+			$this->_cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the action string for the specified capability context
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return string one of EEM_Base::cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() values
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function cap_action_for_context($context)
+	{
+		$mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
+		if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
+			return $mapping[ $context ];
+		}
+		if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
+			return $action;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Cannot find capability restrictions for context "%1$s", allowed values are:%2$s',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$context,
+				implode(',', array_keys($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map()))
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all the capability contexts which are valid when querying models
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function valid_cap_contexts(): array
+	{
+		return (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EEM_Base__valid_cap_contexts',
+			[
+				self::caps_read,
+				self::caps_read_admin,
+				self::caps_edit,
+				self::caps_delete,
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all valid options for 'default_where_conditions'
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public static function valid_default_where_conditions(): array
+	{
+		return [
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::ALL,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::THIS_MODEL_ONLY,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::OTHER_MODELS_ONLY,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_OTHERS,
+			EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE,
+		];
+	}
+
+	// public static function default_where_conditions_full
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies $context is one of EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts(), if not it throws an exception
+	 *
+	 * @param string $context
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public static function verify_is_valid_cap_context($context): bool
+	{
+		$valid_cap_contexts = EEM_Base::valid_cap_contexts();
+		if (in_array($context, $valid_cap_contexts)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		throw new EE_Error(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Context "%1$s" passed into model "%2$s" is not a valid context. They are: %3$s',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$context,
+				'EEM_Base',
+				implode(',', $valid_cap_contexts)
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Clears all the models field caches. This is only useful when a sub-class
+	 * might have added a field or something and these caches might be invalidated
+	 */
+	protected function _invalidate_field_caches()
+	{
+		$this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields = [];
+		$this->_cached_fields               = null;
+		$this->_cached_fields_non_db_only   = null;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the list of all the where query param keys that relate to logic instead of field names
+	 * (eg "and", "or", "not").
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function logic_query_param_keys(): array
+	{
+		return $this->_logic_query_param_keys;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether the where query param array key is for a logic query param.
+	 * Eg 'OR', 'not*', and 'and*because-i-say-so' should all return true, whereas
+	 * 'ATT_fname', 'EVT_name*not-you-or-me', and 'ORG_name' should return false
+	 *
+	 * @param $query_param_key
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	public function is_logic_query_param_key($query_param_key): bool
+	{
+		foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
+			if (
+				$query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
+				|| strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
+			) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if this model has a password field on it (regardless of whether that password field has any content)
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function hasPassword(): bool
+	{
+		// if we don't yet know if there's a password field, find out and remember it for next time.
+		if ($this->has_password_field === null) {
+			$password_field           = $this->getPasswordField();
+			$this->has_password_field = $password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field;
+		}
+		return $this->has_password_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the password field on this model, if there is one
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Password_Field|null
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function getPasswordField()
+	{
+		// if we definetely already know there is a password field or not (because has_password_field is true or false)
+		// there's no need to search for it. If we don't know yet, then find out
+		if ($this->has_password_field === null && $this->password_field === null) {
+			$this->password_field = $this->get_a_field_of_type('EE_Password_Field');
+		}
+		// don't bother setting has_password_field because that's hasPassword()'s job.
+		return $this->password_field;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the list of field (as EE_Model_Field_Bases) that are protected by the password
+	 *
+	 * @return EE_Model_Field_Base[]
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function getPasswordProtectedFields()
+	{
+		$password_field = $this->getPasswordField();
+		$fields         = [];
+		if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
+			$field_names = $password_field->protectedFields();
+			foreach ($field_names as $field_name) {
+				$fields[ $field_name ] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+			}
+		}
+		return $fields;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the current user can perform the requested action on this model
+	 *
+	 * @param string              $cap_to_check one of the array keys from _cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map
+	 * @param EE_Base_Class|array $model_obj_or_fields_n_values
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws UnexpectedEntityException
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function currentUserCan($cap_to_check, $model_obj_or_fields_n_values)
+	{
+		if ($model_obj_or_fields_n_values instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+			$model_obj_or_fields_n_values = $model_obj_or_fields_n_values->model_field_array();
+		}
+		if (! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
+			throw new UnexpectedEntityException(
+				$model_obj_or_fields_n_values,
+				'EE_Base_Class',
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'%1$s must be passed an `EE_Base_Class or an array of fields names with their values. You passed in something different.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					__FUNCTION__
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $this->exists(
+			$this->alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID(
+				$this->get_index_primary_key_string($model_obj_or_fields_n_values),
+				[
+					'default_where_conditions' => 'none',
+					'caps'                     => $cap_to_check,
+				]
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the query param where conditions key to the password affecting this model.
+	 * Eg on EEM_Event this would just be "password", on EEM_Datetime this would be "Event.password", etc.
+	 *
+	 * @return null|string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ModelConfigurationException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function modelChainAndPassword()
+	{
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_password === null) {
+			throw new ModelConfigurationException(
+				$this,
+				esc_html_x(
+				// @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
+					'Cannot exclude protected data because the model has not specified which model has the password.',
+					// @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd
+					'1: model name',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if ($this->model_chain_to_password === '') {
+			$model_with_password = $this;
+		} else {
+			if ($pos_of_period = strrpos($this->model_chain_to_password, '.')) {
+				$last_model_in_chain = substr($this->model_chain_to_password, $pos_of_period + 1);
+			} else {
+				$last_model_in_chain = $this->model_chain_to_password;
+			}
+			$model_with_password = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_in_chain);
+		}
+
+		$password_field = $model_with_password->getPasswordField();
+		if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
+			$password_field_name = $password_field->get_name();
+		} else {
+			throw new ModelConfigurationException(
+				$this,
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html_x(
+						'This model claims related model "%1$s" should have a password field on it, but none was found. The model relation chain is "%2$s"',
+						'1: model name, 2: special string',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$model_with_password->get_this_model_name(),
+					$this->model_chain_to_password
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return (
+			   $this->model_chain_to_password
+				   ? $this->model_chain_to_password . '.'
+				   : ''
+			   ) . $password_field_name;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if there is a password on a related model which restricts access to some of this model's rows,
+	 * or if this model itself has a password affecting access to some of its other fields.
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean
+	 * @since 4.9.74.p
+	 */
+	public function restrictedByRelatedModelPassword(): bool
+	{
+		return $this->model_chain_to_password !== null;
+	}
 }

Spacing +230 added lines, -230 removed lines

@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ 
     {
         $this->class_name = get_class($this);
         // check that the model has not been loaded too soon
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
+        if ( ! did_action('AHEE__EE_System__load_espresso_addons')) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ 
         $this->_fields = (array) apply_filters("FHEE__{$this->class_name}__construct__fields", $this->_fields);
         $this->_invalidate_field_caches();
         foreach ($this->_fields as $table_alias => $fields_for_table) {
-            if (! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
+            if ( ! array_key_exists($table_alias, $this->_tables)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -635,12 +635,12 @@ 
         }
         $this->set_timezone($timezone);
         // finalize default where condition strategy, or set default
-        if (! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
+        if ( ! $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy) {
             // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
             $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
         }
         $this->_default_where_conditions_strategy->_finalize_construct($this);
-        if (! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
+        if ( ! $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy) {
             // nothing was set during child constructor, so set default
             $this->_minimum_where_conditions_strategy = new EE_Default_Where_Conditions();
         }
@@ -651,10 +651,10 @@ 
             $this->_caps_slug = EEH_Inflector::pluralize_and_lower($this->get_this_model_name());
         }
         // initialize the standard cap restriction generators if none were specified by the child constructor
-        if (! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
+        if ( ! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
             foreach ($this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map() as $cap_context => $action) {
-                if (! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ])) {
-                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $cap_context ] = apply_filters(
+                if ( ! isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[$cap_context])) {
+                    $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$cap_context] = apply_filters(
                         'FHEE__EEM_Base___construct__standard_cap_restriction_generator',
                         new EE_Restriction_Generator_Protected(),
                         $cap_context,
@@ -664,12 +664,12 @@ 
             }
         }
         // if there are cap restriction generators, use them to make the default cap restrictions
-        if (! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
+        if ( ! empty($this->_cap_restriction_generators)) {
             foreach ($this->_cap_restriction_generators as $context => $generator_object) {
-                if (! $generator_object) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ 
                     );
                 }
                 $action = $this->cap_action_for_context($context);
-                if (! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
+                if ( ! $generator_object->construction_finalized()) {
                     $generator_object->_construct_finalize($this, $action);
                 }
             }
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ 
      */
     protected static function getLoader(): LoaderInterface
     {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
+        if ( ! EEM_Base::$loader instanceof LoaderInterface) {
             EEM_Base::$loader = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
         }
         return EEM_Base::$loader;
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ 
      */
     private static function getMirror(): Mirror
     {
-        if (! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
+        if ( ! EEM_Base::$mirror instanceof Mirror) {
             EEM_Base::$mirror = EEM_Base::getLoader()->getShared(Mirror::class);
         }
         return EEM_Base::$mirror;
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ 
     public static function instance($timezone = '')
     {
         // check if instance of Espresso_model already exists
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
+        if ( ! static::$_instance instanceof static) {
             /**
              * Set blog id for models to current blog. However we ONLY do this if $_model_query_blog_id is not already set.
              */
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ 
      */
     public static function reset($timezone = '')
     {
-        if (! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
+        if ( ! static::$_instance instanceof EEM_Base) {
             return null;
         }
         // Let's NOT swap out the current instance for a new one
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ 
         foreach (EEM_Base::getMirror()->getDefaultProperties(static::class) as $property => $value) {
             // don't set instance to null like it was originally,
             // but it's static anyways, and we're ignoring static properties (for now at least)
-            if (! isset($static_properties[ $property ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($static_properties[$property])) {
                 static::$_instance->{$property} = $value;
             }
         }
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ 
      */
     public function status_array($translated = false)
     {
-        if (! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists('Status', $this->_model_relations)) {
             return [];
         }
         $model_name   = $this->get_this_model_name();
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ 
         $stati        = EEM_Status::instance()->get_all([['STS_type' => $status_type]]);
         $status_array = [];
         foreach ($stati as $status) {
-            $status_array[ $status->ID() ] = $status->get('STS_code');
+            $status_array[$status->ID()] = $status->get('STS_code');
         }
         return $translated
             ? EEM_Status::instance()->localized_status($status_array, false, 'sentence')
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ 
     {
         $wp_user_field_name = $this->wp_user_field_name();
         if ($wp_user_field_name) {
-            $query_params[0][ $wp_user_field_name ] = get_current_user_id();
+            $query_params[0][$wp_user_field_name] = get_current_user_id();
         }
         return $query_params;
     }
@@ -962,17 +962,17 @@ 
     public function wp_user_field_name()
     {
         try {
-            if (! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
+            if ( ! empty($this->_model_chain_to_wp_user)) {
                 $models_to_follow_to_wp_users = explode('.', $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user);
                 $last_model_name              = end($models_to_follow_to_wp_users);
                 $model_with_fk_to_wp_users    = EE_Registry::instance()->load_model($last_model_name);
-                $model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user . '.';
+                $model_chain_to_wp_user       = $this->_model_chain_to_wp_user.'.';
             } else {
                 $model_with_fk_to_wp_users = $this;
                 $model_chain_to_wp_user    = '';
             }
             $wp_user_field = $model_with_fk_to_wp_users->get_foreign_key_to('WP_User');
-            return $model_chain_to_wp_user . $wp_user_field->get_name();
+            return $model_chain_to_wp_user.$wp_user_field->get_name();
         } catch (EE_Error $e) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1048,11 +1048,11 @@ 
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
             $custom_expressions = $this->_custom_selections->columnsToSelectExpression();
             $select_expressions .= $select_expressions
-                ? ', ' . $custom_expressions
+                ? ', '.$custom_expressions
                 : $custom_expressions;
         }
 
-        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+        $SQL = "SELECT $select_expressions ".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_results', [$SQL, $output]);
     }
 
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ 
      */
     protected function getCustomSelection(array $query_params, $columns_to_select = null): ?CustomSelects
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['extra_selects']) && $columns_to_select === null) {
             return null;
         }
         $selects = $query_params['extra_selects'] ?? $columns_to_select;
@@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ 
         if (is_array($columns_to_select)) {
             $select_sql_array = [];
             foreach ($columns_to_select as $alias => $selection_and_datatype) {
-                if (! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
+                if ( ! is_array($selection_and_datatype) || ! isset($selection_and_datatype[1])) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ 
                         )
                     );
                 }
-                if (! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
+                if ( ! in_array($selection_and_datatype[1], $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types, true)) {
                     throw new EE_Error(
                         sprintf(
                             esc_html__(
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ 
                 ['default_where_conditions' => EE_Default_Where_Conditions::MINIMUM_ALL]
             )
         );
-        $className    = $this->_get_class_name();
+        $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         if ($model_object instanceof $className) {
             // make sure valid objects get added to the entity map
             // so that the next call to this method doesn't trigger another trip to the db
@@ -1217,12 +1217,12 @@ 
      */
     public function alter_query_params_to_restrict_by_ID($id, $query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! isset($query_params[0])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params[0])) {
             $query_params[0] = [];
         }
         $conditions_from_id = $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id);
         if ($conditions_from_id === null) {
-            $query_params[0][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $id;
+            $query_params[0][$this->primary_key_name()] = $id;
         } else {
             // no primary key, so the $id must be from the get_index_primary_key_string()
             $query_params[0] = array_replace_recursive($query_params[0], $this->parse_index_primary_key_string($id));
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one($query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::get_one',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ 
                 return [];
             }
         }
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::_get_consecutive',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@ 
             $query_params = [];
         }
         // let's add the where query param for consecutive look up.
-        $query_params[0][ $field_to_order_by ] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
+        $query_params[0][$field_to_order_by] = [$operand, $current_field_value];
         $query_params['limit']                 = $limit;
         // set direction
         $incoming_orderby         = isset($query_params['order_by'])
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ 
      */
     public function set_timezone(?string $timezone = '')
     {
-        if (! $timezone) {
+        if ( ! $timezone) {
             return;
         }
         $this->_timezone = $timezone;
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@ 
     {
         $field_settings = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
         // if not a valid EE_Datetime_Field then throw error
-        if (! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
+        if ( ! $field_settings instanceof EE_Datetime_Field) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@ 
         // just using this to ensure the timezone is set correctly internally
         $this->get_formats_for($field_name);
         // load EEH_DTT_Helper
-        $timezone_string     = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
+        $timezone_string = ! empty($timezone_string) ? $timezone_string : EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone();
         $incomingDateTime = date_create_from_format($incoming_format, $timestring, new DateTimeZone($timezone_string));
         EEH_DTT_Helper::setTimezone($incomingDateTime, new DateTimeZone($this->_timezone));
         return DbSafeDateTime::createFromDateTime($incomingDateTime);
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ 
      */
     public function update($fields_n_values, $query_params, $keep_model_objs_in_sync = true)
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::update',
                 sprintf(
@@ -1751,7 +1751,7 @@ 
             $wpdb_result = (array) $wpdb_result;
             // get the model object's PK, as we'll want this if we need to insert a row into secondary tables
             if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+                $main_table_pk_value = $wpdb_result[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()];
             } else {
                 // if there's no primary key, we basically can't support having a 2nd table on the model (we could but it would be lots of work)
                 $main_table_pk_value = null;
@@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ 
                     // in this table, right? so insert a row in the current table, using any fields available
                     if (
                         ! (array_key_exists($this_table_pk_column, $wpdb_result)
-                           && $wpdb_result[ $this_table_pk_column ])
+                           && $wpdb_result[$this_table_pk_column])
                     ) {
                         $success = $this->_insert_into_specific_table(
                             $table_obj,
@@ -1775,7 +1775,7 @@ 
                             $main_table_pk_value
                         );
                         // if we died here, report the error
-                        if (! $success) {
+                        if ( ! $success) {
                             return false;
                         }
                     }
@@ -1803,10 +1803,10 @@ 
                 $model_objs_affected_ids     = [];
                 foreach ($models_affected_key_columns as $row) {
                     $combined_index_key                             = $this->get_index_primary_key_string($row);
-                    $model_objs_affected_ids[ $combined_index_key ] = $combined_index_key;
+                    $model_objs_affected_ids[$combined_index_key] = $combined_index_key;
                 }
             }
-            if (! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
+            if ( ! $model_objs_affected_ids) {
                 // wait wait wait- if nothing was affected let's stop here
                 return 0;
             }
@@ -1835,8 +1835,8 @@ 
         $rows_affected = $this->_do_wpdb_query(
             'query',
             [
-                "UPDATE " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
-                . " SET " . $this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
+                "UPDATE ".$model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
+                . " SET ".$this->_construct_update_sql($fields_n_values)
                 . $model_query_info->get_where_sql(),
             ]
         );
@@ -1850,7 +1850,7 @@ 
          * @param int      $rows_affected
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__update__end', $this, $fields_n_values, $query_params, $rows_affected);
-        return $rows_affected;// how many supposedly got updated
+        return $rows_affected; // how many supposedly got updated
     }
 
 
@@ -1883,7 +1883,7 @@ 
         $model_query_info   = $this->_create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params);
         $select_expressions = $field->get_qualified_column();
         $SQL                =
-            "SELECT $select_expressions " . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+            "SELECT $select_expressions ".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_col', [$SQL]);
     }
 
@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@ 
     {
         $query_params['limit'] = 1;
         $col                   = $this->get_col($query_params, $field_to_select);
-        if (! empty($col)) {
+        if ( ! empty($col)) {
             return reset($col);
         }
         return null;
@@ -1933,7 +1933,7 @@ 
             $value_sql       = $prepared_value === null
                 ? 'NULL'
                 : $wpdb->prepare($field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type(), $prepared_value);
-            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column() . "=" . $value_sql;
+            $cols_n_values[] = $field_obj->get_qualified_column()."=".$value_sql;
         }
         return implode(",", $cols_n_values);
     }
@@ -2071,7 +2071,7 @@ 
                                 . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql()
                                 . " WHERE "
                                 . $deletion_where_query_part;
-            $rows_deleted     = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
+            $rows_deleted = $this->_do_wpdb_query('query', [$SQL]);
         }
 
         // Next, make sure those items are removed from the entity map; if they could be put into it at all; and if
@@ -2079,12 +2079,12 @@ 
         if (
             $this->has_primary_key_field()
             && $rows_deleted !== false
-            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ])
+            && isset($columns_and_ids_for_deleting[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()])
         ) {
-            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column() ];
+            $ids_for_removal = $columns_and_ids_for_deleting[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_qualified_column()];
             foreach ($ids_for_removal as $id) {
-                if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-                    unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+                if (isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])) {
+                    unset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id]);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -2124,7 +2124,7 @@ 
          * @see https://github.com/eventespresso/event-espresso-core/tree/master/docs/G--Model-System/model-query-params.md
          */
         do_action('AHEE__EEM_Base__delete__end', $this, $query_params, $rows_deleted, $columns_and_ids_for_deleting);
-        return (int) $rows_deleted;// how many supposedly got deleted
+        return (int) $rows_deleted; // how many supposedly got deleted
     }
 
 
@@ -2228,15 +2228,15 @@ 
                 if (
                     $block_deletes
                     && $this->delete_is_blocked_by_related_models(
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ]
+                        $item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()]
                     )
                 ) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // primary table deletes
-                if (isset($item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ])) {
-                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ][] =
-                        $item_to_delete[ $primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column() ];
+                if (isset($item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()])) {
+                    $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()][] =
+                        $item_to_delete[$primary_table->get_fully_qualified_pk_column()];
                 }
             }
         } elseif (count($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields()) > 1) {
@@ -2245,8 +2245,8 @@ 
                 $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row = [];
                 foreach ($fields as $cpk_field) {
                     if ($cpk_field instanceof EE_Model_Field_Base) {
-                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ] =
-                            $item_to_delete[ $cpk_field->get_qualified_column() ];
+                        $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row[$cpk_field->get_qualified_column()] =
+                            $item_to_delete[$cpk_field->get_qualified_column()];
                     }
                 }
                 $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column[] = $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_row;
@@ -2284,7 +2284,7 @@ 
         } elseif ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
             $query = [];
             foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $column => $ids) {
-                $query[] = $column . ' IN' . $this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
+                $query[] = $column.' IN'.$this->_construct_in_value($ids, $this->_primary_key_field);
             }
             $query_part = ! empty($query)
                 ? implode(' AND ', $query)
@@ -2294,7 +2294,7 @@ 
             foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column as $ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row) {
                 $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row = [];
                 foreach ($ids_to_delete_indexed_by_column_for_each_row as $column => $id) {
-                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column . '=' . $id;
+                    $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row[] = $column.'='.$id;
                 }
                 $ways_to_identify_a_row[] = '('
                                             . implode(' AND ', $values_for_each_combined_primary_key_for_a_row)
@@ -2370,10 +2370,10 @@ 
             }
         }
         $column_to_count = $distinct
-            ? "DISTINCT " . $column_to_count
+            ? "DISTINCT ".$column_to_count
             : $column_to_count;
         $SQL             =
-            "SELECT COUNT(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+            "SELECT COUNT(".$column_to_count.")".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         return (int) $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
     }
 
@@ -2398,7 +2398,7 @@ 
         }
         $column_to_count = $field_obj->get_qualified_column();
         $SQL             =
-            "SELECT SUM(" . $column_to_count . ")" . $this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
+            "SELECT SUM(".$column_to_count.")".$this->_construct_2nd_half_of_select_query($model_query_info);
         $return_value    = $this->_do_wpdb_query('get_var', [$SQL]);
         $data_type       = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
         if ($data_type === '%d' || $data_type === '%s') {
@@ -2434,7 +2434,7 @@ 
         }
         /** @type WPDB $wpdb */
         global $wpdb;
-        if (! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
+        if ( ! method_exists($wpdb, $wpdb_method)) {
             throw new DomainException(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -2453,7 +2453,7 @@ 
         $this->show_db_query_if_previously_requested($wpdb->last_query);
         if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
             $wpdb->show_errors($old_show_errors_value);
-            if (! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
+            if ( ! empty($wpdb->last_error)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(sprintf(esc_html__('WPDB Error: "%s"', 'event_espresso'), $wpdb->last_error));
             }
             if ($result === false) {
@@ -2523,7 +2523,7 @@ 
                     // ummmm... you in trouble
                     return $result;
             }
-            if (! empty($error_message)) {
+            if ( ! empty($error_message)) {
                 EE_Log::instance()->log(__FILE__, __FUNCTION__, $error_message, 'error');
                 trigger_error($error_message);
             }
@@ -2604,11 +2604,11 @@ 
      */
     private function _construct_2nd_half_of_select_query(EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info)
     {
-        return " FROM " . $model_query_info->get_full_join_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_where_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_having_sql() .
-               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql() .
+        return " FROM ".$model_query_info->get_full_join_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_where_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_group_by_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_having_sql().
+               $model_query_info->get_order_by_sql().
                $model_query_info->get_limit_sql();
     }
 
@@ -2633,7 +2633,7 @@ 
             $left = is_admin() ? '12rem' : '2rem';
             echo "
             <div class='ee-status-outline ee-status-bg--attention' style='margin: 2rem 2rem 2rem $left;'>
-                " . esc_html($sql_query) . "
+                ".esc_html($sql_query)."
             </div>";
             $this->_show_next_x_db_queries--;
         }
@@ -2809,12 +2809,12 @@ 
         $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
         // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
         // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
             $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
         }
         $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
         $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+        $query_params[0][$this_model_name.".".$this_pk_field_name] = $id_or_obj;
         return $related_model->count($query_params, $field_to_count, $distinct);
     }
 
@@ -2835,7 +2835,7 @@ 
     public function sum_related($id_or_obj, $model_name, $query_params, $field_to_sum = null)
     {
         $related_model = $this->get_related_model_obj($model_name);
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::sum_related',
                 sprintf(
@@ -2848,12 +2848,12 @@ 
         }
         // we're just going to use the query params on the related model's normal get_all query,
         // except add a condition to say to match the current mod
-        if (! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
+        if ( ! isset($query_params['default_where_conditions'])) {
             $query_params['default_where_conditions'] = EE_Default_Where_Conditions::NONE;
         }
         $this_model_name                                                 = $this->get_this_model_name();
         $this_pk_field_name                                              = $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name();
-        $query_params[0][ $this_model_name . "." . $this_pk_field_name ] = $id_or_obj;
+        $query_params[0][$this_model_name.".".$this_pk_field_name] = $id_or_obj;
         return $related_model->sum($query_params, $field_to_sum);
     }
 
@@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@ 
                 $field_with_model_name = $field;
             }
         }
-        if (! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
+        if ( ! isset($field_with_model_name) || ! $field_with_model_name) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("There is no EE_Any_Foreign_Model_Name field on model %s", "event_espresso"),
@@ -3044,14 +3044,14 @@ 
                 || $this->get_primary_key_field()
                    instanceof
                    EE_Primary_Key_String_Field)
-            && isset($fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])
+            && isset($fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])
         ) {
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ $this->primary_key_name() ] = $fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+            $query_params[0]['OR'][$this->primary_key_name()] = $fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()];
         }
         foreach ($this->unique_indexes() as $unique_index_name => $unique_index) {
             $uniqueness_where_params                              =
                 array_intersect_key($fields_n_values, $unique_index->fields());
-            $query_params[0]['OR'][ 'AND*' . $unique_index_name ] = $uniqueness_where_params;
+            $query_params[0]['OR']['AND*'.$unique_index_name] = $uniqueness_where_params;
         }
         // if there is nothing to base this search on, then we shouldn't find anything
         if (empty($query_params)) {
@@ -3128,16 +3128,16 @@ 
             $prepared_value = $this->_prepare_value_or_use_default($field_obj, $fields_n_values);
             // if the value we want to assign it to is NULL, just don't mention it for the insertion
             if ($prepared_value !== null) {
-                $insertion_col_n_values[ $field_obj->get_table_column() ] = $prepared_value;
+                $insertion_col_n_values[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $prepared_value;
                 $format_for_insertion[]                                   = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
             }
         }
         if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table && $new_id) {
             // its not the main table, so we should have already saved the main table's PK which we just inserted
             // so add the fk to the main table as a column
-            $insertion_col_n_values[ $table->get_fk_on_table() ] = $new_id;
+            $insertion_col_n_values[$table->get_fk_on_table()] = $new_id;
             $format_for_insertion[]                              =
-                '%d';// yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
+                '%d'; // yes right now we're only allowing these foreign keys to be INTs
         }
 
         // insert the new entry
@@ -3155,7 +3155,7 @@ 
             }
             // it's not an auto-increment primary key, so
             // it must have been supplied
-            return $fields_n_values[ $this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name() ];
+            return $fields_n_values[$this->get_primary_key_field()->get_name()];
         }
         // we can't return a  primary key because there is none. instead return
         // a unique string indicating this model
@@ -3177,10 +3177,10 @@ 
     {
         $field_name = $field_obj->get_name();
         // if this field doesn't allow nullable, don't allow it
-        if (! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[ $field_name ])) {
-            $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+        if ( ! $field_obj->is_nullable() && ! isset($fields_n_values[$field_name])) {
+            $fields_n_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
         }
-        $unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[ $field_name ] ?? null;
+        $unprepared_value = $fields_n_values[$field_name] ?? null;
         return $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($unprepared_value, $field_obj);
     }
 
@@ -3283,7 +3283,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_table_obj_by_alias($table_alias = '')
     {
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias ] ?? null;
+        return $this->_tables[$table_alias] ?? null;
     }
 
 
@@ -3297,7 +3297,7 @@ 
         $other_tables = [];
         foreach ($this->_tables as $table_alias => $table) {
             if ($table instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
-                $other_tables[ $table_alias ] = $table;
+                $other_tables[$table_alias] = $table;
             }
         }
         return $other_tables;
@@ -3312,7 +3312,7 @@ 
      */
     public function _get_fields_for_table($table_alias)
     {
-        return $this->_fields[ $table_alias ];
+        return $this->_fields[$table_alias];
     }
 
 
@@ -3341,7 +3341,7 @@ 
                     $query_info_carrier,
                     'group_by'
                 );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['group_by'],
                     $query_info_carrier,
@@ -3363,7 +3363,7 @@ 
                     $query_info_carrier,
                     'order_by'
                 );
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['order_by'],
                     $query_info_carrier,
@@ -3398,7 +3398,7 @@ 
         EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
         $query_param_type
     ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+        if ( ! empty($sub_query_params)) {
             $sub_query_params = (array) $sub_query_params;
             foreach ($sub_query_params as $param => $possibly_array_of_params) {
                 // $param could be simply 'EVT_ID', or it could be 'Registrations.REG_ID', or even 'Registrations.Transactions.Payments.PAY_amount'
@@ -3414,7 +3414,7 @@ 
                 $query_param_sans_stars =
                     $this->_remove_stars_and_anything_after_from_condition_query_param_key($param);
                 if (in_array($query_param_sans_stars, $this->_logic_query_param_keys, true)) {
-                    if (! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
+                    if ( ! is_array($possibly_array_of_params)) {
                         throw new EE_Error(
                             sprintf(
                                 esc_html__(
@@ -3440,7 +3440,7 @@ 
                     // then $possible_array_of_params looks something like array('<','DTT_sold',true)
                     // indicating that $possible_array_of_params[1] is actually a field name,
                     // from which we should extract query parameters!
-                    if (! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
+                    if ( ! isset($possibly_array_of_params[0], $possibly_array_of_params[1])) {
                         throw new EE_Error(
                             sprintf(
                                 esc_html__(
@@ -3480,8 +3480,8 @@ 
         EE_Model_Query_Info_Carrier $model_query_info_carrier,
         $query_param_type
     ) {
-        if (! empty($sub_query_params)) {
-            if (! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
+        if ( ! empty($sub_query_params)) {
+            if ( ! is_array($sub_query_params)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__("Query parameter %s should be an array, but it isn't.", "event_espresso"),
@@ -3519,7 +3519,7 @@ 
      */
     public function _create_model_query_info_carrier($query_params)
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::_create_model_query_info_carrier',
                 sprintf(
@@ -3550,7 +3550,7 @@ 
             // only include if related to a cpt where no password has been set
             $query_params[0]['OR*nopassword'] = [
                 $where_param_key_for_password       => '',
-                $where_param_key_for_password . '*' => ['IS_NULL'],
+                $where_param_key_for_password.'*' => ['IS_NULL'],
             ];
         }
         $query_object = $this->_extract_related_models_from_query($query_params);
@@ -3604,7 +3604,7 @@ 
         // set limit
         if (array_key_exists('limit', $query_params)) {
             if (is_array($query_params['limit'])) {
-                if (! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
+                if ( ! isset($query_params['limit'][0], $query_params['limit'][1])) {
                     $e = sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
                             "Invalid DB query. You passed '%s' for the LIMIT, but only the following are valid: an integer, string representing an integer, a string like 'int,int', or an array like array(int,int)",
@@ -3612,12 +3612,12 @@ 
                         ),
                         http_build_query($query_params['limit'])
                     );
-                    throw new EE_Error($e . "|" . $e);
+                    throw new EE_Error($e."|".$e);
                 }
                 // they passed us an array for the limit. Assume it's like array(50,25), meaning offset by 50, and get 25
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit'][0] . "," . $query_params['limit'][1]);
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
-                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT " . $query_params['limit']);
+                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT ".$query_params['limit'][0].",".$query_params['limit'][1]);
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['limit'])) {
+                $query_object->set_limit_sql(" LIMIT ".$query_params['limit']);
             }
         }
         // set order by
@@ -3649,10 +3649,10 @@ 
                 $order_array = [];
                 foreach ($query_params['order_by'] as $field_name_to_order_by => $order) {
                     $order         = $this->_extract_order($order);
-                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by) . SP . $order;
+                    $order_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_order_by).SP.$order;
                 }
-                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . implode(",", $order_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
+                $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY ".implode(",", $order_array));
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['order_by'])) {
                 $this->_extract_related_model_info_from_query_param(
                     $query_params['order_by'],
                     $query_object,
@@ -3663,7 +3663,7 @@ 
                     ? $this->_extract_order($query_params['order'])
                     : 'DESC';
                 $query_object->set_order_by_sql(
-                    " ORDER BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']) . SP . $order
+                    " ORDER BY ".$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['order_by']).SP.$order
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -3675,7 +3675,7 @@ 
         ) {
             $pk_field = $this->get_primary_key_field();
             $order    = $this->_extract_order($query_params['order']);
-            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY " . $pk_field->get_qualified_column() . SP . $order);
+            $query_object->set_order_by_sql(" ORDER BY ".$pk_field->get_qualified_column().SP.$order);
         }
         // set group by
         if (array_key_exists('group_by', $query_params)) {
@@ -3685,10 +3685,10 @@ 
                 foreach ($query_params['group_by'] as $field_name_to_group_by) {
                     $group_by_array[] = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($field_name_to_group_by);
                 }
-                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY " . implode(", ", $group_by_array));
-            } elseif (! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
+                $query_object->set_group_by_sql(" GROUP BY ".implode(", ", $group_by_array));
+            } elseif ( ! empty($query_params['group_by'])) {
                 $query_object->set_group_by_sql(
-                    " GROUP BY " . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
+                    " GROUP BY ".$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_params['group_by'])
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -3698,7 +3698,7 @@ 
         }
         // now, just verify they didn't pass anything wack
         foreach ($query_params as $query_key => $query_value) {
-            if (! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
+            if ( ! in_array($query_key, $this->_allowed_query_params, true)) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -3803,7 +3803,7 @@ 
         $where_query_params = []
     ) {
         $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values = EEM_Base::valid_default_where_conditions();
-        if (! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($use_default_where_conditions, $allowed_used_default_where_conditions_values)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -3833,7 +3833,7 @@ 
                 // we don't want to add full or even minimum default where conditions from this model, so just continue
                 continue;
             }
-            $overrides              = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
+            $overrides = $this->_override_defaults_or_make_null_friendly(
                 $related_model_universal_where_params,
                 $where_query_params,
                 $related_model,
@@ -3942,19 +3942,19 @@ 
     ) {
         $null_friendly_where_conditions = [];
         $none_overridden                = true;
-        $or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*' . get_class($model);
+        $or_condition_key_for_defaults  = 'OR*'.get_class($model);
         foreach ($default_where_conditions as $key => $val) {
-            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[ $key ])) {
+            if (isset($provided_where_conditions[$key])) {
                 $none_overridden = false;
             } else {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ]['AND'][ $key ] = $val;
+                $null_friendly_where_conditions[$or_condition_key_for_defaults]['AND'][$key] = $val;
             }
         }
         if ($none_overridden && $default_where_conditions) {
             if ($model->has_primary_key_field()) {
-                $null_friendly_where_conditions[ $or_condition_key_for_defaults ][ $model_relation_path
+                $null_friendly_where_conditions[$or_condition_key_for_defaults][$model_relation_path
                                                                                    . "."
-                                                                                   . $model->primary_key_name() ] =
+                                                                                   . $model->primary_key_name()] =
                     ['IS NULL'];
             }/*else{
                 //@todo NO PK, use other defaults
@@ -4065,7 +4065,7 @@ 
             foreach ($tables as $table_obj) {
                 $qualified_pk_column = $table_alias_with_model_relation_chain_prefix
                                        . $table_obj->get_fully_qualified_pk_column();
-                if (! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
+                if ( ! in_array($qualified_pk_column, $selects)) {
                     $selects[] = "$qualified_pk_column AS '$qualified_pk_column'";
                 }
             }
@@ -4217,9 +4217,9 @@ 
         $query_parameter_type
     ) {
         foreach ($this->_model_relations as $valid_related_model_name => $relation_obj) {
-            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name . ".") === 0) {
+            if (strpos($possible_join_string, $valid_related_model_name.".") === 0) {
                 $this->_add_join_to_model($valid_related_model_name, $query_info_carrier, $original_query_param);
-                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name . "."));
+                $possible_join_string = substr($possible_join_string, strlen($valid_related_model_name."."));
                 if ($possible_join_string === '') {
                     // nothing left to $query_param
                     // we should actually end in a field name, not a model like this!
@@ -4352,7 +4352,7 @@ 
     {
         $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($where_params, ' AND ');
         if ($SQL) {
-            return " WHERE " . $SQL;
+            return " WHERE ".$SQL;
         }
         return '';
     }
@@ -4370,7 +4370,7 @@ 
     {
         $SQL = $this->_construct_condition_clause_recursive($having_params, ' AND ');
         if ($SQL) {
-            return " HAVING " . $SQL;
+            return " HAVING ".$SQL;
         }
         return '';
     }
@@ -4424,7 +4424,7 @@ 
             } else {
                 $field_obj = $this->_deduce_field_from_query_param($query_param);
                 // if it's not a normal field, maybe it's a custom selection?
-                if (! $field_obj) {
+                if ( ! $field_obj) {
                     if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
                         $field_obj = $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($query_param);
                     } else {
@@ -4440,7 +4440,7 @@ 
                     }
                 }
                 $op_and_value_sql = $this->_construct_op_and_value($op_and_value_or_sub_condition, $field_obj);
-                $where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param) . SP . $op_and_value_sql;
+                $where_clauses[]  = $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($query_param).SP.$op_and_value_sql;
             }
         }
         return $where_clauses
@@ -4464,7 +4464,7 @@ 
                 $field->get_model_name(),
                 $query_param
             );
-            return $table_alias_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+            return $table_alias_prefix.$field->get_qualified_column();
         }
         if (
             $this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects
@@ -4525,10 +4525,10 @@ 
             $operator = isset($op_and_value[0])
                 ? $this->_prepare_operator_for_sql($op_and_value[0])
                 : null;
-            if (! $operator) {
+            if ( ! $operator) {
                 $php_array_like_string = [];
                 foreach ($op_and_value as $key => $value) {
-                    $value = is_array($value) ? '[' . implode(",", $value) . ']' : $value;
+                    $value = is_array($value) ? '['.implode(",", $value).']' : $value;
                     $php_array_like_string[] = "$key=>$value";
                 }
                 throw new EE_Error(
@@ -4546,14 +4546,14 @@ 
 
         // check to see if the value is actually another field
         if (is_array($op_and_value) && isset($op_and_value[2]) && $op_and_value[2]) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_deduce_column_name_from_query_param($value);
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             // in this case, the value should be an array, or at least a comma-separated list
             // it will need to handle a little differently
             $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_in_value($value, $field_obj);
             // note: $cleaned_value has already been run through $wpdb->prepare()
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+            return $operator.SP.$cleaned_value;
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_between_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             // the value should be an array with count of two.
@@ -4569,7 +4569,7 @@ 
                 );
             }
             $cleaned_value = $this->_construct_between_value($value, $field_obj);
-            return $operator . SP . $cleaned_value;
+            return $operator.SP.$cleaned_value;
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_null_style_operators())) {
             if ($value !== null) {
@@ -4589,10 +4589,10 @@ 
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_like_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
             // if the operator is 'LIKE', we want to allow percent signs (%) and not
             // remove other junk. So just treat it as a string.
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, '%s');
         }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
-            return $operator . SP . $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
+        if ( ! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
+            return $operator.SP.$this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
         }
         if (in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && ! is_array($value)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
@@ -4606,7 +4606,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        if (! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($operator, $this->valid_in_style_operators()) && is_array($value)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -4645,7 +4645,7 @@ 
         foreach ($values as $value) {
             $cleaned_values[] = $this->_wpdb_prepare_using_field($value, $field_obj);
         }
-        return $cleaned_values[0] . " AND " . $cleaned_values[1];
+        return $cleaned_values[0]." AND ".$cleaned_values[1];
     }
 
 
@@ -4683,7 +4683,7 @@ 
             $main_table  = $this->_get_main_table();
             $prepped[]   = "SELECT {$first_field->get_table_column()} FROM {$main_table->get_table_name()} WHERE FALSE";
         }
-        return '(' . implode(',', $prepped) . ')';
+        return '('.implode(',', $prepped).')';
     }
 
 
@@ -4703,7 +4703,7 @@ 
                 $this->_prepare_value_for_use_in_db($value, $field_obj)
             );
         } //$field_obj should really just be a data type
-        if (! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
+        if ( ! in_array($field_obj, $this->_valid_wpdb_data_types)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("%s is not a valid wpdb datatype. Valid ones are %s", "event_espresso"),
@@ -4740,14 +4740,14 @@ 
             );
         }
         $number_of_parts       = count($query_param_parts);
-        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[ count($query_param_parts) - 1 ];
+        $last_query_param_part = $query_param_parts[count($query_param_parts) - 1];
         if ($number_of_parts === 1) {
             $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
             $model_obj  = $this;
         } else {// $number_of_parts >= 2
             // the last part is the column name, and there are only 2parts. therefore...
             $field_name = $last_query_param_part;
-            $model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[ $number_of_parts - 2 ]);
+            $model_obj  = $this->get_related_model_obj($query_param_parts[$number_of_parts - 2]);
         }
         try {
             return $model_obj->field_settings_for($field_name);
@@ -4768,7 +4768,7 @@ 
     public function _get_qualified_column_for_field($field_name)
     {
         $all_fields = $this->field_settings();
-        $field      = $all_fields[ $field_name ] ?? false;
+        $field      = $all_fields[$field_name] ?? false;
         if ($field) {
             return $field->get_qualified_column();
         }
@@ -4838,12 +4838,12 @@ 
      */
     public function get_qualified_columns_for_all_fields($model_relation_chain = '', $return_string = true)
     {
-        $table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain) . (empty($model_relation_chain)
+        $table_prefix      = str_replace('.', '__', $model_relation_chain).(empty($model_relation_chain)
                 ? ''
                 : '__');
         $qualified_columns = [];
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field) {
-            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix . $field->get_qualified_column();
+            $qualified_columns[] = $table_prefix.$field->get_qualified_column();
         }
         return $return_string
             ? implode(', ', $qualified_columns)
@@ -4870,11 +4870,11 @@ 
             if ($table_obj instanceof EE_Primary_Table) {
                 $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
                     ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_table_name() . " AS " . $table_obj->get_table_alias() . SP;
+                    : SP.$table_obj->get_table_name()." AS ".$table_obj->get_table_alias().SP;
             } elseif ($table_obj instanceof EE_Secondary_Table) {
                 $SQL .= $table_alias === $table_obj->get_table_alias()
                     ? $table_obj->get_select_join_limit_join($limit)
-                    : SP . $table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias) . SP;
+                    : SP.$table_obj->get_join_sql($table_alias).SP;
             }
         }
         return $SQL;
@@ -4945,7 +4945,7 @@ 
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_obj) {
             // $data_types[$field_obj->get_table_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
             /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-            $data_types[ $field_obj->get_qualified_column() ] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
+            $data_types[$field_obj->get_qualified_column()] = $field_obj->get_wpdb_data_type();
         }
         return $data_types;
     }
@@ -4960,8 +4960,8 @@ 
      */
     public function get_related_model_obj($model_name)
     {
-        $model_classname = "EEM_" . $model_name;
-        if (! class_exists($model_classname)) {
+        $model_classname = "EEM_".$model_name;
+        if ( ! class_exists($model_classname)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -4973,7 +4973,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return call_user_func($model_classname . "::instance");
+        return call_user_func($model_classname."::instance");
     }
 
 
@@ -5000,7 +5000,7 @@ 
         $belongs_to_relations = [];
         foreach ($this->relation_settings() as $model_name => $relation_obj) {
             if ($relation_obj instanceof EE_Belongs_To_Relation) {
-                $belongs_to_relations[ $model_name ] = $relation_obj;
+                $belongs_to_relations[$model_name] = $relation_obj;
             }
         }
         return $belongs_to_relations;
@@ -5017,7 +5017,7 @@ 
     public function related_settings_for($relation_name)
     {
         $relatedModels = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists($relation_name, $relatedModels)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -5030,7 +5030,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return $relatedModels[ $relation_name ];
+        return $relatedModels[$relation_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -5046,7 +5046,7 @@ 
     public function field_settings_for($fieldName, $include_db_only_fields = true)
     {
         $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings($include_db_only_fields);
-        if (! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
+        if ( ! array_key_exists($fieldName, $fieldSettings)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("There is no field/column '%s' on '%s'", 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5055,7 +5055,7 @@ 
                 )
             );
         }
-        return $fieldSettings[ $fieldName ];
+        return $fieldSettings[$fieldName];
     }
 
 
@@ -5068,7 +5068,7 @@ 
     public function has_field($fieldName)
     {
         $fieldSettings = $this->field_settings(true);
-        if (isset($fieldSettings[ $fieldName ])) {
+        if (isset($fieldSettings[$fieldName])) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5084,7 +5084,7 @@ 
     public function has_relation($relation_name)
     {
         $relations = $this->relation_settings();
-        if (isset($relations[ $relation_name ])) {
+        if (isset($relations[$relation_name])) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5120,7 +5120,7 @@ 
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
+            if ( ! $this->_primary_key_field instanceof EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__("There is no Primary Key defined on model %s", 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5180,17 +5180,17 @@ 
      */
     public function get_foreign_key_to($model_name)
     {
-        if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+        if ( ! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name])) {
             foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field) {
                 if (
                     $field instanceof EE_Foreign_Key_Field_Base
                     && in_array($model_name, $field->get_model_names_pointed_to())
                 ) {
-                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ] = $field;
+                    $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name] = $field;
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name])) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__(
@@ -5203,7 +5203,7 @@ 
                 );
             }
         }
-        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[ $model_name ];
+        return $this->_cache_foreign_key_to_fields[$model_name];
     }
 
 
@@ -5219,7 +5219,7 @@ 
     {
         $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix =
             EE_Model_Parser::remove_table_alias_model_relation_chain_prefix($table_alias);
-        return $this->_tables[ $table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix ]->get_table_name();
+        return $this->_tables[$table_alias_sans_model_relation_chain_prefix]->get_table_name();
     }
 
 
@@ -5237,7 +5237,7 @@ 
                 $this->_cached_fields = [];
                 foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
                     foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+                        $this->_cached_fields[$field_name] = $field_obj;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5248,8 +5248,8 @@ 
             foreach ($this->_fields as $fields_corresponding_to_table) {
                 foreach ($fields_corresponding_to_table as $field_name => $field_obj) {
                     /** @var $field_obj EE_Model_Field_Base */
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[ $field_name ] = $field_obj;
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                        $this->_cached_fields_non_db_only[$field_name] = $field_obj;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -5292,12 +5292,12 @@ 
                     $primary_key_field->get_qualified_column(),
                     $primary_key_field->get_table_column()
                 );
-                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[ $table_pk_value ])) {
+                if ($table_pk_value && isset($array_of_objects[$table_pk_value])) {
                     continue;
                 }
             }
             $classInstance = $this->instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($row);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
+            if ( ! $classInstance) {
                 throw new EE_Error(
                     sprintf(
                         esc_html__('Could not create instance of class %s from row %s', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -5312,7 +5312,7 @@ 
             $key                      = $has_primary_key
                 ? $classInstance->ID()
                 : $count_if_model_has_no_primary_key++;
-            $array_of_objects[ $key ] = $classInstance;
+            $array_of_objects[$key] = $classInstance;
             // also, for all the relations of type BelongsTo, see if we can cache
             // those related models
             // (we could do this for other relations too, but if there are conditions
@@ -5356,9 +5356,9 @@ 
         $results = [];
         if ($this->_custom_selections instanceof CustomSelects) {
             foreach ($this->_custom_selections->columnAliases() as $alias) {
-                if (isset($db_results_row[ $alias ])) {
-                    $results[ $alias ] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
-                        $db_results_row[ $alias ],
+                if (isset($db_results_row[$alias])) {
+                    $results[$alias] = $this->convertValueToDataType(
+                        $db_results_row[$alias],
                         $this->_custom_selections->getDataTypeForAlias($alias)
                     );
                 }
@@ -5403,7 +5403,7 @@ 
         $this_model_fields_and_values = [];
         // setup the row using default values;
         foreach ($this->field_settings() as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-            $this_model_fields_and_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
+            $this_model_fields_and_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->get_default_value();
         }
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         return EE_Registry::instance()->load_class($className, [$this_model_fields_and_values], false, false);
@@ -5419,20 +5419,20 @@ 
      */
     public function instantiate_class_from_array_or_object($cols_n_values)
     {
-        if (! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($cols_n_values) && is_object($cols_n_values)) {
             $cols_n_values = get_object_vars($cols_n_values);
         }
         $primary_key = null;
         // make sure the array only has keys that are fields/columns on this model
         $this_model_fields_n_values = $this->_deduce_fields_n_values_from_cols_n_values($cols_n_values);
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ];
+        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
+            $primary_key = $this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()];
         }
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
         // check we actually found results that we can use to build our model object
         // if not, return null
         if ($this->has_primary_key_field()) {
-            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
+            if (empty($this_model_fields_n_values[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
                 return null;
             }
         } elseif ($this->unique_indexes()) {
@@ -5444,7 +5444,7 @@ 
         // if there is no primary key or the object doesn't already exist in the entity map, then create a new instance
         if ($primary_key) {
             $classInstance = $this->get_from_entity_map($primary_key);
-            if (! $classInstance) {
+            if ( ! $classInstance) {
                 $classInstance = EE_Registry::instance()
                                             ->load_class(
                                                 $className,
@@ -5475,7 +5475,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_from_entity_map($id)
     {
-        return $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] ?? null;
+        return $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id] ?? null;
     }
 
 
@@ -5498,7 +5498,7 @@ 
     public function add_to_entity_map(EE_Base_Class $object)
     {
         $className = $this->_get_class_name();
-        if (! $object instanceof $className) {
+        if ( ! $object instanceof $className) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__("You tried adding a %s to a mapping of %ss", "event_espresso"),
@@ -5510,7 +5510,7 @@ 
             );
         }
 
-        if (! $object->ID()) {
+        if ( ! $object->ID()) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -5526,7 +5526,7 @@ 
         if ($classInstance) {
             return $classInstance;
         }
-        $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $object->ID() ] = $object;
+        $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$object->ID()] = $object;
         return $object;
     }
 
@@ -5541,11 +5541,11 @@ 
     public function clear_entity_map($id = null)
     {
         if (empty($id)) {
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ] = [];
+            $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id] = [];
             return true;
         }
-        if (isset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ])) {
-            unset($this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ]);
+        if (isset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id])) {
+            unset($this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id]);
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -5593,18 +5593,18 @@ 
             // there is a primary key on this table and its not set. Use defaults for all its columns
             if ($table_pk_value === null && $table_obj->get_pk_column()) {
                 foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
                         // prepare field as if its coming from db
                         $prepared_value                            =
                             $field_obj->prepare_for_set($field_obj->get_default_value());
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
+                        $this_model_fields_n_values[$field_name] = $field_obj->prepare_for_use_in_db($prepared_value);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 // the table's rows existed. Use their values
                 foreach ($this->_get_fields_for_table($table_alias) as $field_name => $field_obj) {
-                    if (! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
-                        $this_model_fields_n_values[ $field_name ] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
+                    if ( ! $field_obj->is_db_only_field()) {
+                        $this_model_fields_n_values[$field_name] = $this->_get_column_value_with_table_alias_or_not(
                             $cols_n_values,
                             $field_obj->get_qualified_column(),
                             $field_obj->get_table_column()
@@ -5631,17 +5631,17 @@ 
         // ask the field what it think it's table_name.column_name should be, and call it the "qualified column"
         // does the field on the model relate to this column retrieved from the db?
         // or is it a db-only field? (not relating to the model)
-        if (isset($cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $qualified_column ];
-        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[ $regular_column ])) {
-            $value = $cols_n_values[ $regular_column ];
-        } elseif (! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
+        if (isset($cols_n_values[$qualified_column])) {
+            $value = $cols_n_values[$qualified_column];
+        } elseif (isset($cols_n_values[$regular_column])) {
+            $value = $cols_n_values[$regular_column];
+        } elseif ( ! empty($this->foreign_key_aliases)) {
             // no PK?  ok check if there is a foreign key alias set for this table
             // then check if that alias exists in the incoming data
             // AND that the actual PK the $FK_alias represents matches the $qualified_column (full PK)
             foreach ($this->foreign_key_aliases as $FK_alias => $PK_column) {
-                if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && !empty($cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ])) {
-                    $value = $cols_n_values[ $FK_alias ];
+                if ($PK_column === $qualified_column && ! empty($cols_n_values[$FK_alias])) {
+                    $value = $cols_n_values[$FK_alias];
                     [$pk_class] = explode('.', $PK_column);
                     $pk_model_name = "EEM_{$pk_class}";
                     /** @var EEM_Base $pk_model */
@@ -5685,7 +5685,7 @@ 
                     $obj_in_map->clear_cache($relation_name, null, true);
                 }
             }
-            $this->_entity_map[ EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id ][ $id ] = $obj_in_map;
+            $this->_entity_map[EEM_Base::$_model_query_blog_id][$id] = $obj_in_map;
             return $obj_in_map;
         }
         return $this->get_one_by_ID($id);
@@ -5737,7 +5737,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _get_class_name()
     {
-        return "EE_" . $this->get_this_model_name();
+        return "EE_".$this->get_this_model_name();
     }
 
 
@@ -5791,7 +5791,7 @@ 
     {
         $className = $this->class_name;
         $tagName   = "FHEE__{$className}__{$methodName}";
-        if (! has_filter($tagName)) {
+        if ( ! has_filter($tagName)) {
             throw new EE_Error(
                 sprintf(
                     esc_html__(
@@ -5962,7 +5962,7 @@ 
         $unique_indexes = [];
         foreach ($this->_indexes as $name => $index) {
             if ($index instanceof EE_Unique_Index) {
-                $unique_indexes [ $name ] = $index;
+                $unique_indexes [$name] = $index;
             }
         }
         return $unique_indexes;
@@ -6026,7 +6026,7 @@ 
         $key_vals_in_combined_pk = [];
         parse_str($index_primary_key_string, $key_vals_in_combined_pk);
         foreach ($key_fields as $key_field_name => $field_obj) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[ $key_field_name ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($key_vals_in_combined_pk[$key_field_name])) {
                 return null;
             }
         }
@@ -6046,7 +6046,7 @@ 
     {
         $keys_it_should_have = array_keys($this->get_combined_primary_key_fields());
         foreach ($keys_it_should_have as $key) {
-            if (! isset($key_vals[ $key ])) {
+            if ( ! isset($key_vals[$key])) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -6085,8 +6085,8 @@ 
         }
         // even copies obviously won't have the same ID, so remove the primary key
         // from the WHERE conditions for finding copies (if there is a primary key, of course)
-        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ])) {
-            unset($attributes_array[ $this->primary_key_name() ]);
+        if ($this->has_primary_key_field() && isset($attributes_array[$this->primary_key_name()])) {
+            unset($attributes_array[$this->primary_key_name()]);
         }
         if (isset($query_params[0])) {
             $query_params[0] = array_merge($attributes_array, $query_params);
@@ -6108,7 +6108,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_one_copy($model_object_or_attributes_array, $query_params = [])
     {
-        if (! is_array($query_params)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($query_params)) {
             EE_Error::doing_it_wrong(
                 'EEM_Base::get_one_copy',
                 sprintf(
@@ -6157,7 +6157,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _prepare_operator_for_sql($operator_supplied)
     {
-        $sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[ $operator_supplied ] ?? null;
+        $sql_operator = $this->_valid_operators[$operator_supplied] ?? null;
         if ($sql_operator) {
             return $sql_operator;
         }
@@ -6255,7 +6255,7 @@ 
         $objs  = $this->get_all($query_params);
         $names = [];
         foreach ($objs as $obj) {
-            $names[ $obj->ID() ] = $obj->name();
+            $names[$obj->ID()] = $obj->name();
         }
         return $names;
     }
@@ -6276,7 +6276,7 @@ 
      */
     public function get_IDs($model_objects, $filter_out_empty_ids = false)
     {
-        if (! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
+        if ( ! $this->has_primary_key_field()) {
             if (defined('WP_DEBUG') && WP_DEBUG) {
                 EE_Error::add_error(
                     esc_html__('Trying to get IDs from a model than has no primary key', 'event_espresso'),
@@ -6289,7 +6289,7 @@ 
         $IDs = [];
         foreach ($model_objects as $model_object) {
             $id = $model_object->ID();
-            if (! $id) {
+            if ( ! $id) {
                 if ($filter_out_empty_ids) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -6338,22 +6338,22 @@ 
         EEM_Base::verify_is_valid_cap_context($context);
         // check if we ought to run the restriction generator first
         if (
-            isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ])
-            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
-            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
+            isset($this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context])
+            && $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context] instanceof EE_Restriction_Generator_Base
+            && ! $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context]->has_generated_cap_restrictions()
         ) {
-            $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] = array_merge(
-                $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ],
-                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[ $context ]->generate_restrictions()
+            $this->_cap_restrictions[$context] = array_merge(
+                $this->_cap_restrictions[$context],
+                $this->_cap_restriction_generators[$context]->generate_restrictions()
             );
         }
         // and make sure we've finalized the construction of each restriction
-        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ] as $where_conditions_obj) {
+        foreach ($this->_cap_restrictions[$context] as $where_conditions_obj) {
             if ($where_conditions_obj instanceof EE_Default_Where_Conditions) {
                 $where_conditions_obj->_finalize_construct($this);
             }
         }
-        return $this->_cap_restrictions[ $context ];
+        return $this->_cap_restrictions[$context];
     }
 
 
@@ -6383,9 +6383,9 @@ 
         foreach ($cap_restrictions as $cap => $restriction_if_no_cap) {
             if (
                 ! EE_Capabilities::instance()
-                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name() . '_model_applying_caps')
+                                 ->current_user_can($cap, $this->get_this_model_name().'_model_applying_caps')
             ) {
-                $missing_caps[ $cap ] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
+                $missing_caps[$cap] = $restriction_if_no_cap;
             }
         }
         return $missing_caps;
@@ -6418,8 +6418,8 @@ 
     public function cap_action_for_context($context)
     {
         $mapping = $this->cap_contexts_to_cap_action_map();
-        if (isset($mapping[ $context ])) {
-            return $mapping[ $context ];
+        if (isset($mapping[$context])) {
+            return $mapping[$context];
         }
         if ($action = apply_filters('FHEE__EEM_Base__cap_action_for_context', null, $this, $mapping, $context)) {
             return $action;
@@ -6540,7 +6540,7 @@ 
         foreach ($this->logic_query_param_keys() as $logic_query_param_key) {
             if (
                 $query_param_key === $logic_query_param_key
-                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key . '*') === 0
+                || strpos($query_param_key, $logic_query_param_key.'*') === 0
             ) {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -6598,7 +6598,7 @@ 
         if ($password_field instanceof EE_Password_Field) {
             $field_names = $password_field->protectedFields();
             foreach ($field_names as $field_name) {
-                $fields[ $field_name ] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
+                $fields[$field_name] = $this->field_settings_for($field_name);
             }
         }
         return $fields;
@@ -6624,7 +6624,7 @@ 
         if ($model_obj_or_fields_n_values instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
             $model_obj_or_fields_n_values = $model_obj_or_fields_n_values->model_field_array();
         }
-        if (! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
+        if ( ! is_array($model_obj_or_fields_n_values)) {
             throw new UnexpectedEntityException(
                 $model_obj_or_fields_n_values,
                 'EE_Base_Class',
@@ -6706,9 +6706,9 @@ 
         }
         return (
                $this->model_chain_to_password
-                   ? $this->model_chain_to_password . '.'
+                   ? $this->model_chain_to_password.'.'
                    : ''
-               ) . $password_field_name;
+               ).$password_field_name;
     }
 
 

core/admin/EE_Admin_Page.core.php

Indentation +4234 added lines, -4234 removed lines

@@ -24,4330 +24,4330 @@
  */
 abstract class EE_Admin_Page extends EE_Base implements InterminableInterface
 {
-    protected ?EE_Admin_Config $admin_config       = null;
+	protected ?EE_Admin_Config $admin_config       = null;
 
-    protected ?EE_Admin_Hooks $_hook_obj          = null;
+	protected ?EE_Admin_Hooks $_hook_obj          = null;
 
-    protected ?EE_Admin_List_Table $_list_table_object = null;
+	protected ?EE_Admin_List_Table $_list_table_object = null;
 
-    protected ?EE_Capabilities $capabilities       = null;
+	protected ?EE_Capabilities $capabilities       = null;
 
-    protected ?EE_Registry $EE                 = null;
+	protected ?EE_Registry $EE                 = null;
 
-    protected ?FeatureFlags $feature            = null;
+	protected ?FeatureFlags $feature            = null;
 
-    protected ?LoaderInterface $loader             = null;
+	protected ?LoaderInterface $loader             = null;
 
-    protected ?RequestInterface $request            = null;
+	protected ?RequestInterface $request            = null;
 
-    protected ?WP_Screen $_current_screen    = null;
-
-    /**
-     * @var array
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    private array $publish_post_meta_box_hidden_fields = [];
-
-    /**
-     * some default things shared by all child classes
-     *
-     * @var string[]
-     */
-    protected array $_default_espresso_metaboxes = [
-        '_espresso_news_post_box',
-        '_espresso_links_post_box',
-        '_espresso_ratings_request',
-        '_espresso_sponsors_post_box',
-    ];
-
-    /**
-     * Used to hold default query args for list table routes to help preserve stickiness of filters for carried out
-     * actions.
-     *
-     * @since 4.6.x
-     */
-    protected array $_default_route_query_args = [];
-
-    protected array $_labels                   = [];
-
-    protected array $_nav_tabs                 = [];
-
-    protected array $_page_config              = [];
-
-    /**
-     * action => method pairs used for routing incoming requests
-     *
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected array $_page_routes   = [];
-
-    protected array $_req_data      = [];
-
-    protected array $_route_config  = [];
-
-    protected array $_template_args = [];
-
-    protected array $_views         = [];
-
-    /**
-     * yes / no array for admin form fields
-     *
-     * @var array|array[]
-     */
-    protected array $_yes_no_values = [];
-
-    /**
-     * this starts at null so we can have no header routes progress through two states.
-     */
-    protected ?bool $_is_UI_request = null;
-
-    /**
-     * flags whether the given route is a caffeinated route or not.
-     */
-    protected bool $_is_caf        = false;
-
-    protected bool $_routing       = false;
-
-    /**
-     * whether initializePage() has run
-     *
-     * @var bool
-     */
-    protected bool $initialized = false;
-
-
-    protected string $_admin_base_path      = '';
-
-    protected string $_admin_base_url       = '';
-
-    protected string $_admin_page_title     = '';
-
-    protected string $_column_template_path = '';
-
-    protected bool $_cpt_route            = false;
-
-    /**
-     * set via request page and action args.
-     */
-    protected string $_current_page          = '';
-
-    protected string $_current_page_view_url = '';
-
-    protected string $_current_view          = '';
-
-    protected string $_default_nav_tab_name  = 'overview';
-
-    /**
-     * sanitized request action
-     */
-    protected string $_req_action = '';
-
-    /**
-     * sanitized request action nonce
-     */
-    protected string $_req_nonce        = '';
-
-    protected string $_search_btn_label = '';
-
-    protected string $_template_path    = '';
-
-    protected string $_view             = '';
-
-    /**
-     * set early within EE_Admin_Init
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $_wp_page_slug = '';
-
-    /**
-     * if the current class is an admin page extension, like: Extend_Events_Admin_Page,
-     * then this would be the parent classname: Events_Admin_Page
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    public string $base_class_name = '';
-
-    public string $class_name      = '';
-
-    /**
-     * unprocessed value for the 'action' request param (default '')
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $raw_req_action = '';
-
-    /**
-     * unprocessed value for the 'page' request param (default '')
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected string $raw_req_page = '';
-
-    public string $page_folder  = '';
-
-    public string $page_label   = '';
-
-    public string $page_slug    = '';
-
-
-    /**
-     * the current page route and route config
-     *
-     * @var array|callable|string|null
-     */
-    protected $_route = null;
-
-
-    /**
-     * @Constructor
-     * @param bool $routing indicate whether we want to just load the object and handle routing or just load the object.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    public function __construct($routing = true)
-    {
-        $this->_routing = $routing;
-
-        $this->loader       = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
-        $this->admin_config = $this->loader->getShared(EE_Admin_Config::class);
-        $this->feature      = $this->loader->getShared(FeatureFlags::class);
-        $this->request      = $this->loader->getShared(RequestInterface::class);
-        $this->capabilities = $this->loader->getShared(EE_Capabilities::class);
-
-        $this->class_name      = get_class($this);
-        $this->base_class_name = strpos($this->class_name, 'Extend_') === 0
-            ? str_replace('Extend_', '', $this->class_name)
-            : '';
-
-        if (strpos($this->_get_dir(), 'caffeinated') !== false) {
-            $this->_is_caf = true;
-        }
-        $this->_yes_no_values = [
-            ['id' => true, 'text' => esc_html__('Yes', 'event_espresso')],
-            ['id' => false, 'text' => esc_html__('No', 'event_espresso')],
-        ];
-        // set the _req_data property.
-        $this->_req_data = $this->request->requestParams();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return EE_Admin_Config
-     */
-    public function adminConfig(): EE_Admin_Config
-    {
-        return $this->admin_config;
-    }
-
-
-    public function capabilities(): EE_Capabilities
-    {
-        if (! $this->capabilities instanceof EE_Capabilities) {
-            $this->capabilities = $this->loader->getShared(EE_Capabilities::class);
-        }
-        return $this->capabilities;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return FeatureFlags
-     */
-    public function feature(): FeatureFlags
-    {
-        return $this->feature;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This logic used to be in the constructor, but that caused a chicken <--> egg scenario
-     * for child classes that needed to set properties prior to these methods getting called,
-     * but also needed the parent class to have its construction completed as well.
-     * Bottom line is that constructors should ONLY be used for setting initial properties
-     * and any complex initialization logic should only run after instantiation is complete.
-     * This method gets called immediately after construction from within
-     *      EE_Admin_Page_Init::_initialize_admin_page()
-     *
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function initializePage()
-    {
-        if ($this->initialized) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // set initial page props (child method)
-        $this->_init_page_props();
-        // set global defaults
-        $this->_set_defaults();
-        // set early because incoming requests could be ajax related and we need to register those hooks.
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $this->_global_ajax_hooks();
-            $this->_ajax_hooks();
-        }
-        // other_page_hooks have to be early too.
-        $this->_do_other_page_hooks();
-        // set up page dependencies
-        $this->_before_page_setup();
-        $this->_page_setup();
-        $this->initialized = true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _init_page_props
-     * Child classes use to set at least the following properties:
-     * $page_slug.
-     * $page_label.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _init_page_props();
-
-
-    /**
-     * _ajax_hooks
-     * child classes put all their add_action('wp_ajax_{name_of_hook}') hooks in here.
-     * Note: within the ajax callback methods.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _ajax_hooks();
-
-
-    /**
-     * _define_page_props
-     * child classes define page properties in here.  Must include at least:
-     * $_admin_base_url = base_url for all admin pages
-     * $_admin_page_title = default admin_page_title for admin pages
-     * $_labels = array of default labels for various automatically generated elements:
-     *    array(
-     *        'buttons' => array(
-     *            'add' => esc_html__('label for add new button'),
-     *            'edit' => esc_html__('label for edit button'),
-     *            'delete' => esc_html__('label for delete button')
-     *            )
-     *        )
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _define_page_props();
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_page_routes
-     * child classes use this to define the page routes for all subpages handled by the class.  Page routes are
-     * assigned to an action => method pairs in an array and to the $_page_routes property.  Each page route must also
-     * have a 'default' route. Here's the format
-     * $this->_page_routes = array(
-     *        'default' => array(
-     *            'func' => '_default_method_handling_route',
-     *            'args' => array('array','of','args'),
-     *            'noheader' => true, //add this in if this page route is processed before any headers are loaded (i.e.
-     *            ajax request, backend processing)
-     *            'headers_sent_route'=>'headers_route_reference', //add this if noheader=>true, and you want to load a
-     *            headers route after.  The string you enter here should match the defined route reference for a
-     *            headers sent route.
-     *            'capability' => 'route_capability', //indicate a string for minimum capability required to access
-     *            this route.
-     *            'obj_id' => 10 // if this route has an object id, then this can include it (used for capability
-     *            checks).
-     *        ),
-     *        'insert_item' => '_method_for_handling_insert_item' //this can be used if all we need to have is a
-     *        handling method.
-     *        )
-     * )
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_page_routes();
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_page_config
-     * child classes use this to define the _page_config array for all subpages handled by the class. Each key in the
-     * array corresponds to the page_route for the loaded page. Format:
-     * $this->_page_config = array(
-     *        'default' => array(
-     *            'labels' => array(
-     *                'buttons' => array(
-     *                    'add' => esc_html__('label for adding item'),
-     *                    'edit' => esc_html__('label for editing item'),
-     *                    'delete' => esc_html__('label for deleting item')
-     *                ),
-     *                'publishbox' => esc_html__('Localized Title for Publish metabox', 'event_espresso')
-     *            ), //optional an array of custom labels for various automatically generated elements to use on the
-     *            page. If this isn't present then the defaults will be used as set for the $this->_labels in
-     *            _define_page_props() method
-     *            'nav' => array(
-     *                'label' => esc_html__('Label for Tab', 'event_espresso').
-     *                'url' => 'http://someurl', //automatically generated UNLESS you define
-     *                'css_class' => 'css-class', //automatically generated UNLESS you define
-     *                'order' => 10, //required to indicate tab position.
-     *                'persistent' => false //if you want the nav tab to ONLY display when the specific route is
-     *                displayed then add this parameter.
-     *            'list_table' => 'name_of_list_table' //string for list table class to be loaded for this admin_page.
-     *            'metaboxes' => array('metabox1', 'metabox2'), //if present this key indicates we want to load
-     *            metaboxes set for eventespresso admin pages.
-     *            'has_metaboxes' => true, //this boolean flag can simply be used to indicate if the route will have
-     *            metaboxes.  Typically this is used if the 'metaboxes' index is not used because metaboxes are added
-     *            later.  We just use this flag to make sure the necessary js gets enqueued on page load.
-     *            'has_help_popups' => false //defaults(true) //this boolean flag can simply be used to indicate if the
-     *            given route has help popups setup and if it does then we need to make sure thickbox is enqueued.
-     *            'columns' => array(4, 2), //this key triggers the setup of a page that uses columns (metaboxes).  The
-     *            array indicates the max number of columns (4) and the default number of columns on page load (2).
-     *            There is an option in the "screen_options" dropdown that is set up so users can pick what columns they
-     *            want to display.
-     *            'help_tabs' => array( //this is used for adding help tabs to a page
-     *                'tab_id' => array(
-     *                    'title' => 'tab_title',
-     *                    'filename' => 'name_of_file_containing_content', //this is the primary method for setting
-     *                    help tab content.  The fallback if it isn't present is to try the callback.  Filename
-     *                    should match a file in the admin folder's "help_tabs" dir (ie..
-     *                    events/help_tabs/name_of_file_containing_content.help_tab.php)
-     *                    'callback' => 'callback_method_for_content', //if 'filename' isn't present then system will
-     *                    attempt to use the callback which should match the name of a method in the class
-     *                    ),
-     *                'tab2_id' => array(
-     *                    'title' => 'tab2 title',
-     *                    'filename' => 'file_name_2'
-     *                    'callback' => 'callback_method_for_content',
-     *                 ),
-     *            'help_sidebar' => 'callback_for_sidebar_content', //this is used for setting up the sidebar in the
-     *            help tab area on an admin page. @return void
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_page_config();
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_screen_options
-     * Child classes can add any extra wp_screen_options within this method using built-in WP functions/methods for
-     * doing so. Note child classes can also define _add_screen_options_($this->_current_view) to limit screen options
-     * to a particular view.
-     *
-     * @link   http://chrismarslender.com/wp-tutorials/wordpress-screen-options-tutorial/
-     *         see also WP_Screen object documents...
-     * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Class_Reference/WP_Screen
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _add_screen_options();
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_feature_pointers
-     * Child classes should use this method for implementing any "feature pointers" (using built-in WP styling js).
-     * Note child classes can also define _add_feature_pointers_($this->_current_view) to limit screen options to a
-     * particular view. Note: this is just a placeholder for now.  Implementation will come down the road See:
-     * WP_Internal_Pointers class in wp-admin/includes/template.php for example (it's a final class so can't be
-     * extended) also see:
-     *
-     * @link   http://eamann.com/tech/wordpress-portland/
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _add_feature_pointers();
-
-
-    /**
-     * load_scripts_styles
-     * child classes put their wp_enqueue_script and wp_enqueue_style hooks in here for anything they need loaded for
-     * their pages/subpages.  Note this is for all pages/subpages of the system.  You can also load only specific
-     * scripts/styles per view by putting them in a dynamic function in this format
-     * (load_scripts_styles_{$this->_current_view}) which matches your page route (action request arg)
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract public function load_scripts_styles();
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_init
-     * Anything that should be set/executed at 'admin_init' WP hook runtime should be put in here.  This will apply to
-     * all pages/views loaded by child class.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract public function admin_init();
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_notices
-     * Anything triggered by the 'admin_notices' WP hook should be put in here.  This particular method will apply to
-     * all pages/views loaded by child class.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract public function admin_notices();
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_footer_scripts
-     * Anything triggered by the 'admin_print_footer_scripts' WP hook should be put in here. This particular method
-     * will apply to all pages/views loaded by child class.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract public function admin_footer_scripts();
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_footer
-     * anything triggered by the 'admin_footer' WP action hook should be added to here. This particular method will
-     * apply to all pages/views loaded by child class.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function admin_footer()
-    {
-    }
+	protected ?WP_Screen $_current_screen    = null;
 
+	/**
+	 * @var array
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	private array $publish_post_meta_box_hidden_fields = [];
 
-    /**
-     * _global_ajax_hooks
-     * all global add_action('wp_ajax_{name_of_hook}') hooks in here.
-     * Note: within the ajax callback methods.
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _global_ajax_hooks()
-    {
-        // for lazy loading of metabox content
-        add_action('wp_ajax_espresso-ajax-content', [$this, 'ajax_metabox_content']);
-
-        add_action(
-            'wp_ajax_espresso_hide_status_change_notice',
-            [$this, 'hideStatusChangeNotice']
-        );
-        add_action(
-            'wp_ajax_nopriv_espresso_hide_status_change_notice',
-            [$this, 'hideStatusChangeNotice']
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    public function ajax_metabox_content()
-    {
-        $content_id  = $this->request->getRequestParam('contentid', '');
-        $content_url = $this->request->getRequestParam('contenturl', '', DataType::URL);
-        EE_Admin_Page::cached_rss_display($content_id, $content_url);
-        wp_die();
-    }
-
-
-    public function hideStatusChangeNotice()
-    {
-        $response = [];
-        try {
-            /** @var StatusChangeNotice $status_change_notice */
-            $status_change_notice = $this->loader->getShared(
-                'EventEspresso\core\domain\services\admin\notices\status_change\StatusChangeNotice'
-            );
-            $response['success']  = $status_change_notice->dismiss() > -1;
-        } catch (Exception $exception) {
-            $response['errors'] = $exception->getMessage();
-        }
-        wp_send_json($response);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * some default things shared by all child classes
+	 *
+	 * @var string[]
+	 */
+	protected array $_default_espresso_metaboxes = [
+		'_espresso_news_post_box',
+		'_espresso_links_post_box',
+		'_espresso_ratings_request',
+		'_espresso_sponsors_post_box',
+	];
 
+	/**
+	 * Used to hold default query args for list table routes to help preserve stickiness of filters for carried out
+	 * actions.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.6.x
+	 */
+	protected array $_default_route_query_args = [];
 
-    /**
-     * allows extending classes do something specific before the parent constructor runs _page_setup().
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _before_page_setup()
-    {
-        // default is to do nothing
-    }
+	protected array $_labels                   = [];
 
+	protected array $_nav_tabs                 = [];
 
-    /**
-     * Makes sure any things that need to be loaded early get handled.
-     * We also escape early here if the page requested doesn't match the object.
-     *
-     * @final
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     */
-    final protected function _page_setup()
-    {
-        // requires?
-        // admin_init stuff - global - we're setting this REALLY early
-        // so if EE_Admin pages have to hook into other WP pages they can.
-        // But keep in mind, not everything is available from the EE_Admin Page object at this point.
-        add_action('admin_init', [$this, 'admin_init_global'], 5);
-        // next verify if we need to load anything...
-        $this->_current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('page', '', DataType::KEY);
-        $this->_current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('current_page', $this->_current_page, DataType::KEY);
-        $this->page_folder   = strtolower(
-            str_replace(['_Admin_Page', 'Extend_'], '', $this->class_name)
-        );
-        global $ee_menu_slugs;
-        $ee_menu_slugs = (array) $ee_menu_slugs;
-        if (
-            ! $this->request->isAjax()
-            && (! $this->_current_page || ! isset($ee_menu_slugs[ $this->_current_page ]))
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // because WP List tables have two duplicate select inputs for choosing bulk actions,
-        // we need to copy the action from the second to the first
-        $action     = $this->request->getRequestParam('action', '-1', DataType::KEY);
-        $action2    = $this->request->getRequestParam('action2', '-1', DataType::KEY);
-        $action     = $action !== '-1' ? $action : $action2;
-        $req_action = $action !== '-1' ? $action : 'default';
-
-        // if a specific 'route' has been set, and the action is 'default' OR we are doing_ajax
-        // then let's use the route as the action.
-        // This covers cases where we're coming in from a list table that isn't on the default route.
-        $route = $this->request->getRequestParam('route');
-        $route = $route !== '-1' ? $route : 'default';
-        $this->_req_action = $route && ($req_action === 'default' || $this->request->isAjax())
-            ? $route
-            : $req_action;
-        $this->_current_view = $this->_req_action;
-        $this->_req_nonce    = $this->_req_action . '_nonce';
-        $this->_define_page_props();
-        $this->_current_page_view_url = add_query_arg(
-            ['page' => $this->_current_page, 'action' => $this->_current_view],
-            $this->_admin_base_url
-        );
-        // set page configs
-        $this->_set_page_routes();
-        $this->_set_page_config();
-        // let's include any referrer data in our default_query_args for this route for "stickiness".
-        if ($this->request->requestParamIsSet('wp_referer')) {
-            $wp_referer = $this->request->getRequestParam('wp_referer');
-            if ($wp_referer) {
-                $this->_default_route_query_args['wp_referer'] = $wp_referer;
-            }
-        }
-        // for CPT and other extended functionality.
-        // If there is an _extend_page_config_for_cpt
-        // then let's run that to modify all the various page configuration arrays.
-        if (method_exists($this, '_extend_page_config_for_cpt')) {
-            $this->_extend_page_config_for_cpt();
-        }
-        // filter routes and page_config so addons can add their stuff. Filtering done per class
-        $this->_page_routes = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__' . $this->class_name . '__page_setup__page_routes',
-            $this->_page_routes,
-            $this
-        );
-        $this->_page_config = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__' . $this->class_name . '__page_setup__page_config',
-            $this->_page_config,
-            $this
-        );
-        if ($this->base_class_name !== '') {
-            $this->_page_routes = apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__' . $this->base_class_name . '__page_setup__page_routes',
-                $this->_page_routes,
-                $this
-            );
-            $this->_page_config = apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__' . $this->base_class_name . '__page_setup__page_config',
-                $this->_page_config,
-                $this
-            );
-        }
-        // if AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request_$this->_current_view method is present
-        // then we call it hooked into the AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request action
-        if (method_exists($this, 'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request_' . $this->_current_view)) {
-            add_action(
-                'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request',
-                [$this, 'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request_' . $this->_current_view],
-                10,
-                2
-            );
-        }
-        // next route only if routing enabled
-        if ($this->_routing && ! $this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $this->_verify_routes();
-            // next let's just check user_access and kill if no access
-            $this->check_user_access();
-            if ($this->_is_UI_request) {
-                // admin_init stuff - global, all views for this page class, specific view
-                add_action('admin_init', [$this, 'admin_init']);
-                if (method_exists($this, 'admin_init_' . $this->_current_view)) {
-                    add_action('admin_init', [$this, 'admin_init_' . $this->_current_view], 15);
-                }
-            } else {
-                // hijack regular WP loading and route admin request immediately
-                @ini_set('memory_limit', apply_filters('admin_memory_limit', WP_MAX_MEMORY_LIMIT));
-                $this->route_admin_request();
-            }
-        }
-    }
+	protected array $_page_config              = [];
 
+	/**
+	 * action => method pairs used for routing incoming requests
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected array $_page_routes   = [];
 
-    /**
-     * Provides a way for related child admin pages to load stuff on the loaded admin page.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _do_other_page_hooks()
-    {
-        $registered_pages = apply_filters('FHEE_do_other_page_hooks_' . $this->page_slug, []);
-        foreach ($registered_pages as $page) {
-            // now let's set up the file name and class that should be present
-            $classname = str_replace('.class.php', '', $page);
-            // autoloaders should take care of loading file
-            if (! class_exists($classname)) {
-                $error_msg[] = sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Something went wrong with loading the %s admin hooks page.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $page
-                );
-                $error_msg[] = $error_msg[0]
-                               . "\r\n"
-                               . sprintf(
-                                   esc_html__(
-                                       'There is no class in place for the %1$s admin hooks page.%2$sMake sure you have %3$s defined. If this is a non-EE-core admin page then you also must have an autoloader in place for your class',
-                                       'event_espresso'
-                                   ),
-                                   $page,
-                                   '<br />',
-                                   '<strong>' . $classname . '</strong>'
-                               );
-                throw new EE_Error(implode('||', $error_msg));
-            }
-            // don't load the same class twice
-            static $loaded = [];
-            if (in_array($classname, $loaded, true)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            $loaded[] = $classname;
-            // notice we are passing the instance of this class to the hook object.
-            $this->loader->getShared($classname, [$this]);
-        }
-    }
+	protected array $_req_data      = [];
 
+	protected array $_route_config  = [];
 
-    /**
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function load_page_dependencies()
-    {
-        try {
-            $this->_load_page_dependencies();
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            $e->get_error();
-        }
-    }
+	protected array $_template_args = [];
 
+	protected array $_views         = [];
 
-    /**
-     * load_page_dependencies
-     * loads things specific to this page class when it's loaded.  Really helps with efficiency.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _load_page_dependencies()
-    {
-        // let's set the current_screen and screen options to override what WP set
-        $this->_current_screen = get_current_screen();
-        // load admin_notices - global, page class, and view specific
-        add_action('admin_notices', [$this, 'admin_notices_global'], 5);
-        add_action('admin_notices', [$this, 'admin_notices']);
-        if (method_exists($this, 'admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view)) {
-            add_action('admin_notices', [$this, 'admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view], 15);
-        }
-        // load network admin_notices - global, page class, and view specific
-        add_action('network_admin_notices', [$this, 'network_admin_notices_global'], 5);
-        if (method_exists($this, 'network_admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view)) {
-            add_action('network_admin_notices', [$this, 'network_admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view]);
-        }
-        // this will save any per_page screen options if they are present
-        $this->_set_per_page_screen_options();
-        // setup list table properties
-        $this->_set_list_table();
-        // child classes can "register" a metabox to be automatically handled via the _page_config array property.
-        // However in some cases the metaboxes will need to be added within a route handling callback.
-        add_action('add_meta_boxes', [$this, 'addRegisteredMetaBoxes'], 99);
-        // hack because promos admin was loading the edited promotion object in the metaboxes callback
-        // which should NOT be generated on non-UI requests like POST updates/inserts
-        if (
-            $this->class_name === 'Promotions_Admin_Page'
-            && ($this->_req_action === 'edit' || $this->_req_action === 'create_new')
-        ) {
-            $this->addRegisteredMetaBoxes();
-        }
-        $this->_add_screen_columns();
-        // add screen options - global, page child class, and view specific
-        $this->_add_global_screen_options();
-        $this->_add_screen_options();
-        $add_screen_options = "_add_screen_options_$this->_current_view";
-        if (method_exists($this, $add_screen_options)) {
-            $this->{$add_screen_options}();
-        }
-        // add help tab(s) - set via page_config and qtips.
-        $this->_add_help_tabs();
-        $this->_add_qtips();
-        // add feature_pointers - global, page child class, and view specific
-        $this->_add_feature_pointers();
-        $this->_add_global_feature_pointers();
-        $add_feature_pointer = "_add_feature_pointer_$this->_current_view";
-        if (method_exists($this, $add_feature_pointer)) {
-            $this->{$add_feature_pointer}();
-        }
-        // enqueue scripts/styles - global, page class, and view specific
-        add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'admin_footer_scripts_eei18n_js_strings'], 1);
-        add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'load_global_scripts_styles'], 5);
-        add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'load_scripts_styles']);
-        if (method_exists($this, "load_scripts_styles_$this->_current_view")) {
-            add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, "load_scripts_styles_$this->_current_view"], 15);
-        }
-        // admin_print_footer_scripts - global, page child class, and view specific.
-        // NOTE, despite the name, whenever possible, scripts should NOT be loaded using this.
-        // In most cases that's doing_it_wrong().  But adding hidden container elements etc.
-        // is a good use case. Notice the late priority we're giving these
-        add_action('admin_print_footer_scripts', [$this, 'admin_footer_scripts_global'], 99);
-        add_action('admin_print_footer_scripts', [$this, 'admin_footer_scripts'], 100);
-        if (method_exists($this, "admin_footer_scripts_$this->_current_view")) {
-            add_action('admin_print_footer_scripts', [$this, "admin_footer_scripts_$this->_current_view"], 101);
-        }
-        // admin footer scripts
-        add_action('admin_footer', [$this, 'admin_footer_global'], 99);
-        add_action('admin_footer', [$this, 'admin_footer'], 100);
-        if (method_exists($this, "admin_footer_$this->_current_view")) {
-            add_action('admin_footer', [$this, "admin_footer_$this->_current_view"], 101);
-        }
-        do_action('FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___load_page_dependencies__after_load', $this->page_slug);
-        // targeted hook
-        do_action(
-            "FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___load_page_dependencies__after_load__{$this->page_slug}__$this->_req_action"
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * yes / no array for admin form fields
+	 *
+	 * @var array|array[]
+	 */
+	protected array $_yes_no_values = [];
 
+	/**
+	 * this starts at null so we can have no header routes progress through two states.
+	 */
+	protected ?bool $_is_UI_request = null;
 
-    /**
-     * _set_defaults
-     * This sets some global defaults for class properties.
-     */
-    private function _set_defaults()
-    {
-        // init template args
-        $this->set_template_args(
-            [
-                'admin_page_header'  => '',
-                'admin_page_content' => '',
-                'post_body_content'  => '',
-                'before_list_table'  => '',
-                'after_list_table'   => '',
-            ]
-        );
-    }
+	/**
+	 * flags whether the given route is a caffeinated route or not.
+	 */
+	protected bool $_is_caf        = false;
 
+	protected bool $_routing       = false;
 
-    /**
-     * route_admin_request
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     * @see    _route_admin_request()
-     */
-    public function route_admin_request()
-    {
-        try {
-            $this->_route_admin_request();
-        } catch (EE_Error $e) {
-            $e->get_error();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    public function set_wp_page_slug($wp_page_slug)
-    {
-        $this->_wp_page_slug = $wp_page_slug;
-        // if in network admin then we need to append "-network" to the page slug. Why? Because that's how WP rolls...
-        if (is_network_admin()) {
-            $this->_wp_page_slug .= '-network';
-        }
-    }
+	/**
+	 * whether initializePage() has run
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected bool $initialized = false;
 
 
-    /**
-     * _verify_routes
-     * All this method does is verify the incoming request and make sure that routes exist for it.  We do this early so
-     * we know if we need to drop out.
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _verify_routes(): bool
-    {
-        if (! $this->_current_page && ! $this->request->isAjax()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // check that the page_routes array is not empty
-        if (empty($this->_page_routes)) {
-            // user error msg
-            $error_msg = sprintf(
-                esc_html__('No page routes have been set for the %s admin page.', 'event_espresso'),
-                $this->_admin_page_title
-            );
-            // developer error msg
-            $error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
-                          . esc_html__(
-                              ' Make sure the "set_page_routes()" method exists, and is setting the "_page_routes" array properly.',
-                              'event_espresso'
-                          );
-            throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
-        }
-        // route 'editpost' routes to CPT 'edit' routes
-        $alt_edit_route = $this instanceof EE_Admin_Page_CPT ? $this->cpt_editpost_route : 'edit';
-        if (
-            $this->_req_action === 'editpost'
-            && ! isset($this->_page_routes['editpost'])
-            && isset($this->_page_routes[ $alt_edit_route ])
-        ) {
-            $this->_req_action = $alt_edit_route;
-        }
-        // and that the requested page route exists
-        if (array_key_exists($this->_req_action, $this->_page_routes)) {
-            $this->_route        = $this->_page_routes[ $this->_req_action ];
-            $this->_route_config = $this->_page_config[ $this->_req_action ] ?? [];
-        } else {
-            // user error msg
-            $error_msg = sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'The requested page route does not exist for the %s admin page.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $this->_admin_page_title
-            );
-            // developer error msg
-            $error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
-                          . sprintf(
-                              esc_html__(
-                                  ' Create a key in the "_page_routes" array named "%s" and set its value to the appropriate method.',
-                                  'event_espresso'
-                              ),
-                              $this->_req_action
-                          );
-            throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
-        }
-        // and that a default route exists
-        if (! array_key_exists('default', $this->_page_routes)) {
-            // user error msg
-            $error_msg = sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'A default page route has not been set for the % admin page.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $this->_admin_page_title
-            );
-            // developer error msg
-            $error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
-                          . esc_html__(
-                              ' Create a key in the "_page_routes" array named "default" and set its value to your default page method.',
-                              'event_espresso'
-                          );
-            throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
-        }
-
-        // first lets' catch if the UI request has EVER been set.
-        if ($this->_is_UI_request === null) {
-            // let's set if this is a UI request or not.
-            $this->_is_UI_request = ! $this->request->getRequestParam('noheader', false, DataType::BOOL);
-            // wait a minute... we might have a noheader in the route array
-            $this->_is_UI_request = ! (isset($this->_route['noheader']) && $this->_route['noheader'])
-                ? $this->_is_UI_request
-                : false;
-        }
-        $this->_set_current_labels();
-        return true;
-    }
+	protected string $_admin_base_path      = '';
 
+	protected string $_admin_base_url       = '';
 
-    /**
-     * this method simply verifies a given route and makes sure it's an actual route available for the loaded page
-     *
-     * @param string $route the route name we're verifying
-     * @return bool we'll throw an exception if this isn't a valid route.
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _verify_route(string $route): bool
-    {
-        if (array_key_exists($this->_req_action, $this->_page_routes)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        // user error msg
-        $error_msg = sprintf(
-            esc_html__('The given page route does not exist for the %s admin page.', 'event_espresso'),
-            $this->_admin_page_title
-        );
-        // developer error msg
-        $error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
-                      . sprintf(
-                          esc_html__(
-                              ' Check the route you are using in your method (%s) and make sure it matches a route set in your "_page_routes" array property',
-                              'event_espresso'
-                          ),
-                          $route
-                      );
-        throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
-    }
+	protected string $_admin_page_title     = '';
 
+	protected string $_column_template_path = '';
 
-    /**
-     * perform nonce verification
-     * This method has be encapsulated here so that any ajax requests that bypass normal routes can verify their nonces
-     * using this method (and save retyping!)
-     *
-     * @param string $nonce     The nonce sent
-     * @param string $nonce_ref The nonce reference string (name0)
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _verify_nonce(string $nonce = '', string $nonce_ref = '')
-    {
-        $nonce = $nonce ?: $this->request->getRequestParam($this->_req_nonce, '');
-        $nonce_ref = $nonce_ref ?: $this->_req_action;
-        // verify nonce against expected value
-        if (! wp_verify_nonce($nonce, $nonce_ref)) {
-            // these are not the droids you are looking for !!!
-            $msg = sprintf(
-                esc_html__('%sNonce Fail.%s', 'event_espresso'),
-                '<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56_S0WeTkzs">',
-                '</a>'
-            );
-            if (WP_DEBUG) {
-                $msg .= "\n  ";
-                $msg .= sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'In order to dynamically generate nonces for your actions, use the %s::add_query_args_and_nonce() method. May the Nonce be with you!',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    __CLASS__
-                );
-            }
-            if (! $this->request->isAjax()) {
-                wp_die($msg);
-            }
-            EE_Error::add_error($msg, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-            $this->_return_json();
-        }
-    }
+	protected bool $_cpt_route            = false;
 
+	/**
+	 * set via request page and action args.
+	 */
+	protected string $_current_page          = '';
 
-    /**
-     * _route_admin_request()
-     * Meat and potatoes of the class.  Basically, this dude checks out what's being requested and sees if there are
-     * some doodads to work the magic and handle the flingjangy. Translation:  Checks if the requested action is listed
-     * in the page routes and then will try to load the corresponding method.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     */
-    protected function _route_admin_request()
-    {
-        if (! $this->_is_UI_request) {
-            $this->_verify_routes();
-        }
-        $nonce_check = ! isset($this->_route_config['require_nonce']) || $this->_route_config['require_nonce'];
-        if ($this->_req_action !== 'default' && $nonce_check) {
-            // set nonce from post data
-            $nonce = $this->request->getRequestParam($this->_req_nonce, '');
-            $this->_verify_nonce($nonce, $this->_req_nonce);
-        }
-        // set the nav_tabs array but ONLY if this is  UI_request
-        if ($this->_is_UI_request) {
-            $this->_set_nav_tabs();
-        }
-        // grab callback function
-        $func = $this->_route['func'] ?? $this->_route;
-        // check if callback has args
-        $args = $this->_route['args'] ?? [];
-
-        // action right before calling route
-        // (hook is something like 'AHEE__Registrations_Admin_Page__route_admin_request')
-        if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request')) {
-            do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request', $this->_current_view, $this);
-        }
-        // strip _wp_http_referer from the server REQUEST_URI
-        // else it grows in length on every submission due to recursion,
-        // ultimately causing a "Request-URI Too Large" error
-        $this->request->unSetRequestParam('_wp_http_referer');
-        $this->request->unSetServerParam('_wp_http_referer');
-        $cleaner_request_uri = remove_query_arg(
-            '_wp_http_referer',
-            wp_unslash($this->request->getServerParam('REQUEST_URI'))
-        );
-        $this->request->setRequestParam('_wp_http_referer', $cleaner_request_uri, true);
-        $this->request->setServerParam('REQUEST_URI', $cleaner_request_uri, true);
-        $route_callback = [];
-        if (! empty($func)) {
-            if (is_array($func) && is_callable($func)) {
-                $route_callback = $func;
-            } elseif (is_string($func)) {
-                if (strpos($func, '::') !== false) {
-                    $route_callback = explode('::', $func);
-                } elseif (method_exists($this, $func)) {
-                    $route_callback = [$this, $func];
-                } else {
-                    $route_callback = $func;
-                }
-            }
-            [$class, $method] = $route_callback;
-            // is it neither a class method NOR a standalone function?
-            if (! is_callable($route_callback)) {
-                // user error msg
-                $error_msg = esc_html__(
-                    'An error occurred. The  requested page route could not be found.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                );
-                // developer error msg
-                $error_msg .= '||';
-                $error_msg .= sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Page route "%s" could not be called. Check that the spelling for method names and actions in the "_page_routes" array are all correct.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $method
-                );
-                throw new DomainException($error_msg);
-            }
-            if ($class !== $this && ! in_array($this, $args)) {
-                // send along this admin page object for access by addons.
-                $args['admin_page'] = $this;
-            }
-
-            call_user_func_array($route_callback, $args);
-        }
-        // if we've routed and this route has a no headers route AND a sent_headers_route,
-        // then we need to reset the routing properties to the new route.
-        // now if UI request is FALSE and noheader is true AND we have a headers_sent_route in the route array then let's set UI_request to true because the no header route has a second func after headers have been sent.
-        if (
-            $this->_is_UI_request === false
-            && is_array($this->_route)
-            && ! empty($this->_route['headers_sent_route'])
-        ) {
-            $this->_reset_routing_properties($this->_route['headers_sent_route']);
-        }
-    }
+	protected string $_current_page_view_url = '';
 
+	protected string $_current_view          = '';
 
-    /**
-     * This method just allows the resetting of page properties in the case where a no headers
-     * route redirects to a headers route in its route config.
-     *
-     * @param string $new_route New (non header) route to redirect to.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws Throwable
-     * @since   4.3.0
-     */
-    protected function _reset_routing_properties(string $new_route)
-    {
-        $this->_is_UI_request = true;
-        // now we set the current route to whatever the headers_sent_route is set at
-        $this->request->setRequestParam('action', $new_route);
-        // rerun page setup
-        $this->_page_setup();
-    }
+	protected string $_default_nav_tab_name  = 'overview';
 
+	/**
+	 * sanitized request action
+	 */
+	protected string $_req_action = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * sanitized request action nonce
+	 */
+	protected string $_req_nonce        = '';
+
+	protected string $_search_btn_label = '';
+
+	protected string $_template_path    = '';
+
+	protected string $_view             = '';
 
-    /**
-     * _add_query_arg
-     * adds nonce to array of arguments then calls WP add_query_arg function
-     *(internally just uses EEH_URL's function with the same name)
-     *
-     * @param array  $args
-     * @param string $url
-     * @param bool   $sticky                  if true, then the existing Request params will be appended to the
-     *                                        generated url in an associative array indexed by the key 'wp_referer';
-     *                                        Example usage: If the current page is:
-     *                                        http://mydomain.com/wp-admin/admin.php?page=espresso_registrations
-     *                                        &action=default&event_id=20&month_range=March%202015
-     *                                        &_wpnonce=5467821
-     *                                        and you call:
-     *                                        EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-     *                                        array(
-     *                                        'action' => 'resend_something',
-     *                                        'page=>espresso_registrations'
-     *                                        ),
-     *                                        $some_url,
-     *                                        true
-     *                                        );
-     *                                        It will produce a URL in this structure:
-     *                                        http://{$some_url}/?page=espresso_registrations&action=resend_something
-     *                                        &wp_referer[action]=default&wp_referer[event_id]=20&wpreferer[
-     *                                        month_range]=March%202015
-     * @param bool   $exclude_nonce           If true, the nonce will be excluded from the generated nonce.
-     * @param int    $context
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public static function add_query_args_and_nonce(
-        array $args = [],
-        string $url = '',
-        bool $sticky = false,
-        bool $exclude_nonce = false,
-        int $context = EEH_URL::CONTEXT_NONE
-    ): string {
-        // if there is a _wp_http_referer include the values from the request but only if sticky = true
-        if ($sticky) {
-            /** @var RequestInterface $request */
-            $request = LoaderFactory::getLoader()->getShared(RequestInterface::class);
-            $request->unSetRequestParams(['_wp_http_referer', 'wp_referer'], true);
-            $request->unSetServerParam('_wp_http_referer', true);
-            foreach ($request->requestParams() as $key => $value) {
-                // do not add nonces
-                if (strpos($key, 'nonce') !== false) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                $args[ 'wp_referer[' . $key . ']' ] = is_string($value) ? htmlspecialchars($value) : $value;
-            }
-        }
-        return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce($args, $url, $exclude_nonce, $context);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * set early within EE_Admin_Init
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $_wp_page_slug = '';
 
+	/**
+	 * if the current class is an admin page extension, like: Extend_Events_Admin_Page,
+	 * then this would be the parent classname: Events_Admin_Page
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public string $base_class_name = '';
 
-    /**
-     * This returns a generated link that will load the related help tab.
-     *
-     * @param string $help_tab_id the id for the connected help tab
-     * @param string $icon_style  (optional) include css class for the style you want to use for the help icon.
-     * @param string $help_text   (optional) send help text you want to use for the link if default not to be used
-     * @return string              generated link
-     * @uses EEH_Template::get_help_tab_link()
-     */
-    protected function _get_help_tab_link(string $help_tab_id, string $icon_style = '', string $help_text = ''): string
-    {
-        return EEH_Template::get_help_tab_link(
-            $help_tab_id,
-            $this->page_slug,
-            $this->_req_action,
-            $icon_style,
-            $help_text
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_help_tabs
-     * Note child classes define their help tabs within the page_config array.
-     *
-     * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/add_help_tab
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _add_help_tabs()
-    {
-        if (isset($this->_page_config[ $this->_req_action ])) {
-            $config = $this->_page_config[ $this->_req_action ];
-            // let's see if there is a help_sidebar set for the current route and we'll set that up for usage as well.
-            if (is_array($config) && isset($config['help_sidebar'])) {
-                // check that the callback given is valid
-                if (! method_exists($this, $config['help_sidebar'])) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                'The _page_config array has a callback set for the "help_sidebar" option.  However the callback given (%s) is not a valid callback.  Double check the spelling and make sure this method exists for the class %s',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $config['help_sidebar'],
-                            $this->class_name
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                $content = apply_filters(
-                    'FHEE__' . $this->class_name . '__add_help_tabs__help_sidebar',
-                    $this->{$config['help_sidebar']}()
-                );
-                $this->_current_screen->set_help_sidebar($content);
-            }
-            if (! isset($config['help_tabs'])) {
-                return;
-            } //no help tabs for this route
-            foreach ((array) $config['help_tabs'] as $tab_id => $cfg) {
-                // we're here so there ARE help tabs!
-                // make sure we've got what we need
-                if (! isset($cfg['title'])) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'The _page_config array is not set up properly for help tabs.  It is missing a title',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                if (! isset($cfg['filename']) && ! isset($cfg['callback']) && ! isset($cfg['content'])) {
-                    throw new EE_Error(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'The _page_config array is not setup properly for help tabs. It is missing a either a filename reference, or a callback reference or a content reference so there is no way to know the content for the help tab',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        )
-                    );
-                }
-                // first priority goes to content.
-                if (! empty($cfg['content'])) {
-                    $content = $cfg['content'];
-                    // second priority goes to filename
-                } elseif (! empty($cfg['filename'])) {
-                    $file_path = $this->_get_dir() . '/help_tabs/' . $cfg['filename'] . '.help_tab.php';
-                    // it's possible that the file is located on decaf route (and above sets up for caf route, if this is the case then lets check decaf route too)
-                    $file_path = ! is_readable($file_path) ? EE_ADMIN_PAGES
-                                                             . basename($this->_get_dir())
-                                                             . '/help_tabs/'
-                                                             . $cfg['filename']
-                                                             . '.help_tab.php' : $file_path;
-                    // if file is STILL not readable then let's do an EE_Error so its more graceful than a fatal error.
-                    if (! isset($cfg['callback']) && ! is_readable($file_path)) {
-                        EE_Error::add_error(
-                            sprintf(
-                                esc_html__(
-                                    'The filename given for the help tab %s is not a valid file and there is no other configuration for the tab content.  Please check that the string you set for the help tab on this route (%s) is the correct spelling.  The file should be in %s',
-                                    'event_espresso'
-                                ),
-                                $tab_id,
-                                key($config),
-                                $file_path
-                            ),
-                            __FILE__,
-                            __FUNCTION__,
-                            __LINE__
-                        );
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    $template_args['admin_page_obj'] = $this;
-                    $content                         = EEH_Template::display_template(
-                        $file_path,
-                        $template_args,
-                        true
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    $content = '';
-                }
-                // check if callback is valid
-                if (
-                    empty($content)
-                    && (
-                        ! isset($cfg['callback']) || ! method_exists($this, $cfg['callback'])
-                    )
-                ) {
-                    EE_Error::add_error(
-                        sprintf(
-                            esc_html__(
-                                'The callback given for a %s help tab on this page does not content OR a corresponding method for generating the content.  Check the spelling or make sure the method is present.',
-                                'event_espresso'
-                            ),
-                            $cfg['title']
-                        ),
-                        __FILE__,
-                        __FUNCTION__,
-                        __LINE__
-                    );
-                    return;
-                }
-                // setup config array for help tab method
-                $id  = $this->page_slug . '-' . $this->_req_action . '-' . $tab_id;
-                $_ht = [
-                    'id'       => $id,
-                    'title'    => $cfg['title'],
-                    'callback' => isset($cfg['callback']) && empty($content) ? [$this, $cfg['callback']] : null,
-                    'content'  => $content,
-                ];
-                $this->_current_screen->add_help_tab($_ht);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This simply sets up any qtips that have been defined in the page config
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _add_qtips()
-    {
-        if (isset($this->_route_config['qtips'])) {
-            $qtips = (array) $this->_route_config['qtips'];
-            // load qtip loader
-            $path = [
-                $this->_get_dir() . '/qtips/',
-                EE_ADMIN_PAGES . basename($this->_get_dir()) . '/qtips/',
-            ];
-            EEH_Qtip_Loader::instance()->register($qtips, $path);
-        }
-    }
+	public string $class_name      = '';
 
-
-    /**
-     * _set_nav_tabs
-     * This sets up the nav tabs from the page_routes array.  This method can be overwritten by child classes if you
-     * wish to add additional tabs or modify accordingly.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     */
-    protected function _set_nav_tabs()
-    {
-        $i        = 0;
-        $only_tab = count($this->_page_config) < 2;
-        foreach ($this->_page_config as $slug => $config) {
-            if (! is_array($config) || empty($config['nav'])) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // no nav tab for this config
-            // check for persistent flag
-            if ($slug !== $this->_req_action && isset($config['nav']['persistent']) && ! $config['nav']['persistent']) {
-                // nav tab is only to appear when route requested.
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (! $this->check_user_access($slug, true)) {
-                // no nav tab because current user does not have access.
-                continue;
-            }
-            $css_class = $config['css_class'] ?? '';
-            $css_class .= $only_tab ? ' ee-only-tab' : '';
-            $css_class .= " ee-nav-tab__$slug";
-
-            $this->_nav_tabs[ $slug ] = [
-                'url'       => $config['nav']['url'] ?? EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
-                    ['action' => $slug],
-                    $this->_admin_base_url
-                ),
-                'link_text' => $this->navTabLabel($config['nav'], $slug),
-                'css_class' => $this->_req_action === $slug ? $css_class . ' nav-tab-active' : $css_class,
-                'order'     => $config['nav']['order'] ?? $i,
-            ];
-            $i++;
-        }
-        // if $this->_nav_tabs is empty then lets set the default
-        if (empty($this->_nav_tabs)) {
-            $this->_nav_tabs[ $this->_default_nav_tab_name ] = [
-                'url'       => $this->_admin_base_url,
-                'link_text' => ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_default_nav_tab_name)),
-                'css_class' => 'nav-tab-active',
-                'order'     => 10,
-            ];
-        }
-        // now let's sort the tabs according to order
-        usort($this->_nav_tabs, [$this, '_sort_nav_tabs']);
-    }
-
-
-    private function navTabLabel(array $nav_tab, string $slug): string
-    {
-        $label = $nav_tab['label'] ?? ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $slug));
-        $icon  = $nav_tab['icon'] ?? null;
-        $icon  = $icon ? '<span class="dashicons ' . $icon . '"></span>' : '';
-        return '
+	/**
+	 * unprocessed value for the 'action' request param (default '')
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $raw_req_action = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * unprocessed value for the 'page' request param (default '')
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected string $raw_req_page = '';
+
+	public string $page_folder  = '';
+
+	public string $page_label   = '';
+
+	public string $page_slug    = '';
+
+
+	/**
+	 * the current page route and route config
+	 *
+	 * @var array|callable|string|null
+	 */
+	protected $_route = null;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @Constructor
+	 * @param bool $routing indicate whether we want to just load the object and handle routing or just load the object.
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	public function __construct($routing = true)
+	{
+		$this->_routing = $routing;
+
+		$this->loader       = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
+		$this->admin_config = $this->loader->getShared(EE_Admin_Config::class);
+		$this->feature      = $this->loader->getShared(FeatureFlags::class);
+		$this->request      = $this->loader->getShared(RequestInterface::class);
+		$this->capabilities = $this->loader->getShared(EE_Capabilities::class);
+
+		$this->class_name      = get_class($this);
+		$this->base_class_name = strpos($this->class_name, 'Extend_') === 0
+			? str_replace('Extend_', '', $this->class_name)
+			: '';
+
+		if (strpos($this->_get_dir(), 'caffeinated') !== false) {
+			$this->_is_caf = true;
+		}
+		$this->_yes_no_values = [
+			['id' => true, 'text' => esc_html__('Yes', 'event_espresso')],
+			['id' => false, 'text' => esc_html__('No', 'event_espresso')],
+		];
+		// set the _req_data property.
+		$this->_req_data = $this->request->requestParams();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return EE_Admin_Config
+	 */
+	public function adminConfig(): EE_Admin_Config
+	{
+		return $this->admin_config;
+	}
+
+
+	public function capabilities(): EE_Capabilities
+	{
+		if (! $this->capabilities instanceof EE_Capabilities) {
+			$this->capabilities = $this->loader->getShared(EE_Capabilities::class);
+		}
+		return $this->capabilities;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return FeatureFlags
+	 */
+	public function feature(): FeatureFlags
+	{
+		return $this->feature;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This logic used to be in the constructor, but that caused a chicken <--> egg scenario
+	 * for child classes that needed to set properties prior to these methods getting called,
+	 * but also needed the parent class to have its construction completed as well.
+	 * Bottom line is that constructors should ONLY be used for setting initial properties
+	 * and any complex initialization logic should only run after instantiation is complete.
+	 * This method gets called immediately after construction from within
+	 *      EE_Admin_Page_Init::_initialize_admin_page()
+	 *
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function initializePage()
+	{
+		if ($this->initialized) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// set initial page props (child method)
+		$this->_init_page_props();
+		// set global defaults
+		$this->_set_defaults();
+		// set early because incoming requests could be ajax related and we need to register those hooks.
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$this->_global_ajax_hooks();
+			$this->_ajax_hooks();
+		}
+		// other_page_hooks have to be early too.
+		$this->_do_other_page_hooks();
+		// set up page dependencies
+		$this->_before_page_setup();
+		$this->_page_setup();
+		$this->initialized = true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _init_page_props
+	 * Child classes use to set at least the following properties:
+	 * $page_slug.
+	 * $page_label.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _init_page_props();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _ajax_hooks
+	 * child classes put all their add_action('wp_ajax_{name_of_hook}') hooks in here.
+	 * Note: within the ajax callback methods.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _ajax_hooks();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _define_page_props
+	 * child classes define page properties in here.  Must include at least:
+	 * $_admin_base_url = base_url for all admin pages
+	 * $_admin_page_title = default admin_page_title for admin pages
+	 * $_labels = array of default labels for various automatically generated elements:
+	 *    array(
+	 *        'buttons' => array(
+	 *            'add' => esc_html__('label for add new button'),
+	 *            'edit' => esc_html__('label for edit button'),
+	 *            'delete' => esc_html__('label for delete button')
+	 *            )
+	 *        )
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _define_page_props();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_page_routes
+	 * child classes use this to define the page routes for all subpages handled by the class.  Page routes are
+	 * assigned to an action => method pairs in an array and to the $_page_routes property.  Each page route must also
+	 * have a 'default' route. Here's the format
+	 * $this->_page_routes = array(
+	 *        'default' => array(
+	 *            'func' => '_default_method_handling_route',
+	 *            'args' => array('array','of','args'),
+	 *            'noheader' => true, //add this in if this page route is processed before any headers are loaded (i.e.
+	 *            ajax request, backend processing)
+	 *            'headers_sent_route'=>'headers_route_reference', //add this if noheader=>true, and you want to load a
+	 *            headers route after.  The string you enter here should match the defined route reference for a
+	 *            headers sent route.
+	 *            'capability' => 'route_capability', //indicate a string for minimum capability required to access
+	 *            this route.
+	 *            'obj_id' => 10 // if this route has an object id, then this can include it (used for capability
+	 *            checks).
+	 *        ),
+	 *        'insert_item' => '_method_for_handling_insert_item' //this can be used if all we need to have is a
+	 *        handling method.
+	 *        )
+	 * )
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_page_routes();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_page_config
+	 * child classes use this to define the _page_config array for all subpages handled by the class. Each key in the
+	 * array corresponds to the page_route for the loaded page. Format:
+	 * $this->_page_config = array(
+	 *        'default' => array(
+	 *            'labels' => array(
+	 *                'buttons' => array(
+	 *                    'add' => esc_html__('label for adding item'),
+	 *                    'edit' => esc_html__('label for editing item'),
+	 *                    'delete' => esc_html__('label for deleting item')
+	 *                ),
+	 *                'publishbox' => esc_html__('Localized Title for Publish metabox', 'event_espresso')
+	 *            ), //optional an array of custom labels for various automatically generated elements to use on the
+	 *            page. If this isn't present then the defaults will be used as set for the $this->_labels in
+	 *            _define_page_props() method
+	 *            'nav' => array(
+	 *                'label' => esc_html__('Label for Tab', 'event_espresso').
+	 *                'url' => 'http://someurl', //automatically generated UNLESS you define
+	 *                'css_class' => 'css-class', //automatically generated UNLESS you define
+	 *                'order' => 10, //required to indicate tab position.
+	 *                'persistent' => false //if you want the nav tab to ONLY display when the specific route is
+	 *                displayed then add this parameter.
+	 *            'list_table' => 'name_of_list_table' //string for list table class to be loaded for this admin_page.
+	 *            'metaboxes' => array('metabox1', 'metabox2'), //if present this key indicates we want to load
+	 *            metaboxes set for eventespresso admin pages.
+	 *            'has_metaboxes' => true, //this boolean flag can simply be used to indicate if the route will have
+	 *            metaboxes.  Typically this is used if the 'metaboxes' index is not used because metaboxes are added
+	 *            later.  We just use this flag to make sure the necessary js gets enqueued on page load.
+	 *            'has_help_popups' => false //defaults(true) //this boolean flag can simply be used to indicate if the
+	 *            given route has help popups setup and if it does then we need to make sure thickbox is enqueued.
+	 *            'columns' => array(4, 2), //this key triggers the setup of a page that uses columns (metaboxes).  The
+	 *            array indicates the max number of columns (4) and the default number of columns on page load (2).
+	 *            There is an option in the "screen_options" dropdown that is set up so users can pick what columns they
+	 *            want to display.
+	 *            'help_tabs' => array( //this is used for adding help tabs to a page
+	 *                'tab_id' => array(
+	 *                    'title' => 'tab_title',
+	 *                    'filename' => 'name_of_file_containing_content', //this is the primary method for setting
+	 *                    help tab content.  The fallback if it isn't present is to try the callback.  Filename
+	 *                    should match a file in the admin folder's "help_tabs" dir (ie..
+	 *                    events/help_tabs/name_of_file_containing_content.help_tab.php)
+	 *                    'callback' => 'callback_method_for_content', //if 'filename' isn't present then system will
+	 *                    attempt to use the callback which should match the name of a method in the class
+	 *                    ),
+	 *                'tab2_id' => array(
+	 *                    'title' => 'tab2 title',
+	 *                    'filename' => 'file_name_2'
+	 *                    'callback' => 'callback_method_for_content',
+	 *                 ),
+	 *            'help_sidebar' => 'callback_for_sidebar_content', //this is used for setting up the sidebar in the
+	 *            help tab area on an admin page. @return void
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_page_config();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_screen_options
+	 * Child classes can add any extra wp_screen_options within this method using built-in WP functions/methods for
+	 * doing so. Note child classes can also define _add_screen_options_($this->_current_view) to limit screen options
+	 * to a particular view.
+	 *
+	 * @link   http://chrismarslender.com/wp-tutorials/wordpress-screen-options-tutorial/
+	 *         see also WP_Screen object documents...
+	 * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Class_Reference/WP_Screen
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _add_screen_options();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_feature_pointers
+	 * Child classes should use this method for implementing any "feature pointers" (using built-in WP styling js).
+	 * Note child classes can also define _add_feature_pointers_($this->_current_view) to limit screen options to a
+	 * particular view. Note: this is just a placeholder for now.  Implementation will come down the road See:
+	 * WP_Internal_Pointers class in wp-admin/includes/template.php for example (it's a final class so can't be
+	 * extended) also see:
+	 *
+	 * @link   http://eamann.com/tech/wordpress-portland/
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _add_feature_pointers();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * load_scripts_styles
+	 * child classes put their wp_enqueue_script and wp_enqueue_style hooks in here for anything they need loaded for
+	 * their pages/subpages.  Note this is for all pages/subpages of the system.  You can also load only specific
+	 * scripts/styles per view by putting them in a dynamic function in this format
+	 * (load_scripts_styles_{$this->_current_view}) which matches your page route (action request arg)
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract public function load_scripts_styles();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_init
+	 * Anything that should be set/executed at 'admin_init' WP hook runtime should be put in here.  This will apply to
+	 * all pages/views loaded by child class.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract public function admin_init();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_notices
+	 * Anything triggered by the 'admin_notices' WP hook should be put in here.  This particular method will apply to
+	 * all pages/views loaded by child class.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract public function admin_notices();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_footer_scripts
+	 * Anything triggered by the 'admin_print_footer_scripts' WP hook should be put in here. This particular method
+	 * will apply to all pages/views loaded by child class.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract public function admin_footer_scripts();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_footer
+	 * anything triggered by the 'admin_footer' WP action hook should be added to here. This particular method will
+	 * apply to all pages/views loaded by child class.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function admin_footer()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _global_ajax_hooks
+	 * all global add_action('wp_ajax_{name_of_hook}') hooks in here.
+	 * Note: within the ajax callback methods.
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _global_ajax_hooks()
+	{
+		// for lazy loading of metabox content
+		add_action('wp_ajax_espresso-ajax-content', [$this, 'ajax_metabox_content']);
+
+		add_action(
+			'wp_ajax_espresso_hide_status_change_notice',
+			[$this, 'hideStatusChangeNotice']
+		);
+		add_action(
+			'wp_ajax_nopriv_espresso_hide_status_change_notice',
+			[$this, 'hideStatusChangeNotice']
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	public function ajax_metabox_content()
+	{
+		$content_id  = $this->request->getRequestParam('contentid', '');
+		$content_url = $this->request->getRequestParam('contenturl', '', DataType::URL);
+		EE_Admin_Page::cached_rss_display($content_id, $content_url);
+		wp_die();
+	}
+
+
+	public function hideStatusChangeNotice()
+	{
+		$response = [];
+		try {
+			/** @var StatusChangeNotice $status_change_notice */
+			$status_change_notice = $this->loader->getShared(
+				'EventEspresso\core\domain\services\admin\notices\status_change\StatusChangeNotice'
+			);
+			$response['success']  = $status_change_notice->dismiss() > -1;
+		} catch (Exception $exception) {
+			$response['errors'] = $exception->getMessage();
+		}
+		wp_send_json($response);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * allows extending classes do something specific before the parent constructor runs _page_setup().
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _before_page_setup()
+	{
+		// default is to do nothing
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Makes sure any things that need to be loaded early get handled.
+	 * We also escape early here if the page requested doesn't match the object.
+	 *
+	 * @final
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 */
+	final protected function _page_setup()
+	{
+		// requires?
+		// admin_init stuff - global - we're setting this REALLY early
+		// so if EE_Admin pages have to hook into other WP pages they can.
+		// But keep in mind, not everything is available from the EE_Admin Page object at this point.
+		add_action('admin_init', [$this, 'admin_init_global'], 5);
+		// next verify if we need to load anything...
+		$this->_current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('page', '', DataType::KEY);
+		$this->_current_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('current_page', $this->_current_page, DataType::KEY);
+		$this->page_folder   = strtolower(
+			str_replace(['_Admin_Page', 'Extend_'], '', $this->class_name)
+		);
+		global $ee_menu_slugs;
+		$ee_menu_slugs = (array) $ee_menu_slugs;
+		if (
+			! $this->request->isAjax()
+			&& (! $this->_current_page || ! isset($ee_menu_slugs[ $this->_current_page ]))
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// because WP List tables have two duplicate select inputs for choosing bulk actions,
+		// we need to copy the action from the second to the first
+		$action     = $this->request->getRequestParam('action', '-1', DataType::KEY);
+		$action2    = $this->request->getRequestParam('action2', '-1', DataType::KEY);
+		$action     = $action !== '-1' ? $action : $action2;
+		$req_action = $action !== '-1' ? $action : 'default';
+
+		// if a specific 'route' has been set, and the action is 'default' OR we are doing_ajax
+		// then let's use the route as the action.
+		// This covers cases where we're coming in from a list table that isn't on the default route.
+		$route = $this->request->getRequestParam('route');
+		$route = $route !== '-1' ? $route : 'default';
+		$this->_req_action = $route && ($req_action === 'default' || $this->request->isAjax())
+			? $route
+			: $req_action;
+		$this->_current_view = $this->_req_action;
+		$this->_req_nonce    = $this->_req_action . '_nonce';
+		$this->_define_page_props();
+		$this->_current_page_view_url = add_query_arg(
+			['page' => $this->_current_page, 'action' => $this->_current_view],
+			$this->_admin_base_url
+		);
+		// set page configs
+		$this->_set_page_routes();
+		$this->_set_page_config();
+		// let's include any referrer data in our default_query_args for this route for "stickiness".
+		if ($this->request->requestParamIsSet('wp_referer')) {
+			$wp_referer = $this->request->getRequestParam('wp_referer');
+			if ($wp_referer) {
+				$this->_default_route_query_args['wp_referer'] = $wp_referer;
+			}
+		}
+		// for CPT and other extended functionality.
+		// If there is an _extend_page_config_for_cpt
+		// then let's run that to modify all the various page configuration arrays.
+		if (method_exists($this, '_extend_page_config_for_cpt')) {
+			$this->_extend_page_config_for_cpt();
+		}
+		// filter routes and page_config so addons can add their stuff. Filtering done per class
+		$this->_page_routes = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__' . $this->class_name . '__page_setup__page_routes',
+			$this->_page_routes,
+			$this
+		);
+		$this->_page_config = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__' . $this->class_name . '__page_setup__page_config',
+			$this->_page_config,
+			$this
+		);
+		if ($this->base_class_name !== '') {
+			$this->_page_routes = apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__' . $this->base_class_name . '__page_setup__page_routes',
+				$this->_page_routes,
+				$this
+			);
+			$this->_page_config = apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__' . $this->base_class_name . '__page_setup__page_config',
+				$this->_page_config,
+				$this
+			);
+		}
+		// if AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request_$this->_current_view method is present
+		// then we call it hooked into the AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request action
+		if (method_exists($this, 'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request_' . $this->_current_view)) {
+			add_action(
+				'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request',
+				[$this, 'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request_' . $this->_current_view],
+				10,
+				2
+			);
+		}
+		// next route only if routing enabled
+		if ($this->_routing && ! $this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$this->_verify_routes();
+			// next let's just check user_access and kill if no access
+			$this->check_user_access();
+			if ($this->_is_UI_request) {
+				// admin_init stuff - global, all views for this page class, specific view
+				add_action('admin_init', [$this, 'admin_init']);
+				if (method_exists($this, 'admin_init_' . $this->_current_view)) {
+					add_action('admin_init', [$this, 'admin_init_' . $this->_current_view], 15);
+				}
+			} else {
+				// hijack regular WP loading and route admin request immediately
+				@ini_set('memory_limit', apply_filters('admin_memory_limit', WP_MAX_MEMORY_LIMIT));
+				$this->route_admin_request();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Provides a way for related child admin pages to load stuff on the loaded admin page.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _do_other_page_hooks()
+	{
+		$registered_pages = apply_filters('FHEE_do_other_page_hooks_' . $this->page_slug, []);
+		foreach ($registered_pages as $page) {
+			// now let's set up the file name and class that should be present
+			$classname = str_replace('.class.php', '', $page);
+			// autoloaders should take care of loading file
+			if (! class_exists($classname)) {
+				$error_msg[] = sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Something went wrong with loading the %s admin hooks page.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$page
+				);
+				$error_msg[] = $error_msg[0]
+							   . "\r\n"
+							   . sprintf(
+								   esc_html__(
+									   'There is no class in place for the %1$s admin hooks page.%2$sMake sure you have %3$s defined. If this is a non-EE-core admin page then you also must have an autoloader in place for your class',
+									   'event_espresso'
+								   ),
+								   $page,
+								   '<br />',
+								   '<strong>' . $classname . '</strong>'
+							   );
+				throw new EE_Error(implode('||', $error_msg));
+			}
+			// don't load the same class twice
+			static $loaded = [];
+			if (in_array($classname, $loaded, true)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			$loaded[] = $classname;
+			// notice we are passing the instance of this class to the hook object.
+			$this->loader->getShared($classname, [$this]);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function load_page_dependencies()
+	{
+		try {
+			$this->_load_page_dependencies();
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			$e->get_error();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * load_page_dependencies
+	 * loads things specific to this page class when it's loaded.  Really helps with efficiency.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _load_page_dependencies()
+	{
+		// let's set the current_screen and screen options to override what WP set
+		$this->_current_screen = get_current_screen();
+		// load admin_notices - global, page class, and view specific
+		add_action('admin_notices', [$this, 'admin_notices_global'], 5);
+		add_action('admin_notices', [$this, 'admin_notices']);
+		if (method_exists($this, 'admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view)) {
+			add_action('admin_notices', [$this, 'admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view], 15);
+		}
+		// load network admin_notices - global, page class, and view specific
+		add_action('network_admin_notices', [$this, 'network_admin_notices_global'], 5);
+		if (method_exists($this, 'network_admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view)) {
+			add_action('network_admin_notices', [$this, 'network_admin_notices_' . $this->_current_view]);
+		}
+		// this will save any per_page screen options if they are present
+		$this->_set_per_page_screen_options();
+		// setup list table properties
+		$this->_set_list_table();
+		// child classes can "register" a metabox to be automatically handled via the _page_config array property.
+		// However in some cases the metaboxes will need to be added within a route handling callback.
+		add_action('add_meta_boxes', [$this, 'addRegisteredMetaBoxes'], 99);
+		// hack because promos admin was loading the edited promotion object in the metaboxes callback
+		// which should NOT be generated on non-UI requests like POST updates/inserts
+		if (
+			$this->class_name === 'Promotions_Admin_Page'
+			&& ($this->_req_action === 'edit' || $this->_req_action === 'create_new')
+		) {
+			$this->addRegisteredMetaBoxes();
+		}
+		$this->_add_screen_columns();
+		// add screen options - global, page child class, and view specific
+		$this->_add_global_screen_options();
+		$this->_add_screen_options();
+		$add_screen_options = "_add_screen_options_$this->_current_view";
+		if (method_exists($this, $add_screen_options)) {
+			$this->{$add_screen_options}();
+		}
+		// add help tab(s) - set via page_config and qtips.
+		$this->_add_help_tabs();
+		$this->_add_qtips();
+		// add feature_pointers - global, page child class, and view specific
+		$this->_add_feature_pointers();
+		$this->_add_global_feature_pointers();
+		$add_feature_pointer = "_add_feature_pointer_$this->_current_view";
+		if (method_exists($this, $add_feature_pointer)) {
+			$this->{$add_feature_pointer}();
+		}
+		// enqueue scripts/styles - global, page class, and view specific
+		add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'admin_footer_scripts_eei18n_js_strings'], 1);
+		add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'load_global_scripts_styles'], 5);
+		add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'load_scripts_styles']);
+		if (method_exists($this, "load_scripts_styles_$this->_current_view")) {
+			add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, "load_scripts_styles_$this->_current_view"], 15);
+		}
+		// admin_print_footer_scripts - global, page child class, and view specific.
+		// NOTE, despite the name, whenever possible, scripts should NOT be loaded using this.
+		// In most cases that's doing_it_wrong().  But adding hidden container elements etc.
+		// is a good use case. Notice the late priority we're giving these
+		add_action('admin_print_footer_scripts', [$this, 'admin_footer_scripts_global'], 99);
+		add_action('admin_print_footer_scripts', [$this, 'admin_footer_scripts'], 100);
+		if (method_exists($this, "admin_footer_scripts_$this->_current_view")) {
+			add_action('admin_print_footer_scripts', [$this, "admin_footer_scripts_$this->_current_view"], 101);
+		}
+		// admin footer scripts
+		add_action('admin_footer', [$this, 'admin_footer_global'], 99);
+		add_action('admin_footer', [$this, 'admin_footer'], 100);
+		if (method_exists($this, "admin_footer_$this->_current_view")) {
+			add_action('admin_footer', [$this, "admin_footer_$this->_current_view"], 101);
+		}
+		do_action('FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___load_page_dependencies__after_load', $this->page_slug);
+		// targeted hook
+		do_action(
+			"FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___load_page_dependencies__after_load__{$this->page_slug}__$this->_req_action"
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_defaults
+	 * This sets some global defaults for class properties.
+	 */
+	private function _set_defaults()
+	{
+		// init template args
+		$this->set_template_args(
+			[
+				'admin_page_header'  => '',
+				'admin_page_content' => '',
+				'post_body_content'  => '',
+				'before_list_table'  => '',
+				'after_list_table'   => '',
+			]
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * route_admin_request
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 * @see    _route_admin_request()
+	 */
+	public function route_admin_request()
+	{
+		try {
+			$this->_route_admin_request();
+		} catch (EE_Error $e) {
+			$e->get_error();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	public function set_wp_page_slug($wp_page_slug)
+	{
+		$this->_wp_page_slug = $wp_page_slug;
+		// if in network admin then we need to append "-network" to the page slug. Why? Because that's how WP rolls...
+		if (is_network_admin()) {
+			$this->_wp_page_slug .= '-network';
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _verify_routes
+	 * All this method does is verify the incoming request and make sure that routes exist for it.  We do this early so
+	 * we know if we need to drop out.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _verify_routes(): bool
+	{
+		if (! $this->_current_page && ! $this->request->isAjax()) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		// check that the page_routes array is not empty
+		if (empty($this->_page_routes)) {
+			// user error msg
+			$error_msg = sprintf(
+				esc_html__('No page routes have been set for the %s admin page.', 'event_espresso'),
+				$this->_admin_page_title
+			);
+			// developer error msg
+			$error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
+						  . esc_html__(
+							  ' Make sure the "set_page_routes()" method exists, and is setting the "_page_routes" array properly.',
+							  'event_espresso'
+						  );
+			throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
+		}
+		// route 'editpost' routes to CPT 'edit' routes
+		$alt_edit_route = $this instanceof EE_Admin_Page_CPT ? $this->cpt_editpost_route : 'edit';
+		if (
+			$this->_req_action === 'editpost'
+			&& ! isset($this->_page_routes['editpost'])
+			&& isset($this->_page_routes[ $alt_edit_route ])
+		) {
+			$this->_req_action = $alt_edit_route;
+		}
+		// and that the requested page route exists
+		if (array_key_exists($this->_req_action, $this->_page_routes)) {
+			$this->_route        = $this->_page_routes[ $this->_req_action ];
+			$this->_route_config = $this->_page_config[ $this->_req_action ] ?? [];
+		} else {
+			// user error msg
+			$error_msg = sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'The requested page route does not exist for the %s admin page.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$this->_admin_page_title
+			);
+			// developer error msg
+			$error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
+						  . sprintf(
+							  esc_html__(
+								  ' Create a key in the "_page_routes" array named "%s" and set its value to the appropriate method.',
+								  'event_espresso'
+							  ),
+							  $this->_req_action
+						  );
+			throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
+		}
+		// and that a default route exists
+		if (! array_key_exists('default', $this->_page_routes)) {
+			// user error msg
+			$error_msg = sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'A default page route has not been set for the % admin page.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$this->_admin_page_title
+			);
+			// developer error msg
+			$error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
+						  . esc_html__(
+							  ' Create a key in the "_page_routes" array named "default" and set its value to your default page method.',
+							  'event_espresso'
+						  );
+			throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
+		}
+
+		// first lets' catch if the UI request has EVER been set.
+		if ($this->_is_UI_request === null) {
+			// let's set if this is a UI request or not.
+			$this->_is_UI_request = ! $this->request->getRequestParam('noheader', false, DataType::BOOL);
+			// wait a minute... we might have a noheader in the route array
+			$this->_is_UI_request = ! (isset($this->_route['noheader']) && $this->_route['noheader'])
+				? $this->_is_UI_request
+				: false;
+		}
+		$this->_set_current_labels();
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this method simply verifies a given route and makes sure it's an actual route available for the loaded page
+	 *
+	 * @param string $route the route name we're verifying
+	 * @return bool we'll throw an exception if this isn't a valid route.
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _verify_route(string $route): bool
+	{
+		if (array_key_exists($this->_req_action, $this->_page_routes)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		// user error msg
+		$error_msg = sprintf(
+			esc_html__('The given page route does not exist for the %s admin page.', 'event_espresso'),
+			$this->_admin_page_title
+		);
+		// developer error msg
+		$error_msg .= '||' . $error_msg
+					  . sprintf(
+						  esc_html__(
+							  ' Check the route you are using in your method (%s) and make sure it matches a route set in your "_page_routes" array property',
+							  'event_espresso'
+						  ),
+						  $route
+					  );
+		throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * perform nonce verification
+	 * This method has be encapsulated here so that any ajax requests that bypass normal routes can verify their nonces
+	 * using this method (and save retyping!)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $nonce     The nonce sent
+	 * @param string $nonce_ref The nonce reference string (name0)
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _verify_nonce(string $nonce = '', string $nonce_ref = '')
+	{
+		$nonce = $nonce ?: $this->request->getRequestParam($this->_req_nonce, '');
+		$nonce_ref = $nonce_ref ?: $this->_req_action;
+		// verify nonce against expected value
+		if (! wp_verify_nonce($nonce, $nonce_ref)) {
+			// these are not the droids you are looking for !!!
+			$msg = sprintf(
+				esc_html__('%sNonce Fail.%s', 'event_espresso'),
+				'<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56_S0WeTkzs">',
+				'</a>'
+			);
+			if (WP_DEBUG) {
+				$msg .= "\n  ";
+				$msg .= sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'In order to dynamically generate nonces for your actions, use the %s::add_query_args_and_nonce() method. May the Nonce be with you!',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					__CLASS__
+				);
+			}
+			if (! $this->request->isAjax()) {
+				wp_die($msg);
+			}
+			EE_Error::add_error($msg, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+			$this->_return_json();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _route_admin_request()
+	 * Meat and potatoes of the class.  Basically, this dude checks out what's being requested and sees if there are
+	 * some doodads to work the magic and handle the flingjangy. Translation:  Checks if the requested action is listed
+	 * in the page routes and then will try to load the corresponding method.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 */
+	protected function _route_admin_request()
+	{
+		if (! $this->_is_UI_request) {
+			$this->_verify_routes();
+		}
+		$nonce_check = ! isset($this->_route_config['require_nonce']) || $this->_route_config['require_nonce'];
+		if ($this->_req_action !== 'default' && $nonce_check) {
+			// set nonce from post data
+			$nonce = $this->request->getRequestParam($this->_req_nonce, '');
+			$this->_verify_nonce($nonce, $this->_req_nonce);
+		}
+		// set the nav_tabs array but ONLY if this is  UI_request
+		if ($this->_is_UI_request) {
+			$this->_set_nav_tabs();
+		}
+		// grab callback function
+		$func = $this->_route['func'] ?? $this->_route;
+		// check if callback has args
+		$args = $this->_route['args'] ?? [];
+
+		// action right before calling route
+		// (hook is something like 'AHEE__Registrations_Admin_Page__route_admin_request')
+		if (! did_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request')) {
+			do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__route_admin_request', $this->_current_view, $this);
+		}
+		// strip _wp_http_referer from the server REQUEST_URI
+		// else it grows in length on every submission due to recursion,
+		// ultimately causing a "Request-URI Too Large" error
+		$this->request->unSetRequestParam('_wp_http_referer');
+		$this->request->unSetServerParam('_wp_http_referer');
+		$cleaner_request_uri = remove_query_arg(
+			'_wp_http_referer',
+			wp_unslash($this->request->getServerParam('REQUEST_URI'))
+		);
+		$this->request->setRequestParam('_wp_http_referer', $cleaner_request_uri, true);
+		$this->request->setServerParam('REQUEST_URI', $cleaner_request_uri, true);
+		$route_callback = [];
+		if (! empty($func)) {
+			if (is_array($func) && is_callable($func)) {
+				$route_callback = $func;
+			} elseif (is_string($func)) {
+				if (strpos($func, '::') !== false) {
+					$route_callback = explode('::', $func);
+				} elseif (method_exists($this, $func)) {
+					$route_callback = [$this, $func];
+				} else {
+					$route_callback = $func;
+				}
+			}
+			[$class, $method] = $route_callback;
+			// is it neither a class method NOR a standalone function?
+			if (! is_callable($route_callback)) {
+				// user error msg
+				$error_msg = esc_html__(
+					'An error occurred. The  requested page route could not be found.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				);
+				// developer error msg
+				$error_msg .= '||';
+				$error_msg .= sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Page route "%s" could not be called. Check that the spelling for method names and actions in the "_page_routes" array are all correct.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$method
+				);
+				throw new DomainException($error_msg);
+			}
+			if ($class !== $this && ! in_array($this, $args)) {
+				// send along this admin page object for access by addons.
+				$args['admin_page'] = $this;
+			}
+
+			call_user_func_array($route_callback, $args);
+		}
+		// if we've routed and this route has a no headers route AND a sent_headers_route,
+		// then we need to reset the routing properties to the new route.
+		// now if UI request is FALSE and noheader is true AND we have a headers_sent_route in the route array then let's set UI_request to true because the no header route has a second func after headers have been sent.
+		if (
+			$this->_is_UI_request === false
+			&& is_array($this->_route)
+			&& ! empty($this->_route['headers_sent_route'])
+		) {
+			$this->_reset_routing_properties($this->_route['headers_sent_route']);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method just allows the resetting of page properties in the case where a no headers
+	 * route redirects to a headers route in its route config.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $new_route New (non header) route to redirect to.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 * @since   4.3.0
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_routing_properties(string $new_route)
+	{
+		$this->_is_UI_request = true;
+		// now we set the current route to whatever the headers_sent_route is set at
+		$this->request->setRequestParam('action', $new_route);
+		// rerun page setup
+		$this->_page_setup();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_query_arg
+	 * adds nonce to array of arguments then calls WP add_query_arg function
+	 *(internally just uses EEH_URL's function with the same name)
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $args
+	 * @param string $url
+	 * @param bool   $sticky                  if true, then the existing Request params will be appended to the
+	 *                                        generated url in an associative array indexed by the key 'wp_referer';
+	 *                                        Example usage: If the current page is:
+	 *                                        http://mydomain.com/wp-admin/admin.php?page=espresso_registrations
+	 *                                        &action=default&event_id=20&month_range=March%202015
+	 *                                        &_wpnonce=5467821
+	 *                                        and you call:
+	 *                                        EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+	 *                                        array(
+	 *                                        'action' => 'resend_something',
+	 *                                        'page=>espresso_registrations'
+	 *                                        ),
+	 *                                        $some_url,
+	 *                                        true
+	 *                                        );
+	 *                                        It will produce a URL in this structure:
+	 *                                        http://{$some_url}/?page=espresso_registrations&action=resend_something
+	 *                                        &wp_referer[action]=default&wp_referer[event_id]=20&wpreferer[
+	 *                                        month_range]=March%202015
+	 * @param bool   $exclude_nonce           If true, the nonce will be excluded from the generated nonce.
+	 * @param int    $context
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public static function add_query_args_and_nonce(
+		array $args = [],
+		string $url = '',
+		bool $sticky = false,
+		bool $exclude_nonce = false,
+		int $context = EEH_URL::CONTEXT_NONE
+	): string {
+		// if there is a _wp_http_referer include the values from the request but only if sticky = true
+		if ($sticky) {
+			/** @var RequestInterface $request */
+			$request = LoaderFactory::getLoader()->getShared(RequestInterface::class);
+			$request->unSetRequestParams(['_wp_http_referer', 'wp_referer'], true);
+			$request->unSetServerParam('_wp_http_referer', true);
+			foreach ($request->requestParams() as $key => $value) {
+				// do not add nonces
+				if (strpos($key, 'nonce') !== false) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				$args[ 'wp_referer[' . $key . ']' ] = is_string($value) ? htmlspecialchars($value) : $value;
+			}
+		}
+		return EEH_URL::add_query_args_and_nonce($args, $url, $exclude_nonce, $context);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns a generated link that will load the related help tab.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $help_tab_id the id for the connected help tab
+	 * @param string $icon_style  (optional) include css class for the style you want to use for the help icon.
+	 * @param string $help_text   (optional) send help text you want to use for the link if default not to be used
+	 * @return string              generated link
+	 * @uses EEH_Template::get_help_tab_link()
+	 */
+	protected function _get_help_tab_link(string $help_tab_id, string $icon_style = '', string $help_text = ''): string
+	{
+		return EEH_Template::get_help_tab_link(
+			$help_tab_id,
+			$this->page_slug,
+			$this->_req_action,
+			$icon_style,
+			$help_text
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_help_tabs
+	 * Note child classes define their help tabs within the page_config array.
+	 *
+	 * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/add_help_tab
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _add_help_tabs()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_page_config[ $this->_req_action ])) {
+			$config = $this->_page_config[ $this->_req_action ];
+			// let's see if there is a help_sidebar set for the current route and we'll set that up for usage as well.
+			if (is_array($config) && isset($config['help_sidebar'])) {
+				// check that the callback given is valid
+				if (! method_exists($this, $config['help_sidebar'])) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								'The _page_config array has a callback set for the "help_sidebar" option.  However the callback given (%s) is not a valid callback.  Double check the spelling and make sure this method exists for the class %s',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$config['help_sidebar'],
+							$this->class_name
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				$content = apply_filters(
+					'FHEE__' . $this->class_name . '__add_help_tabs__help_sidebar',
+					$this->{$config['help_sidebar']}()
+				);
+				$this->_current_screen->set_help_sidebar($content);
+			}
+			if (! isset($config['help_tabs'])) {
+				return;
+			} //no help tabs for this route
+			foreach ((array) $config['help_tabs'] as $tab_id => $cfg) {
+				// we're here so there ARE help tabs!
+				// make sure we've got what we need
+				if (! isset($cfg['title'])) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						esc_html__(
+							'The _page_config array is not set up properly for help tabs.  It is missing a title',
+							'event_espresso'
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				if (! isset($cfg['filename']) && ! isset($cfg['callback']) && ! isset($cfg['content'])) {
+					throw new EE_Error(
+						esc_html__(
+							'The _page_config array is not setup properly for help tabs. It is missing a either a filename reference, or a callback reference or a content reference so there is no way to know the content for the help tab',
+							'event_espresso'
+						)
+					);
+				}
+				// first priority goes to content.
+				if (! empty($cfg['content'])) {
+					$content = $cfg['content'];
+					// second priority goes to filename
+				} elseif (! empty($cfg['filename'])) {
+					$file_path = $this->_get_dir() . '/help_tabs/' . $cfg['filename'] . '.help_tab.php';
+					// it's possible that the file is located on decaf route (and above sets up for caf route, if this is the case then lets check decaf route too)
+					$file_path = ! is_readable($file_path) ? EE_ADMIN_PAGES
+															 . basename($this->_get_dir())
+															 . '/help_tabs/'
+															 . $cfg['filename']
+															 . '.help_tab.php' : $file_path;
+					// if file is STILL not readable then let's do an EE_Error so its more graceful than a fatal error.
+					if (! isset($cfg['callback']) && ! is_readable($file_path)) {
+						EE_Error::add_error(
+							sprintf(
+								esc_html__(
+									'The filename given for the help tab %s is not a valid file and there is no other configuration for the tab content.  Please check that the string you set for the help tab on this route (%s) is the correct spelling.  The file should be in %s',
+									'event_espresso'
+								),
+								$tab_id,
+								key($config),
+								$file_path
+							),
+							__FILE__,
+							__FUNCTION__,
+							__LINE__
+						);
+						return;
+					}
+					$template_args['admin_page_obj'] = $this;
+					$content                         = EEH_Template::display_template(
+						$file_path,
+						$template_args,
+						true
+					);
+				} else {
+					$content = '';
+				}
+				// check if callback is valid
+				if (
+					empty($content)
+					&& (
+						! isset($cfg['callback']) || ! method_exists($this, $cfg['callback'])
+					)
+				) {
+					EE_Error::add_error(
+						sprintf(
+							esc_html__(
+								'The callback given for a %s help tab on this page does not content OR a corresponding method for generating the content.  Check the spelling or make sure the method is present.',
+								'event_espresso'
+							),
+							$cfg['title']
+						),
+						__FILE__,
+						__FUNCTION__,
+						__LINE__
+					);
+					return;
+				}
+				// setup config array for help tab method
+				$id  = $this->page_slug . '-' . $this->_req_action . '-' . $tab_id;
+				$_ht = [
+					'id'       => $id,
+					'title'    => $cfg['title'],
+					'callback' => isset($cfg['callback']) && empty($content) ? [$this, $cfg['callback']] : null,
+					'content'  => $content,
+				];
+				$this->_current_screen->add_help_tab($_ht);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This simply sets up any qtips that have been defined in the page config
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _add_qtips()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_route_config['qtips'])) {
+			$qtips = (array) $this->_route_config['qtips'];
+			// load qtip loader
+			$path = [
+				$this->_get_dir() . '/qtips/',
+				EE_ADMIN_PAGES . basename($this->_get_dir()) . '/qtips/',
+			];
+			EEH_Qtip_Loader::instance()->register($qtips, $path);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_nav_tabs
+	 * This sets up the nav tabs from the page_routes array.  This method can be overwritten by child classes if you
+	 * wish to add additional tabs or modify accordingly.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 */
+	protected function _set_nav_tabs()
+	{
+		$i        = 0;
+		$only_tab = count($this->_page_config) < 2;
+		foreach ($this->_page_config as $slug => $config) {
+			if (! is_array($config) || empty($config['nav'])) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			// no nav tab for this config
+			// check for persistent flag
+			if ($slug !== $this->_req_action && isset($config['nav']['persistent']) && ! $config['nav']['persistent']) {
+				// nav tab is only to appear when route requested.
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (! $this->check_user_access($slug, true)) {
+				// no nav tab because current user does not have access.
+				continue;
+			}
+			$css_class = $config['css_class'] ?? '';
+			$css_class .= $only_tab ? ' ee-only-tab' : '';
+			$css_class .= " ee-nav-tab__$slug";
+
+			$this->_nav_tabs[ $slug ] = [
+				'url'       => $config['nav']['url'] ?? EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce(
+					['action' => $slug],
+					$this->_admin_base_url
+				),
+				'link_text' => $this->navTabLabel($config['nav'], $slug),
+				'css_class' => $this->_req_action === $slug ? $css_class . ' nav-tab-active' : $css_class,
+				'order'     => $config['nav']['order'] ?? $i,
+			];
+			$i++;
+		}
+		// if $this->_nav_tabs is empty then lets set the default
+		if (empty($this->_nav_tabs)) {
+			$this->_nav_tabs[ $this->_default_nav_tab_name ] = [
+				'url'       => $this->_admin_base_url,
+				'link_text' => ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_default_nav_tab_name)),
+				'css_class' => 'nav-tab-active',
+				'order'     => 10,
+			];
+		}
+		// now let's sort the tabs according to order
+		usort($this->_nav_tabs, [$this, '_sort_nav_tabs']);
+	}
+
+
+	private function navTabLabel(array $nav_tab, string $slug): string
+	{
+		$label = $nav_tab['label'] ?? ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $slug));
+		$icon  = $nav_tab['icon'] ?? null;
+		$icon  = $icon ? '<span class="dashicons ' . $icon . '"></span>' : '';
+		return '
             <span class="ee-admin-screen-tab__label">
                 ' . $icon . '
                 <span class="ee-nav-label__text">' . $label . '</span>
             </span>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_current_labels
-     * This method modifies the _labels property with any optional specific labels indicated in the _page_routes
-     * property array
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _set_current_labels()
-    {
-        if (isset($this->_route_config['labels'])) {
-            foreach ($this->_route_config['labels'] as $label => $text) {
-                if (is_array($text)) {
-                    foreach ($text as $sublabel => $subtext) {
-                        $this->_labels[ $label ][ $sublabel ] = $subtext;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    $this->_labels[ $label ] = $text;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        verifies user access for this admin page
-     *
-     * @param string $route_to_check if present then the capability for the route matching this string is checked.
-     * @param bool   $verify_only    Default is FALSE which means if user check fails then wp_die().  Otherwise just
-     *                               return false if verify fail.
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function check_user_access(string $route_to_check = '', bool $verify_only = false): bool
-    {
-        // if no route_to_check is passed in then use the current route set via _req_action
-        $action = $route_to_check ?: $this->_req_action;
-        $capability = ! empty($this->_page_routes[ $action ]['capability'])
-            ? $this->_page_routes[ $action ]['capability']
-            : null;
-
-        if (empty($capability)) {
-            $capability = empty($route_to_check) && ! empty($this->_route['capability'])
-                ? $this->_route['capability']
-                : 'manage_options';
-        }
-
-        $id = $this->_route['obj_id'] ?? 0;
-
-        if (
-            ! $this->request->isAjax()
-            && (
-                ! function_exists('is_admin')
-                || ! $this->capabilities->current_user_can($capability, "{$this->page_slug}_$route_to_check", $id)
-            )
-        ) {
-            if ($verify_only) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (is_user_logged_in()) {
-                wp_die(esc_html__('You do not have access to this route.', 'event_espresso'));
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string                 $box_id
-     * @param string                 $title
-     * @param callable|string|null   $callback
-     * @param string|array|WP_Screen $screen
-     * @param string                 $context       Post edit screen contexts include 'normal', 'side', and 'advanced'.
-     *                                              Comments screen contexts include 'normal' and 'side'.
-     *                                              Menus meta boxes (accordion sections) all use the 'side' context.
-     * @param string                 $priority      Accepts 'high', 'core', 'default', or 'low'.
-     * @param array|null             $callback_args
-     */
-    protected function addMetaBox(
-        string $box_id,
-        string $title,
-        $callback,
-        $screen,
-        string $context = 'normal',
-        string $priority = 'default',
-        ?array $callback_args = null
-    ) {
-        if (! (is_callable($callback) || ! function_exists($callback))) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        add_meta_box($box_id, $title, $callback, $screen, $context, $priority, $callback_args);
-        add_filter(
-            "postbox_classes_{$this->_wp_page_slug}_$box_id",
-            function ($classes) {
-                $classes[] = 'ee-admin-container';
-                return $classes;
-            }
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_init_global
-     * This runs all the code that we want executed within the WP admin_init hook.
-     * This method executes for ALL EE Admin pages.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function admin_init_global()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * wp_loaded_global
-     * This runs all the code that we want executed within the WP wp_loaded hook.  This method is optional for an
-     * EE_Admin page and will execute on every EE Admin Page load
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function wp_loaded()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_notices
-     * Anything triggered by the 'admin_notices' WP hook should be put in here.  This particular method will apply on
-     * ALL EE_Admin pages.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function admin_notices_global()
-    {
-        $this->_display_no_javascript_warning();
-        $this->_display_espresso_notices();
-    }
-
-
-    public function network_admin_notices_global()
-    {
-        $this->_display_no_javascript_warning();
-        $this->_display_espresso_notices();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_footer_scripts_global
-     * Anything triggered by the 'admin_print_footer_scripts' WP hook should be put in here. This particular method
-     * will apply on ALL EE_Admin pages.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function admin_footer_scripts_global()
-    {
-        $this->_add_admin_page_ajax_loading_img();
-        $this->_add_admin_page_overlay();
-        // if metaboxes are present we need to add the nonce field
-        if (
-            isset($this->_route_config['metaboxes'])
-            || isset($this->_route_config['list_table'])
-            || (isset($this->_route_config['has_metaboxes']) && $this->_route_config['has_metaboxes'])
-        ) {
-            wp_nonce_field('closedpostboxes', 'closedpostboxesnonce', false);
-            wp_nonce_field('meta-box-order', 'meta-box-order-nonce', false);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * admin_footer_global
-     * Anything triggered by the wp 'admin_footer' wp hook should be put in here.
-     * This particular method will apply on ALL EE_Admin Pages.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function admin_footer_global()
-    {
-        // dialog container for dialog helper
-        echo '
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_current_labels
+	 * This method modifies the _labels property with any optional specific labels indicated in the _page_routes
+	 * property array
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _set_current_labels()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_route_config['labels'])) {
+			foreach ($this->_route_config['labels'] as $label => $text) {
+				if (is_array($text)) {
+					foreach ($text as $sublabel => $subtext) {
+						$this->_labels[ $label ][ $sublabel ] = $subtext;
+					}
+				} else {
+					$this->_labels[ $label ] = $text;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        verifies user access for this admin page
+	 *
+	 * @param string $route_to_check if present then the capability for the route matching this string is checked.
+	 * @param bool   $verify_only    Default is FALSE which means if user check fails then wp_die().  Otherwise just
+	 *                               return false if verify fail.
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function check_user_access(string $route_to_check = '', bool $verify_only = false): bool
+	{
+		// if no route_to_check is passed in then use the current route set via _req_action
+		$action = $route_to_check ?: $this->_req_action;
+		$capability = ! empty($this->_page_routes[ $action ]['capability'])
+			? $this->_page_routes[ $action ]['capability']
+			: null;
+
+		if (empty($capability)) {
+			$capability = empty($route_to_check) && ! empty($this->_route['capability'])
+				? $this->_route['capability']
+				: 'manage_options';
+		}
+
+		$id = $this->_route['obj_id'] ?? 0;
+
+		if (
+			! $this->request->isAjax()
+			&& (
+				! function_exists('is_admin')
+				|| ! $this->capabilities->current_user_can($capability, "{$this->page_slug}_$route_to_check", $id)
+			)
+		) {
+			if ($verify_only) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			if (is_user_logged_in()) {
+				wp_die(esc_html__('You do not have access to this route.', 'event_espresso'));
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string                 $box_id
+	 * @param string                 $title
+	 * @param callable|string|null   $callback
+	 * @param string|array|WP_Screen $screen
+	 * @param string                 $context       Post edit screen contexts include 'normal', 'side', and 'advanced'.
+	 *                                              Comments screen contexts include 'normal' and 'side'.
+	 *                                              Menus meta boxes (accordion sections) all use the 'side' context.
+	 * @param string                 $priority      Accepts 'high', 'core', 'default', or 'low'.
+	 * @param array|null             $callback_args
+	 */
+	protected function addMetaBox(
+		string $box_id,
+		string $title,
+		$callback,
+		$screen,
+		string $context = 'normal',
+		string $priority = 'default',
+		?array $callback_args = null
+	) {
+		if (! (is_callable($callback) || ! function_exists($callback))) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		add_meta_box($box_id, $title, $callback, $screen, $context, $priority, $callback_args);
+		add_filter(
+			"postbox_classes_{$this->_wp_page_slug}_$box_id",
+			function ($classes) {
+				$classes[] = 'ee-admin-container';
+				return $classes;
+			}
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_init_global
+	 * This runs all the code that we want executed within the WP admin_init hook.
+	 * This method executes for ALL EE Admin pages.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function admin_init_global()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * wp_loaded_global
+	 * This runs all the code that we want executed within the WP wp_loaded hook.  This method is optional for an
+	 * EE_Admin page and will execute on every EE Admin Page load
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function wp_loaded()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_notices
+	 * Anything triggered by the 'admin_notices' WP hook should be put in here.  This particular method will apply on
+	 * ALL EE_Admin pages.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function admin_notices_global()
+	{
+		$this->_display_no_javascript_warning();
+		$this->_display_espresso_notices();
+	}
+
+
+	public function network_admin_notices_global()
+	{
+		$this->_display_no_javascript_warning();
+		$this->_display_espresso_notices();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_footer_scripts_global
+	 * Anything triggered by the 'admin_print_footer_scripts' WP hook should be put in here. This particular method
+	 * will apply on ALL EE_Admin pages.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function admin_footer_scripts_global()
+	{
+		$this->_add_admin_page_ajax_loading_img();
+		$this->_add_admin_page_overlay();
+		// if metaboxes are present we need to add the nonce field
+		if (
+			isset($this->_route_config['metaboxes'])
+			|| isset($this->_route_config['list_table'])
+			|| (isset($this->_route_config['has_metaboxes']) && $this->_route_config['has_metaboxes'])
+		) {
+			wp_nonce_field('closedpostboxes', 'closedpostboxesnonce', false);
+			wp_nonce_field('meta-box-order', 'meta-box-order-nonce', false);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * admin_footer_global
+	 * Anything triggered by the wp 'admin_footer' wp hook should be put in here.
+	 * This particular method will apply on ALL EE_Admin Pages.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function admin_footer_global()
+	{
+		// dialog container for dialog helper
+		echo '
         <div class="ee-admin-dialog-container auto-hide hidden">
             <div class="ee-notices"></div>
             <div class="ee-admin-dialog-container-inner-content"></div>
         </div>
         <span id="current_timezone" class="hidden">' . esc_html(EEH_DTT_Helper::get_timezone()) . '</span>
         <input type="hidden" id="espresso_admin_current_page" value="' . esc_attr($this->_current_page) . '"/>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This function sees if there is a method for help popup content existing for the given route.  If there is then
-     * we'll use the retrieved array to output the content using the template. For child classes: If you want to have
-     * help popups then in your templates or your content you set "triggers" for the content using the
-     * "_set_help_trigger('help_trigger_id')" where "help_trigger_id" is what you will use later in your custom method
-     * for the help popup content on that page. Then in your Child_Admin_Page class you need to define a help popup
-     * method for the content in the format "_help_popup_content_{route_name}()"  So if you are setting help content
-     * for the
-     * 'edit_event' route you should have a method named "_help_popup_content_edit_route". In your defined
-     * "help_popup_content_..." method.  You must prepare and return an array in the following format array(
-     *    'help_trigger_id' => array(
-     *        'title' => esc_html__('localized title for popup', 'event_espresso'),
-     *        'content' => esc_html__('localized content for popup', 'event_espresso')
-     *    )
-     * );
-     * Then the EE_Admin_Parent will take care of making sure that is set up properly on the correct route.
-     *
-     * @param array $help_array
-     * @param bool  $display
-     * @return string content
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_help_popup_content(array $help_array = [], bool $display = false): string
-    {
-        $content    = '';
-        $help_array = empty($help_array) ? $this->_get_help_content() : $help_array;
-        // loop through the array and setup content
-        foreach ($help_array as $trigger => $help) {
-            // make sure the array is set up properly
-            if (! isset($help['title'], $help['content'])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Does not look like the popup content array has been setup correctly.  Might want to double check that.  Read the comments for the _get_help_popup_content method found in "EE_Admin_Page" class',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            // we're good so let's set up the template vars and then assign parsed template content to our content.
-            $template_args = [
-                'help_popup_id'      => $trigger,
-                'help_popup_title'   => $help['title'],
-                'help_popup_content' => $help['content'],
-            ];
-            $content       .= EEH_Template::display_template(
-                EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_help_popup.template.php',
-                $template_args,
-                true
-            );
-        }
-        if ($display) {
-            echo wp_kses($content, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
-            return '';
-        }
-        return $content;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * All this does is retrieve the help content array if set by the EE_Admin_Page child
-     *
-     * @return array properly formatted array for help popup content
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _get_help_content(): array
-    {
-        // what is the method we're looking for?
-        $method_name = '_help_popup_content_' . $this->_req_action;
-        // if method doesn't exist let's get out.
-        if (! method_exists($this, $method_name)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        // k we're good to go let's retrieve the help array
-        $help_array = $this->{$method_name}();
-        // make sure we've got an array!
-        if (! is_array($help_array)) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Something went wrong with help popup content generation. Expecting an array and well, this ain\'t no array bub.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        return $help_array;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * EE Admin Pages can use this to set a properly formatted trigger for a help popup.
-     * By default the trigger html is printed.  Otherwise it can be returned if the $display flag is set "false"
-     * See comments made on the _set_help_content method for understanding other parts to the help popup tool.
-     *
-     * @param string $trigger_id reference for retrieving the trigger content for the popup
-     * @param bool   $display    if false then we return the trigger string
-     * @param array  $dimensions an array of dimensions for the box (array(h,w))
-     * @return string
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _set_help_trigger(string $trigger_id, bool $display = true, array $dimensions = ['400', '640'])
-    {
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            return '';
-        }
-        // let's check and see if there is any content set for this popup.  If there isn't then we'll include a default title and content so that developers know something needs to be corrected
-        $help_array   = $this->_get_help_content();
-        $help_content = '';
-        if (empty($help_array) || ! isset($help_array[ $trigger_id ])) {
-            $help_array[ $trigger_id ] = [
-                'title'   => esc_html__('Missing Content', 'event_espresso'),
-                'content' => esc_html__(
-                    'A trigger has been set that doesn\'t have any corresponding content. Make sure you have set the help content. (see the "_set_help_popup_content" method in the EE_Admin_Page for instructions.)',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-            ];
-            $help_content              = $this->_set_help_popup_content($help_array);
-        }
-        $height   = esc_attr($dimensions[0]) ?? 400;
-        $width    = esc_attr($dimensions[1]) ?? 640;
-        $inlineId = esc_attr($trigger_id);
-        // let's setup the trigger
-        $content = "
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This function sees if there is a method for help popup content existing for the given route.  If there is then
+	 * we'll use the retrieved array to output the content using the template. For child classes: If you want to have
+	 * help popups then in your templates or your content you set "triggers" for the content using the
+	 * "_set_help_trigger('help_trigger_id')" where "help_trigger_id" is what you will use later in your custom method
+	 * for the help popup content on that page. Then in your Child_Admin_Page class you need to define a help popup
+	 * method for the content in the format "_help_popup_content_{route_name}()"  So if you are setting help content
+	 * for the
+	 * 'edit_event' route you should have a method named "_help_popup_content_edit_route". In your defined
+	 * "help_popup_content_..." method.  You must prepare and return an array in the following format array(
+	 *    'help_trigger_id' => array(
+	 *        'title' => esc_html__('localized title for popup', 'event_espresso'),
+	 *        'content' => esc_html__('localized content for popup', 'event_espresso')
+	 *    )
+	 * );
+	 * Then the EE_Admin_Parent will take care of making sure that is set up properly on the correct route.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $help_array
+	 * @param bool  $display
+	 * @return string content
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_help_popup_content(array $help_array = [], bool $display = false): string
+	{
+		$content    = '';
+		$help_array = empty($help_array) ? $this->_get_help_content() : $help_array;
+		// loop through the array and setup content
+		foreach ($help_array as $trigger => $help) {
+			// make sure the array is set up properly
+			if (! isset($help['title'], $help['content'])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Does not look like the popup content array has been setup correctly.  Might want to double check that.  Read the comments for the _get_help_popup_content method found in "EE_Admin_Page" class',
+						'event_espresso'
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			// we're good so let's set up the template vars and then assign parsed template content to our content.
+			$template_args = [
+				'help_popup_id'      => $trigger,
+				'help_popup_title'   => $help['title'],
+				'help_popup_content' => $help['content'],
+			];
+			$content       .= EEH_Template::display_template(
+				EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_help_popup.template.php',
+				$template_args,
+				true
+			);
+		}
+		if ($display) {
+			echo wp_kses($content, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
+			return '';
+		}
+		return $content;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * All this does is retrieve the help content array if set by the EE_Admin_Page child
+	 *
+	 * @return array properly formatted array for help popup content
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _get_help_content(): array
+	{
+		// what is the method we're looking for?
+		$method_name = '_help_popup_content_' . $this->_req_action;
+		// if method doesn't exist let's get out.
+		if (! method_exists($this, $method_name)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		// k we're good to go let's retrieve the help array
+		$help_array = $this->{$method_name}();
+		// make sure we've got an array!
+		if (! is_array($help_array)) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Something went wrong with help popup content generation. Expecting an array and well, this ain\'t no array bub.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		return $help_array;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * EE Admin Pages can use this to set a properly formatted trigger for a help popup.
+	 * By default the trigger html is printed.  Otherwise it can be returned if the $display flag is set "false"
+	 * See comments made on the _set_help_content method for understanding other parts to the help popup tool.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $trigger_id reference for retrieving the trigger content for the popup
+	 * @param bool   $display    if false then we return the trigger string
+	 * @param array  $dimensions an array of dimensions for the box (array(h,w))
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _set_help_trigger(string $trigger_id, bool $display = true, array $dimensions = ['400', '640'])
+	{
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		// let's check and see if there is any content set for this popup.  If there isn't then we'll include a default title and content so that developers know something needs to be corrected
+		$help_array   = $this->_get_help_content();
+		$help_content = '';
+		if (empty($help_array) || ! isset($help_array[ $trigger_id ])) {
+			$help_array[ $trigger_id ] = [
+				'title'   => esc_html__('Missing Content', 'event_espresso'),
+				'content' => esc_html__(
+					'A trigger has been set that doesn\'t have any corresponding content. Make sure you have set the help content. (see the "_set_help_popup_content" method in the EE_Admin_Page for instructions.)',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+			];
+			$help_content              = $this->_set_help_popup_content($help_array);
+		}
+		$height   = esc_attr($dimensions[0]) ?? 400;
+		$width    = esc_attr($dimensions[1]) ?? 640;
+		$inlineId = esc_attr($trigger_id);
+		// let's setup the trigger
+		$content = "
         <a class='ee-dialog' href='?height=$height&width=$width&inlineId=$inlineId' target='_blank'>
             <span class='question ee-help-popup-question'></span>
         </a>";
-        $content .= $help_content;
-        if ($display) {
-            echo wp_kses($content, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
-            return '';
-        }
-        return $content;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_global_screen_options
-     * Add any extra wp_screen_options within this method using built-in WP functions/methods for doing so.
-     * This particular method will add_screen_options on ALL EE_Admin Pages
-     *
-     * @link   http://chrismarslender.com/wp-tutorials/wordpress-screen-options-tutorial/
-     *         see also WP_Screen object documents...
-     * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Class_Reference/WP_Screen
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _add_global_screen_options()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_global_feature_pointers
-     * This method is used for implementing any "feature pointers" (using built-in WP styling js).
-     * This particular method will implement feature pointers for ALL EE_Admin pages.
-     * Note: this is just a placeholder for now.  Implementation will come down the road
-     *
-     * @see    WP_Internal_Pointers class in wp-admin/includes/template.php for example (it's a final class so can't be
-     *         extended) also see:
-     * @link   http://eamann.com/tech/wordpress-portland/
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _add_global_feature_pointers()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * load_global_scripts_styles
-     * The scripts and styles enqueued in here will be loaded on every EE Admin page
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function load_global_scripts_styles()
-    {
-        // add debugging styles
-        if (WP_DEBUG) {
-            add_action('admin_head', [$this, 'add_xdebug_style']);
-        }
-        // taking care of metaboxes
-        if (
-            empty($this->_cpt_route)
-            && (isset($this->_route_config['metaboxes']) || isset($this->_route_config['has_metaboxes']))
-        ) {
-            wp_enqueue_script('dashboard');
-        }
-
-        wp_enqueue_script(JqueryAssetManager::JS_HANDLE_JQUERY_UI_TOUCH_PUNCH);
-        wp_enqueue_script(EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::JS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN);
-        // LOCALIZED DATA
-        // localize script for ajax lazy loading
-        wp_localize_script(
-            EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::JS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN,
-            'eeLazyLoadingContainers',
-            apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Core__load_global_scripts_styles__loader_containers',
-                ['espresso_news_post_box_content']
-            )
-        );
-        StatusChangeNotice::loadAssets();
-
-        add_filter(
-            'admin_body_class',
-            function ($classes) {
-                if (strpos($classes, 'espresso-admin') === false) {
-                    $classes .= ' espresso-admin';
-                }
-                return $classes;
-            }
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        admin_footer_scripts_eei18n_js_strings
-     *
-     * @return        void
-     */
-    public function admin_footer_scripts_eei18n_js_strings()
-    {
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['confirm_delete'] = wp_strip_all_tags(
-            __(
-                'Are you absolutely sure you want to delete this item?\nThis action will delete ALL DATA associated with this item!!!\nThis can NOT be undone!!!',
-                'event_espresso'
-            )
-        );
-        // now add months and days of the week
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['January']   = wp_strip_all_tags(__('January', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['February']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('February', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['March']     = wp_strip_all_tags(__('March', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['April']     = wp_strip_all_tags(__('April', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['May']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('May', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['June']      = wp_strip_all_tags(__('June', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['July']      = wp_strip_all_tags(__('July', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['August']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('August', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['September'] = wp_strip_all_tags(__('September', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['October']   = wp_strip_all_tags(__('October', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['November']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('November', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['December']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('December', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Jan']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Jan', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Feb']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Feb', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Mar']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Mar', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Apr']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Apr', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['May']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('May', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Jun']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Jun', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Jul']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Jul', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Aug']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Aug', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sep']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sep', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Oct']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Oct', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Nov']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Nov', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Dec']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Dec', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sunday']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sunday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Monday']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Monday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Tuesday']   = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Tuesday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Wednesday'] = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Wednesday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Thursday']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Thursday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Friday']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Friday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Saturday']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Saturday', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sun']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sun', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Mon']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Mon', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Tue']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Tue', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Wed']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Wed', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Thu']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Thu', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Fri']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Fri', 'event_espresso'));
-        EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sat']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sat', 'event_espresso'));
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        load enhanced xdebug styles for ppl with failing eyesight
-     *
-     * @return        void
-     */
-    public function add_xdebug_style()
-    {
-        echo '<style>.xdebug-error { font-size:1.5em; }</style>';
-    }
-
-
-    /************************/
-    /** LIST TABLE METHODS **/
-    /************************/
-    /**
-     * this sets up the list table if the current view requires it.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _set_list_table()
-    {
-        // first is this a list_table view?
-        if (! isset($this->_route_config['list_table'])) {
-            return;
-        } //not a list_table view so get out.
-        // list table functions are per view specific (because some admin pages might have more than one list table!)
-        $list_table_view = '_set_list_table_views_' . $this->_req_action;
-        if (! method_exists($this, $list_table_view)) {
-            // user error msg
-            $error_msg = esc_html__(
-                'An error occurred. The requested list table views could not be found.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            );
-            // developer error msg
-            $error_msg .= '||'
-                          . sprintf(
-                              esc_html__(
-                                  'List table views for "%s" route could not be setup. Check that you have the corresponding method, "%s" set up for defining list_table_views for this route.',
-                                  'event_espresso'
-                              ),
-                              $this->_req_action,
-                              $list_table_view
-                          );
-            throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
-        }
-        $this->{$list_table_view}();
-        // let's provide the ability to filter the views per PAGE AND ROUTE, per PAGE, and globally
-        $this->_views = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE_list_table_views_' . $this->page_slug . '_' . $this->_req_action,
-            $this->_views
-        );
-        $this->_views = apply_filters('FHEE_list_table_views_' . $this->page_slug, $this->_views);
-        $this->_views = apply_filters('FHEE_list_table_views', $this->_views);
-        $this->_set_list_table_view();
-        $this->_set_list_table_object();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * set current view for List Table
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_list_table_view()
-    {
-        $this->_view = isset($this->_views['in_use']) ? 'in_use' : 'all';
-        $status      = $this->request->getRequestParam('status', null, DataType::KEY);
-        $this->_view = $status && array_key_exists($status, $this->_views)
-            ? $status
-            : $this->_view;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_list_table_object
-     * WP_List_Table objects need to be loaded fairly early so automatic stuff WP does is taken care of.
-     *
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _set_list_table_object()
-    {
-        if (isset($this->_route_config['list_table'])) {
-            if (! class_exists($this->_route_config['list_table'])) {
-                throw new EE_Error(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'The %s class defined for the list table does not exist.  Please check the spelling of the class ref in the $_page_config property on %s.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        $this->_route_config['list_table'],
-                        $this->class_name
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            $this->_list_table_object = $this->loader->getShared(
-                $this->_route_config['list_table'],
-                [
-                    $this,
-                    LoaderFactory::getShared(AdminListTableFilters::class),
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_list_table_view_RLs - get it? View RL ?? VU-RL???  URL ??
-     *
-     * @param array $extra_query_args                     Optional. An array of extra query args to add to the generated
-     *                                                    urls.  The array should be indexed by the view it is being
-     *                                                    added to.
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_list_table_view_RLs(array $extra_query_args = []): array
-    {
-        $extra_query_args = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page__get_list_table_view_RLs__extra_query_args',
-            $extra_query_args,
-            $this
-        );
-        $action_nonce = "{$this->_req_action}_nonce";
-        $nonce = wp_create_nonce($action_nonce);
-        // cycle thru views
-        foreach ($this->_views as $key => $view) {
-            $query_args = [];
-            if ( ! isset($this->_views[ $key ]['class'])) {
-                $this->_views[ $key ]['class'] = '';
-            }
-            // check for current view
-            $this->_views[ $key ]['class'] .= $this->_view === $view['slug'] ? ' current' : '';
-            $query_args['action']          = $this->_req_action;
-            $query_args[ $action_nonce ]   = $nonce;
-            $query_args['status']          = $view['slug'];
-            // merge any other arguments sent in.
-            if (isset($extra_query_args[ $view['slug'] ])) {
-                $query_args = array_merge($query_args, $extra_query_args[ $view['slug'] ]);
-            }
-            $this->_views[ $key ]['url'] = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, $this->_admin_base_url);
-        }
-        return $this->_views;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates a dropdown box for selecting the number of visible rows in an admin page list table
-     *
-     * @param int $max_entries total number of rows in the table
-     * @return string
-     * @todo   : Note: ideally this should be added to the screen options dropdown as that would be consistent with how
-     *                         WP does it.
-     */
-    protected function _entries_per_page_dropdown(int $max_entries = 0): string
-    {
-        $values   = [10, 25, 50, 100];
-        $per_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('per_page', 10, DataType::INT);
-        if ($max_entries) {
-            $values[] = $max_entries;
-            sort($values);
-        }
-        $entries_per_page_dropdown = '
+		$content .= $help_content;
+		if ($display) {
+			echo wp_kses($content, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
+			return '';
+		}
+		return $content;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_global_screen_options
+	 * Add any extra wp_screen_options within this method using built-in WP functions/methods for doing so.
+	 * This particular method will add_screen_options on ALL EE_Admin Pages
+	 *
+	 * @link   http://chrismarslender.com/wp-tutorials/wordpress-screen-options-tutorial/
+	 *         see also WP_Screen object documents...
+	 * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Class_Reference/WP_Screen
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _add_global_screen_options()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_global_feature_pointers
+	 * This method is used for implementing any "feature pointers" (using built-in WP styling js).
+	 * This particular method will implement feature pointers for ALL EE_Admin pages.
+	 * Note: this is just a placeholder for now.  Implementation will come down the road
+	 *
+	 * @see    WP_Internal_Pointers class in wp-admin/includes/template.php for example (it's a final class so can't be
+	 *         extended) also see:
+	 * @link   http://eamann.com/tech/wordpress-portland/
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _add_global_feature_pointers()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * load_global_scripts_styles
+	 * The scripts and styles enqueued in here will be loaded on every EE Admin page
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function load_global_scripts_styles()
+	{
+		// add debugging styles
+		if (WP_DEBUG) {
+			add_action('admin_head', [$this, 'add_xdebug_style']);
+		}
+		// taking care of metaboxes
+		if (
+			empty($this->_cpt_route)
+			&& (isset($this->_route_config['metaboxes']) || isset($this->_route_config['has_metaboxes']))
+		) {
+			wp_enqueue_script('dashboard');
+		}
+
+		wp_enqueue_script(JqueryAssetManager::JS_HANDLE_JQUERY_UI_TOUCH_PUNCH);
+		wp_enqueue_script(EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::JS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN);
+		// LOCALIZED DATA
+		// localize script for ajax lazy loading
+		wp_localize_script(
+			EspressoLegacyAdminAssetManager::JS_HANDLE_EE_ADMIN,
+			'eeLazyLoadingContainers',
+			apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Core__load_global_scripts_styles__loader_containers',
+				['espresso_news_post_box_content']
+			)
+		);
+		StatusChangeNotice::loadAssets();
+
+		add_filter(
+			'admin_body_class',
+			function ($classes) {
+				if (strpos($classes, 'espresso-admin') === false) {
+					$classes .= ' espresso-admin';
+				}
+				return $classes;
+			}
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        admin_footer_scripts_eei18n_js_strings
+	 *
+	 * @return        void
+	 */
+	public function admin_footer_scripts_eei18n_js_strings()
+	{
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['confirm_delete'] = wp_strip_all_tags(
+			__(
+				'Are you absolutely sure you want to delete this item?\nThis action will delete ALL DATA associated with this item!!!\nThis can NOT be undone!!!',
+				'event_espresso'
+			)
+		);
+		// now add months and days of the week
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['January']   = wp_strip_all_tags(__('January', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['February']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('February', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['March']     = wp_strip_all_tags(__('March', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['April']     = wp_strip_all_tags(__('April', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['May']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('May', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['June']      = wp_strip_all_tags(__('June', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['July']      = wp_strip_all_tags(__('July', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['August']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('August', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['September'] = wp_strip_all_tags(__('September', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['October']   = wp_strip_all_tags(__('October', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['November']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('November', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['December']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('December', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Jan']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Jan', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Feb']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Feb', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Mar']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Mar', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Apr']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Apr', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['May']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('May', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Jun']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Jun', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Jul']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Jul', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Aug']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Aug', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sep']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sep', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Oct']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Oct', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Nov']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Nov', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Dec']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Dec', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sunday']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sunday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Monday']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Monday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Tuesday']   = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Tuesday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Wednesday'] = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Wednesday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Thursday']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Thursday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Friday']    = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Friday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Saturday']  = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Saturday', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sun']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sun', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Mon']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Mon', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Tue']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Tue', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Wed']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Wed', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Thu']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Thu', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Fri']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Fri', 'event_espresso'));
+		EE_Registry::$i18n_js_strings['Sat']       = wp_strip_all_tags(__('Sat', 'event_espresso'));
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        load enhanced xdebug styles for ppl with failing eyesight
+	 *
+	 * @return        void
+	 */
+	public function add_xdebug_style()
+	{
+		echo '<style>.xdebug-error { font-size:1.5em; }</style>';
+	}
+
+
+	/************************/
+	/** LIST TABLE METHODS **/
+	/************************/
+	/**
+	 * this sets up the list table if the current view requires it.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _set_list_table()
+	{
+		// first is this a list_table view?
+		if (! isset($this->_route_config['list_table'])) {
+			return;
+		} //not a list_table view so get out.
+		// list table functions are per view specific (because some admin pages might have more than one list table!)
+		$list_table_view = '_set_list_table_views_' . $this->_req_action;
+		if (! method_exists($this, $list_table_view)) {
+			// user error msg
+			$error_msg = esc_html__(
+				'An error occurred. The requested list table views could not be found.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			);
+			// developer error msg
+			$error_msg .= '||'
+						  . sprintf(
+							  esc_html__(
+								  'List table views for "%s" route could not be setup. Check that you have the corresponding method, "%s" set up for defining list_table_views for this route.',
+								  'event_espresso'
+							  ),
+							  $this->_req_action,
+							  $list_table_view
+						  );
+			throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
+		}
+		$this->{$list_table_view}();
+		// let's provide the ability to filter the views per PAGE AND ROUTE, per PAGE, and globally
+		$this->_views = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE_list_table_views_' . $this->page_slug . '_' . $this->_req_action,
+			$this->_views
+		);
+		$this->_views = apply_filters('FHEE_list_table_views_' . $this->page_slug, $this->_views);
+		$this->_views = apply_filters('FHEE_list_table_views', $this->_views);
+		$this->_set_list_table_view();
+		$this->_set_list_table_object();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * set current view for List Table
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_list_table_view()
+	{
+		$this->_view = isset($this->_views['in_use']) ? 'in_use' : 'all';
+		$status      = $this->request->getRequestParam('status', null, DataType::KEY);
+		$this->_view = $status && array_key_exists($status, $this->_views)
+			? $status
+			: $this->_view;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_list_table_object
+	 * WP_List_Table objects need to be loaded fairly early so automatic stuff WP does is taken care of.
+	 *
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _set_list_table_object()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_route_config['list_table'])) {
+			if (! class_exists($this->_route_config['list_table'])) {
+				throw new EE_Error(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'The %s class defined for the list table does not exist.  Please check the spelling of the class ref in the $_page_config property on %s.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						$this->_route_config['list_table'],
+						$this->class_name
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			$this->_list_table_object = $this->loader->getShared(
+				$this->_route_config['list_table'],
+				[
+					$this,
+					LoaderFactory::getShared(AdminListTableFilters::class),
+				]
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_list_table_view_RLs - get it? View RL ?? VU-RL???  URL ??
+	 *
+	 * @param array $extra_query_args                     Optional. An array of extra query args to add to the generated
+	 *                                                    urls.  The array should be indexed by the view it is being
+	 *                                                    added to.
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_list_table_view_RLs(array $extra_query_args = []): array
+	{
+		$extra_query_args = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page__get_list_table_view_RLs__extra_query_args',
+			$extra_query_args,
+			$this
+		);
+		$action_nonce = "{$this->_req_action}_nonce";
+		$nonce = wp_create_nonce($action_nonce);
+		// cycle thru views
+		foreach ($this->_views as $key => $view) {
+			$query_args = [];
+			if ( ! isset($this->_views[ $key ]['class'])) {
+				$this->_views[ $key ]['class'] = '';
+			}
+			// check for current view
+			$this->_views[ $key ]['class'] .= $this->_view === $view['slug'] ? ' current' : '';
+			$query_args['action']          = $this->_req_action;
+			$query_args[ $action_nonce ]   = $nonce;
+			$query_args['status']          = $view['slug'];
+			// merge any other arguments sent in.
+			if (isset($extra_query_args[ $view['slug'] ])) {
+				$query_args = array_merge($query_args, $extra_query_args[ $view['slug'] ]);
+			}
+			$this->_views[ $key ]['url'] = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, $this->_admin_base_url);
+		}
+		return $this->_views;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates a dropdown box for selecting the number of visible rows in an admin page list table
+	 *
+	 * @param int $max_entries total number of rows in the table
+	 * @return string
+	 * @todo   : Note: ideally this should be added to the screen options dropdown as that would be consistent with how
+	 *                         WP does it.
+	 */
+	protected function _entries_per_page_dropdown(int $max_entries = 0): string
+	{
+		$values   = [10, 25, 50, 100];
+		$per_page = $this->request->getRequestParam('per_page', 10, DataType::INT);
+		if ($max_entries) {
+			$values[] = $max_entries;
+			sort($values);
+		}
+		$entries_per_page_dropdown = '
 			<div id="entries-per-page-dv" class="alignleft actions">
 				<label class="hide-if-no-js">
 					Show
 					<select id="entries-per-page-slct" name="entries-per-page-slct">';
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            if ($value < $max_entries) {
-                $selected                  = $value === $per_page ? ' selected="' . $per_page . '"' : '';
-                $entries_per_page_dropdown .= '
+		foreach ($values as $value) {
+			if ($value < $max_entries) {
+				$selected                  = $value === $per_page ? ' selected="' . $per_page . '"' : '';
+				$entries_per_page_dropdown .= '
 						<option value="' . $value . '"' . $selected . '>' . $value . '&nbsp;&nbsp;</option>';
-            }
-        }
-        $selected                  = $max_entries === $per_page ? ' selected="' . $per_page . '"' : '';
-        $entries_per_page_dropdown .= '
+			}
+		}
+		$selected                  = $max_entries === $per_page ? ' selected="' . $per_page . '"' : '';
+		$entries_per_page_dropdown .= '
 						<option value="' . $max_entries . '"' . $selected . '>All&nbsp;&nbsp;</option>';
-        $entries_per_page_dropdown .= '
+		$entries_per_page_dropdown .= '
 					</select>
 					entries
 				</label>
 				<input id="entries-per-page-btn" class="button button--secondary" type="submit" value="Go" >
 			</div>
 		';
-        return $entries_per_page_dropdown;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        _set_search_attributes
-     *
-     * @return        void
-     */
-    public function _set_search_attributes()
-    {
-        $this->_template_args['search']['btn_label'] = sprintf(
-            esc_html__('Search %s', 'event_espresso'),
-            empty($this->_search_btn_label) ? $this->page_label
-                : $this->_search_btn_label
-        );
-        $this->_template_args['search']['callback']  = 'search_' . $this->page_slug;
-    }
-
-
-
-    /*** END LIST TABLE METHODS **/
-
-    /**
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function addRegisteredMetaBoxes()
-    {
-        remove_action('add_meta_boxes', [$this, 'addRegisteredMetaBoxes'], 99);
-        $this->_add_registered_meta_boxes();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_registered_metaboxes
-     *  this loads any registered metaboxes via the 'metaboxes' index in the _page_config property array.
-     *
-     * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/add_meta_box
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _add_registered_meta_boxes()
-    {
-        // we only add meta boxes if the page_route calls for it
-        if (isset($this->_route_config['metaboxes']) && is_array($this->_route_config['metaboxes'])) {
-            // this simply loops through the callbacks provided
-            // and checks if there is a corresponding callback registered by the child
-            // if there is then we go ahead and process the metabox loader.
-            foreach ($this->_route_config['metaboxes'] as $key => $metabox_callback) {
-                // first check for Closures
-                if ($metabox_callback instanceof Closure) {
-                    $result = $metabox_callback();
-                } elseif (is_callable($metabox_callback)) {
-                    $result = call_user_func($metabox_callback);
-                } elseif (method_exists($this, $metabox_callback)) {
-                    $result = $this->{$metabox_callback}();
-                } else {
-                    $result = false;
-                }
-                if ($result === false) {
-                    // user error msg
-                    $error_msg = esc_html__(
-                        'An error occurred. The  requested metabox could not be found.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    );
-                    // developer error msg
-                    $error_msg .= '||'
-                                  . sprintf(
-                                      esc_html__(
-                                          'The metabox with the string "%s" could not be called. Check that the spelling for method names and actions in the "_page_config[\'metaboxes\']" array are all correct.',
-                                          'event_espresso'
-                                      ),
-                                      $metabox_callback
-                                  );
-                    throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
-                }
-                unset($this->_route_config['metaboxes'][ $key ]);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _add_screen_columns
-     * This will check the _page_config array and if there is "columns" key index indicated, we'll set the template as
-     * the dynamic column template and we'll set up the column options for the page.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _add_screen_columns()
-    {
-        if (
-            isset($this->_route_config['columns'])
-            && is_array($this->_route_config['columns'])
-            && count($this->_route_config['columns']) === 2
-        ) {
-            add_screen_option(
-                'layout_columns',
-                [
-                    'max'     => (int) $this->_route_config['columns'][0],
-                    'default' => (int) $this->_route_config['columns'][1],
-                ]
-            );
-            $this->_template_args['num_columns']                 = $this->_route_config['columns'][0];
-            $screen_id                                           = $this->_current_screen->id;
-            $screen_columns                                      = (int) get_user_option("screen_layout_$screen_id");
-            $total_columns                                       = ! empty($screen_columns)
-                ? $screen_columns
-                : $this->_route_config['columns'][1];
-            $this->_template_args['current_screen_widget_class'] = 'columns-' . $total_columns;
-            $this->_template_args['current_page']                = $this->_wp_page_slug;
-            $this->_template_args['screen']                      = $this->_current_screen;
-            $this->_column_template_path                         = EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE
-                                                                   . 'admin_details_metabox_column_wrapper.template.php';
-            // finally if we don't have has_metaboxes set in the route config
-            // let's make sure it IS set otherwise the necessary hidden fields for this won't be loaded.
-            $this->_route_config['has_metaboxes'] = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-
-    /** GLOBALLY AVAILABLE METABOXES **/
-
-
-    /**
-     * In this section we put any globally available EE metaboxes for all EE Admin pages.  They are called by simply
-     * referencing the callback in the _page_config array property.  This way you can be very specific about what pages
-     * these get loaded on.
-     */
-    private function _espresso_news_post_box()
-    {
-        $news_box_title = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___espresso_news_post_box__news_box_title',
-            esc_html__('New @ Event Espresso', 'event_espresso')
-        );
-        $this->addMetaBox(
-            'espresso_news_post_box',
-            $news_box_title,
-            [
-                $this,
-                'espresso_news_post_box',
-            ],
-            $this->_wp_page_slug,
-            'side',
-            'low'
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Code for setting up espresso ratings request metabox.
-     */
-    protected function _espresso_ratings_request()
-    {
-        if (! apply_filters('FHEE_show_ratings_request_meta_box', true)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $ratings_box_title = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___espresso_news_post_box__news_box_title',
-            esc_html__('Keep Event Espresso Decaf Free', 'event_espresso')
-        );
-        $this->addMetaBox(
-            'espresso_ratings_request',
-            $ratings_box_title,
-            [
-                $this,
-                'espresso_ratings_request',
-            ],
-            $this->_wp_page_slug,
-            'side'
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Code for setting up espresso ratings request metabox content.
-     *
-     * @throws DomainException
-     */
-    public function espresso_ratings_request()
-    {
-        EEH_Template::display_template(EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'espresso_ratings_request_content.template.php');
-    }
-
-
-    public static function cached_rss_display(string $rss_id, string $url): bool
-    {
-        $loading   = '<p class="widget-loading hide-if-no-js">'
-                     . esc_html__('Loading&#8230;', 'event_espresso')
-                     . '</p><p class="hide-if-js">'
-                     . esc_html__('This widget requires JavaScript.', 'event_espresso')
-                     . '</p>';
-        $pre       = '<div class="espresso-rss-display">' . "\n\t";
-        $pre       .= '<span id="' . esc_attr($rss_id) . '_url" class="hidden">' . esc_url_raw($url) . '</span>';
-        $post      = '</div>' . "\n";
-        $cache_key = 'ee_rss_' . md5($rss_id);
-        $output    = get_transient($cache_key);
-        if ($output !== false) {
-            echo wp_kses($pre . $output . $post, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (! (defined('DOING_AJAX') && DOING_AJAX)) {
-            echo wp_kses($pre . $loading . $post, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
-            return false;
-        }
-        ob_start();
-        wp_widget_rss_output($url, ['show_date' => 0, 'items' => 5]);
-        set_transient($cache_key, ob_get_flush(), 12 * HOUR_IN_SECONDS);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-
-    public function espresso_news_post_box()
-    {
-        ?>
+		return $entries_per_page_dropdown;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        _set_search_attributes
+	 *
+	 * @return        void
+	 */
+	public function _set_search_attributes()
+	{
+		$this->_template_args['search']['btn_label'] = sprintf(
+			esc_html__('Search %s', 'event_espresso'),
+			empty($this->_search_btn_label) ? $this->page_label
+				: $this->_search_btn_label
+		);
+		$this->_template_args['search']['callback']  = 'search_' . $this->page_slug;
+	}
+
+
+
+	/*** END LIST TABLE METHODS **/
+
+	/**
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function addRegisteredMetaBoxes()
+	{
+		remove_action('add_meta_boxes', [$this, 'addRegisteredMetaBoxes'], 99);
+		$this->_add_registered_meta_boxes();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_registered_metaboxes
+	 *  this loads any registered metaboxes via the 'metaboxes' index in the _page_config property array.
+	 *
+	 * @link   http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/add_meta_box
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _add_registered_meta_boxes()
+	{
+		// we only add meta boxes if the page_route calls for it
+		if (isset($this->_route_config['metaboxes']) && is_array($this->_route_config['metaboxes'])) {
+			// this simply loops through the callbacks provided
+			// and checks if there is a corresponding callback registered by the child
+			// if there is then we go ahead and process the metabox loader.
+			foreach ($this->_route_config['metaboxes'] as $key => $metabox_callback) {
+				// first check for Closures
+				if ($metabox_callback instanceof Closure) {
+					$result = $metabox_callback();
+				} elseif (is_callable($metabox_callback)) {
+					$result = call_user_func($metabox_callback);
+				} elseif (method_exists($this, $metabox_callback)) {
+					$result = $this->{$metabox_callback}();
+				} else {
+					$result = false;
+				}
+				if ($result === false) {
+					// user error msg
+					$error_msg = esc_html__(
+						'An error occurred. The  requested metabox could not be found.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					);
+					// developer error msg
+					$error_msg .= '||'
+								  . sprintf(
+									  esc_html__(
+										  'The metabox with the string "%s" could not be called. Check that the spelling for method names and actions in the "_page_config[\'metaboxes\']" array are all correct.',
+										  'event_espresso'
+									  ),
+									  $metabox_callback
+								  );
+					throw new EE_Error($error_msg);
+				}
+				unset($this->_route_config['metaboxes'][ $key ]);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _add_screen_columns
+	 * This will check the _page_config array and if there is "columns" key index indicated, we'll set the template as
+	 * the dynamic column template and we'll set up the column options for the page.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _add_screen_columns()
+	{
+		if (
+			isset($this->_route_config['columns'])
+			&& is_array($this->_route_config['columns'])
+			&& count($this->_route_config['columns']) === 2
+		) {
+			add_screen_option(
+				'layout_columns',
+				[
+					'max'     => (int) $this->_route_config['columns'][0],
+					'default' => (int) $this->_route_config['columns'][1],
+				]
+			);
+			$this->_template_args['num_columns']                 = $this->_route_config['columns'][0];
+			$screen_id                                           = $this->_current_screen->id;
+			$screen_columns                                      = (int) get_user_option("screen_layout_$screen_id");
+			$total_columns                                       = ! empty($screen_columns)
+				? $screen_columns
+				: $this->_route_config['columns'][1];
+			$this->_template_args['current_screen_widget_class'] = 'columns-' . $total_columns;
+			$this->_template_args['current_page']                = $this->_wp_page_slug;
+			$this->_template_args['screen']                      = $this->_current_screen;
+			$this->_column_template_path                         = EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE
+																   . 'admin_details_metabox_column_wrapper.template.php';
+			// finally if we don't have has_metaboxes set in the route config
+			// let's make sure it IS set otherwise the necessary hidden fields for this won't be loaded.
+			$this->_route_config['has_metaboxes'] = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+	/** GLOBALLY AVAILABLE METABOXES **/
+
+
+	/**
+	 * In this section we put any globally available EE metaboxes for all EE Admin pages.  They are called by simply
+	 * referencing the callback in the _page_config array property.  This way you can be very specific about what pages
+	 * these get loaded on.
+	 */
+	private function _espresso_news_post_box()
+	{
+		$news_box_title = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___espresso_news_post_box__news_box_title',
+			esc_html__('New @ Event Espresso', 'event_espresso')
+		);
+		$this->addMetaBox(
+			'espresso_news_post_box',
+			$news_box_title,
+			[
+				$this,
+				'espresso_news_post_box',
+			],
+			$this->_wp_page_slug,
+			'side',
+			'low'
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Code for setting up espresso ratings request metabox.
+	 */
+	protected function _espresso_ratings_request()
+	{
+		if (! apply_filters('FHEE_show_ratings_request_meta_box', true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$ratings_box_title = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___espresso_news_post_box__news_box_title',
+			esc_html__('Keep Event Espresso Decaf Free', 'event_espresso')
+		);
+		$this->addMetaBox(
+			'espresso_ratings_request',
+			$ratings_box_title,
+			[
+				$this,
+				'espresso_ratings_request',
+			],
+			$this->_wp_page_slug,
+			'side'
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Code for setting up espresso ratings request metabox content.
+	 *
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 */
+	public function espresso_ratings_request()
+	{
+		EEH_Template::display_template(EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'espresso_ratings_request_content.template.php');
+	}
+
+
+	public static function cached_rss_display(string $rss_id, string $url): bool
+	{
+		$loading   = '<p class="widget-loading hide-if-no-js">'
+					 . esc_html__('Loading&#8230;', 'event_espresso')
+					 . '</p><p class="hide-if-js">'
+					 . esc_html__('This widget requires JavaScript.', 'event_espresso')
+					 . '</p>';
+		$pre       = '<div class="espresso-rss-display">' . "\n\t";
+		$pre       .= '<span id="' . esc_attr($rss_id) . '_url" class="hidden">' . esc_url_raw($url) . '</span>';
+		$post      = '</div>' . "\n";
+		$cache_key = 'ee_rss_' . md5($rss_id);
+		$output    = get_transient($cache_key);
+		if ($output !== false) {
+			echo wp_kses($pre . $output . $post, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (! (defined('DOING_AJAX') && DOING_AJAX)) {
+			echo wp_kses($pre . $loading . $post, AllowedTags::getWithFormTags());
+			return false;
+		}
+		ob_start();
+		wp_widget_rss_output($url, ['show_date' => 0, 'items' => 5]);
+		set_transient($cache_key, ob_get_flush(), 12 * HOUR_IN_SECONDS);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+
+	public function espresso_news_post_box()
+	{
+		?>
 <div class="padding">
     <div id="espresso_news_post_box_content" class="infolinks">
         <?php
-                // Get RSS Feed(s)
-                EE_Admin_Page::cached_rss_display(
-                    'espresso_news_post_box_content',
-                    esc_url_raw(
-                        apply_filters(
-                            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page__espresso_news_post_box__feed_url',
-                            'https://eventespresso.com/api/feed/'
-                        )
-                    )
-                );
-        ?>
+				// Get RSS Feed(s)
+				EE_Admin_Page::cached_rss_display(
+					'espresso_news_post_box_content',
+					esc_url_raw(
+						apply_filters(
+							'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page__espresso_news_post_box__feed_url',
+							'https://eventespresso.com/api/feed/'
+						)
+					)
+				);
+		?>
     </div>
     <?php do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page__espresso_news_post_box__after_content'); ?>
 </div>
 <?php
-    }
-
-
-    private function _espresso_links_post_box()
-    {
-        // Hiding until we actually have content to put in here...
-        // $this->addMetaBox('espresso_links_post_box', esc_html__('Helpful Plugin Links', 'event_espresso'), array( $this, 'espresso_links_post_box'), $this->_wp_page_slug, 'side');
-    }
-
-
-    public function espresso_links_post_box()
-    {
-        // Hiding until we actually have content to put in here...
-        // EEH_Template::display_template(
-        //     EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_general_metabox_contents_espresso_links.template.php'
-        // );
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _espresso_sponsors_post_box()
-    {
-        if (apply_filters('FHEE_show_sponsors_meta_box', true)) {
-            $this->addMetaBox(
-                'espresso_sponsors_post_box',
-                esc_html__('Event Espresso Highlights', 'event_espresso'),
-                [$this, 'espresso_sponsors_post_box'],
-                $this->_wp_page_slug,
-                'side'
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    public function espresso_sponsors_post_box()
-    {
-        EEH_Template::display_template(
-            EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_general_metabox_contents_espresso_sponsors.template.php'
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * if there is [ 'label' => [ 'publishbox' => 'some title' ]]
-     * present in the _page_config array, then we'll use that for the metabox label.
-     * Otherwise we'll just use publish
-     * (publishbox itself could be an array of labels indexed by routes)
-     *
-     * @return string
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    protected function getPublishBoxTitle(): string
-    {
-        $publish_box_title = esc_html__('Publish', 'event_espresso');
-        if (! empty($this->_labels['publishbox'])) {
-            if (is_array($this->_labels['publishbox'])) {
-                $publish_box_title = $this->_labels['publishbox'][ $this->_req_action ] ?? $publish_box_title;
-            } else {
-                $publish_box_title = $this->_labels['publishbox'];
-            }
-        }
-        return apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___publish_post_box__box_label',
-            $publish_box_title,
-            $this->_req_action,
-            $this
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    private function _publish_post_box()
-    {
-        $title = $this->getPublishBoxTitle();
-        if (empty($this->_template_args['save_buttons'])) {
-            $this->_set_publish_post_box_vars(sanitize_key($title), "espresso_{$this->page_slug}_editor_overview");
-        } else {
-            $this->addPublishPostMetaBoxHiddenFields(
-                sanitize_key($title),
-                ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => "espresso_{$this->page_slug}_editor_overview"]
-            );
-        }
-        $this->addMetaBox(
-            "espresso_{$this->page_slug}_editor_overview",
-            $title,
-            [$this, 'editor_overview'],
-            $this->_current_screen->id,
-            'side',
-            'high'
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    public function editor_overview()
-    {
-        /**
-         * @var string $publish_box_extra_content
-         * @var string $publish_hidden_fields
-         * @var string $publish_delete_link
-         * @var string $save_buttons
-         */
-        // if we have extra content set let's add it in if not make sure its empty
-        $this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] = $this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] ?? '';
-        echo EEH_Template::display_template(
-            EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_publish_metabox.template.php',
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /** end of globally available metaboxes section **/
-
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the _template_args arguments used by the _publish_post_box shortcut
-     * Note: currently there is no validation for this.  However, if you want the delete button, the
-     * save, and save and close buttons to work properly, then you will want to include a
-     * values for the name and id arguments.
-     *
-     * @param string|null $name                     key used for the action ID (i.e. event_id)
-     * @param int|string  $id                       id attached to the item published
-     * @param string|null $delete                   page route callback for the delete action
-     * @param string|null $save_close_redirect_URL  custom URL to redirect to after Save & Close has been completed
-     * @param bool        $both_btns                whether to display BOTH the "Save & Close" and "Save" buttons
-     *                                              or just the "Save" button
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @todo  Add in validation for name/id arguments.
-     */
-    protected function _set_publish_post_box_vars(
-        ?string $name = '',
-        $id = 0,
-        ?string $delete = '',
-        ?string $save_close_redirect_URL = '',
-        bool $both_btns = true
-    ) {
-        // if Save & Close, use a custom redirect URL or default to the main page?
-        $save_close_redirect_URL = ! empty($save_close_redirect_URL)
-            ? $save_close_redirect_URL
-            : $this->_admin_base_url;
-        // create the Save & Close and Save buttons
-        $this->_set_save_buttons($both_btns, [], [], $save_close_redirect_URL);
-        // if we have extra content set let's add it in if not make sure its empty
-        $this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] = $this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] ?? '';
-        if ($delete && ! empty($id) && empty($this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'])) {
-            // make sure we have a default if just true is sent.
-            $delete                                      = ! empty($delete) ? $delete : 'delete';
-            $this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'] = $this->get_action_link_or_button(
-                $delete,
-                $delete,
-                [$name => $id],
-                'submitdelete deletion button button--outline button--caution'
-            );
-        }
-        if (! isset($this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'])) {
-            $this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'] = '';
-        }
-        if (! empty($name) && ! empty($id)) {
-            $this->addPublishPostMetaBoxHiddenFields($name, ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $id]);
-        }
-        $hidden_fields = $this->_generate_admin_form_fields($this->publish_post_meta_box_hidden_fields, 'array');
-        // add hidden fields
-        $this->_template_args['publish_hidden_fields'] = $this->_template_args['publish_hidden_fields'] ?? '';
-        foreach ($hidden_fields as $hidden_field) {
-            $this->_template_args['publish_hidden_fields'] .= $hidden_field['field'] ?? '';
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string|null $name
-     * @param int|string  $id
-     * @param string|null $delete
-     * @param string|null $save_close_redirect_URL
-     * @param bool        $both_btns
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function set_publish_post_box_vars(
-        ?string $name = '',
-        $id = 0,
-        ?string $delete = '',
-        ?string $save_close_redirect_URL = '',
-        bool $both_btns = false
-    ) {
-        $this->_set_publish_post_box_vars($name, $id, $delete, $save_close_redirect_URL, $both_btns);
-    }
-
-
-    protected function addPublishPostMetaBoxHiddenFields(string $field_name, array $field_attributes)
-    {
-        $this->publish_post_meta_box_hidden_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_attributes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * displays an error message to ppl who have javascript disabled
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _display_no_javascript_warning()
-    {
-        ?>
+	}
+
+
+	private function _espresso_links_post_box()
+	{
+		// Hiding until we actually have content to put in here...
+		// $this->addMetaBox('espresso_links_post_box', esc_html__('Helpful Plugin Links', 'event_espresso'), array( $this, 'espresso_links_post_box'), $this->_wp_page_slug, 'side');
+	}
+
+
+	public function espresso_links_post_box()
+	{
+		// Hiding until we actually have content to put in here...
+		// EEH_Template::display_template(
+		//     EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_general_metabox_contents_espresso_links.template.php'
+		// );
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _espresso_sponsors_post_box()
+	{
+		if (apply_filters('FHEE_show_sponsors_meta_box', true)) {
+			$this->addMetaBox(
+				'espresso_sponsors_post_box',
+				esc_html__('Event Espresso Highlights', 'event_espresso'),
+				[$this, 'espresso_sponsors_post_box'],
+				$this->_wp_page_slug,
+				'side'
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	public function espresso_sponsors_post_box()
+	{
+		EEH_Template::display_template(
+			EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_general_metabox_contents_espresso_sponsors.template.php'
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * if there is [ 'label' => [ 'publishbox' => 'some title' ]]
+	 * present in the _page_config array, then we'll use that for the metabox label.
+	 * Otherwise we'll just use publish
+	 * (publishbox itself could be an array of labels indexed by routes)
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	protected function getPublishBoxTitle(): string
+	{
+		$publish_box_title = esc_html__('Publish', 'event_espresso');
+		if (! empty($this->_labels['publishbox'])) {
+			if (is_array($this->_labels['publishbox'])) {
+				$publish_box_title = $this->_labels['publishbox'][ $this->_req_action ] ?? $publish_box_title;
+			} else {
+				$publish_box_title = $this->_labels['publishbox'];
+			}
+		}
+		return apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___publish_post_box__box_label',
+			$publish_box_title,
+			$this->_req_action,
+			$this
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	private function _publish_post_box()
+	{
+		$title = $this->getPublishBoxTitle();
+		if (empty($this->_template_args['save_buttons'])) {
+			$this->_set_publish_post_box_vars(sanitize_key($title), "espresso_{$this->page_slug}_editor_overview");
+		} else {
+			$this->addPublishPostMetaBoxHiddenFields(
+				sanitize_key($title),
+				['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => "espresso_{$this->page_slug}_editor_overview"]
+			);
+		}
+		$this->addMetaBox(
+			"espresso_{$this->page_slug}_editor_overview",
+			$title,
+			[$this, 'editor_overview'],
+			$this->_current_screen->id,
+			'side',
+			'high'
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	public function editor_overview()
+	{
+		/**
+		 * @var string $publish_box_extra_content
+		 * @var string $publish_hidden_fields
+		 * @var string $publish_delete_link
+		 * @var string $save_buttons
+		 */
+		// if we have extra content set let's add it in if not make sure its empty
+		$this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] = $this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] ?? '';
+		echo EEH_Template::display_template(
+			EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_publish_metabox.template.php',
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/** end of globally available metaboxes section **/
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the _template_args arguments used by the _publish_post_box shortcut
+	 * Note: currently there is no validation for this.  However, if you want the delete button, the
+	 * save, and save and close buttons to work properly, then you will want to include a
+	 * values for the name and id arguments.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|null $name                     key used for the action ID (i.e. event_id)
+	 * @param int|string  $id                       id attached to the item published
+	 * @param string|null $delete                   page route callback for the delete action
+	 * @param string|null $save_close_redirect_URL  custom URL to redirect to after Save & Close has been completed
+	 * @param bool        $both_btns                whether to display BOTH the "Save & Close" and "Save" buttons
+	 *                                              or just the "Save" button
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @todo  Add in validation for name/id arguments.
+	 */
+	protected function _set_publish_post_box_vars(
+		?string $name = '',
+		$id = 0,
+		?string $delete = '',
+		?string $save_close_redirect_URL = '',
+		bool $both_btns = true
+	) {
+		// if Save & Close, use a custom redirect URL or default to the main page?
+		$save_close_redirect_URL = ! empty($save_close_redirect_URL)
+			? $save_close_redirect_URL
+			: $this->_admin_base_url;
+		// create the Save & Close and Save buttons
+		$this->_set_save_buttons($both_btns, [], [], $save_close_redirect_URL);
+		// if we have extra content set let's add it in if not make sure its empty
+		$this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] = $this->_template_args['publish_box_extra_content'] ?? '';
+		if ($delete && ! empty($id) && empty($this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'])) {
+			// make sure we have a default if just true is sent.
+			$delete                                      = ! empty($delete) ? $delete : 'delete';
+			$this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'] = $this->get_action_link_or_button(
+				$delete,
+				$delete,
+				[$name => $id],
+				'submitdelete deletion button button--outline button--caution'
+			);
+		}
+		if (! isset($this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'])) {
+			$this->_template_args['publish_delete_link'] = '';
+		}
+		if (! empty($name) && ! empty($id)) {
+			$this->addPublishPostMetaBoxHiddenFields($name, ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $id]);
+		}
+		$hidden_fields = $this->_generate_admin_form_fields($this->publish_post_meta_box_hidden_fields, 'array');
+		// add hidden fields
+		$this->_template_args['publish_hidden_fields'] = $this->_template_args['publish_hidden_fields'] ?? '';
+		foreach ($hidden_fields as $hidden_field) {
+			$this->_template_args['publish_hidden_fields'] .= $hidden_field['field'] ?? '';
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string|null $name
+	 * @param int|string  $id
+	 * @param string|null $delete
+	 * @param string|null $save_close_redirect_URL
+	 * @param bool        $both_btns
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function set_publish_post_box_vars(
+		?string $name = '',
+		$id = 0,
+		?string $delete = '',
+		?string $save_close_redirect_URL = '',
+		bool $both_btns = false
+	) {
+		$this->_set_publish_post_box_vars($name, $id, $delete, $save_close_redirect_URL, $both_btns);
+	}
+
+
+	protected function addPublishPostMetaBoxHiddenFields(string $field_name, array $field_attributes)
+	{
+		$this->publish_post_meta_box_hidden_fields[ $field_name ] = $field_attributes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * displays an error message to ppl who have javascript disabled
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _display_no_javascript_warning()
+	{
+		?>
 <noscript>
     <div id="no-js-message" class="error">
         <p style="font-size:1.3em;">
             <span style="color:red;"><?php esc_html_e('Warning!', 'event_espresso'); ?></span>
             <?php esc_html_e(
-                'Javascript is currently turned off for your browser. Javascript must be enabled in order for all of the features on this page to function properly. Please turn your javascript back on.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            ); ?>
+				'Javascript is currently turned off for your browser. Javascript must be enabled in order for all of the features on this page to function properly. Please turn your javascript back on.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			); ?>
         </p>
     </div>
 </noscript>
 <?php
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * displays espresso success and/or error notices
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _display_espresso_notices()
-    {
-        $notices = (array) $this->_get_transient(true);
-        foreach ($notices as $notice) {
-            echo $notice ? stripslashes($notice) : '';
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * spinny things pacify the masses
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _add_admin_page_ajax_loading_img()
-    {
-        ?>
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * displays espresso success and/or error notices
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _display_espresso_notices()
+	{
+		$notices = (array) $this->_get_transient(true);
+		foreach ($notices as $notice) {
+			echo $notice ? stripslashes($notice) : '';
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * spinny things pacify the masses
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _add_admin_page_ajax_loading_img()
+	{
+		?>
 <div id="espresso-ajax-loading" class="ajax-loading-grey">
     <span class="ee-spinner ee-spin"></span><span class="hidden"><?php
-                esc_html_e('loading...', 'event_espresso'); ?></span>
+				esc_html_e('loading...', 'event_espresso'); ?></span>
 </div>
 <?php
-    }
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * add admin page overlay for modal boxes
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _add_admin_page_overlay()
-    {
-        ?>
+	/**
+	 * add admin page overlay for modal boxes
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _add_admin_page_overlay()
+	{
+		?>
 <div id="espresso-admin-page-overlay-dv" class=""></div>
 <?php
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * facade for $this->addMetaBox()
-     *
-     * @param string   $action        where the metabox gets displayed
-     * @param string   $title         Title of Metabox (output in metabox header)
-     * @param callable $callback      If not empty and $create_fun is set to false then we'll use a custom callback
-     *                                instead of the one created in here.
-     * @param array    $callback_args an array of args supplied for the metabox
-     * @param string   $column        what metabox column
-     * @param string   $priority      give this metabox a priority (using accepted priorities for wp meta boxes)
-     * @param bool     $create_func   default is true.  Basically we can say we don't WANT to have the runtime function
-     *                                created but just set our own callback for wp's add_meta_box.
-     * @throws DomainException
-     */
-    public function _add_admin_page_meta_box(
-        string $action,
-        string $title,
-        callable $callback,
-        array $callback_args,
-        string $column = 'normal',
-        string $priority = 'high',
-        bool $create_func = true
-    ) {
-        // if we have empty callback args and we want to automatically create the metabox callback then we need to make sure the callback args are generated.
-        if (empty($callback_args) && $create_func) {
-            $callback_args = [
-                'template_path' => $this->_template_path,
-                'template_args' => $this->_template_args,
-            ];
-        }
-        // if $create_func is true (default) then we automatically create the function for displaying the actual meta box.  If false then we take the $callback reference passed through and use it instead (so callers can define their own callback function/method if they wish)
-        $call_back_func = $create_func
-            ? static function ($post, $metabox) {
-                echo EEH_Template::display_template(
-                    $metabox['args']['template_path'],
-                    $metabox['args']['template_args'],
-                    true
-                );
-            }
-            : $callback;
-        $this->addMetaBox(
-            str_replace('_', '-', $action) . '-mbox',
-            $title,
-            $call_back_func,
-            $this->_wp_page_slug,
-            $column,
-            $priority,
-            $callback_args
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates HTML wrapper for and admin details page that contains metaboxes in columns
-     *
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function display_admin_page_with_metabox_columns()
-    {
-        $this->_template_args['post_body_content']  = $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'];
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
-            $this->_column_template_path,
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-        // the final wrapper
-        $this->admin_page_wrapper();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates  HTML wrapper for an admin details page
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function display_admin_page_with_sidebar()
-    {
-        $this->_display_admin_page(true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates  HTML wrapper for an admin details page (except no sidebar)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function display_admin_page_with_no_sidebar()
-    {
-        $this->_display_admin_page();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates HTML wrapper for an EE about admin page (no sidebar)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function display_about_admin_page()
-    {
-        $this->_display_admin_page(false, true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * display_admin_page
-     * contains the code for actually displaying an admin page
-     *
-     * @param bool $sidebar true with sidebar, false without
-     * @param bool $about   use the About admin wrapper instead of the default.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    private function _display_admin_page(bool $sidebar = false, bool $about = false): void
-    {
-        // custom remove metaboxes hook to add or remove any metaboxes to/from Admin pages.
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_page__modify_metaboxes');
-
-        // set current wp page slug - looks like: event-espresso_page_event_categories
-        // keep in mind "event-espresso" COULD be something else if the top level menu label has been translated.
-        $post_body_content = $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] ?? '';
-
-        $this->_template_args['add_page_frame'] = $this->_req_action !== 'system_status'
-                                                  && $this->_req_action !== 'data_reset'
-                                                  && $this->_wp_page_slug !== 'event-espresso_page_espresso_packages'
-                                                  && strpos($post_body_content, 'wp-list-table') === false;
-
-        $this->_template_args['current_page']                 = $this->_wp_page_slug;
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_wrapper_div_id']    = $this->_cpt_route
-            ? 'poststuff'
-            : 'espresso-default-admin';
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_wrapper_div_class'] = str_replace(
-            'event-espresso_page_espresso_',
-            '',
-            $this->_wp_page_slug
-        ) . ' ' . $this->_req_action . '-route';
-
-        $template_path = $sidebar
-            ? EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper.template.php'
-            : EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper_no_sidebar.template.php';
-
-        $this->_template_args['is_ajax'] = $this->request->isAjax();
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $template_path = EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper_no_sidebar_ajax.template.php';
-        }
-        $template_path = ! empty($this->_column_template_path) ? $this->_column_template_path : $template_path;
-
-        $this->_template_args['post_body_content']         = $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] ?? '';
-        $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] = $post_body_content;
-        $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content']  = $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] ?? '';
-
-        // ensure $post_type and $post are set
-        // to prevent WooCommerce from blowing things up if not using CPT
-        global $post_type, $post;
-        $this->_template_args['post_type'] = $post_type ?? '';
-        $this->_template_args['post']  = $post ?? new WP_Post((object) [ 'ID' => 0, 'filter' => 'raw' ]);
-
-        $this->_template_args['post_body_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
-            EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper_post_body_content.template.php',
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
-            $template_path,
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-        // the final template wrapper
-        $this->admin_page_wrapper($about);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is used to display caf preview pages.
-     *
-     * @param string $utm_campaign_source what is the key used for Google Analytics link
-     * @param bool   $display_sidebar     whether to use the sidebar template or the full template for the page.  TRUE
-     *                                    = SHOW sidebar, FALSE = no sidebar. Default no sidebar.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @since 4.3.2
-     */
-    public function display_admin_caf_preview_page(string $utm_campaign_source = '', bool $display_sidebar = true)
-    {
-        // let's generate a default preview action button if there isn't one already present.
-        $this->_labels['buttons']['buy_now']           = esc_html__(
-            'Upgrade to Event Espresso 4 Right Now',
-            'event_espresso'
-        );
-        $buy_now_url                                   = add_query_arg(
-            [
-                'ee_ver'       => 'ee4',
-                'utm_source'   => 'ee4_plugin_admin',
-                'utm_medium'   => 'link',
-                'utm_campaign' => $utm_campaign_source,
-                'utm_content'  => 'buy_now_button',
-            ],
-            'https://eventespresso.com/pricing/'
-        );
-        $this->_template_args['preview_action_button'] = ! isset($this->_template_args['preview_action_button'])
-            ? $this->get_action_link_or_button(
-                '',
-                'buy_now',
-                [],
-                'button button--primary button--big',
-                esc_url_raw($buy_now_url),
-                true
-            )
-            : $this->_template_args['preview_action_button'];
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content']    = EEH_Template::display_template(
-            EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_caf_full_page_preview.template.php',
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-        $this->_display_admin_page($display_sidebar);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar
-     * generates HTML wrapper for an admin_page with list_table
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar()
-    {
-        $this->_display_admin_list_table_page(true);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * display_admin_list_table_page_with_no_sidebar
-     * generates HTML wrapper for an admin_page with list_table (but with no sidebar)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function display_admin_list_table_page_with_no_sidebar()
-    {
-        $this->_display_admin_list_table_page();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates html wrapper for an admin_list_table page
-     *
-     * @param bool $sidebar whether to display with sidebar or not.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    private function _display_admin_list_table_page(bool $sidebar = false)
-    {
-        // setup search attributes
-        $this->_set_search_attributes();
-        $this->_template_args['current_page']     = $this->_wp_page_slug;
-        $template_path                            = EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_list_wrapper.template.php';
-        $this->_template_args['table_url']        = $this->request->isAjax()
-            ? add_query_arg(['noheader' => 'true', 'route' => $this->_req_action], $this->_admin_base_url)
-            : add_query_arg(['route' => $this->_req_action], $this->_admin_base_url);
-        $this->_template_args['list_table']       = $this->_list_table_object;
-        $this->_template_args['current_route']    = $this->_req_action;
-        $this->_template_args['list_table_class'] = get_class($this->_list_table_object);
-        $ajax_sorting_callback                    = $this->_list_table_object->get_ajax_sorting_callback();
-        if (! empty($ajax_sorting_callback)) {
-            $sortable_list_table_form_fields = wp_nonce_field(
-                $ajax_sorting_callback . '_nonce',
-                $ajax_sorting_callback . '_nonce',
-                false,
-                false
-            );
-            $sortable_list_table_form_fields .= '<input type="hidden" id="ajax_table_sort_page" name="ajax_table_sort_page" value="'
-                                                . $this->page_slug
-                                                . '" />';
-            $sortable_list_table_form_fields .= '<input type="hidden" id="ajax_table_sort_action" name="ajax_table_sort_action" value="'
-                                                . $ajax_sorting_callback
-                                                . '" />';
-        } else {
-            $sortable_list_table_form_fields = '';
-        }
-        $this->_template_args['sortable_list_table_form_fields'] = $sortable_list_table_form_fields;
-
-        $hidden_form_fields = $this->_template_args['list_table_hidden_fields'] ?? '';
-
-        $nonce_ref          = $this->_req_action . '_nonce';
-        $hidden_form_fields .= '
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * facade for $this->addMetaBox()
+	 *
+	 * @param string   $action        where the metabox gets displayed
+	 * @param string   $title         Title of Metabox (output in metabox header)
+	 * @param callable $callback      If not empty and $create_fun is set to false then we'll use a custom callback
+	 *                                instead of the one created in here.
+	 * @param array    $callback_args an array of args supplied for the metabox
+	 * @param string   $column        what metabox column
+	 * @param string   $priority      give this metabox a priority (using accepted priorities for wp meta boxes)
+	 * @param bool     $create_func   default is true.  Basically we can say we don't WANT to have the runtime function
+	 *                                created but just set our own callback for wp's add_meta_box.
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 */
+	public function _add_admin_page_meta_box(
+		string $action,
+		string $title,
+		callable $callback,
+		array $callback_args,
+		string $column = 'normal',
+		string $priority = 'high',
+		bool $create_func = true
+	) {
+		// if we have empty callback args and we want to automatically create the metabox callback then we need to make sure the callback args are generated.
+		if (empty($callback_args) && $create_func) {
+			$callback_args = [
+				'template_path' => $this->_template_path,
+				'template_args' => $this->_template_args,
+			];
+		}
+		// if $create_func is true (default) then we automatically create the function for displaying the actual meta box.  If false then we take the $callback reference passed through and use it instead (so callers can define their own callback function/method if they wish)
+		$call_back_func = $create_func
+			? static function ($post, $metabox) {
+				echo EEH_Template::display_template(
+					$metabox['args']['template_path'],
+					$metabox['args']['template_args'],
+					true
+				);
+			}
+			: $callback;
+		$this->addMetaBox(
+			str_replace('_', '-', $action) . '-mbox',
+			$title,
+			$call_back_func,
+			$this->_wp_page_slug,
+			$column,
+			$priority,
+			$callback_args
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates HTML wrapper for and admin details page that contains metaboxes in columns
+	 *
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function display_admin_page_with_metabox_columns()
+	{
+		$this->_template_args['post_body_content']  = $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'];
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
+			$this->_column_template_path,
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+		// the final wrapper
+		$this->admin_page_wrapper();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates  HTML wrapper for an admin details page
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function display_admin_page_with_sidebar()
+	{
+		$this->_display_admin_page(true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates  HTML wrapper for an admin details page (except no sidebar)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function display_admin_page_with_no_sidebar()
+	{
+		$this->_display_admin_page();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates HTML wrapper for an EE about admin page (no sidebar)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function display_about_admin_page()
+	{
+		$this->_display_admin_page(false, true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * display_admin_page
+	 * contains the code for actually displaying an admin page
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $sidebar true with sidebar, false without
+	 * @param bool $about   use the About admin wrapper instead of the default.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	private function _display_admin_page(bool $sidebar = false, bool $about = false): void
+	{
+		// custom remove metaboxes hook to add or remove any metaboxes to/from Admin pages.
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_page__modify_metaboxes');
+
+		// set current wp page slug - looks like: event-espresso_page_event_categories
+		// keep in mind "event-espresso" COULD be something else if the top level menu label has been translated.
+		$post_body_content = $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] ?? '';
+
+		$this->_template_args['add_page_frame'] = $this->_req_action !== 'system_status'
+												  && $this->_req_action !== 'data_reset'
+												  && $this->_wp_page_slug !== 'event-espresso_page_espresso_packages'
+												  && strpos($post_body_content, 'wp-list-table') === false;
+
+		$this->_template_args['current_page']                 = $this->_wp_page_slug;
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_wrapper_div_id']    = $this->_cpt_route
+			? 'poststuff'
+			: 'espresso-default-admin';
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_wrapper_div_class'] = str_replace(
+			'event-espresso_page_espresso_',
+			'',
+			$this->_wp_page_slug
+		) . ' ' . $this->_req_action . '-route';
+
+		$template_path = $sidebar
+			? EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper.template.php'
+			: EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper_no_sidebar.template.php';
+
+		$this->_template_args['is_ajax'] = $this->request->isAjax();
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$template_path = EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper_no_sidebar_ajax.template.php';
+		}
+		$template_path = ! empty($this->_column_template_path) ? $this->_column_template_path : $template_path;
+
+		$this->_template_args['post_body_content']         = $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] ?? '';
+		$this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] = $post_body_content;
+		$this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content']  = $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] ?? '';
+
+		// ensure $post_type and $post are set
+		// to prevent WooCommerce from blowing things up if not using CPT
+		global $post_type, $post;
+		$this->_template_args['post_type'] = $post_type ?? '';
+		$this->_template_args['post']  = $post ?? new WP_Post((object) [ 'ID' => 0, 'filter' => 'raw' ]);
+
+		$this->_template_args['post_body_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
+			EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_wrapper_post_body_content.template.php',
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
+			$template_path,
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+		// the final template wrapper
+		$this->admin_page_wrapper($about);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is used to display caf preview pages.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $utm_campaign_source what is the key used for Google Analytics link
+	 * @param bool   $display_sidebar     whether to use the sidebar template or the full template for the page.  TRUE
+	 *                                    = SHOW sidebar, FALSE = no sidebar. Default no sidebar.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @since 4.3.2
+	 */
+	public function display_admin_caf_preview_page(string $utm_campaign_source = '', bool $display_sidebar = true)
+	{
+		// let's generate a default preview action button if there isn't one already present.
+		$this->_labels['buttons']['buy_now']           = esc_html__(
+			'Upgrade to Event Espresso 4 Right Now',
+			'event_espresso'
+		);
+		$buy_now_url                                   = add_query_arg(
+			[
+				'ee_ver'       => 'ee4',
+				'utm_source'   => 'ee4_plugin_admin',
+				'utm_medium'   => 'link',
+				'utm_campaign' => $utm_campaign_source,
+				'utm_content'  => 'buy_now_button',
+			],
+			'https://eventespresso.com/pricing/'
+		);
+		$this->_template_args['preview_action_button'] = ! isset($this->_template_args['preview_action_button'])
+			? $this->get_action_link_or_button(
+				'',
+				'buy_now',
+				[],
+				'button button--primary button--big',
+				esc_url_raw($buy_now_url),
+				true
+			)
+			: $this->_template_args['preview_action_button'];
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content']    = EEH_Template::display_template(
+			EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_caf_full_page_preview.template.php',
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+		$this->_display_admin_page($display_sidebar);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar
+	 * generates HTML wrapper for an admin_page with list_table
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function display_admin_list_table_page_with_sidebar()
+	{
+		$this->_display_admin_list_table_page(true);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * display_admin_list_table_page_with_no_sidebar
+	 * generates HTML wrapper for an admin_page with list_table (but with no sidebar)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function display_admin_list_table_page_with_no_sidebar()
+	{
+		$this->_display_admin_list_table_page();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates html wrapper for an admin_list_table page
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $sidebar whether to display with sidebar or not.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	private function _display_admin_list_table_page(bool $sidebar = false)
+	{
+		// setup search attributes
+		$this->_set_search_attributes();
+		$this->_template_args['current_page']     = $this->_wp_page_slug;
+		$template_path                            = EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_list_wrapper.template.php';
+		$this->_template_args['table_url']        = $this->request->isAjax()
+			? add_query_arg(['noheader' => 'true', 'route' => $this->_req_action], $this->_admin_base_url)
+			: add_query_arg(['route' => $this->_req_action], $this->_admin_base_url);
+		$this->_template_args['list_table']       = $this->_list_table_object;
+		$this->_template_args['current_route']    = $this->_req_action;
+		$this->_template_args['list_table_class'] = get_class($this->_list_table_object);
+		$ajax_sorting_callback                    = $this->_list_table_object->get_ajax_sorting_callback();
+		if (! empty($ajax_sorting_callback)) {
+			$sortable_list_table_form_fields = wp_nonce_field(
+				$ajax_sorting_callback . '_nonce',
+				$ajax_sorting_callback . '_nonce',
+				false,
+				false
+			);
+			$sortable_list_table_form_fields .= '<input type="hidden" id="ajax_table_sort_page" name="ajax_table_sort_page" value="'
+												. $this->page_slug
+												. '" />';
+			$sortable_list_table_form_fields .= '<input type="hidden" id="ajax_table_sort_action" name="ajax_table_sort_action" value="'
+												. $ajax_sorting_callback
+												. '" />';
+		} else {
+			$sortable_list_table_form_fields = '';
+		}
+		$this->_template_args['sortable_list_table_form_fields'] = $sortable_list_table_form_fields;
+
+		$hidden_form_fields = $this->_template_args['list_table_hidden_fields'] ?? '';
+
+		$nonce_ref          = $this->_req_action . '_nonce';
+		$hidden_form_fields .= '
             <input type="hidden" name="' . $nonce_ref . '" value="' . wp_create_nonce($nonce_ref) . '">';
 
-        $this->_template_args['list_table_hidden_fields'] = $hidden_form_fields;
-        // display message about search results?
-        $search                                    = $this->request->getRequestParam('s');
-        $this->_template_args['before_list_table'] .= ! empty($search)
-            ? '<p class="ee-search-results">' . sprintf(
-                esc_html__('Displaying search results for the search string: %1$s', 'event_espresso'),
-                trim($search, '%')
-            ) . '</p>'
-            : '';
-        // filter before_list_table template arg
-        $this->_template_args['before_list_table'] = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__before_list_table__template_arg',
-            $this->_template_args['before_list_table'],
-            $this->page_slug,
-            $this->request->requestParams(),
-            $this->_req_action
-        );
-        // convert to array and filter again
-        // arrays are easier to inject new items in a specific location,
-        // but would not be backwards compatible, so we have to add a new filter
-        $this->_template_args['before_list_table'] = implode(
-            " \n",
-            (array) apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__before_list_table__template_args_array',
-                (array) $this->_template_args['before_list_table'],
-                $this->page_slug,
-                $this->request->requestParams(),
-                $this->_req_action
-            )
-        );
-        // filter after_list_table template arg
-        $this->_template_args['after_list_table'] = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__after_list_table__template_arg',
-            $this->_template_args['after_list_table'],
-            $this->page_slug,
-            $this->request->requestParams(),
-            $this->_req_action
-        );
-        // convert to array and filter again
-        // arrays are easier to inject new items in a specific location,
-        // but would not be backwards compatible, so we have to add a new filter
-        $this->_template_args['after_list_table']   = implode(
-            " \n",
-            (array) apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__after_list_table__template_args_array',
-                (array) $this->_template_args['after_list_table'],
-                $this->page_slug,
-                $this->request->requestParams(),
-                $this->_req_action
-            )
-        );
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
-            $template_path,
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-        // the final template wrapper
-        if ($sidebar) {
-            $this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
-        } else {
-            $this->display_admin_page_with_no_sidebar();
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just prepares a legend using the given items and the admin_details_legend.template.php file and returns the
-     * html string for the legend.
-     * $items are expected in an array in the following format:
-     * $legend_items = array(
-     *        'item_id' => array(
-     *            'icon' => 'http://url_to_icon_being_described.png',
-     *            'desc' => esc_html__('localized description of item');
-     *        )
-     * );
-     *
-     * @param array $items see above for format of array
-     * @return string html string of legend
-     * @throws DomainException
-     */
-    protected function _display_legend(array $items): string
-    {
-        $this->_template_args['items'] = (array) apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_legend__items',
-            $items,
-            $this
-        );
-        /** @var StatusChangeNotice $status_change_notice */
-        $status_change_notice                         = $this->loader->getShared(
-            'EventEspresso\core\domain\services\admin\notices\status_change\StatusChangeNotice'
-        );
-        $this->_template_args['status_change_notice'] = $status_change_notice->display(
-            '__admin-legend',
-            $this->page_slug
-        );
-        return EEH_Template::display_template(
-            EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_legend.template.php',
-            $this->_template_args,
-            true
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This is used whenever we're DOING_AJAX to return a formatted json array that our calling javascript can expect
-     * The returned json object is created from an array in the following format:
-     * array(
-     *  'error' => FALSE, //(default FALSE), contains any errors and/or exceptions (exceptions return json early),
-     *  'success' => FALSE, //(default FALSE) - contains any special success message.
-     *  'notices' => '', // - contains any EE_Error formatted notices
-     *  'content' => 'string can be html', //this is a string of formatted content (can be html)
-     *  'data' => array() //this can be any key/value pairs that a method returns for later json parsing by the js.
-     *  We're also going to include the template args with every package (so js can pick out any specific template args
-     *  that might be included in here)
-     * )
-     * The json object is populated by whatever is set in the $_template_args property.
-     *
-     * @param bool  $sticky_notices    Used to indicate whether you want to ensure notices are added to a transient
-     *                                 instead of displayed.
-     * @param array $notices_arguments Use this to pass any additional args on to the _process_notices.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _return_json(bool $sticky_notices = false, array $notices_arguments = [])
-    {
-        // make sure any EE_Error notices have been handled.
-        $this->_process_notices($notices_arguments, true, $sticky_notices);
-        $data = $this->_template_args['data'] ?? [];
-        unset($this->_template_args['data']);
-        $json = [
-            'error'     => $this->_template_args['error'] ?? false,
-            'success'   => $this->_template_args['success'] ?? false,
-            'errors'    => $this->_template_args['errors'] ?? false,
-            'attention' => $this->_template_args['attention'] ?? false,
-            'notices'   => EE_Error::get_notices(),
-            'content'   => $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] ?? '',
-            'data'      => array_merge($data, ['template_args' => $this->_template_args]),
-            'isEEajax'  => true,
-            // special flag so any ajax.Success methods in js can identify this return package as a EEajax package.
-        ];
-        // make sure there are no php errors or headers_sent.  Then we can set correct json header.
-        if (null === error_get_last() || ! headers_sent()) {
-            header('Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8');
-        }
-        echo wp_json_encode($json);
-        exit();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Simply a wrapper for the protected method so we can call this outside the class (ONLY when doing ajax)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function return_json()
-    {
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $this->_return_json();
-        } else {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__('The public %s method can only be called when DOING_AJAX = TRUE', 'event_espresso'),
-                    __FUNCTION__
-                )
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This provides a way for child hook classes to send along themselves by reference so methods/properties within
-     * them can be accessed by EE_Admin_child pages. This is assigned to the $_hook_obj property.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Admin_Hooks $hook_obj This will be the object for the EE_Admin_Hooks child
-     * @deprecated  5.0.8.p
-     */
-    public function set_hook_object(EE_Admin_Hooks $hook_obj)
-    {
-        $this->_hook_obj = $hook_obj;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        generates  HTML wrapper with Tabbed nav for an admin page
-     *
-     * @param bool $about whether to use the special about page wrapper or default.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws DomainException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function admin_page_wrapper(bool $about = false)
-    {
-        $this->_template_args['nav_tabs']         = $this->_get_main_nav_tabs();
-        $this->_template_args['admin_page_title'] = $this->_admin_page_title;
-
-        $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE_before_admin_page_content$this->_current_page$this->_current_view",
-            $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] ?? ''
-        );
-
-        $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE_after_admin_page_content$this->_current_page$this->_current_view",
-            $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] ?? ''
-        );
-        $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] .= $this->_set_help_popup_content();
-
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
-            // $template_path,
-                EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_wrapper_ajax.template.php',
-                $this->_template_args,
-                true
-            );
-            $this->_return_json();
-        }
-        // load settings page wrapper template
-        $template_path = $about
-            ? EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'about_admin_wrapper.template.php'
-            : EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_wrapper.template.php';
-
-        EEH_Template::display_template($template_path, $this->_template_args);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This returns the admin_nav tabs html using the configuration in the _nav_tabs property
-     *
-     * @return string html
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _get_main_nav_tabs(): string
-    {
-        // let's generate the html using the EEH_Tabbed_Content helper.
-        // We do this here so that it's possible for child classes to add in nav tabs dynamically at the last minute
-        // (rather than setting in the page_routes array)
-        return EEH_Tabbed_Content::display_admin_nav_tabs($this->_nav_tabs, $this->page_slug);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *        sort nav tabs
-     *
-     * @param array $a
-     * @param array $b
-     * @return int
-     */
-    private function _sort_nav_tabs(array $a, array $b): int
-    {
-        if ($a['order'] === $b['order']) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        return ($a['order'] < $b['order']) ? -1 : 1;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates HTML for the forms used on admin pages
-     *
-     * @param array  $input_vars - array of input field details
-     * @param string $generator  indicates which generator to use: options are 'string' or 'array'
-     * @param string $id
-     * @return array|string
-     * @uses   EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields (/helper/EEH_Form_Fields.helper.php)
-     * @uses   EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields_array (/helper/EEH_Form_Fields.helper.php)
-     */
-    protected function _generate_admin_form_fields(
-        array $input_vars = [],
-        string $generator = 'string',
-        string $id = ''
-    ) {
-        return $generator === 'string'
-            ? EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields($input_vars, $id)
-            : EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields_array($input_vars);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * generates the "Save" and "Save & Close" buttons for edit forms
-     *
-     * @param bool             $both     if true then both buttons will be generated.  If false then just the "Save &
-     *                                   Close" button.
-     * @param array            $text     if included, generator will use the given text for the buttons ( array([0] =>
-     *                                   'Save', [1] => 'save & close')
-     * @param array            $actions  if included allows us to set the actions that each button will carry out (i.e.
-     *                                   via the "name" value in the button).  We can also use this to just dump
-     *                                   default actions by submitting some other value.
-     * @param bool|string|null $referrer if false then we just do the default action on save and close.  Otherwise it
-     *                                   will use the $referrer string. IF null, then we don't do ANYTHING on save and
-     *                                   close (normal form handling).
-     */
-    protected function _set_save_buttons(bool $both = true, array $text = [], array $actions = [], $referrer = null)
-    {
-        $referrer_url  = ! empty($referrer) ? $referrer : $this->request->getServerParam('REQUEST_URI');
-        $button_text   = ! empty($text)
-            ? $text
-            : [
-                esc_html__('Save', 'event_espresso'),
-                esc_html__('Save and Close', 'event_espresso'),
-            ];
-        $default_names = ['save', 'save_and_close'];
-        $buttons       = '';
-        foreach ($button_text as $key => $button) {
-            $ref     = $default_names[ $key ];
-            $name    = ! empty($actions) ? $actions[ $key ] : $ref;
-            $buttons .= '<input type="submit" class="button button--primary ' . $ref . '" '
-                        . 'value="' . $button . '" name="' . $name . '" '
-                        . 'id="' . $this->_current_view . '_' . $ref . '" />';
-            if (! $both) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        // add in a hidden index for the current page (so save and close redirects properly)
-        $buttons .= '<input type="hidden" id="save_and_close_referrer" name="save_and_close_referrer" value="'
-                    . $referrer_url
-                    . '" />';
-
-        $this->_template_args['save_buttons'] = $buttons;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Wrapper for the protected function.  Allows plugins/addons to call this to set the form tags.
-     *
-     * @param string $route
-     * @param array  $additional_hidden_fields
-     * @see   $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags() for details on params
-     * @since 4.6.0
-     */
-    public function set_add_edit_form_tags(string $route = '', array $additional_hidden_fields = [])
-    {
-        $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags($route, $additional_hidden_fields);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * set form open and close tags on add/edit pages.
-     *
-     * @param string $route                    the route you want the form to direct to
-     * @param array  $additional_hidden_fields any additional hidden fields required in the form header
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _set_add_edit_form_tags(string $route = '', array $additional_hidden_fields = [])
-    {
-        if (empty($route)) {
-            $user_msg = esc_html__(
-                'An error occurred. No action was set for this page\'s form.',
-                'event_espresso'
-            );
-            $dev_msg  = $user_msg . "\n"
-                        . sprintf(
-                            esc_html__('The $route argument is required for the %s->%s method.', 'event_espresso'),
-                            __FUNCTION__,
-                            __CLASS__
-                        );
-            EE_Error::add_error($user_msg . '||' . $dev_msg, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-        }
-        // open form
-        $action                                            = $this->_admin_base_url;
-        $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] = "
+		$this->_template_args['list_table_hidden_fields'] = $hidden_form_fields;
+		// display message about search results?
+		$search                                    = $this->request->getRequestParam('s');
+		$this->_template_args['before_list_table'] .= ! empty($search)
+			? '<p class="ee-search-results">' . sprintf(
+				esc_html__('Displaying search results for the search string: %1$s', 'event_espresso'),
+				trim($search, '%')
+			) . '</p>'
+			: '';
+		// filter before_list_table template arg
+		$this->_template_args['before_list_table'] = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__before_list_table__template_arg',
+			$this->_template_args['before_list_table'],
+			$this->page_slug,
+			$this->request->requestParams(),
+			$this->_req_action
+		);
+		// convert to array and filter again
+		// arrays are easier to inject new items in a specific location,
+		// but would not be backwards compatible, so we have to add a new filter
+		$this->_template_args['before_list_table'] = implode(
+			" \n",
+			(array) apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__before_list_table__template_args_array',
+				(array) $this->_template_args['before_list_table'],
+				$this->page_slug,
+				$this->request->requestParams(),
+				$this->_req_action
+			)
+		);
+		// filter after_list_table template arg
+		$this->_template_args['after_list_table'] = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__after_list_table__template_arg',
+			$this->_template_args['after_list_table'],
+			$this->page_slug,
+			$this->request->requestParams(),
+			$this->_req_action
+		);
+		// convert to array and filter again
+		// arrays are easier to inject new items in a specific location,
+		// but would not be backwards compatible, so we have to add a new filter
+		$this->_template_args['after_list_table']   = implode(
+			" \n",
+			(array) apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_admin_list_table_page__after_list_table__template_args_array',
+				(array) $this->_template_args['after_list_table'],
+				$this->page_slug,
+				$this->request->requestParams(),
+				$this->_req_action
+			)
+		);
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
+			$template_path,
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+		// the final template wrapper
+		if ($sidebar) {
+			$this->display_admin_page_with_sidebar();
+		} else {
+			$this->display_admin_page_with_no_sidebar();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just prepares a legend using the given items and the admin_details_legend.template.php file and returns the
+	 * html string for the legend.
+	 * $items are expected in an array in the following format:
+	 * $legend_items = array(
+	 *        'item_id' => array(
+	 *            'icon' => 'http://url_to_icon_being_described.png',
+	 *            'desc' => esc_html__('localized description of item');
+	 *        )
+	 * );
+	 *
+	 * @param array $items see above for format of array
+	 * @return string html string of legend
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 */
+	protected function _display_legend(array $items): string
+	{
+		$this->_template_args['items'] = (array) apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___display_legend__items',
+			$items,
+			$this
+		);
+		/** @var StatusChangeNotice $status_change_notice */
+		$status_change_notice                         = $this->loader->getShared(
+			'EventEspresso\core\domain\services\admin\notices\status_change\StatusChangeNotice'
+		);
+		$this->_template_args['status_change_notice'] = $status_change_notice->display(
+			'__admin-legend',
+			$this->page_slug
+		);
+		return EEH_Template::display_template(
+			EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_details_legend.template.php',
+			$this->_template_args,
+			true
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This is used whenever we're DOING_AJAX to return a formatted json array that our calling javascript can expect
+	 * The returned json object is created from an array in the following format:
+	 * array(
+	 *  'error' => FALSE, //(default FALSE), contains any errors and/or exceptions (exceptions return json early),
+	 *  'success' => FALSE, //(default FALSE) - contains any special success message.
+	 *  'notices' => '', // - contains any EE_Error formatted notices
+	 *  'content' => 'string can be html', //this is a string of formatted content (can be html)
+	 *  'data' => array() //this can be any key/value pairs that a method returns for later json parsing by the js.
+	 *  We're also going to include the template args with every package (so js can pick out any specific template args
+	 *  that might be included in here)
+	 * )
+	 * The json object is populated by whatever is set in the $_template_args property.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool  $sticky_notices    Used to indicate whether you want to ensure notices are added to a transient
+	 *                                 instead of displayed.
+	 * @param array $notices_arguments Use this to pass any additional args on to the _process_notices.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _return_json(bool $sticky_notices = false, array $notices_arguments = [])
+	{
+		// make sure any EE_Error notices have been handled.
+		$this->_process_notices($notices_arguments, true, $sticky_notices);
+		$data = $this->_template_args['data'] ?? [];
+		unset($this->_template_args['data']);
+		$json = [
+			'error'     => $this->_template_args['error'] ?? false,
+			'success'   => $this->_template_args['success'] ?? false,
+			'errors'    => $this->_template_args['errors'] ?? false,
+			'attention' => $this->_template_args['attention'] ?? false,
+			'notices'   => EE_Error::get_notices(),
+			'content'   => $this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] ?? '',
+			'data'      => array_merge($data, ['template_args' => $this->_template_args]),
+			'isEEajax'  => true,
+			// special flag so any ajax.Success methods in js can identify this return package as a EEajax package.
+		];
+		// make sure there are no php errors or headers_sent.  Then we can set correct json header.
+		if (null === error_get_last() || ! headers_sent()) {
+			header('Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8');
+		}
+		echo wp_json_encode($json);
+		exit();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Simply a wrapper for the protected method so we can call this outside the class (ONLY when doing ajax)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function return_json()
+	{
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$this->_return_json();
+		} else {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__('The public %s method can only be called when DOING_AJAX = TRUE', 'event_espresso'),
+					__FUNCTION__
+				)
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This provides a way for child hook classes to send along themselves by reference so methods/properties within
+	 * them can be accessed by EE_Admin_child pages. This is assigned to the $_hook_obj property.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Admin_Hooks $hook_obj This will be the object for the EE_Admin_Hooks child
+	 * @deprecated  5.0.8.p
+	 */
+	public function set_hook_object(EE_Admin_Hooks $hook_obj)
+	{
+		$this->_hook_obj = $hook_obj;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        generates  HTML wrapper with Tabbed nav for an admin page
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $about whether to use the special about page wrapper or default.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws DomainException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function admin_page_wrapper(bool $about = false)
+	{
+		$this->_template_args['nav_tabs']         = $this->_get_main_nav_tabs();
+		$this->_template_args['admin_page_title'] = $this->_admin_page_title;
+
+		$this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE_before_admin_page_content$this->_current_page$this->_current_view",
+			$this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] ?? ''
+		);
+
+		$this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE_after_admin_page_content$this->_current_page$this->_current_view",
+			$this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] ?? ''
+		);
+		$this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] .= $this->_set_help_popup_content();
+
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$this->_template_args['admin_page_content'] = EEH_Template::display_template(
+			// $template_path,
+				EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_wrapper_ajax.template.php',
+				$this->_template_args,
+				true
+			);
+			$this->_return_json();
+		}
+		// load settings page wrapper template
+		$template_path = $about
+			? EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'about_admin_wrapper.template.php'
+			: EE_ADMIN_TEMPLATE . 'admin_wrapper.template.php';
+
+		EEH_Template::display_template($template_path, $this->_template_args);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This returns the admin_nav tabs html using the configuration in the _nav_tabs property
+	 *
+	 * @return string html
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _get_main_nav_tabs(): string
+	{
+		// let's generate the html using the EEH_Tabbed_Content helper.
+		// We do this here so that it's possible for child classes to add in nav tabs dynamically at the last minute
+		// (rather than setting in the page_routes array)
+		return EEH_Tabbed_Content::display_admin_nav_tabs($this->_nav_tabs, $this->page_slug);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 *        sort nav tabs
+	 *
+	 * @param array $a
+	 * @param array $b
+	 * @return int
+	 */
+	private function _sort_nav_tabs(array $a, array $b): int
+	{
+		if ($a['order'] === $b['order']) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		return ($a['order'] < $b['order']) ? -1 : 1;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates HTML for the forms used on admin pages
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $input_vars - array of input field details
+	 * @param string $generator  indicates which generator to use: options are 'string' or 'array'
+	 * @param string $id
+	 * @return array|string
+	 * @uses   EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields (/helper/EEH_Form_Fields.helper.php)
+	 * @uses   EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields_array (/helper/EEH_Form_Fields.helper.php)
+	 */
+	protected function _generate_admin_form_fields(
+		array $input_vars = [],
+		string $generator = 'string',
+		string $id = ''
+	) {
+		return $generator === 'string'
+			? EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields($input_vars, $id)
+			: EEH_Form_Fields::get_form_fields_array($input_vars);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * generates the "Save" and "Save & Close" buttons for edit forms
+	 *
+	 * @param bool             $both     if true then both buttons will be generated.  If false then just the "Save &
+	 *                                   Close" button.
+	 * @param array            $text     if included, generator will use the given text for the buttons ( array([0] =>
+	 *                                   'Save', [1] => 'save & close')
+	 * @param array            $actions  if included allows us to set the actions that each button will carry out (i.e.
+	 *                                   via the "name" value in the button).  We can also use this to just dump
+	 *                                   default actions by submitting some other value.
+	 * @param bool|string|null $referrer if false then we just do the default action on save and close.  Otherwise it
+	 *                                   will use the $referrer string. IF null, then we don't do ANYTHING on save and
+	 *                                   close (normal form handling).
+	 */
+	protected function _set_save_buttons(bool $both = true, array $text = [], array $actions = [], $referrer = null)
+	{
+		$referrer_url  = ! empty($referrer) ? $referrer : $this->request->getServerParam('REQUEST_URI');
+		$button_text   = ! empty($text)
+			? $text
+			: [
+				esc_html__('Save', 'event_espresso'),
+				esc_html__('Save and Close', 'event_espresso'),
+			];
+		$default_names = ['save', 'save_and_close'];
+		$buttons       = '';
+		foreach ($button_text as $key => $button) {
+			$ref     = $default_names[ $key ];
+			$name    = ! empty($actions) ? $actions[ $key ] : $ref;
+			$buttons .= '<input type="submit" class="button button--primary ' . $ref . '" '
+						. 'value="' . $button . '" name="' . $name . '" '
+						. 'id="' . $this->_current_view . '_' . $ref . '" />';
+			if (! $both) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		// add in a hidden index for the current page (so save and close redirects properly)
+		$buttons .= '<input type="hidden" id="save_and_close_referrer" name="save_and_close_referrer" value="'
+					. $referrer_url
+					. '" />';
+
+		$this->_template_args['save_buttons'] = $buttons;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Wrapper for the protected function.  Allows plugins/addons to call this to set the form tags.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $route
+	 * @param array  $additional_hidden_fields
+	 * @see   $this->_set_add_edit_form_tags() for details on params
+	 * @since 4.6.0
+	 */
+	public function set_add_edit_form_tags(string $route = '', array $additional_hidden_fields = [])
+	{
+		$this->_set_add_edit_form_tags($route, $additional_hidden_fields);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * set form open and close tags on add/edit pages.
+	 *
+	 * @param string $route                    the route you want the form to direct to
+	 * @param array  $additional_hidden_fields any additional hidden fields required in the form header
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_add_edit_form_tags(string $route = '', array $additional_hidden_fields = [])
+	{
+		if (empty($route)) {
+			$user_msg = esc_html__(
+				'An error occurred. No action was set for this page\'s form.',
+				'event_espresso'
+			);
+			$dev_msg  = $user_msg . "\n"
+						. sprintf(
+							esc_html__('The $route argument is required for the %s->%s method.', 'event_espresso'),
+							__FUNCTION__,
+							__CLASS__
+						);
+			EE_Error::add_error($user_msg . '||' . $dev_msg, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+		}
+		// open form
+		$action                                            = $this->_admin_base_url;
+		$this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] = "
             <form name='form' method='post' action='$action' id='{$route}_event_form' class='ee-admin-page-form' >
             ";
-        // add nonce
-        $nonce                                             =
-            wp_nonce_field($route . '_nonce', $route . '_nonce', false, false);
-        $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] .= "\n\t" . $nonce;
-        // add REQUIRED form action
-        $hidden_fields = [
-            'action' => ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $route],
-        ];
-        // merge arrays
-        $hidden_fields = is_array($additional_hidden_fields)
-            ? array_merge($hidden_fields, $additional_hidden_fields)
-            : $hidden_fields;
-        // generate form fields
-        $form_fields = $this->_generate_admin_form_fields($hidden_fields, 'array');
-        // add fields to form
-        foreach ((array) $form_fields as $form_field) {
-            $this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] .= "\n\t" . $form_field['field'];
-        }
-        // close form
-        $this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] = '</form>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Public Wrapper for _redirect_after_action() method since its
-     * discovered it would be useful for external code to have access.
-     *
-     * @param bool|int $success
-     * @param string   $what
-     * @param string   $action_desc
-     * @param array    $query_args
-     * @param bool     $override_overwrite
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @see   EE_Admin_Page::_redirect_after_action() for params.
-     * @since 4.5.0
-     */
-    public function redirect_after_action(
-        $success = false,
-        string $what = 'item',
-        string $action_desc = 'processed',
-        array $query_args = [],
-        bool $override_overwrite = false
-    ) {
-        $this->_redirect_after_action(
-            $success,
-            $what,
-            $action_desc,
-            $query_args,
-            $override_overwrite
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Helper method for merging existing request data with the returned redirect url.
-     * This is typically used for redirects after an action so that if the original view was a filtered view those
-     * filters are still applied.
-     *
-     * @param array $new_route_data
-     * @return array
-     */
-    protected function mergeExistingRequestParamsWithRedirectArgs(array $new_route_data): array
-    {
-        foreach ($this->request->requestParams() as $ref => $value) {
-            // unset nonces
-            if (strpos($ref, 'nonce') !== false) {
-                $this->request->unSetRequestParam($ref);
-                continue;
-            }
-            // urlencode values.
-            $value = is_array($value) ? array_map('urlencode', $value) : urlencode($value);
-            $this->request->setRequestParam($ref, $value);
-        }
-        return array_merge($this->request->requestParams(), $new_route_data);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param int|float|string $success            - whether success was for two or more records, or just one, or none
-     * @param string           $what               - what the action was performed on
-     * @param string           $action_desc        - what was done ie: updated, deleted, etc
-     * @param array            $query_args         - an array of query_args to be added to the URL to redirect to
-     * @param BOOL             $override_overwrite - by default all EE_Error::success messages are overwritten,
-     *                                             this allows you to override this so that they show.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _redirect_after_action(
-        $success = 0,
-        string $what = 'item',
-        string $action_desc = 'processed',
-        array $query_args = [],
-        bool $override_overwrite = false
-    ) {
-        $notices = EE_Error::get_notices(false);
-        // overwrite default success messages //BUT ONLY if overwrite not overridden
-        if (! $override_overwrite || ! empty($notices['errors'])) {
-            EE_Error::overwrite_success();
-        }
-        if (! $override_overwrite && ! empty($what) && ! empty($action_desc) && empty($notices['errors'])) {
-            // how many records affected ? more than one record ? or just one ?
-            EE_Error::add_success(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html(
-                        _n(
-                            'The "%1$s" has been successfully %2$s.',
-                            'The "%1$s" have been successfully %2$s.',
-                            $success,
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        )
-                    ),
-                    $what,
-                    $action_desc
-                ),
-                __FILE__,
-                __FUNCTION__,
-                __LINE__
-            );
-        }
-        // check that $query_args isn't something crazy
-        $query_args = is_array($query_args) ? $query_args : [];
-        /**
-         * Allow injecting actions before the query_args are modified for possible different
-         * redirections on save and close actions
-         *
-         * @param array $query_args       The original query_args array coming into the
-         *                                method.
-         * @since 4.2.0
-         */
-        do_action(
-            "AHEE__{$this->class_name}___redirect_after_action__before_redirect_modification_$this->_req_action",
-            $query_args
-        );
-        // set redirect url.
-        // Note if there is a "page" index in the $query_args then we go with vanilla admin.php route,
-        // otherwise we go with whatever is set as the _admin_base_url
-        $redirect_url = isset($query_args['page']) ? admin_url('admin.php') : $this->_admin_base_url;
-        // calculate where we're going (if we have a "save and close" button pushed)
-        if (
-            $this->request->requestParamIsSet('save_and_close')
-            && $this->request->requestParamIsSet('save_and_close_referrer')
-        ) {
-            // even though we have the save_and_close referrer, we need to parse the url for the action in order to generate a nonce
-            $parsed_url = parse_url($this->request->getRequestParam('save_and_close_referrer', '', DataType::URL));
-            // regenerate query args array from referrer URL
-            parse_str($parsed_url['query'], $query_args);
-            // correct page and action will be in the query args now
-            $redirect_url = admin_url('admin.php');
-        }
-        // merge any default query_args set in _default_route_query_args property
-        if (! empty($this->_default_route_query_args) && ! $this->_is_UI_request) {
-            $args_to_merge = [];
-            foreach ($this->_default_route_query_args as $query_param => $query_value) {
-                // is there a wp_referer array in our _default_route_query_args property?
-                if ($query_param === 'wp_referer') {
-                    $query_value = (array) $query_value;
-                    foreach ($query_value as $reference => $value) {
-                        if (strpos($reference, 'nonce') !== false) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        // finally we will override any arguments in the referer with
-                        // what might be set on the _default_route_query_args array.
-                        if (isset($this->_default_route_query_args[ $reference ])) {
-                            $args_to_merge[ $reference ] = urlencode($this->_default_route_query_args[ $reference ]);
-                        } else {
-                            $args_to_merge[ $reference ] = urlencode($value);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-                $args_to_merge[ $query_param ] = $query_value;
-            }
-            // now let's merge these arguments but override with what was specifically sent in to the
-            // redirect.
-            $query_args = array_merge($args_to_merge, $query_args);
-        }
-        $this->_process_notices($query_args);
-        // generate redirect url
-        // if redirecting to anything other than the main page, add a nonce
-        if (isset($query_args['action'])) {
-            // manually generate wp_nonce and merge that with the query vars
-            // becuz the wp_nonce_url function wrecks havoc on some vars
-            $query_args['_wpnonce'] = wp_create_nonce($query_args['action'] . '_nonce');
-        }
-        // we're adding some hooks and filters in here for processing any things just before redirects
-        // (example: an admin page has done an insert or update and we want to run something after that).
-        do_action('AHEE_redirect_' . $this->class_name . $this->_req_action, $query_args);
-        $redirect_url = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE_redirect_' . $this->class_name . $this->_req_action,
-            EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, $redirect_url),
-            $query_args
-        );
-        // check if we're doing ajax.  If we are then lets just return the results and js can handle how it wants.
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $default_data                    = [
-                'close'        => true,
-                'redirect_url' => $redirect_url,
-                'where'        => 'main',
-                'what'         => 'append',
-            ];
-            $this->_template_args['success'] = $success;
-            $this->_template_args['data']    = ! empty($this->_template_args['data']) ? array_merge(
-                $default_data,
-                $this->_template_args['data']
-            ) : $default_data;
-            $this->_return_json();
-        }
-        wp_safe_redirect($redirect_url);
-        exit();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * process any notices before redirecting (or returning ajax request)
-     * This method sets the $this->_template_args['notices'] attribute;
-     *
-     * @param array $query_args         any query args that need to be used for notice transient ('action')
-     * @param bool  $skip_route_verify  This is typically used when we are processing notices REALLY early and
-     *                                  page_routes haven't been defined yet.
-     * @param bool  $sticky_notices     This is used to flag that regardless of whether this is doing_ajax or not, we
-     *                                  still save a transient for the notice.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _process_notices(
-        array $query_args = [],
-        bool $skip_route_verify = false,
-        bool $sticky_notices = true
-    ) {
-        // first let's set individual error properties if doing_ajax and the properties aren't already set.
-        if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
-            $notices = EE_Error::get_notices(false);
-            if (empty($this->_template_args['success'])) {
-                $this->_template_args['success'] = $notices['success'] ?? false;
-            }
-            if (empty($this->_template_args['errors'])) {
-                $this->_template_args['errors'] = $notices['errors'] ?? false;
-            }
-            if (empty($this->_template_args['attention'])) {
-                $this->_template_args['attention'] = $notices['attention'] ?? false;
-            }
-        }
-        $this->_template_args['notices'] = EE_Error::get_notices();
-        // IF this isn't ajax we need to create a transient for the notices using the route (however, overridden if $sticky_notices == true)
-        if (! $this->request->isAjax() || $sticky_notices) {
-            $route = $query_args['action'] ?? 'default';
-            $this->_add_transient(
-                $route,
-                (array) $this->_template_args['notices'],
-                true,
-                $skip_route_verify
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_action_link_or_button
-     * returns the button html for adding, editing, or deleting an item (depending on given type)
-     *
-     * @param string $action        use this to indicate which action the url is generated with.
-     * @param string $type          accepted strings must be defined in the $_labels['button'] array(as the key)
-     *                              property.
-     * @param array  $extra_request if the button requires extra params you can include them in $key=>$value pairs.
-     * @param string $class         Use this to give the class for the button. Defaults to 'button--primary'
-     * @param string $base_url      If this is not provided
-     *                              the _admin_base_url will be used as the default for the button base_url.
-     *                              Otherwise this value will be used.
-     * @param bool   $exclude_nonce If true then no nonce will be in the generated button link.
-     * @return string
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function get_action_link_or_button(
-        string $action,
-        string $type = 'add',
-        array $extra_request = [],
-        string $class = 'button button--primary',
-        string $base_url = '',
-        bool $exclude_nonce = false
-    ): string {
-        // first let's validate the action (if $base_url is FALSE otherwise validation will happen further along)
-        if (empty($base_url) && ! isset($this->_page_routes[ $action ])) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'There is no page route for given action for the button.  This action was given: %s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $action
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if (! isset($this->_labels['buttons'][ $type ])) {
-            throw new EE_Error(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'There is no label for the given button type (%s). Labels are set in the <code>_page_config</code> property.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $type
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        // finally check user access for this button.
-        $has_access = $this->check_user_access($action, true);
-        if (! $has_access) {
-            return '';
-        }
-        $_base_url  = ! $base_url ? $this->_admin_base_url : $base_url;
-        $query_args = [
-            'action' => $action,
-        ];
-        // merge extra_request args but make sure our original action takes precedence and doesn't get overwritten.
-        if (! empty($extra_request)) {
-            $query_args = array_merge($extra_request, $query_args);
-        }
-        $url = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, $_base_url, false, $exclude_nonce);
-        return EEH_Template::get_button_or_link($url, $this->_labels['buttons'][ $type ], $class);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _per_page_screen_option
-     * Utility function for adding in a per_page_option in the screen_options_dropdown.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     */
-    protected function _per_page_screen_option()
-    {
-        $option = 'per_page';
-        $args   = [
-            'label'   => apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___per_page_screen_options___label',
-                $this->_admin_page_title,
-                $this
-            ),
-            'default' => (int) apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___per_page_screen_options__default',
-                20
-            ),
-            'option'  => $this->_current_page . '_' . $this->_current_view . '_per_page',
-        ];
-        // ONLY add the screen option if the user has access to it.
-        if ($this->check_user_access($this->_current_view, true)) {
-            add_screen_option($option, $args);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * set_per_page_screen_option
-     * All this does is make sure that WordPress saves any per_page screen options (if set) for the current page.
-     * we have to do this rather than running inside the 'set-screen-options' hook because it runs earlier than
-     * admin_menu.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _set_per_page_screen_options()
-    {
-        if ($this->request->requestParamIsSet('wp_screen_options')) {
-            check_admin_referer('screen-options-nonce', 'screenoptionnonce');
-            if (! $user = wp_get_current_user()) {
-                return;
-            }
-            $option = $this->request->getRequestParam('wp_screen_options[option]', '', DataType::KEY);
-            if (! $option) {
-                return;
-            }
-            $value      = $this->request->getRequestParam('wp_screen_options[value]', 0, DataType::INT);
-            $map_option = $option;
-            $option     = str_replace('-', '_', $option);
-            switch ($map_option) {
-                case $this->_current_page . '_' . $this->_current_view . '_per_page':
-                    $max_value = apply_filters(
-                        'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___set_per_page_screen_options__max_value',
-                        999,
-                        $this->_current_page,
-                        $this->_current_view
-                    );
-                    if ($value < 1) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    $value = min($value, $max_value);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    $value = apply_filters(
-                        'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___set_per_page_screen_options__value',
-                        false,
-                        $option,
-                        $value
-                    );
-                    if (false === $value) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    break;
-            }
-            update_user_meta($user->ID, $option, $value);
-            wp_safe_redirect(remove_query_arg(['pagenum', 'apage', 'paged'], wp_get_referer()));
-            exit;
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This just allows for setting the $_template_args property if it needs to be set outside the object
-     *
-     * @param array $data array that will be assigned to template args.
-     */
-    public function set_template_args(array $data)
-    {
-        $this->_template_args = array_merge($this->_template_args, $data);
-    }
-
-
-    public function setAdminPageTitle(string $title)
-    {
-        $this->_admin_page_title = sanitize_text_field($title);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This makes available the WP transient system for temporarily moving data between routes
-     *
-     * @param string $route             the route that should receive the transient
-     * @param array  $data              the data that gets sent
-     * @param bool   $notices           If this is for notices then we use this to indicate so, otherwise it's just a
-     *                                  normal route transient.
-     * @param bool   $skip_route_verify Used to indicate we want to skip route verification.  This is usually ONLY used
-     *                                  when we are adding a transient before page_routes have been defined.
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function _add_transient(
-        string $route,
-        array $data,
-        bool $notices = false,
-        bool $skip_route_verify = false
-    ) {
-        $user_id = get_current_user_id();
-        if (! $skip_route_verify) {
-            $this->_verify_route($route);
-        }
-        // now let's set the string for what kind of transient we're setting
-        $transient = $notices ? "ee_rte_n_tx_{$route}_$user_id" : "rte_tx_{$route}_$user_id";
-        $data      = $notices ? ['notices' => $data] : $data;
-        // is there already a transient for this route?  If there is then let's ADD to that transient
-        $existing = is_multisite() && is_network_admin()
-            ? get_site_transient($transient)
-            : get_transient($transient);
-        if ($existing) {
-            $data = array_merge($data, (array) $existing);
-        }
-        if (is_multisite() && is_network_admin()) {
-            set_site_transient($transient, $data, 8);
-        } else {
-            set_transient($transient, $data, 8);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * this retrieves the temporary transient that has been set for moving data between routes.
-     *
-     * @param bool   $notices true we get notices transient. False we just return normal route transient
-     * @param string $route
-     * @return mixed data
-     */
-    protected function _get_transient(bool $notices = false, string $route = '')
-    {
-        $user_id   = get_current_user_id();
-        $route     = ! $route ? $this->_req_action : $route;
-        $transient = $notices
-            ? 'ee_rte_n_tx_' . $route . '_' . $user_id
-            : 'rte_tx_' . $route . '_' . $user_id;
-        $data      = is_multisite() && is_network_admin()
-            ? get_site_transient($transient)
-            : get_transient($transient);
-        // delete transient after retrieval (just in case it hasn't expired);
-        if (is_multisite() && is_network_admin()) {
-            delete_site_transient($transient);
-        } else {
-            delete_transient($transient);
-        }
-        return $notices && isset($data['notices']) ? $data['notices'] : $data;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * The purpose of this method is just to run garbage collection on any EE transients that might have expired but
-     * would not be called later. This will be assigned to run on a specific EE Admin page. (place the method in the
-     * default route callback on the EE_Admin page you want it run.)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    protected function _transient_garbage_collection()
-    {
-        global $wpdb;
-        // retrieve all existing transients
-        $query =
-            "SELECT option_name FROM $wpdb->options WHERE option_name LIKE '%rte_tx_%' OR option_name LIKE '%rte_n_tx_%'";
-        if ($results = $wpdb->get_results($query)) {
-            foreach ($results as $result) {
-                $transient = str_replace('_transient_', '', $result->option_name);
-                get_transient($transient);
-                if (is_multisite() && is_network_admin()) {
-                    get_site_transient($transient);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_view
-     *
-     * @return string content of _view property
-     */
-    public function get_view(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_view;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * getter for the protected $_views property
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_views(): array
-    {
-        return $this->_views;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param array $views
-     * @return void
-     * @since 5.0.13.p
-     */
-    public function updateViews(array $views)
-    {
-        $this->_views = array_merge($this->_views, $views);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-    /**
-     * get_current_page
-     *
-     * @return string _current_page property value
-     */
-    public function get_current_page(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_current_page;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_current_view
-     *
-     * @return string _current_view property value
-     */
-    public function get_current_view(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_current_view;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_current_screen
-     *
-     * @return object The current WP_Screen object
-     */
-    public function get_current_screen()
-    {
-        return $this->_current_screen;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * get_current_page_view_url
-     *
-     * @return string This returns the url for the current_page_view.
-     */
-    public function get_current_page_view_url(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_current_page_view_url;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * just returns the Request
-     *
-     * @return RequestInterface
-     */
-    public function get_request(): ?RequestInterface
-    {
-        return $this->request;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * just returns the _req_data property
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_request_data(): array
-    {
-        return $this->request->requestParams();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * returns the _req_data protected property
-     *
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function get_req_action(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_req_action;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return bool  value of $_is_caf property
-     */
-    public function is_caf(): bool
-    {
-        return $this->_is_caf;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function default_espresso_metaboxes(): array
-    {
-        return $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function admin_base_url(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_admin_base_url;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return string
-     */
-    public function wp_page_slug(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_wp_page_slug;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * updates  espresso configuration settings
-     *
-     * @param string                   $tab
-     * @param EE_Config_Base|EE_Config $config
-     * @param string                   $file file where error occurred
-     * @param string                   $func function  where error occurred
-     * @param string                   $line line no where error occurred
-     * @return bool
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function _update_espresso_configuration(
-        string $tab,
-        $config,
-        string $file = '',
-        string $func = '',
-        string $line = ''
-    ): bool {
-        // remove any options that are NOT going to be saved with the config settings.
-        if (isset($config->core->ee_ueip_optin)) {
-            // TODO: remove the following two lines and make sure values are migrated from 3.1
-            update_option('ee_ueip_optin', $config->core->ee_ueip_optin);
-            update_option('ee_ueip_has_notified', true);
-        }
-        // and save it (note we're also doing the network save here)
-        $net_saved    = ! is_main_site() || EE_Network_Config::instance()->update_config(false, false);
-        $config_saved = EE_Config::instance()->update_espresso_config(false, false);
-        if ($config_saved && $net_saved) {
-            EE_Error::add_success(sprintf(esc_html__('"%s" have been successfully updated.', 'event_espresso'), $tab));
-            return true;
-        }
-        EE_Error::add_error(
-            sprintf(esc_html__('The "%s" were not updated.', 'event_espresso'), $tab),
-            $file,
-            $func,
-            $line
-        );
-        return false;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns an array to be used for EE_FOrm_Fields.helper.php's select_input as the $values argument.
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function get_yes_no_values(): array
-    {
-        return $this->_yes_no_values;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return string
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    protected function _get_dir(): string
-    {
-        $reflector = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
-        return dirname($reflector->getFileName());
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * A helper for getting a "next link".
-     *
-     * @param string $url   The url to link to
-     * @param string $class The class to use.
-     * @return string
-     */
-    protected function _next_link(string $url, string $class = 'dashicons dashicons-arrow-right'): string
-    {
-        return '<a class="' . $class . '" href="' . $url . '"></a>';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * A helper for getting a "previous link".
-     *
-     * @param string $url   The url to link to
-     * @param string $class The class to use.
-     * @return string
-     */
-    protected function _previous_link(string $url, string $class = 'dashicons dashicons-arrow-left'): string
-    {
-        return '<a class="' . $class . '" href="' . $url . '"></a>';
-    }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    // below are some messages related methods that should be available across the EE_Admin system.  Note, these methods are NOT page specific
-
-
-    /**
-     * This processes a request to resend a registration and assumes we have a _REG_ID for doing so. So if the caller
-     * knows that the _REG_ID isn't in the req_data array but CAN obtain it, the caller should ADD the _REG_ID to the
-     * _req_data array.
-     *
-     * @return bool success/fail
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    protected function _process_resend_registration(): bool
-    {
-        $this->_template_args['success'] = EED_Messages::process_resend($this->request->requestParams());
-        do_action(
-            'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___process_resend_registration',
-            $this->_template_args['success'],
-            $this->request->requestParams()
-        );
-        return $this->_template_args['success'];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This automatically processes any payment message notifications when manual payment has been applied.
-     *
-     * @param EE_Payment $payment
-     * @return bool success/fail
-     */
-    protected function _process_payment_notification(EE_Payment $payment): bool
-    {
-        add_filter('FHEE__EE_Payment_Processor__process_registration_payments__display_notifications', '__return_true');
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___process_admin_payment_notification', $payment);
-        $this->_template_args['success'] = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___process_admin_payment_notification__success',
-            false,
-            $payment
-        );
-        return $this->_template_args['success'];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EEM_Base      $entity_model
-     * @param string        $entity_PK_name name of the primary key field used as a request param, ie: id, ID, etc
-     * @param string        $action         one of the EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_* constants: delete, restore, trash
-     * @param string        $delete_column  name of the field that denotes whether entity is trashed
-     * @param callable|null $callback       called after entity is trashed, restored, or deleted
-     * @return int|float
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    protected function trashRestoreDeleteEntities(
-        EEM_Base $entity_model,
-        string $entity_PK_name,
-        string $action = EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_DELETE,
-        string $delete_column = '',
-        ?callable $callback = null
-    ) {
-        $entity_PK      = $entity_model->get_primary_key_field();
-        $entity_PK_name = $entity_PK_name ?: $entity_PK->get_name();
-        $entity_PK_type = $this->resolveEntityFieldDataType($entity_PK);
-        // grab ID if deleting a single entity
-        if ($this->request->requestParamIsSet($entity_PK_name)) {
-            $ID = $this->request->getRequestParam($entity_PK_name, 0, $entity_PK_type);
-            return $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntity($entity_model, $ID, $action, $delete_column, $callback) ? 1 : 0;
-        }
-        // or grab checkbox array if bulk deleting
-        $checkboxes = $this->request->getRequestParam('checkbox', [], $entity_PK_type, true);
-        if (empty($checkboxes)) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        $success = 0;
-        $IDs     = array_keys($checkboxes);
-        // cycle thru bulk action checkboxes
-        foreach ($IDs as $ID) {
-            // increment $success
-            if ($this->trashRestoreDeleteEntity($entity_model, $ID, $action, $delete_column, $callback)) {
-                $success++;
-            }
-        }
-        $count = (int) count($checkboxes);
-        // if multiple entities were deleted successfully, then $deleted will be full count of deletions,
-        // otherwise it will be a fraction of ( actual deletions / total entities to be deleted )
-        return $success === $count ? $count : $success / $count;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base $entity_PK
-     * @return string
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @since   4.10.30.p
-     */
-    private function resolveEntityFieldDataType(EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base $entity_PK): string
-    {
-        $entity_PK_type = $entity_PK->dataType();
-        switch ($entity_PK_type) {
-            case DataType::BOOL;
-            case DataType::INT;
-            case DataType::FLOAT;
-            case DataType::STRING;
-                return $entity_PK_type;
-        }
-        throw new RuntimeException(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    '"%1$s" is an invalid schema type for the %2$s primary key.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $entity_PK_type,
-                $entity_PK->get_name()
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EEM_Base      $entity_model
-     * @param int|string    $entity_ID
-     * @param string        $action        one of the EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_* constants: delete, restore, trash
-     * @param string        $delete_column name of the field that denotes whether entity is trashed
-     * @param callable|null $callback      called after entity is trashed, restored, or deleted
-     * @return bool
-     */
-    protected function trashRestoreDeleteEntity(
-        EEM_Base $entity_model,
-        $entity_ID,
-        string $action,
-        string $delete_column,
-        ?callable $callback = null
-    ): bool {
-        $entity_ID = absint($entity_ID);
-        if (! $entity_ID) {
-            $this->trashRestoreDeleteError($action, $entity_model);
-        }
-        $result = 0;
-        try {
-            $entity = $entity_model->get_one_by_ID($entity_ID);
-            if (! $entity instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
-                throw new DomainException(
-                    sprintf(
-                        esc_html__(
-                            'Missing or invalid %1$s entity with ID of "%2$s" returned from db.',
-                            'event_espresso'
-                        ),
-                        str_replace('EEM_', '', $entity_model->get_this_model_name()),
-                        $entity_ID
-                    )
-                );
-            }
-            switch ($action) {
-                case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_DELETE:
-                    $result = (bool) $entity->delete_permanently();
-                    break;
-                case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE:
-                    $result = $entity->delete_or_restore(false);
-                    break;
-                case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH:
-                    $result = $entity->delete_or_restore();
-                    break;
-            }
-        } catch (Exception $exception) {
-            $this->trashRestoreDeleteError($action, $entity_model, $exception);
-        }
-        if (is_callable($callback)) {
-            call_user_func_array($callback, [$entity_model, $entity_ID, $action, $result, $delete_column]);
-        }
-        return $result;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EEM_Base $entity_model
-     * @param string   $delete_column
-     * @since 4.10.30.p
-     */
-    private function validateDeleteColumn(EEM_Base $entity_model, string $delete_column)
-    {
-        if (empty($delete_column)) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'You need to specify the name of the "delete column" on the %2$s model, in order to trash or restore an entity.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $entity_model->get_this_model_name()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        if (! $entity_model->has_field($delete_column)) {
-            throw new DomainException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'The %1$s field does not exist on the %2$s model.',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $delete_column,
-                    $entity_model->get_this_model_name()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param EEM_Base       $entity_model
-     * @param Exception|null $exception
-     * @param string         $action
-     * @since 4.10.30.p
-     */
-    private function trashRestoreDeleteError(string $action, EEM_Base $entity_model, Exception $exception = null)
-    {
-        if ($exception instanceof Exception) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(
-                sprintf(
-                    esc_html__(
-                        'Could not %1$s the %2$s because the following error occurred: %3$s',
-                        'event_espresso'
-                    ),
-                    $action,
-                    $entity_model->get_this_model_name(),
-                    $exception->getMessage()
-                )
-            );
-        }
-        throw new RuntimeException(
-            sprintf(
-                esc_html__(
-                    'Could not %1$s the %2$s because an invalid ID was received.',
-                    'event_espresso'
-                ),
-                $action,
-                $entity_model->get_this_model_name()
-            )
-        );
-    }
+		// add nonce
+		$nonce                                             =
+			wp_nonce_field($route . '_nonce', $route . '_nonce', false, false);
+		$this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] .= "\n\t" . $nonce;
+		// add REQUIRED form action
+		$hidden_fields = [
+			'action' => ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => $route],
+		];
+		// merge arrays
+		$hidden_fields = is_array($additional_hidden_fields)
+			? array_merge($hidden_fields, $additional_hidden_fields)
+			: $hidden_fields;
+		// generate form fields
+		$form_fields = $this->_generate_admin_form_fields($hidden_fields, 'array');
+		// add fields to form
+		foreach ((array) $form_fields as $form_field) {
+			$this->_template_args['before_admin_page_content'] .= "\n\t" . $form_field['field'];
+		}
+		// close form
+		$this->_template_args['after_admin_page_content'] = '</form>';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Public Wrapper for _redirect_after_action() method since its
+	 * discovered it would be useful for external code to have access.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool|int $success
+	 * @param string   $what
+	 * @param string   $action_desc
+	 * @param array    $query_args
+	 * @param bool     $override_overwrite
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @see   EE_Admin_Page::_redirect_after_action() for params.
+	 * @since 4.5.0
+	 */
+	public function redirect_after_action(
+		$success = false,
+		string $what = 'item',
+		string $action_desc = 'processed',
+		array $query_args = [],
+		bool $override_overwrite = false
+	) {
+		$this->_redirect_after_action(
+			$success,
+			$what,
+			$action_desc,
+			$query_args,
+			$override_overwrite
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Helper method for merging existing request data with the returned redirect url.
+	 * This is typically used for redirects after an action so that if the original view was a filtered view those
+	 * filters are still applied.
+	 *
+	 * @param array $new_route_data
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected function mergeExistingRequestParamsWithRedirectArgs(array $new_route_data): array
+	{
+		foreach ($this->request->requestParams() as $ref => $value) {
+			// unset nonces
+			if (strpos($ref, 'nonce') !== false) {
+				$this->request->unSetRequestParam($ref);
+				continue;
+			}
+			// urlencode values.
+			$value = is_array($value) ? array_map('urlencode', $value) : urlencode($value);
+			$this->request->setRequestParam($ref, $value);
+		}
+		return array_merge($this->request->requestParams(), $new_route_data);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param int|float|string $success            - whether success was for two or more records, or just one, or none
+	 * @param string           $what               - what the action was performed on
+	 * @param string           $action_desc        - what was done ie: updated, deleted, etc
+	 * @param array            $query_args         - an array of query_args to be added to the URL to redirect to
+	 * @param BOOL             $override_overwrite - by default all EE_Error::success messages are overwritten,
+	 *                                             this allows you to override this so that they show.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _redirect_after_action(
+		$success = 0,
+		string $what = 'item',
+		string $action_desc = 'processed',
+		array $query_args = [],
+		bool $override_overwrite = false
+	) {
+		$notices = EE_Error::get_notices(false);
+		// overwrite default success messages //BUT ONLY if overwrite not overridden
+		if (! $override_overwrite || ! empty($notices['errors'])) {
+			EE_Error::overwrite_success();
+		}
+		if (! $override_overwrite && ! empty($what) && ! empty($action_desc) && empty($notices['errors'])) {
+			// how many records affected ? more than one record ? or just one ?
+			EE_Error::add_success(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html(
+						_n(
+							'The "%1$s" has been successfully %2$s.',
+							'The "%1$s" have been successfully %2$s.',
+							$success,
+							'event_espresso'
+						)
+					),
+					$what,
+					$action_desc
+				),
+				__FILE__,
+				__FUNCTION__,
+				__LINE__
+			);
+		}
+		// check that $query_args isn't something crazy
+		$query_args = is_array($query_args) ? $query_args : [];
+		/**
+		 * Allow injecting actions before the query_args are modified for possible different
+		 * redirections on save and close actions
+		 *
+		 * @param array $query_args       The original query_args array coming into the
+		 *                                method.
+		 * @since 4.2.0
+		 */
+		do_action(
+			"AHEE__{$this->class_name}___redirect_after_action__before_redirect_modification_$this->_req_action",
+			$query_args
+		);
+		// set redirect url.
+		// Note if there is a "page" index in the $query_args then we go with vanilla admin.php route,
+		// otherwise we go with whatever is set as the _admin_base_url
+		$redirect_url = isset($query_args['page']) ? admin_url('admin.php') : $this->_admin_base_url;
+		// calculate where we're going (if we have a "save and close" button pushed)
+		if (
+			$this->request->requestParamIsSet('save_and_close')
+			&& $this->request->requestParamIsSet('save_and_close_referrer')
+		) {
+			// even though we have the save_and_close referrer, we need to parse the url for the action in order to generate a nonce
+			$parsed_url = parse_url($this->request->getRequestParam('save_and_close_referrer', '', DataType::URL));
+			// regenerate query args array from referrer URL
+			parse_str($parsed_url['query'], $query_args);
+			// correct page and action will be in the query args now
+			$redirect_url = admin_url('admin.php');
+		}
+		// merge any default query_args set in _default_route_query_args property
+		if (! empty($this->_default_route_query_args) && ! $this->_is_UI_request) {
+			$args_to_merge = [];
+			foreach ($this->_default_route_query_args as $query_param => $query_value) {
+				// is there a wp_referer array in our _default_route_query_args property?
+				if ($query_param === 'wp_referer') {
+					$query_value = (array) $query_value;
+					foreach ($query_value as $reference => $value) {
+						if (strpos($reference, 'nonce') !== false) {
+							continue;
+						}
+						// finally we will override any arguments in the referer with
+						// what might be set on the _default_route_query_args array.
+						if (isset($this->_default_route_query_args[ $reference ])) {
+							$args_to_merge[ $reference ] = urlencode($this->_default_route_query_args[ $reference ]);
+						} else {
+							$args_to_merge[ $reference ] = urlencode($value);
+						}
+					}
+					continue;
+				}
+				$args_to_merge[ $query_param ] = $query_value;
+			}
+			// now let's merge these arguments but override with what was specifically sent in to the
+			// redirect.
+			$query_args = array_merge($args_to_merge, $query_args);
+		}
+		$this->_process_notices($query_args);
+		// generate redirect url
+		// if redirecting to anything other than the main page, add a nonce
+		if (isset($query_args['action'])) {
+			// manually generate wp_nonce and merge that with the query vars
+			// becuz the wp_nonce_url function wrecks havoc on some vars
+			$query_args['_wpnonce'] = wp_create_nonce($query_args['action'] . '_nonce');
+		}
+		// we're adding some hooks and filters in here for processing any things just before redirects
+		// (example: an admin page has done an insert or update and we want to run something after that).
+		do_action('AHEE_redirect_' . $this->class_name . $this->_req_action, $query_args);
+		$redirect_url = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE_redirect_' . $this->class_name . $this->_req_action,
+			EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, $redirect_url),
+			$query_args
+		);
+		// check if we're doing ajax.  If we are then lets just return the results and js can handle how it wants.
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$default_data                    = [
+				'close'        => true,
+				'redirect_url' => $redirect_url,
+				'where'        => 'main',
+				'what'         => 'append',
+			];
+			$this->_template_args['success'] = $success;
+			$this->_template_args['data']    = ! empty($this->_template_args['data']) ? array_merge(
+				$default_data,
+				$this->_template_args['data']
+			) : $default_data;
+			$this->_return_json();
+		}
+		wp_safe_redirect($redirect_url);
+		exit();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * process any notices before redirecting (or returning ajax request)
+	 * This method sets the $this->_template_args['notices'] attribute;
+	 *
+	 * @param array $query_args         any query args that need to be used for notice transient ('action')
+	 * @param bool  $skip_route_verify  This is typically used when we are processing notices REALLY early and
+	 *                                  page_routes haven't been defined yet.
+	 * @param bool  $sticky_notices     This is used to flag that regardless of whether this is doing_ajax or not, we
+	 *                                  still save a transient for the notice.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _process_notices(
+		array $query_args = [],
+		bool $skip_route_verify = false,
+		bool $sticky_notices = true
+	) {
+		// first let's set individual error properties if doing_ajax and the properties aren't already set.
+		if ($this->request->isAjax()) {
+			$notices = EE_Error::get_notices(false);
+			if (empty($this->_template_args['success'])) {
+				$this->_template_args['success'] = $notices['success'] ?? false;
+			}
+			if (empty($this->_template_args['errors'])) {
+				$this->_template_args['errors'] = $notices['errors'] ?? false;
+			}
+			if (empty($this->_template_args['attention'])) {
+				$this->_template_args['attention'] = $notices['attention'] ?? false;
+			}
+		}
+		$this->_template_args['notices'] = EE_Error::get_notices();
+		// IF this isn't ajax we need to create a transient for the notices using the route (however, overridden if $sticky_notices == true)
+		if (! $this->request->isAjax() || $sticky_notices) {
+			$route = $query_args['action'] ?? 'default';
+			$this->_add_transient(
+				$route,
+				(array) $this->_template_args['notices'],
+				true,
+				$skip_route_verify
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_action_link_or_button
+	 * returns the button html for adding, editing, or deleting an item (depending on given type)
+	 *
+	 * @param string $action        use this to indicate which action the url is generated with.
+	 * @param string $type          accepted strings must be defined in the $_labels['button'] array(as the key)
+	 *                              property.
+	 * @param array  $extra_request if the button requires extra params you can include them in $key=>$value pairs.
+	 * @param string $class         Use this to give the class for the button. Defaults to 'button--primary'
+	 * @param string $base_url      If this is not provided
+	 *                              the _admin_base_url will be used as the default for the button base_url.
+	 *                              Otherwise this value will be used.
+	 * @param bool   $exclude_nonce If true then no nonce will be in the generated button link.
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function get_action_link_or_button(
+		string $action,
+		string $type = 'add',
+		array $extra_request = [],
+		string $class = 'button button--primary',
+		string $base_url = '',
+		bool $exclude_nonce = false
+	): string {
+		// first let's validate the action (if $base_url is FALSE otherwise validation will happen further along)
+		if (empty($base_url) && ! isset($this->_page_routes[ $action ])) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'There is no page route for given action for the button.  This action was given: %s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$action
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if (! isset($this->_labels['buttons'][ $type ])) {
+			throw new EE_Error(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'There is no label for the given button type (%s). Labels are set in the <code>_page_config</code> property.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$type
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		// finally check user access for this button.
+		$has_access = $this->check_user_access($action, true);
+		if (! $has_access) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		$_base_url  = ! $base_url ? $this->_admin_base_url : $base_url;
+		$query_args = [
+			'action' => $action,
+		];
+		// merge extra_request args but make sure our original action takes precedence and doesn't get overwritten.
+		if (! empty($extra_request)) {
+			$query_args = array_merge($extra_request, $query_args);
+		}
+		$url = EE_Admin_Page::add_query_args_and_nonce($query_args, $_base_url, false, $exclude_nonce);
+		return EEH_Template::get_button_or_link($url, $this->_labels['buttons'][ $type ], $class);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _per_page_screen_option
+	 * Utility function for adding in a per_page_option in the screen_options_dropdown.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 */
+	protected function _per_page_screen_option()
+	{
+		$option = 'per_page';
+		$args   = [
+			'label'   => apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___per_page_screen_options___label',
+				$this->_admin_page_title,
+				$this
+			),
+			'default' => (int) apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___per_page_screen_options__default',
+				20
+			),
+			'option'  => $this->_current_page . '_' . $this->_current_view . '_per_page',
+		];
+		// ONLY add the screen option if the user has access to it.
+		if ($this->check_user_access($this->_current_view, true)) {
+			add_screen_option($option, $args);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * set_per_page_screen_option
+	 * All this does is make sure that WordPress saves any per_page screen options (if set) for the current page.
+	 * we have to do this rather than running inside the 'set-screen-options' hook because it runs earlier than
+	 * admin_menu.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _set_per_page_screen_options()
+	{
+		if ($this->request->requestParamIsSet('wp_screen_options')) {
+			check_admin_referer('screen-options-nonce', 'screenoptionnonce');
+			if (! $user = wp_get_current_user()) {
+				return;
+			}
+			$option = $this->request->getRequestParam('wp_screen_options[option]', '', DataType::KEY);
+			if (! $option) {
+				return;
+			}
+			$value      = $this->request->getRequestParam('wp_screen_options[value]', 0, DataType::INT);
+			$map_option = $option;
+			$option     = str_replace('-', '_', $option);
+			switch ($map_option) {
+				case $this->_current_page . '_' . $this->_current_view . '_per_page':
+					$max_value = apply_filters(
+						'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___set_per_page_screen_options__max_value',
+						999,
+						$this->_current_page,
+						$this->_current_view
+					);
+					if ($value < 1) {
+						return;
+					}
+					$value = min($value, $max_value);
+					break;
+				default:
+					$value = apply_filters(
+						'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___set_per_page_screen_options__value',
+						false,
+						$option,
+						$value
+					);
+					if (false === $value) {
+						return;
+					}
+					break;
+			}
+			update_user_meta($user->ID, $option, $value);
+			wp_safe_redirect(remove_query_arg(['pagenum', 'apage', 'paged'], wp_get_referer()));
+			exit;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This just allows for setting the $_template_args property if it needs to be set outside the object
+	 *
+	 * @param array $data array that will be assigned to template args.
+	 */
+	public function set_template_args(array $data)
+	{
+		$this->_template_args = array_merge($this->_template_args, $data);
+	}
+
+
+	public function setAdminPageTitle(string $title)
+	{
+		$this->_admin_page_title = sanitize_text_field($title);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This makes available the WP transient system for temporarily moving data between routes
+	 *
+	 * @param string $route             the route that should receive the transient
+	 * @param array  $data              the data that gets sent
+	 * @param bool   $notices           If this is for notices then we use this to indicate so, otherwise it's just a
+	 *                                  normal route transient.
+	 * @param bool   $skip_route_verify Used to indicate we want to skip route verification.  This is usually ONLY used
+	 *                                  when we are adding a transient before page_routes have been defined.
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function _add_transient(
+		string $route,
+		array $data,
+		bool $notices = false,
+		bool $skip_route_verify = false
+	) {
+		$user_id = get_current_user_id();
+		if (! $skip_route_verify) {
+			$this->_verify_route($route);
+		}
+		// now let's set the string for what kind of transient we're setting
+		$transient = $notices ? "ee_rte_n_tx_{$route}_$user_id" : "rte_tx_{$route}_$user_id";
+		$data      = $notices ? ['notices' => $data] : $data;
+		// is there already a transient for this route?  If there is then let's ADD to that transient
+		$existing = is_multisite() && is_network_admin()
+			? get_site_transient($transient)
+			: get_transient($transient);
+		if ($existing) {
+			$data = array_merge($data, (array) $existing);
+		}
+		if (is_multisite() && is_network_admin()) {
+			set_site_transient($transient, $data, 8);
+		} else {
+			set_transient($transient, $data, 8);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this retrieves the temporary transient that has been set for moving data between routes.
+	 *
+	 * @param bool   $notices true we get notices transient. False we just return normal route transient
+	 * @param string $route
+	 * @return mixed data
+	 */
+	protected function _get_transient(bool $notices = false, string $route = '')
+	{
+		$user_id   = get_current_user_id();
+		$route     = ! $route ? $this->_req_action : $route;
+		$transient = $notices
+			? 'ee_rte_n_tx_' . $route . '_' . $user_id
+			: 'rte_tx_' . $route . '_' . $user_id;
+		$data      = is_multisite() && is_network_admin()
+			? get_site_transient($transient)
+			: get_transient($transient);
+		// delete transient after retrieval (just in case it hasn't expired);
+		if (is_multisite() && is_network_admin()) {
+			delete_site_transient($transient);
+		} else {
+			delete_transient($transient);
+		}
+		return $notices && isset($data['notices']) ? $data['notices'] : $data;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * The purpose of this method is just to run garbage collection on any EE transients that might have expired but
+	 * would not be called later. This will be assigned to run on a specific EE Admin page. (place the method in the
+	 * default route callback on the EE_Admin page you want it run.)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _transient_garbage_collection()
+	{
+		global $wpdb;
+		// retrieve all existing transients
+		$query =
+			"SELECT option_name FROM $wpdb->options WHERE option_name LIKE '%rte_tx_%' OR option_name LIKE '%rte_n_tx_%'";
+		if ($results = $wpdb->get_results($query)) {
+			foreach ($results as $result) {
+				$transient = str_replace('_transient_', '', $result->option_name);
+				get_transient($transient);
+				if (is_multisite() && is_network_admin()) {
+					get_site_transient($transient);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_view
+	 *
+	 * @return string content of _view property
+	 */
+	public function get_view(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_view;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * getter for the protected $_views property
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_views(): array
+	{
+		return $this->_views;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param array $views
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 5.0.13.p
+	 */
+	public function updateViews(array $views)
+	{
+		$this->_views = array_merge($this->_views, $views);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+    /**
+	 * get_current_page
+	 *
+	 * @return string _current_page property value
+	 */
+	public function get_current_page(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_current_page;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_current_view
+	 *
+	 * @return string _current_view property value
+	 */
+	public function get_current_view(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_current_view;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_current_screen
+	 *
+	 * @return object The current WP_Screen object
+	 */
+	public function get_current_screen()
+	{
+		return $this->_current_screen;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * get_current_page_view_url
+	 *
+	 * @return string This returns the url for the current_page_view.
+	 */
+	public function get_current_page_view_url(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_current_page_view_url;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * just returns the Request
+	 *
+	 * @return RequestInterface
+	 */
+	public function get_request(): ?RequestInterface
+	{
+		return $this->request;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * just returns the _req_data property
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_request_data(): array
+	{
+		return $this->request->requestParams();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * returns the _req_data protected property
+	 *
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function get_req_action(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_req_action;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return bool  value of $_is_caf property
+	 */
+	public function is_caf(): bool
+	{
+		return $this->_is_caf;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function default_espresso_metaboxes(): array
+	{
+		return $this->_default_espresso_metaboxes;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function admin_base_url(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_admin_base_url;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	public function wp_page_slug(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_wp_page_slug;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * updates  espresso configuration settings
+	 *
+	 * @param string                   $tab
+	 * @param EE_Config_Base|EE_Config $config
+	 * @param string                   $file file where error occurred
+	 * @param string                   $func function  where error occurred
+	 * @param string                   $line line no where error occurred
+	 * @return bool
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function _update_espresso_configuration(
+		string $tab,
+		$config,
+		string $file = '',
+		string $func = '',
+		string $line = ''
+	): bool {
+		// remove any options that are NOT going to be saved with the config settings.
+		if (isset($config->core->ee_ueip_optin)) {
+			// TODO: remove the following two lines and make sure values are migrated from 3.1
+			update_option('ee_ueip_optin', $config->core->ee_ueip_optin);
+			update_option('ee_ueip_has_notified', true);
+		}
+		// and save it (note we're also doing the network save here)
+		$net_saved    = ! is_main_site() || EE_Network_Config::instance()->update_config(false, false);
+		$config_saved = EE_Config::instance()->update_espresso_config(false, false);
+		if ($config_saved && $net_saved) {
+			EE_Error::add_success(sprintf(esc_html__('"%s" have been successfully updated.', 'event_espresso'), $tab));
+			return true;
+		}
+		EE_Error::add_error(
+			sprintf(esc_html__('The "%s" were not updated.', 'event_espresso'), $tab),
+			$file,
+			$func,
+			$line
+		);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an array to be used for EE_FOrm_Fields.helper.php's select_input as the $values argument.
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function get_yes_no_values(): array
+	{
+		return $this->_yes_no_values;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	protected function _get_dir(): string
+	{
+		$reflector = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
+		return dirname($reflector->getFileName());
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * A helper for getting a "next link".
+	 *
+	 * @param string $url   The url to link to
+	 * @param string $class The class to use.
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	protected function _next_link(string $url, string $class = 'dashicons dashicons-arrow-right'): string
+	{
+		return '<a class="' . $class . '" href="' . $url . '"></a>';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * A helper for getting a "previous link".
+	 *
+	 * @param string $url   The url to link to
+	 * @param string $class The class to use.
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	protected function _previous_link(string $url, string $class = 'dashicons dashicons-arrow-left'): string
+	{
+		return '<a class="' . $class . '" href="' . $url . '"></a>';
+	}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+	// below are some messages related methods that should be available across the EE_Admin system.  Note, these methods are NOT page specific
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This processes a request to resend a registration and assumes we have a _REG_ID for doing so. So if the caller
+	 * knows that the _REG_ID isn't in the req_data array but CAN obtain it, the caller should ADD the _REG_ID to the
+	 * _req_data array.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool success/fail
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	protected function _process_resend_registration(): bool
+	{
+		$this->_template_args['success'] = EED_Messages::process_resend($this->request->requestParams());
+		do_action(
+			'AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___process_resend_registration',
+			$this->_template_args['success'],
+			$this->request->requestParams()
+		);
+		return $this->_template_args['success'];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This automatically processes any payment message notifications when manual payment has been applied.
+	 *
+	 * @param EE_Payment $payment
+	 * @return bool success/fail
+	 */
+	protected function _process_payment_notification(EE_Payment $payment): bool
+	{
+		add_filter('FHEE__EE_Payment_Processor__process_registration_payments__display_notifications', '__return_true');
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___process_admin_payment_notification', $payment);
+		$this->_template_args['success'] = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page___process_admin_payment_notification__success',
+			false,
+			$payment
+		);
+		return $this->_template_args['success'];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EEM_Base      $entity_model
+	 * @param string        $entity_PK_name name of the primary key field used as a request param, ie: id, ID, etc
+	 * @param string        $action         one of the EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_* constants: delete, restore, trash
+	 * @param string        $delete_column  name of the field that denotes whether entity is trashed
+	 * @param callable|null $callback       called after entity is trashed, restored, or deleted
+	 * @return int|float
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	protected function trashRestoreDeleteEntities(
+		EEM_Base $entity_model,
+		string $entity_PK_name,
+		string $action = EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_DELETE,
+		string $delete_column = '',
+		?callable $callback = null
+	) {
+		$entity_PK      = $entity_model->get_primary_key_field();
+		$entity_PK_name = $entity_PK_name ?: $entity_PK->get_name();
+		$entity_PK_type = $this->resolveEntityFieldDataType($entity_PK);
+		// grab ID if deleting a single entity
+		if ($this->request->requestParamIsSet($entity_PK_name)) {
+			$ID = $this->request->getRequestParam($entity_PK_name, 0, $entity_PK_type);
+			return $this->trashRestoreDeleteEntity($entity_model, $ID, $action, $delete_column, $callback) ? 1 : 0;
+		}
+		// or grab checkbox array if bulk deleting
+		$checkboxes = $this->request->getRequestParam('checkbox', [], $entity_PK_type, true);
+		if (empty($checkboxes)) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		$success = 0;
+		$IDs     = array_keys($checkboxes);
+		// cycle thru bulk action checkboxes
+		foreach ($IDs as $ID) {
+			// increment $success
+			if ($this->trashRestoreDeleteEntity($entity_model, $ID, $action, $delete_column, $callback)) {
+				$success++;
+			}
+		}
+		$count = (int) count($checkboxes);
+		// if multiple entities were deleted successfully, then $deleted will be full count of deletions,
+		// otherwise it will be a fraction of ( actual deletions / total entities to be deleted )
+		return $success === $count ? $count : $success / $count;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base $entity_PK
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @since   4.10.30.p
+	 */
+	private function resolveEntityFieldDataType(EE_Primary_Key_Field_Base $entity_PK): string
+	{
+		$entity_PK_type = $entity_PK->dataType();
+		switch ($entity_PK_type) {
+			case DataType::BOOL;
+			case DataType::INT;
+			case DataType::FLOAT;
+			case DataType::STRING;
+				return $entity_PK_type;
+		}
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'"%1$s" is an invalid schema type for the %2$s primary key.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$entity_PK_type,
+				$entity_PK->get_name()
+			)
+		);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EEM_Base      $entity_model
+	 * @param int|string    $entity_ID
+	 * @param string        $action        one of the EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_* constants: delete, restore, trash
+	 * @param string        $delete_column name of the field that denotes whether entity is trashed
+	 * @param callable|null $callback      called after entity is trashed, restored, or deleted
+	 * @return bool
+	 */
+	protected function trashRestoreDeleteEntity(
+		EEM_Base $entity_model,
+		$entity_ID,
+		string $action,
+		string $delete_column,
+		?callable $callback = null
+	): bool {
+		$entity_ID = absint($entity_ID);
+		if (! $entity_ID) {
+			$this->trashRestoreDeleteError($action, $entity_model);
+		}
+		$result = 0;
+		try {
+			$entity = $entity_model->get_one_by_ID($entity_ID);
+			if (! $entity instanceof EE_Base_Class) {
+				throw new DomainException(
+					sprintf(
+						esc_html__(
+							'Missing or invalid %1$s entity with ID of "%2$s" returned from db.',
+							'event_espresso'
+						),
+						str_replace('EEM_', '', $entity_model->get_this_model_name()),
+						$entity_ID
+					)
+				);
+			}
+			switch ($action) {
+				case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_DELETE:
+					$result = (bool) $entity->delete_permanently();
+					break;
+				case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_RESTORE:
+					$result = $entity->delete_or_restore(false);
+					break;
+				case EE_Admin_List_Table::ACTION_TRASH:
+					$result = $entity->delete_or_restore();
+					break;
+			}
+		} catch (Exception $exception) {
+			$this->trashRestoreDeleteError($action, $entity_model, $exception);
+		}
+		if (is_callable($callback)) {
+			call_user_func_array($callback, [$entity_model, $entity_ID, $action, $result, $delete_column]);
+		}
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EEM_Base $entity_model
+	 * @param string   $delete_column
+	 * @since 4.10.30.p
+	 */
+	private function validateDeleteColumn(EEM_Base $entity_model, string $delete_column)
+	{
+		if (empty($delete_column)) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'You need to specify the name of the "delete column" on the %2$s model, in order to trash or restore an entity.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$entity_model->get_this_model_name()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		if (! $entity_model->has_field($delete_column)) {
+			throw new DomainException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'The %1$s field does not exist on the %2$s model.',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$delete_column,
+					$entity_model->get_this_model_name()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param EEM_Base       $entity_model
+	 * @param Exception|null $exception
+	 * @param string         $action
+	 * @since 4.10.30.p
+	 */
+	private function trashRestoreDeleteError(string $action, EEM_Base $entity_model, Exception $exception = null)
+	{
+		if ($exception instanceof Exception) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(
+				sprintf(
+					esc_html__(
+						'Could not %1$s the %2$s because the following error occurred: %3$s',
+						'event_espresso'
+					),
+					$action,
+					$entity_model->get_this_model_name(),
+					$exception->getMessage()
+				)
+			);
+		}
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+			sprintf(
+				esc_html__(
+					'Could not %1$s the %2$s because an invalid ID was received.',
+					'event_espresso'
+				),
+				$action,
+				$entity_model->get_this_model_name()
+			)
+		);
+	}
 }

core/admin/EE_Admin_Page_Init.core.php

Indentation +490 added lines, -490 removed lines

@@ -18,495 +18,495 @@
  */
 abstract class EE_Admin_Page_Init extends EE_Base
 {
-    /**
-     * This holds the menu map object for this admin page.
-     */
-    protected ?AdminMenuItem $_menu_map           = null;
-
-    protected ?EE_Admin_Page $_loaded_page_object = null;
+	/**
+	 * This holds the menu map object for this admin page.
+	 */
+	protected ?AdminMenuItem $_menu_map           = null;
+
+	protected ?EE_Admin_Page $_loaded_page_object = null;
 
-    protected ?LoaderInterface $loader              = null;
-
-    protected ?RequestInterface $request             = null;
-
-    private bool $_load_page          = false;
-
-    protected bool $_routing            = false;
-
-    /**
-     * Menu map has a capability.  However, this allows admin pages to have separate capability requirements for menus
-     * and accessing pages.  If capability is NOT set, then it defaults to the menu_map capability.
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    public string $capability = '';
-
-    /**
-     * identity properties (set in _set_defaults and _set_init_properties)
-     */
-    public string $label         = '';
-
-    protected string $_file_name    = '';
-
-    protected string $_folder_name  = '';
-
-    protected string $_folder_path  = '';
-
-    protected string $_wp_page_slug = '';
-
-    public string $hook_file     = '';
-
-    public string $menu_slug     = '';
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecated
-     */
-    public string $menu_label    = '';
-
-    protected array $_files_hooked = [];
-
-    protected array $_hook_paths   = [];
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
-     * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
-     * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
-     */
-    public function __construct(RequestInterface $request = null)
-    {
-        $this->loader  = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
-        $this->request = $request instanceof RequestInterface
-            ? $request
-            : $this->loader->getShared(RequestInterface::class);
-        // set global defaults
-        $this->_set_defaults();
-        // set properties that are always available with objects.
-        $this->_set_init_properties();
-        // global styles/scripts across all wp admin pages
-        add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'load_wp_global_scripts_styles'], 5);
-        // load initial stuff.
-        $this->_set_file_and_folder_name();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_init_properties
-     * Child classes use to set the following properties:
-     * $label
-     *
-     * @abstract
-     * @return void
-     */
-    abstract protected function _set_init_properties();
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return AdminMenuItem|null
-     * @since       4.4.0
-     * @deprecated  5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function get_menu_map()
-    {
-        return $this->adminMenu();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * _set_menu_map is a function that child classes use to set the menu_map property (which should be an instance of
-     * EE_Admin_Page_Menu_Map.  Their menu can either be EE_Admin_Page_Main_Menu or AdminMenuSubItem.
-     *
-     * @since       4.4.0
-     * @deprecated  5.0.0.p
-     */
-    protected function _set_menu_map()
-    {
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @since   5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function setupLegacyAdminMenuItem()
-    {
-        // will be overridden by child classes not using new system
-        $this->_set_menu_map();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Child classes should return an array of properties used to construct the AdminMenuItem
-     *
-     * @return array
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function getMenuProperties(): array
-    {
-        return [];
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param AdminMenuItem $menu
-     * @return void
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function setAdminMenu(AdminMenuItem $menu): void
-    {
-        $this->_menu_map = $menu;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * returns the menu map for this admin page
-     *
-     * @return AdminMenuItem|null
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function adminMenu(): ?AdminMenuItem
-    {
-        return $this->_menu_map;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $wp_page_slug
-     * @since 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    public function setWpPageSlug(string $wp_page_slug): void
-    {
-        $this->_wp_page_slug = $wp_page_slug;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This loads scripts and styles for the EE_Admin system
-     * that must be available on ALL WP admin pages (i.e. EE_menu items)
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    public function load_wp_global_scripts_styles()
-    {
-        wp_register_style(
-            'espresso_admin_base',
-            EE_ADMIN_URL . 'assets/ee-admin-base.css',
-            ['dashicons'],
-            EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
-        );
-        wp_register_style(
-            'espresso_menu',
-            EE_ADMIN_URL . 'assets/ee-admin-menu.css',
-            ['espresso_admin_base'],
-            EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
-        );
-        wp_enqueue_style('espresso_admin_base');
-        wp_enqueue_style('espresso_menu');
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * this sets default properties (might be overridden in _set_init_properties);
-     *
-     * @return  void
-     */
-    private function _set_defaults()
-    {
-        $this->_file_name    = '';
-        $this->_folder_name  = '';
-        $this->_wp_page_slug = '';
-        $this->capability    = '';
-        $this->_routing      = true;
-        $this->_load_page    = false;
-        $this->_files_hooked = [];
-        $this->_hook_paths   = [];
-    }
-
-
-    public function setCapability($capability, $menu_slug)
-    {
-        $this->capability = apply_filters("FHEE_{$menu_slug}_capability", $capability);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @deprecated 5.0.0.p
-     */
-    protected function _set_capability()
-    {
-        if ($this->_menu_map instanceof AdminMenuItem) {
-            $this->setCapability($this->_menu_map->capability(), $this->_menu_map->menuSlug());
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * initialize_admin_page
-     * This method is what executes the loading of the specific page class for the given dir_name as called by the
-     * EE_Admin_Init class.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     */
-    public function initialize_admin_page()
-    {
-        // let's check user access first
-        $this->_check_user_access();
-        if (! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_loaded_page_object->route_admin_request();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @param string $wp_page_slug
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     */
-    public function set_page_dependencies(string $wp_page_slug)
-    {
-        if (! $this->_load_page) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
-            $msg[] = esc_html__(
-                'We can\'t load the page because we\'re missing a valid page object that tells us what to load',
-                'event_espresso'
-            );
-            $msg[] = $msg[0] . "\r\n"
-                     . sprintf(
-                         esc_html__(
-                             'The custom slug you have set for this page is %s. This means we\'re looking for the class %s_Admin_Page (found in %s_Admin_Page.core.php) within your %s directory',
-                             'event_espresso'
-                         ),
-                         $this->_file_name,
-                         $this->_file_name,
-                         $this->_folder_path . $this->_file_name,
-                         $this->_menu_map->menuSlug()
-                     );
-            throw new EE_Error(implode('||', $msg));
-        }
-        $this->_loaded_page_object->set_wp_page_slug($wp_page_slug);
-        $page_hook = "load-$wp_page_slug";
-        // hook into page load hook so all page specific stuff gets loaded.
-        if (! empty($wp_page_slug)) {
-            add_action($page_hook, [$this->_loaded_page_object, 'load_page_dependencies']);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This executes the initial page loads for EE_Admin pages to take care of any ajax or other code needing to run
-     * before the load-page... hook. Note, the page loads are happening around the wp_init hook.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     */
-    public function do_initial_loads()
-    {
-        // no loading or initializing if menu map is set up incorrectly.
-        if (! $this->_menu_map instanceof AdminMenuItem) {
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_initialize_admin_page();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * all we're doing here is setting the $_file_name property for later use.
-     *
-     * @return void
-     */
-    private function _set_file_and_folder_name()
-    {
-        $bt = debug_backtrace();
-        // for more reliable determination of folder name
-        // we're using this to get the actual folder name of the CALLING class (i.e. the child class that extends this).  Why?  Because $this->menu_slug may be different from the folder name (to avoid conflicts with other plugins)
-        $class = get_class($this);
-        foreach ($bt as $index => $values) {
-            if (isset($values['class']) && $values['class'] == $class) {
-                $file_index         = $index - 1;
-                $this->_folder_name = basename(dirname($bt[ $file_index ]['file']));
-                if (! empty($this->_folder_name)) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        $this->_folder_path = EE_ADMIN_PAGES . $this->_folder_name . '/';
-        $this->_file_name   = preg_replace('/^ee/', 'EE', $this->_folder_name);
-        $this->_file_name   = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_file_name));
-        $this->_file_name   = str_replace(' ', '_', $this->_file_name);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * This automatically checks if we have a hook class in the loaded child directory.  If we DO then we will register
-     * it with the appropriate pages.  That way all we have to do is make sure the file is named correctly and
-     * "dropped" in. Example: if we wanted to set this up for Messages hooking into Events then we would do:
-     * events_Messages_Hooks.class.php
-     *
-     * @param bool $extend This indicates whether we're checking the "extend" directory for any register_hooks
-     *                     files/classes
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function register_hooks(bool $extend = false): array
-    {
-        // get a list of files in the directory that have the "Hook" in their name an
-        // if this is an extended check (i.e. caf is active) then we will scan the caffeinated/extend directory first
-        // and any hook files that are found will have their reference added to the $_files_hook array property.
-        // Then, we make sure that when we loop through the core decaf directories to find hook files
-        // that we skip over any hooks files that have already been set by caf.
-        if ($extend) {
-            $hook_files_glob_path = apply_filters(
-                'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init__register_hooks__hook_files_glob_path__extend',
-                EE_CORE_CAF_ADMIN_EXTEND
-                . $this->_folder_name
-                . '/*'
-                . $this->_file_name
-                . '_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
-            );
-            $this->_hook_paths    = $this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path, $extend);
-        }
-        // loop through decaf folders
-        $hook_files_glob_path = apply_filters(
-            'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init__register_hooks__hook_files_glob_path',
-            $this->_folder_path . '*' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks.class.php'
-        );
-        $this->_hook_paths    = array_merge(
-            $this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path),
-            $this->_hook_paths
-        );  // making sure any extended hook paths are later in the array than the core hook paths!
-        return $this->_hook_paths;
-    }
-
-
-    protected function _register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path, $extend = false): array
-    {
-        $hook_paths = glob($hook_files_glob_path);
-        if (empty($hook_paths)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        foreach ($hook_paths as $file) {
-            // lets get the linked admin.
-            $hook_file = $extend
-                ? str_replace(EE_CORE_CAF_ADMIN_EXTEND . $this->_folder_name . '/', '', $file)
-                : str_replace($this->_folder_path, '', $file);
-            $replace   = $extend
-                ? '_' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
-                : '_' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks.class.php';
-            $rel_admin = str_replace($replace, '', $hook_file);
-            $rel_admin = strtolower($rel_admin);
-            // make sure we haven't already got a hook setup for this page path
-            if (in_array($rel_admin, $this->_files_hooked)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            require_once $file;
-            $this->hook_file = $hook_file;
-            $rel_admin_hook  = 'FHEE_do_other_page_hooks_' . $rel_admin;
-            add_filter($rel_admin_hook, [$this, 'load_admin_hook']);
-            $this->_files_hooked[] = $rel_admin;
-        }
-        return $hook_paths;
-    }
-
-
-    public function load_admin_hook($registered_pages)
-    {
-        return array_merge((array) $this->hook_file, $registered_pages);
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @throws EE_Error
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     * @see  initialize_admin_page() for info
-     */
-    protected function _initialize_admin_page()
-    {
-        // JUST CHECK WE'RE ON RIGHT PAGE.
-        $page      = $this->request->getRequestParam('page');
-        $page      = $this->request->getRequestParam('current_page', $page);
-        $menu_slug = $this->_menu_map->menuSlug();
-
-        // leaving the following in for the time being
-        // because not sure if preventing multiple admin page loading will result in bad things happening
-        $darren_logic                       = false;  // true    false
-        $not_the_droids_you_are_looking_for = $darren_logic
-            ? $this->_routing && ($page === '' || $page !== $menu_slug)
-            : $page === '' || $page !== $menu_slug;
-        if ($not_the_droids_you_are_looking_for) {
-            // not on the right page so let's get out.
-            return;
-        }
-        $this->_load_page = true;
-
-        // we don't need to do a page_request check here because it's only called via WP menu system.
-        $admin_page  = $this->_file_name . '_Admin_Page';
-        $hook_suffix = "{$menu_slug}_$admin_page";
-        $admin_page  = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__admin_page__$hook_suffix",
-            $admin_page
-        );
-        if (empty($admin_page)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // define requested admin page class name then load the file and instantiate
-        $path_to_file = str_replace(['\\', '/'], '/', $this->_folder_path . $admin_page . '.core.php');
-        // so if the file would be in EE_ADMIN/attendees/Attendee_Admin_Page.core.php, the filter would be:
-        // FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__path_to_file__attendees_Attendee_Admin_Page
-        $path_to_file = apply_filters(
-            "FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__path_to_file__$hook_suffix",
-            $path_to_file
-        );
-        if (! is_readable($path_to_file)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // This is a place where EE plugins can hook into
-        // to make sure their own files are required in the appropriate place
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__before_initialization');
-        do_action("AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__before_initialization_$menu_slug");
-        require_once($path_to_file);
-        $this->_loaded_page_object = $this->loader->getShared($admin_page, [$this->_routing]);
-        $this->_loaded_page_object->initializePage();
-
-        do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__after_initialization');
-        do_action("AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__after_initialization_$menu_slug");
-    }
-
-
-    public function get_admin_page_name(): string
-    {
-        return $this->_file_name . '_Admin_Page';
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * @return EE_Admin_Page|null
-     */
-    public function loaded_page_object(): ?EE_Admin_Page
-    {
-        return $this->_loaded_page_object;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * verifies user access for this admin page.
-     * If no user access is available then let's gracefully exit with a WordPress die message.
-     *
-     * @return void  wp_die if fail
-     */
-    private function _check_user_access()
-    {
-        if (! $this->_menu_map->currentUserHasAccess()) {
-            wp_die(
-                esc_html__('You don\'t have access to this page.', 'event_espresso'),
-                '',
-                ['back_link' => true]
-            );
-        }
-    }
+	protected ?LoaderInterface $loader              = null;
+
+	protected ?RequestInterface $request             = null;
+
+	private bool $_load_page          = false;
+
+	protected bool $_routing            = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * Menu map has a capability.  However, this allows admin pages to have separate capability requirements for menus
+	 * and accessing pages.  If capability is NOT set, then it defaults to the menu_map capability.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public string $capability = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * identity properties (set in _set_defaults and _set_init_properties)
+	 */
+	public string $label         = '';
+
+	protected string $_file_name    = '';
+
+	protected string $_folder_name  = '';
+
+	protected string $_folder_path  = '';
+
+	protected string $_wp_page_slug = '';
+
+	public string $hook_file     = '';
+
+	public string $menu_slug     = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated
+	 */
+	public string $menu_label    = '';
+
+	protected array $_files_hooked = [];
+
+	protected array $_hook_paths   = [];
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+	 * @throws InvalidDataTypeException
+	 * @throws InvalidInterfaceException
+	 */
+	public function __construct(RequestInterface $request = null)
+	{
+		$this->loader  = LoaderFactory::getLoader();
+		$this->request = $request instanceof RequestInterface
+			? $request
+			: $this->loader->getShared(RequestInterface::class);
+		// set global defaults
+		$this->_set_defaults();
+		// set properties that are always available with objects.
+		$this->_set_init_properties();
+		// global styles/scripts across all wp admin pages
+		add_action('admin_enqueue_scripts', [$this, 'load_wp_global_scripts_styles'], 5);
+		// load initial stuff.
+		$this->_set_file_and_folder_name();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_init_properties
+	 * Child classes use to set the following properties:
+	 * $label
+	 *
+	 * @abstract
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	abstract protected function _set_init_properties();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return AdminMenuItem|null
+	 * @since       4.4.0
+	 * @deprecated  5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function get_menu_map()
+	{
+		return $this->adminMenu();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * _set_menu_map is a function that child classes use to set the menu_map property (which should be an instance of
+	 * EE_Admin_Page_Menu_Map.  Their menu can either be EE_Admin_Page_Main_Menu or AdminMenuSubItem.
+	 *
+	 * @since       4.4.0
+	 * @deprecated  5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	protected function _set_menu_map()
+	{
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @since   5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function setupLegacyAdminMenuItem()
+	{
+		// will be overridden by child classes not using new system
+		$this->_set_menu_map();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Child classes should return an array of properties used to construct the AdminMenuItem
+	 *
+	 * @return array
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function getMenuProperties(): array
+	{
+		return [];
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param AdminMenuItem $menu
+	 * @return void
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function setAdminMenu(AdminMenuItem $menu): void
+	{
+		$this->_menu_map = $menu;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * returns the menu map for this admin page
+	 *
+	 * @return AdminMenuItem|null
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function adminMenu(): ?AdminMenuItem
+	{
+		return $this->_menu_map;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $wp_page_slug
+	 * @since 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	public function setWpPageSlug(string $wp_page_slug): void
+	{
+		$this->_wp_page_slug = $wp_page_slug;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This loads scripts and styles for the EE_Admin system
+	 * that must be available on ALL WP admin pages (i.e. EE_menu items)
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	public function load_wp_global_scripts_styles()
+	{
+		wp_register_style(
+			'espresso_admin_base',
+			EE_ADMIN_URL . 'assets/ee-admin-base.css',
+			['dashicons'],
+			EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
+		);
+		wp_register_style(
+			'espresso_menu',
+			EE_ADMIN_URL . 'assets/ee-admin-menu.css',
+			['espresso_admin_base'],
+			EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
+		);
+		wp_enqueue_style('espresso_admin_base');
+		wp_enqueue_style('espresso_menu');
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * this sets default properties (might be overridden in _set_init_properties);
+	 *
+	 * @return  void
+	 */
+	private function _set_defaults()
+	{
+		$this->_file_name    = '';
+		$this->_folder_name  = '';
+		$this->_wp_page_slug = '';
+		$this->capability    = '';
+		$this->_routing      = true;
+		$this->_load_page    = false;
+		$this->_files_hooked = [];
+		$this->_hook_paths   = [];
+	}
+
+
+	public function setCapability($capability, $menu_slug)
+	{
+		$this->capability = apply_filters("FHEE_{$menu_slug}_capability", $capability);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated 5.0.0.p
+	 */
+	protected function _set_capability()
+	{
+		if ($this->_menu_map instanceof AdminMenuItem) {
+			$this->setCapability($this->_menu_map->capability(), $this->_menu_map->menuSlug());
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * initialize_admin_page
+	 * This method is what executes the loading of the specific page class for the given dir_name as called by the
+	 * EE_Admin_Init class.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 */
+	public function initialize_admin_page()
+	{
+		// let's check user access first
+		$this->_check_user_access();
+		if (! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_loaded_page_object->route_admin_request();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @param string $wp_page_slug
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 */
+	public function set_page_dependencies(string $wp_page_slug)
+	{
+		if (! $this->_load_page) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
+			$msg[] = esc_html__(
+				'We can\'t load the page because we\'re missing a valid page object that tells us what to load',
+				'event_espresso'
+			);
+			$msg[] = $msg[0] . "\r\n"
+					 . sprintf(
+						 esc_html__(
+							 'The custom slug you have set for this page is %s. This means we\'re looking for the class %s_Admin_Page (found in %s_Admin_Page.core.php) within your %s directory',
+							 'event_espresso'
+						 ),
+						 $this->_file_name,
+						 $this->_file_name,
+						 $this->_folder_path . $this->_file_name,
+						 $this->_menu_map->menuSlug()
+					 );
+			throw new EE_Error(implode('||', $msg));
+		}
+		$this->_loaded_page_object->set_wp_page_slug($wp_page_slug);
+		$page_hook = "load-$wp_page_slug";
+		// hook into page load hook so all page specific stuff gets loaded.
+		if (! empty($wp_page_slug)) {
+			add_action($page_hook, [$this->_loaded_page_object, 'load_page_dependencies']);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This executes the initial page loads for EE_Admin pages to take care of any ajax or other code needing to run
+	 * before the load-page... hook. Note, the page loads are happening around the wp_init hook.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 */
+	public function do_initial_loads()
+	{
+		// no loading or initializing if menu map is set up incorrectly.
+		if (! $this->_menu_map instanceof AdminMenuItem) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_initialize_admin_page();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * all we're doing here is setting the $_file_name property for later use.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	private function _set_file_and_folder_name()
+	{
+		$bt = debug_backtrace();
+		// for more reliable determination of folder name
+		// we're using this to get the actual folder name of the CALLING class (i.e. the child class that extends this).  Why?  Because $this->menu_slug may be different from the folder name (to avoid conflicts with other plugins)
+		$class = get_class($this);
+		foreach ($bt as $index => $values) {
+			if (isset($values['class']) && $values['class'] == $class) {
+				$file_index         = $index - 1;
+				$this->_folder_name = basename(dirname($bt[ $file_index ]['file']));
+				if (! empty($this->_folder_name)) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		$this->_folder_path = EE_ADMIN_PAGES . $this->_folder_name . '/';
+		$this->_file_name   = preg_replace('/^ee/', 'EE', $this->_folder_name);
+		$this->_file_name   = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_file_name));
+		$this->_file_name   = str_replace(' ', '_', $this->_file_name);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This automatically checks if we have a hook class in the loaded child directory.  If we DO then we will register
+	 * it with the appropriate pages.  That way all we have to do is make sure the file is named correctly and
+	 * "dropped" in. Example: if we wanted to set this up for Messages hooking into Events then we would do:
+	 * events_Messages_Hooks.class.php
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $extend This indicates whether we're checking the "extend" directory for any register_hooks
+	 *                     files/classes
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	public function register_hooks(bool $extend = false): array
+	{
+		// get a list of files in the directory that have the "Hook" in their name an
+		// if this is an extended check (i.e. caf is active) then we will scan the caffeinated/extend directory first
+		// and any hook files that are found will have their reference added to the $_files_hook array property.
+		// Then, we make sure that when we loop through the core decaf directories to find hook files
+		// that we skip over any hooks files that have already been set by caf.
+		if ($extend) {
+			$hook_files_glob_path = apply_filters(
+				'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init__register_hooks__hook_files_glob_path__extend',
+				EE_CORE_CAF_ADMIN_EXTEND
+				. $this->_folder_name
+				. '/*'
+				. $this->_file_name
+				. '_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
+			);
+			$this->_hook_paths    = $this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path, $extend);
+		}
+		// loop through decaf folders
+		$hook_files_glob_path = apply_filters(
+			'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init__register_hooks__hook_files_glob_path',
+			$this->_folder_path . '*' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks.class.php'
+		);
+		$this->_hook_paths    = array_merge(
+			$this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path),
+			$this->_hook_paths
+		);  // making sure any extended hook paths are later in the array than the core hook paths!
+		return $this->_hook_paths;
+	}
+
+
+	protected function _register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path, $extend = false): array
+	{
+		$hook_paths = glob($hook_files_glob_path);
+		if (empty($hook_paths)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		foreach ($hook_paths as $file) {
+			// lets get the linked admin.
+			$hook_file = $extend
+				? str_replace(EE_CORE_CAF_ADMIN_EXTEND . $this->_folder_name . '/', '', $file)
+				: str_replace($this->_folder_path, '', $file);
+			$replace   = $extend
+				? '_' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
+				: '_' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks.class.php';
+			$rel_admin = str_replace($replace, '', $hook_file);
+			$rel_admin = strtolower($rel_admin);
+			// make sure we haven't already got a hook setup for this page path
+			if (in_array($rel_admin, $this->_files_hooked)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			require_once $file;
+			$this->hook_file = $hook_file;
+			$rel_admin_hook  = 'FHEE_do_other_page_hooks_' . $rel_admin;
+			add_filter($rel_admin_hook, [$this, 'load_admin_hook']);
+			$this->_files_hooked[] = $rel_admin;
+		}
+		return $hook_paths;
+	}
+
+
+	public function load_admin_hook($registered_pages)
+	{
+		return array_merge((array) $this->hook_file, $registered_pages);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws EE_Error
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 * @see  initialize_admin_page() for info
+	 */
+	protected function _initialize_admin_page()
+	{
+		// JUST CHECK WE'RE ON RIGHT PAGE.
+		$page      = $this->request->getRequestParam('page');
+		$page      = $this->request->getRequestParam('current_page', $page);
+		$menu_slug = $this->_menu_map->menuSlug();
+
+		// leaving the following in for the time being
+		// because not sure if preventing multiple admin page loading will result in bad things happening
+		$darren_logic                       = false;  // true    false
+		$not_the_droids_you_are_looking_for = $darren_logic
+			? $this->_routing && ($page === '' || $page !== $menu_slug)
+			: $page === '' || $page !== $menu_slug;
+		if ($not_the_droids_you_are_looking_for) {
+			// not on the right page so let's get out.
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->_load_page = true;
+
+		// we don't need to do a page_request check here because it's only called via WP menu system.
+		$admin_page  = $this->_file_name . '_Admin_Page';
+		$hook_suffix = "{$menu_slug}_$admin_page";
+		$admin_page  = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__admin_page__$hook_suffix",
+			$admin_page
+		);
+		if (empty($admin_page)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// define requested admin page class name then load the file and instantiate
+		$path_to_file = str_replace(['\\', '/'], '/', $this->_folder_path . $admin_page . '.core.php');
+		// so if the file would be in EE_ADMIN/attendees/Attendee_Admin_Page.core.php, the filter would be:
+		// FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__path_to_file__attendees_Attendee_Admin_Page
+		$path_to_file = apply_filters(
+			"FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__path_to_file__$hook_suffix",
+			$path_to_file
+		);
+		if (! is_readable($path_to_file)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// This is a place where EE plugins can hook into
+		// to make sure their own files are required in the appropriate place
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__before_initialization');
+		do_action("AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__before_initialization_$menu_slug");
+		require_once($path_to_file);
+		$this->_loaded_page_object = $this->loader->getShared($admin_page, [$this->_routing]);
+		$this->_loaded_page_object->initializePage();
+
+		do_action('AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__after_initialization');
+		do_action("AHEE__EE_Admin_Page___initialize_admin_page__after_initialization_$menu_slug");
+	}
+
+
+	public function get_admin_page_name(): string
+	{
+		return $this->_file_name . '_Admin_Page';
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * @return EE_Admin_Page|null
+	 */
+	public function loaded_page_object(): ?EE_Admin_Page
+	{
+		return $this->_loaded_page_object;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * verifies user access for this admin page.
+	 * If no user access is available then let's gracefully exit with a WordPress die message.
+	 *
+	 * @return void  wp_die if fail
+	 */
+	private function _check_user_access()
+	{
+		if (! $this->_menu_map->currentUserHasAccess()) {
+			wp_die(
+				esc_html__('You don\'t have access to this page.', 'event_espresso'),
+				'',
+				['back_link' => true]
+			);
+		}
+	}
 }

Spacing +32 added lines, -32 removed lines

@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ 
 
     protected ?EE_Admin_Page $_loaded_page_object = null;
 
-    protected ?LoaderInterface $loader              = null;
+    protected ?LoaderInterface $loader = null;
 
-    protected ?RequestInterface $request             = null;
+    protected ?RequestInterface $request = null;
 
-    private bool $_load_page          = false;
+    private bool $_load_page = false;
 
-    protected bool $_routing            = false;
+    protected bool $_routing = false;
 
     /**
      * Menu map has a capability.  However, this allows admin pages to have separate capability requirements for menus
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ 
     /**
      * identity properties (set in _set_defaults and _set_init_properties)
      */
-    public string $label         = '';
+    public string $label = '';
 
     protected string $_file_name    = '';
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ 
     /**
      * @deprecated
      */
-    public string $menu_label    = '';
+    public string $menu_label = '';
 
     protected array $_files_hooked = [];
 
@@ -189,13 +189,13 @@ 
     {
         wp_register_style(
             'espresso_admin_base',
-            EE_ADMIN_URL . 'assets/ee-admin-base.css',
+            EE_ADMIN_URL.'assets/ee-admin-base.css',
             ['dashicons'],
             EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
         );
         wp_register_style(
             'espresso_menu',
-            EE_ADMIN_URL . 'assets/ee-admin-menu.css',
+            EE_ADMIN_URL.'assets/ee-admin-menu.css',
             ['espresso_admin_base'],
             EVENT_ESPRESSO_VERSION
         );
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ 
     {
         // let's check user access first
         $this->_check_user_access();
-        if (! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
+        if ( ! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
             return;
         }
         $this->_loaded_page_object->route_admin_request();
@@ -266,15 +266,15 @@ 
      */
     public function set_page_dependencies(string $wp_page_slug)
     {
-        if (! $this->_load_page) {
+        if ( ! $this->_load_page) {
             return;
         }
-        if (! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
+        if ( ! $this->_loaded_page_object instanceof EE_Admin_Page) {
             $msg[] = esc_html__(
                 'We can\'t load the page because we\'re missing a valid page object that tells us what to load',
                 'event_espresso'
             );
-            $msg[] = $msg[0] . "\r\n"
+            $msg[] = $msg[0]."\r\n"
                      . sprintf(
                          esc_html__(
                              'The custom slug you have set for this page is %s. This means we\'re looking for the class %s_Admin_Page (found in %s_Admin_Page.core.php) within your %s directory',
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ 
                          ),
                          $this->_file_name,
                          $this->_file_name,
-                         $this->_folder_path . $this->_file_name,
+                         $this->_folder_path.$this->_file_name,
                          $this->_menu_map->menuSlug()
                      );
             throw new EE_Error(implode('||', $msg));
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ 
         $this->_loaded_page_object->set_wp_page_slug($wp_page_slug);
         $page_hook = "load-$wp_page_slug";
         // hook into page load hook so all page specific stuff gets loaded.
-        if (! empty($wp_page_slug)) {
+        if ( ! empty($wp_page_slug)) {
             add_action($page_hook, [$this->_loaded_page_object, 'load_page_dependencies']);
         }
     }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ 
     public function do_initial_loads()
     {
         // no loading or initializing if menu map is set up incorrectly.
-        if (! $this->_menu_map instanceof AdminMenuItem) {
+        if ( ! $this->_menu_map instanceof AdminMenuItem) {
             return;
         }
         $this->_initialize_admin_page();
@@ -329,13 +329,13 @@ 
         foreach ($bt as $index => $values) {
             if (isset($values['class']) && $values['class'] == $class) {
                 $file_index         = $index - 1;
-                $this->_folder_name = basename(dirname($bt[ $file_index ]['file']));
-                if (! empty($this->_folder_name)) {
+                $this->_folder_name = basename(dirname($bt[$file_index]['file']));
+                if ( ! empty($this->_folder_name)) {
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
-        $this->_folder_path = EE_ADMIN_PAGES . $this->_folder_name . '/';
+        $this->_folder_path = EE_ADMIN_PAGES.$this->_folder_name.'/';
         $this->_file_name   = preg_replace('/^ee/', 'EE', $this->_folder_name);
         $this->_file_name   = ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $this->_file_name));
         $this->_file_name   = str_replace(' ', '_', $this->_file_name);
@@ -368,17 +368,17 @@ 
                 . $this->_file_name
                 . '_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
             );
-            $this->_hook_paths    = $this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path, $extend);
+            $this->_hook_paths = $this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path, $extend);
         }
         // loop through decaf folders
         $hook_files_glob_path = apply_filters(
             'FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init__register_hooks__hook_files_glob_path',
-            $this->_folder_path . '*' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks.class.php'
+            $this->_folder_path.'*'.$this->_file_name.'_Hooks.class.php'
         );
-        $this->_hook_paths    = array_merge(
+        $this->_hook_paths = array_merge(
             $this->_register_hook_files($hook_files_glob_path),
             $this->_hook_paths
-        );  // making sure any extended hook paths are later in the array than the core hook paths!
+        ); // making sure any extended hook paths are later in the array than the core hook paths!
         return $this->_hook_paths;
     }
 
@@ -392,11 +392,11 @@ 
         foreach ($hook_paths as $file) {
             // lets get the linked admin.
             $hook_file = $extend
-                ? str_replace(EE_CORE_CAF_ADMIN_EXTEND . $this->_folder_name . '/', '', $file)
+                ? str_replace(EE_CORE_CAF_ADMIN_EXTEND.$this->_folder_name.'/', '', $file)
                 : str_replace($this->_folder_path, '', $file);
             $replace   = $extend
-                ? '_' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
-                : '_' . $this->_file_name . '_Hooks.class.php';
+                ? '_'.$this->_file_name.'_Hooks_Extend.class.php'
+                : '_'.$this->_file_name.'_Hooks.class.php';
             $rel_admin = str_replace($replace, '', $hook_file);
             $rel_admin = strtolower($rel_admin);
             // make sure we haven't already got a hook setup for this page path
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ 
             }
             require_once $file;
             $this->hook_file = $hook_file;
-            $rel_admin_hook  = 'FHEE_do_other_page_hooks_' . $rel_admin;
+            $rel_admin_hook  = 'FHEE_do_other_page_hooks_'.$rel_admin;
             add_filter($rel_admin_hook, [$this, 'load_admin_hook']);
             $this->_files_hooked[] = $rel_admin;
         }
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ 
 
         // leaving the following in for the time being
         // because not sure if preventing multiple admin page loading will result in bad things happening
-        $darren_logic                       = false;  // true    false
+        $darren_logic                       = false; // true    false
         $not_the_droids_you_are_looking_for = $darren_logic
             ? $this->_routing && ($page === '' || $page !== $menu_slug)
             : $page === '' || $page !== $menu_slug;
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ 
         $this->_load_page = true;
 
         // we don't need to do a page_request check here because it's only called via WP menu system.
-        $admin_page  = $this->_file_name . '_Admin_Page';
+        $admin_page  = $this->_file_name.'_Admin_Page';
         $hook_suffix = "{$menu_slug}_$admin_page";
         $admin_page  = apply_filters(
             "FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__admin_page__$hook_suffix",
@@ -455,14 +455,14 @@ 
             return;
         }
         // define requested admin page class name then load the file and instantiate
-        $path_to_file = str_replace(['\\', '/'], '/', $this->_folder_path . $admin_page . '.core.php');
+        $path_to_file = str_replace(['\\', '/'], '/', $this->_folder_path.$admin_page.'.core.php');
         // so if the file would be in EE_ADMIN/attendees/Attendee_Admin_Page.core.php, the filter would be:
         // FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__path_to_file__attendees_Attendee_Admin_Page
         $path_to_file = apply_filters(
             "FHEE__EE_Admin_Page_Init___initialize_admin_page__path_to_file__$hook_suffix",
             $path_to_file
         );
-        if (! is_readable($path_to_file)) {
+        if ( ! is_readable($path_to_file)) {
             return;
         }
         // This is a place where EE plugins can hook into
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ 
 
     public function get_admin_page_name(): string
     {
-        return $this->_file_name . '_Admin_Page';
+        return $this->_file_name.'_Admin_Page';
     }
 
 
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ 
      */
     private function _check_user_access()
     {
-        if (! $this->_menu_map->currentUserHasAccess()) {
+        if ( ! $this->_menu_map->currentUserHasAccess()) {
             wp_die(
                 esc_html__('You don\'t have access to this page.', 'event_espresso'),
                 '',

core/exceptions/ExceptionStackTraceDisplay.php

Indentation +273 added lines, -273 removed lines

@@ -21,161 +21,161 @@ 
  */
 class ExceptionStackTraceDisplay
 {
-    /**
-     * @var   string
-     * @since 4.10.24.p
-     */
-    private $class_name = '';
+	/**
+	 * @var   string
+	 * @since 4.10.24.p
+	 */
+	private $class_name = '';
 
-    /**
-     * @var   string
-     * @since 4.10.24.p
-     */
-    private $error_code = '';
+	/**
+	 * @var   string
+	 * @since 4.10.24.p
+	 */
+	private $error_code = '';
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param Throwable $exception
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @throws Throwable
-     */
-    public function __construct(Throwable $exception)
-    {
-        if (WP_DEBUG && ! defined('EE_TESTS_DIR')) {
-            $this->displayException($exception);
-        } else {
-            throw $exception;
-        }
-    }
+	/**
+	 * @param Throwable $exception
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @throws Throwable
+	 */
+	public function __construct(Throwable $exception)
+	{
+		if (WP_DEBUG && ! defined('EE_TESTS_DIR')) {
+			$this->displayException($exception);
+		} else {
+			throw $exception;
+		}
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * @access protected
-     * @param Throwable $exception
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    protected function displayException(Throwable $exception)
-    {
-        // get separate user and developer messages if they exist
-        $msg = explode('||', $exception->getMessage());
-        $user_msg = $msg[0];
-        $dev_msg = isset($msg[1]) ? $msg[1] : $msg[0];
-        $msg = WP_DEBUG ? $dev_msg : $user_msg;
-        // process trace info
-        $trace_details = $this->traceDetails($exception);
-        $code          = $exception->getCode() ?: $this->error_code;
-        // add helpful developer messages if debugging is on
-        // or generic non-identifying messages for non-privileged users
-        $error_message = WP_DEBUG
-            ? $this->developerError($exception, $msg, $code, $trace_details)
-            : $this->genericError($msg, $code);
-        // start gathering output
-        $output = '
+	/**
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param Throwable $exception
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	protected function displayException(Throwable $exception)
+	{
+		// get separate user and developer messages if they exist
+		$msg = explode('||', $exception->getMessage());
+		$user_msg = $msg[0];
+		$dev_msg = isset($msg[1]) ? $msg[1] : $msg[0];
+		$msg = WP_DEBUG ? $dev_msg : $user_msg;
+		// process trace info
+		$trace_details = $this->traceDetails($exception);
+		$code          = $exception->getCode() ?: $this->error_code;
+		// add helpful developer messages if debugging is on
+		// or generic non-identifying messages for non-privileged users
+		$error_message = WP_DEBUG
+			? $this->developerError($exception, $msg, $code, $trace_details)
+			: $this->genericError($msg, $code);
+		// start gathering output
+		$output = '
         <div id="ee-error-message" class="ee-exception-stack-trace-display" >
             ' . $error_message . '
         </div>';
-        $scripts = $this->printScripts(true);
-        if (defined('DOING_AJAX')) {
-            echo wp_json_encode(array('error' => $output . $scripts));
-            exit();
-        }
-        echo wp_kses($output . $scripts, AllowedTags::getWithScriptAndStyleTags());
-    }
+		$scripts = $this->printScripts(true);
+		if (defined('DOING_AJAX')) {
+			echo wp_json_encode(array('error' => $output . $scripts));
+			exit();
+		}
+		echo wp_kses($output . $scripts, AllowedTags::getWithScriptAndStyleTags());
+	}
 
 
-    private function genericError($msg, $code)
-    {
-        return '
+	private function genericError($msg, $code)
+	{
+		return '
         <p>
             <span class="ee-error-user-msg-spn">' . trim($msg) . '</span> &nbsp; <sup>' . $code . '</sup>
         </p>';
-    }
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * @param Throwable $exception
-     * @param $msg
-     * @param $code
-     * @param $trace_details
-     * @return string
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function developerError(Throwable $exception, $msg, $code, $trace_details)
-    {
-        $time = time();
-        return '
+	/**
+	 * @param Throwable $exception
+	 * @param $msg
+	 * @param $code
+	 * @param $trace_details
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function developerError(Throwable $exception, $msg, $code, $trace_details)
+	{
+		$time = time();
+		return '
         <div class="ee-error-dev-msg-dv">
             <p class="ee-error-dev-msg-pg">
                 '
-                . sprintf(
-                    '%1$s %2$s was thrown!%3$s code: %4$s',
-                    '<strong class="ee-error-dev-msg-str">',
-                    ucwords(EEH_Inflector::add_indefinite_article(get_class($exception))),
-                    '</strong>  &nbsp; <span>',
-                    $code . '</span>'
-                )
-                . '
+				. sprintf(
+					'%1$s %2$s was thrown!%3$s code: %4$s',
+					'<strong class="ee-error-dev-msg-str">',
+					ucwords(EEH_Inflector::add_indefinite_article(get_class($exception))),
+					'</strong>  &nbsp; <span>',
+					$code . '</span>'
+				)
+				. '
                 <span class="big-text">' . trim($msg) . '</span>
                 <a id="display-ee-error-trace-1'
-                   . $time
-                   . '" class="display-ee-error-trace-lnk small-text" rel="ee-error-trace-1'
-                   . $time
-                   . '">
+				   . $time
+				   . '" class="display-ee-error-trace-lnk small-text" rel="ee-error-trace-1'
+				   . $time
+				   . '">
                     ' . 'click to view backtrace and class/method details' . '
                 </a><br />
                 '
-                . $exception->getFile()
-                . sprintf(
-                    '%1$s( line no: %2$s )%3$s',
-                    ' &nbsp; <span class="small-text lt-grey-text">',
-                    $exception->getLine(),
-                    '</span>'
-                )
-                . '
+				. $exception->getFile()
+				. sprintf(
+					'%1$s( line no: %2$s )%3$s',
+					' &nbsp; <span class="small-text lt-grey-text">',
+					$exception->getLine(),
+					'</span>'
+				)
+				. '
             </p>
             <div id="ee-error-trace-1'
-                   . $time
-                   . '-dv" class="ee-error-trace-dv ee-error-trace-dv--hidden">
+				   . $time
+				   . '-dv" class="ee-error-trace-dv ee-error-trace-dv--hidden">
                 '
-                   . $trace_details
-                   . $this->classDetails() . '
+				   . $trace_details
+				   . $this->classDetails() . '
             </div>
         </div>';
-    }
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     */
-    private function classDetails()
-    {
-        if (empty($this->class_name)) {
-            return '';
-        }
-        $a = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
-        return '
+	/**
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 */
+	private function classDetails()
+	{
+		if (empty($this->class_name)) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		$a = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
+		return '
             <div style="padding:3px; margin:0 0 1em; border:1px solid #999; background:#fff; border-radius:3px;">
                 <div style="padding:1em 2em; border:1px solid #999; background:#fcfcfc;">
                     <h3>Class Details</h3>
                     <pre>' . $a . '</pre>
                 </div>
             </div>';
-    }
+	}
 
-    /**
-     * @param Throwable $exception
-     * @return string
-     * @throws ReflectionException
-     * @since 4.10.24.p
-     */
-    private function traceDetails(Throwable $exception)
-    {
-        $trace = $exception->getTrace();
-        if (empty($trace)) {
-            return 'Sorry, but no trace information was available for this exception.';
-        }
+	/**
+	 * @param Throwable $exception
+	 * @return string
+	 * @throws ReflectionException
+	 * @since 4.10.24.p
+	 */
+	private function traceDetails(Throwable $exception)
+	{
+		$trace = $exception->getTrace();
+		if (empty($trace)) {
+			return 'Sorry, but no trace information was available for this exception.';
+		}
 
-        $trace_details = '
+		$trace_details = '
         <div id="ee-trace-details">
             <table>
                 <tr>
@@ -186,176 +186,176 @@ 
                         Class -> Method
                     </th>
                 </tr>';
-        $last_on_stack = count($trace) - 1;
-        // reverse array so that stack is in proper chronological order
-        $sorted_trace = array_reverse($trace);
-        foreach ($sorted_trace as $nmbr => $trace) {
-            $this->class_name = isset($trace['class']) ? $trace['class'] : '';
-            $file     = isset($trace['file']) ? $trace['file'] : '';
-            $type     = isset($trace['type']) ? $trace['type'] : '';
-            $function = isset($trace['function']) ? $trace['function'] : '';
-            $args     = isset($trace['args']) ? $this->_convert_args_to_string($trace['args']) : '';
-            $args     = isset($trace['args']) && count($trace['args']) > 4 ? ' <br />' . $args . '<br />' : $args;
-            $line     = isset($trace['line']) ? $trace['line'] : '';
-            if (empty($file) && ! empty($this->class_name)) {
-                $a    = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
-                $file = $a->getFileName();
-                if (empty($line) && ! empty($function)) {
-                    try {
-                        // if $function is a closure, this throws an exception
-                        $b    = new ReflectionMethod($this->class_name, $function);
-                        $line = $b->getStartLine();
-                    } catch (Exception $closure_exception) {
-                        $line = 'unknown';
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if ($nmbr === $last_on_stack) {
-                $file       = $exception->getFile() ?: $file;
-                $line       = $exception->getLine() ?: $line;
-                $this->error_code = $this->generate_error_code($file, $trace['function'], $line);
-            }
-            $file          = EEH_File::standardise_directory_separators($file);
-            $nmbr          = ! empty($nmbr) ? $nmbr : '&nbsp;';
-            $line          = ! empty($line) ? $line : '&nbsp;';
-            $file          = ! empty($file) ? $file : '&nbsp;';
-            $type          = ! empty($type) ? $type : '';
-            $function      = ! empty($function) ? $function : '';
-            $args          = ! empty($args) ? '( ' . $args . ' )' : '()';
-            $trace_details .= '
+		$last_on_stack = count($trace) - 1;
+		// reverse array so that stack is in proper chronological order
+		$sorted_trace = array_reverse($trace);
+		foreach ($sorted_trace as $nmbr => $trace) {
+			$this->class_name = isset($trace['class']) ? $trace['class'] : '';
+			$file     = isset($trace['file']) ? $trace['file'] : '';
+			$type     = isset($trace['type']) ? $trace['type'] : '';
+			$function = isset($trace['function']) ? $trace['function'] : '';
+			$args     = isset($trace['args']) ? $this->_convert_args_to_string($trace['args']) : '';
+			$args     = isset($trace['args']) && count($trace['args']) > 4 ? ' <br />' . $args . '<br />' : $args;
+			$line     = isset($trace['line']) ? $trace['line'] : '';
+			if (empty($file) && ! empty($this->class_name)) {
+				$a    = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
+				$file = $a->getFileName();
+				if (empty($line) && ! empty($function)) {
+					try {
+						// if $function is a closure, this throws an exception
+						$b    = new ReflectionMethod($this->class_name, $function);
+						$line = $b->getStartLine();
+					} catch (Exception $closure_exception) {
+						$line = 'unknown';
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if ($nmbr === $last_on_stack) {
+				$file       = $exception->getFile() ?: $file;
+				$line       = $exception->getLine() ?: $line;
+				$this->error_code = $this->generate_error_code($file, $trace['function'], $line);
+			}
+			$file          = EEH_File::standardise_directory_separators($file);
+			$nmbr          = ! empty($nmbr) ? $nmbr : '&nbsp;';
+			$line          = ! empty($line) ? $line : '&nbsp;';
+			$file          = ! empty($file) ? $file : '&nbsp;';
+			$type          = ! empty($type) ? $type : '';
+			$function      = ! empty($function) ? $function : '';
+			$args          = ! empty($args) ? '( ' . $args . ' )' : '()';
+			$trace_details .= '
                 <tr>
                     <td class="ee-align-right">' . $nmbr . '</td>
                     <td class="ee-align-right">' . $line . '</td>
                     <td class="ee-align-left">' . $file . '</td>
                     <td class="ee-align-left">' . $this->class_name . $type . $function . $args . '</td>
                 </tr>';
-        }
-        $trace_details .= '
+		}
+		$trace_details .= '
             </table>
         </div>';
-        return $trace_details;
-    }
+		return $trace_details;
+	}
 
 
-    // phpcs:disable PSR1.Methods.CamelCapsMethodName.NotCamelCaps
-    // phpcs:disable PSR2.Methods.MethodDeclaration.Underscore
+	// phpcs:disable PSR1.Methods.CamelCapsMethodName.NotCamelCaps
+	// phpcs:disable PSR2.Methods.MethodDeclaration.Underscore
 
-    /**
-     * generate string from exception trace args
-     *
-     * @param array $arguments
-     * @param int   $indent
-     * @param bool  $array
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function _convert_args_to_string($arguments = array(), $indent = 0, $array = false)
-    {
-        $args = array();
-        $args_count = count($arguments);
-        if ($args_count > 2) {
-            $indent++;
-            $args[] = '<br />';
-        }
-        $x = 0;
-        foreach ($arguments as $arg) {
-            $x++;
-            for ($i = 0; $i < $indent; $i++) {
-                $args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
-            }
-            if (is_string($arg)) {
-                if (! $array && strlen($arg) > 75) {
-                    $args[] = '<br />';
-                    for ($i = 0; $i <= $indent; $i++) {
-                        $args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
-                    }
-                    $args[] = "'" . $arg . "'<br />";
-                } else {
-                    $args[] = " '" . $arg . "'";
-                }
-            } elseif (is_array($arg)) {
-                $arg_count = count($arg);
-                if ($arg_count > 2) {
-                    $indent++;
-                    $args[] = ' array(' . $this->_convert_args_to_string($arg, $indent, true) . ')';
-                    $indent--;
-                } elseif ($arg_count === 0) {
-                    $args[] = ' array()';
-                } else {
-                    $args[] = ' array( ' . $this->_convert_args_to_string($arg) . ' )';
-                }
-            } elseif ($arg === null) {
-                $args[] = ' null';
-            } elseif (is_bool($arg)) {
-                $args[] = $arg ? ' true' : ' false';
-            } elseif (is_object($arg)) {
-                $args[] = get_class($arg);
-            } elseif (is_resource($arg)) {
-                $args[] = get_resource_type($arg);
-            } else {
-                $args[] = $arg;
-            }
-            if ($x === $args_count) {
-                if ($args_count > 2) {
-                    $args[] = '<br />';
-                    $indent--;
-                    for ($i = 1; $i < $indent; $i++) {
-                        $args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                $args[] = $args_count > 2 ? ',<br />' : ', ';
-            }
-        }
-        return implode('', $args);
-    }
+	/**
+	 * generate string from exception trace args
+	 *
+	 * @param array $arguments
+	 * @param int   $indent
+	 * @param bool  $array
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function _convert_args_to_string($arguments = array(), $indent = 0, $array = false)
+	{
+		$args = array();
+		$args_count = count($arguments);
+		if ($args_count > 2) {
+			$indent++;
+			$args[] = '<br />';
+		}
+		$x = 0;
+		foreach ($arguments as $arg) {
+			$x++;
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $indent; $i++) {
+				$args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
+			}
+			if (is_string($arg)) {
+				if (! $array && strlen($arg) > 75) {
+					$args[] = '<br />';
+					for ($i = 0; $i <= $indent; $i++) {
+						$args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
+					}
+					$args[] = "'" . $arg . "'<br />";
+				} else {
+					$args[] = " '" . $arg . "'";
+				}
+			} elseif (is_array($arg)) {
+				$arg_count = count($arg);
+				if ($arg_count > 2) {
+					$indent++;
+					$args[] = ' array(' . $this->_convert_args_to_string($arg, $indent, true) . ')';
+					$indent--;
+				} elseif ($arg_count === 0) {
+					$args[] = ' array()';
+				} else {
+					$args[] = ' array( ' . $this->_convert_args_to_string($arg) . ' )';
+				}
+			} elseif ($arg === null) {
+				$args[] = ' null';
+			} elseif (is_bool($arg)) {
+				$args[] = $arg ? ' true' : ' false';
+			} elseif (is_object($arg)) {
+				$args[] = get_class($arg);
+			} elseif (is_resource($arg)) {
+				$args[] = get_resource_type($arg);
+			} else {
+				$args[] = $arg;
+			}
+			if ($x === $args_count) {
+				if ($args_count > 2) {
+					$args[] = '<br />';
+					$indent--;
+					for ($i = 1; $i < $indent; $i++) {
+						$args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				$args[] = $args_count > 2 ? ',<br />' : ', ';
+			}
+		}
+		return implode('', $args);
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * create error code from filepath, function name,
-     * and line number where exception or error was thrown
-     *
-     * @access protected
-     * @param string $file
-     * @param string $func
-     * @param string $line
-     * @return string
-     */
-    protected function generate_error_code($file = '', $func = '', $line = '')
-    {
-        $file_bits = explode('.', basename($file));
-        $error_code = ! empty($file_bits[0]) ? $file_bits[0] : '';
-        $error_code .= ! empty($func) ? ' - ' . $func : '';
-        $error_code .= ! empty($line) ? ' - ' . $line : '';
-        return $error_code;
-    }
+	/**
+	 * create error code from filepath, function name,
+	 * and line number where exception or error was thrown
+	 *
+	 * @access protected
+	 * @param string $file
+	 * @param string $func
+	 * @param string $line
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	protected function generate_error_code($file = '', $func = '', $line = '')
+	{
+		$file_bits = explode('.', basename($file));
+		$error_code = ! empty($file_bits[0]) ? $file_bits[0] : '';
+		$error_code .= ! empty($func) ? ' - ' . $func : '';
+		$error_code .= ! empty($line) ? ' - ' . $line : '';
+		return $error_code;
+	}
 
 
-    /**
-     * _print_scripts
-     *
-     * @param bool $force_print
-     * @return string
-     */
-    private function printScripts($force_print = false)
-    {
-        if (! $force_print && (did_action('admin_enqueue_scripts') || did_action('wp_enqueue_scripts'))) {
-            //  if script is already enqueued then we can just get out
-            if (wp_script_is('ee_error_js')) {
-                return '';
-            }
-            if (wp_script_is('ee_error_js', 'registered')) {
-                wp_enqueue_style('espresso_default');
-                wp_enqueue_style('espresso_custom_css');
-                wp_enqueue_script('ee_error_js');
-                wp_localize_script('ee_error_js', 'ee_settings', array('wp_debug' => WP_DEBUG));
-                return '';
-            }
-        }
-        $jquery = includes_url() . 'js/jquery/jquery.js';
-        $core = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'scripts/espresso_core.js?ver=' . espresso_version();
-        $ee_error = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'scripts/EE_Error.js?ver=' . espresso_version();
-        $style = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'css/ee-exception-stack-display.css';
-        return '
+	/**
+	 * _print_scripts
+	 *
+	 * @param bool $force_print
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	private function printScripts($force_print = false)
+	{
+		if (! $force_print && (did_action('admin_enqueue_scripts') || did_action('wp_enqueue_scripts'))) {
+			//  if script is already enqueued then we can just get out
+			if (wp_script_is('ee_error_js')) {
+				return '';
+			}
+			if (wp_script_is('ee_error_js', 'registered')) {
+				wp_enqueue_style('espresso_default');
+				wp_enqueue_style('espresso_custom_css');
+				wp_enqueue_script('ee_error_js');
+				wp_localize_script('ee_error_js', 'ee_settings', array('wp_debug' => WP_DEBUG));
+				return '';
+			}
+		}
+		$jquery = includes_url() . 'js/jquery/jquery.js';
+		$core = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'scripts/espresso_core.js?ver=' . espresso_version();
+		$ee_error = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'scripts/EE_Error.js?ver=' . espresso_version();
+		$style = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'css/ee-exception-stack-display.css';
+		return '
             <script>
             const ee_settings = {"wp_debug":"' . WP_DEBUG . '"};
             </script>
@@ -364,5 +364,5 @@ 
             <script src="' . esc_url_raw($ee_error) . '" type="text/javascript"></script>
             <link href="' . esc_url_raw($style) . '" rel="stylesheet" />
         ';
-    }
+	}
 }

Spacing +32 added lines, -32 removed lines

@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ 
         // start gathering output
         $output = '
         <div id="ee-error-message" class="ee-exception-stack-trace-display" >
-            ' . $error_message . '
+            ' . $error_message.'
         </div>';
         $scripts = $this->printScripts(true);
         if (defined('DOING_AJAX')) {
-            echo wp_json_encode(array('error' => $output . $scripts));
+            echo wp_json_encode(array('error' => $output.$scripts));
             exit();
         }
-        echo wp_kses($output . $scripts, AllowedTags::getWithScriptAndStyleTags());
+        echo wp_kses($output.$scripts, AllowedTags::getWithScriptAndStyleTags());
     }
 
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ 
     {
         return '
         <p>
-            <span class="ee-error-user-msg-spn">' . trim($msg) . '</span> &nbsp; <sup>' . $code . '</sup>
+            <span class="ee-error-user-msg-spn">' . trim($msg).'</span> &nbsp; <sup>'.$code.'</sup>
         </p>';
     }
 
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ 
                     '<strong class="ee-error-dev-msg-str">',
                     ucwords(EEH_Inflector::add_indefinite_article(get_class($exception))),
                     '</strong>  &nbsp; <span>',
-                    $code . '</span>'
+                    $code.'</span>'
                 )
                 . '
-                <span class="big-text">' . trim($msg) . '</span>
+                <span class="big-text">' . trim($msg).'</span>
                 <a id="display-ee-error-trace-1'
                    . $time
                    . '" class="display-ee-error-trace-lnk small-text" rel="ee-error-trace-1'
                    . $time
                    . '">
-                    ' . 'click to view backtrace and class/method details' . '
+                    ' . 'click to view backtrace and class/method details'.'
                 </a><br />
                 '
                 . $exception->getFile()
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ 
                    . '-dv" class="ee-error-trace-dv ee-error-trace-dv--hidden">
                 '
                    . $trace_details
-                   . $this->classDetails() . '
+                   . $this->classDetails().'
             </div>
         </div>';
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ 
             <div style="padding:3px; margin:0 0 1em; border:1px solid #999; background:#fff; border-radius:3px;">
                 <div style="padding:1em 2em; border:1px solid #999; background:#fcfcfc;">
                     <h3>Class Details</h3>
-                    <pre>' . $a . '</pre>
+                    <pre>' . $a.'</pre>
                 </div>
             </div>';
     }
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ 
             $type     = isset($trace['type']) ? $trace['type'] : '';
             $function = isset($trace['function']) ? $trace['function'] : '';
             $args     = isset($trace['args']) ? $this->_convert_args_to_string($trace['args']) : '';
-            $args     = isset($trace['args']) && count($trace['args']) > 4 ? ' <br />' . $args . '<br />' : $args;
+            $args     = isset($trace['args']) && count($trace['args']) > 4 ? ' <br />'.$args.'<br />' : $args;
             $line     = isset($trace['line']) ? $trace['line'] : '';
             if (empty($file) && ! empty($this->class_name)) {
                 $a    = new ReflectionClass($this->class_name);
@@ -221,13 +221,13 @@ 
             $file          = ! empty($file) ? $file : '&nbsp;';
             $type          = ! empty($type) ? $type : '';
             $function      = ! empty($function) ? $function : '';
-            $args          = ! empty($args) ? '( ' . $args . ' )' : '()';
+            $args          = ! empty($args) ? '( '.$args.' )' : '()';
             $trace_details .= '
                 <tr>
-                    <td class="ee-align-right">' . $nmbr . '</td>
-                    <td class="ee-align-right">' . $line . '</td>
-                    <td class="ee-align-left">' . $file . '</td>
-                    <td class="ee-align-left">' . $this->class_name . $type . $function . $args . '</td>
+                    <td class="ee-align-right">' . $nmbr.'</td>
+                    <td class="ee-align-right">' . $line.'</td>
+                    <td class="ee-align-left">' . $file.'</td>
+                    <td class="ee-align-left">' . $this->class_name.$type.$function.$args.'</td>
                 </tr>';
         }
         $trace_details .= '
@@ -263,25 +263,25 @@ 
                 $args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
             }
             if (is_string($arg)) {
-                if (! $array && strlen($arg) > 75) {
+                if ( ! $array && strlen($arg) > 75) {
                     $args[] = '<br />';
                     for ($i = 0; $i <= $indent; $i++) {
                         $args[] = ' &nbsp;&nbsp; ';
                     }
-                    $args[] = "'" . $arg . "'<br />";
+                    $args[] = "'".$arg."'<br />";
                 } else {
-                    $args[] = " '" . $arg . "'";
+                    $args[] = " '".$arg."'";
                 }
             } elseif (is_array($arg)) {
                 $arg_count = count($arg);
                 if ($arg_count > 2) {
                     $indent++;
-                    $args[] = ' array(' . $this->_convert_args_to_string($arg, $indent, true) . ')';
+                    $args[] = ' array('.$this->_convert_args_to_string($arg, $indent, true).')';
                     $indent--;
                 } elseif ($arg_count === 0) {
                     $args[] = ' array()';
                 } else {
-                    $args[] = ' array( ' . $this->_convert_args_to_string($arg) . ' )';
+                    $args[] = ' array( '.$this->_convert_args_to_string($arg).' )';
                 }
             } elseif ($arg === null) {
                 $args[] = ' null';
@@ -324,8 +324,8 @@ 
     {
         $file_bits = explode('.', basename($file));
         $error_code = ! empty($file_bits[0]) ? $file_bits[0] : '';
-        $error_code .= ! empty($func) ? ' - ' . $func : '';
-        $error_code .= ! empty($line) ? ' - ' . $line : '';
+        $error_code .= ! empty($func) ? ' - '.$func : '';
+        $error_code .= ! empty($line) ? ' - '.$line : '';
         return $error_code;
     }
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ 
      */
     private function printScripts($force_print = false)
     {
-        if (! $force_print && (did_action('admin_enqueue_scripts') || did_action('wp_enqueue_scripts'))) {
+        if ( ! $force_print && (did_action('admin_enqueue_scripts') || did_action('wp_enqueue_scripts'))) {
             //  if script is already enqueued then we can just get out
             if (wp_script_is('ee_error_js')) {
                 return '';
@@ -351,18 +351,18 @@ 
                 return '';
             }
         }
-        $jquery = includes_url() . 'js/jquery/jquery.js';
-        $core = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'scripts/espresso_core.js?ver=' . espresso_version();
-        $ee_error = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'scripts/EE_Error.js?ver=' . espresso_version();
-        $style = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL . 'css/ee-exception-stack-display.css';
+        $jquery = includes_url().'js/jquery/jquery.js';
+        $core = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL.'scripts/espresso_core.js?ver='.espresso_version();
+        $ee_error = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL.'scripts/EE_Error.js?ver='.espresso_version();
+        $style = EE_GLOBAL_ASSETS_URL.'css/ee-exception-stack-display.css';
         return '
             <script>
-            const ee_settings = {"wp_debug":"' . WP_DEBUG . '"};
+            const ee_settings = {"wp_debug":"' . WP_DEBUG.'"};
             </script>
-            <script src="' . esc_url_raw($jquery) . '" type="text/javascript"></script>
-            <script src="' . esc_url_raw($core) . '" type="text/javascript"></script>
-            <script src="' . esc_url_raw($ee_error) . '" type="text/javascript"></script>
-            <link href="' . esc_url_raw($style) . '" rel="stylesheet" />
+            <script src="' . esc_url_raw($jquery).'" type="text/javascript"></script>
+            <script src="' . esc_url_raw($core).'" type="text/javascript"></script>
+            <script src="' . esc_url_raw($ee_error).'" type="text/javascript"></script>
+            <link href="' . esc_url_raw($style).'" rel="stylesheet" />
         ';
     }
 }