amd.io._Reader.__next__() - Code Metrics - Inspection of "gemmi reader update" - dwiddo/average-minimum-distance - Measure and Improve Code Quality continuously with Scrutinizer

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Push — master ( 37d7fb...c02a6e )

by Daniel
created 2023-03-21 20:08 UTC
amd.io._Reader.next() C

↳ Parent: amd.io
Complexity

Conditions
Size

Total Lines	39
Code Lines	25
Duplication

Lines	0
Ratio	0 %
Importance

Changes
Metric	Value
eloc	25
dl	0
loc	39
rs	5.9999
c	0
b	0
f	0
cc	10
nop	1
How to fix Complexity

"""Tools for reading crystals from files, or from the CSD with
``csd-python-api``. The readers return
:class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>` objects representing
the crystal which can be passed to :func:`amd.AMD() <.calculate.AMD>`
and :func:`amd.PDD() <.calculate.PDD>`.
"""

import warnings
import os
import re
import functools
import errno
import math
import json
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Iterable, Iterator, Optional, Union, Callable, Tuple, List

import numpy as np
import numpy.typing as npt
import numba
import tqdm

from .utils import cellpar_to_cell
from .periodicset import PeriodicSet


def _custom_warning(message, category, filename, lineno, *args, **kwargs):
    return f'{category.__name__}: {message}\n'

warnings.formatwarning = _custom_warning

_pkg_path = Path(__file__).absolute().parent

with open(str(_pkg_path / 'atomic_numbers.json')) as f:
    _ATOMIC_NUMBERS = json.load(f)

with open(str(_pkg_path / 'cif_tags.json')) as f:
    _CIF_TAGS = json.load(f)

_EQ_SITE_TOL = 1e-3


class _Reader:
    """Base reader class.
    """

    def __init__(
            self,
            iterable: Iterable,
            converter: Callable[..., PeriodicSet],
            show_warnings: bool,
            verbose: bool
    ):

        self._iterator = iter(iterable)
        self._converter = converter
        self.show_warnings = show_warnings
        if verbose:
            self._progress_bar = tqdm.tqdm(desc='Reading', delay=1)
        else:
            self._progress_bar = None

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        """Iterate over self._iterator, passing items through
        self._converter and yielding. If
        :class:`ParseError <.io.ParseError>` is raised in a call to
        self._converter, the item is skipped. Warnings raised in
        self._converter are printed if self.show_warnings is True.
        """

        if not self.show_warnings:
            warnings.simplefilter('ignore')

        while True:

            try:
                item = next(self._iterator)
            except StopIteration:
                if self._progress_bar is not None:
                    self._progress_bar.close()
                raise StopIteration

            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as warning_msgs:
                msg = None
                try:
                    periodic_set = self._converter(item)
                except ParseError as err:
                    msg = str(err)

            if self._progress_bar is not None:
                self._progress_bar.update(1)

            if msg:
                warnings.warn(msg)
                continue

            for warning in warning_msgs:
                msg = f'(name={periodic_set.name}) {warning.message}'
                warnings.warn(msg, category=warning.category)

            return periodic_set

    def read(self) -> Union[PeriodicSet, List[PeriodicSet]]:
        """Read the crystal(s), return one
        :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>` if there is
        only one, otherwise return a list. If there the structure cannot
        be parsed, return None.
        """
        items = list(self)
        if len(items) == 1:
            return items[0]
        return items


class CifReader(_Reader):
    """Read all structures in a .cif file or all files in a folder
    with ase or csd-python-api (if installed), yielding
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>` s.

    Parameters
    ----------
    path : str
        Path to a .CIF file or directory. (Other files are accepted when
        using ``reader='ccdc'``, if csd-python-api is installed.)
    reader : str, optional
        The backend package used to parse the CIF. The default is
        :code:`gemmi`, :code:`pymatgen` and :code:`ase` are also
        accepted, as well as :code:`ccdc` if csd-python-api is
        installed. The ccdc reader should be able to read any format
        accepted by :class:`ccdc.io.EntryReader`, though only CIFs have
        been tested.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystals.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.
    heaviest_component : bool, optional
        csd-python-api only. Removes all but the heaviest molecule in
        the asymmeric unit, intended for removing solvents.
    molecular_centres : bool, default False
        csd-python-api only. Extract the centres of molecules in the
        unit cell and store in the attribute molecular_centres.
    show_warnings : bool, optional
        Controls whether warnings that arise during reading are printed.
    verbose : bool, default False
        If True, prints a progress bar showing the number of items
        processed.

    Yields
    ------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit.

    Examples
    --------

        ::

            # Put all crystals in a .CIF in a list
            structures = list(amd.CifReader('mycif.cif'))

            # Can also accept path to a directory, reading all files inside
            structures = list(amd.CifReader('path/to/folder'))

            # Reads just one if the .CIF has just one crystal
            periodic_set = amd.CifReader('mycif.cif').read()

            # List of AMDs (k=100) of crystals in a .CIF
            amds = [amd.AMD(item, 100) for item in amd.CifReader('mycif.cif')]
    """

    def __init__(
            self,
            path: Union[str, os.PathLike],
            reader: str = 'gemmi',
            remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
            disorder: str = 'skip',
            heaviest_component: bool = False,
            molecular_centres: bool = False,
            show_warnings: bool = True,
            verbose: bool = False
    ):

        if disorder not in ('skip', 'ordered_sites', 'all_sites'):
            raise ValueError(
                f"'disorder'' parameter of {self.__class__.__name__} must be "
                f"one of 'skip', 'ordered_sites' or 'all_sites' (passed "
                f"'{disorder}')"
            )

        if reader != 'ccdc':
            if heaviest_component:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "'heaviest_component' parameter of "
                    f"{self.__class__.__name__} only implemented with "
                    "csd-python-api, if installed pass reader='ccdc'"
                )
            if molecular_centres:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "'molecular_centres' parameter of "
                    f"{self.__class__.__name__} only implemented with "
                    "csd-python-api, if installed pass reader='ccdc'"
                )

        # cannot handle some characters (�) in cifs
        if reader == 'gemmi':
            import gemmi
            extensions = {'cif'}
            file_parser = gemmi.cif.read_file
            converter = functools.partial(
                periodicset_from_gemmi_block,
                remove_hydrogens=remove_hydrogens,
                disorder=disorder
            )

        elif reader in ('ase', 'pycodcif'):
            from ase.io.cif import parse_cif
            extensions = {'cif'}
            file_parser = functools.partial(parse_cif, reader=reader)
            converter = functools.partial(
                periodicset_from_ase_cifblock,
                remove_hydrogens=remove_hydrogens,
                disorder=disorder
            )

        elif reader == 'pymatgen':

            def _pymatgen_cif_parser(path):
                from pymatgen.io.cif import CifFile
                return CifFile.from_file(path).data.values()

            extensions = {'cif'}
            file_parser = _pymatgen_cif_parser
            converter = functools.partial(
                periodicset_from_pymatgen_cifblock,
                remove_hydrogens=remove_hydrogens,
                disorder=disorder
            )

        elif reader == 'ccdc':
            try:
                import ccdc.io
            except (ImportError, RuntimeError) as e:
                raise ImportError('Failed to import csd-python-api') from e

            extensions = ccdc.io.EntryReader.known_suffixes
            file_parser = ccdc.io.EntryReader
            converter = functools.partial(
                periodicset_from_ccdc_entry,
                remove_hydrogens=remove_hydrogens,
                disorder=disorder,
                molecular_centres=molecular_centres,
                heaviest_component=heaviest_component
            )

        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"'reader' parameter of {self.__class__.__name__} must be one "
                f"of 'gemmi', 'pymatgen', 'ccdc', 'ase', or 'pycodcif' "
                f"(passed '{reader}')"
            )

        path = Path(path)
        if path.is_file():
            iterable = file_parser(str(path))
        elif path.is_dir():
            iterable = CifReader._dir_generator(path, file_parser, extensions)
        else:
            raise FileNotFoundError(
                errno.ENOENT, os.strerror(errno.ENOENT), path
            )

        super().__init__(iterable, converter, show_warnings, verbose)

    @staticmethod
    def _dir_generator(
            path: os.PathLike,
            file_parser: Callable,
            extensions: Iterable
    ) -> Iterator:
        for file_path in path.iterdir():
            if not file_path.is_file():
                continue
            if file_path.suffix.lower() not in extensions:
                continue
            try:
                yield from file_parser(str(file_path))
            except Exception as e:
                warnings.warn(
                    f'Error parsing "{str(file_path)}", skipping: {str(e)}'
                )


class CSDReader(_Reader):
    """Read structures from the CSD with csd-python-api, yielding
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>` s.

    Parameters
    ----------
    refcodes : str or List[str], optional
        Single or list of CSD refcodes to read. If None or 'CSD',
        iterates over the whole CSD.
    families : bool, optional
        Read all entries whose refcode starts with the given strings, or
        'families' (e.g. giving 'DEBXIT' reads all entries starting with
        DEBXIT).
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove hydrogens from the crystals.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.
    heaviest_component : bool, optional
        Removes all but the heaviest molecule in the asymmeric unit,
        intended for removing solvents.
    molecular_centres : bool, default False
        Extract the centres of molecules in the unit cell and store in
        attribute molecular_centres.
    show_warnings : bool, optional
        Controls whether warnings that arise during reading are printed.
    verbose : bool, default False
        If True, prints a progress bar showing the number of items
        processed.

    Yields
    ------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Examples
    --------

        ::

            # Put these entries in a list
            refcodes = ['DEBXIT01', 'DEBXIT05', 'HXACAN01']
            structures = list(amd.CSDReader(refcodes))

            # Read refcode families (any whose refcode starts with strings in the list)
            refcode_families = ['ACSALA', 'HXACAN']
            structures = list(amd.CSDReader(refcode_families, families=True))

            # Get AMDs (k=100) for crystals in these families
            refcodes = ['ACSALA', 'HXACAN']
            amds = []
            for periodic_set in amd.CSDReader(refcodes, families=True):
                amds.append(amd.AMD(periodic_set, 100))

            # Giving the reader nothing reads from the whole CSD.
            for periodic_set in amd.CSDReader():
                ...
    """

    def __init__(
            self,
            refcodes: Optional[Union[str, Iterable[str]]] = None,
            families: bool = False,
            remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
            disorder: str = 'skip',
            heaviest_component: bool = False,
            molecular_centres: bool = False,
            show_warnings: bool = True,
            verbose: bool = False
    ):

        if disorder not in ('skip', 'ordered_sites', 'all_sites'):
            raise ValueError(
                f"'disorder'' parameter of {self.__class__.__name__} must be "
                f"one of 'skip', 'ordered_sites' or 'all_sites' (passed "
                f"'{disorder}')"
            )

        if isinstance(refcodes, str) and refcodes.lower() == 'csd':
            refcodes = None

        if refcodes is None:
            families = False
        elif isinstance(refcodes, str):
            refcodes = [refcodes]
        else:
            refcodes = [str(refcode) for refcode in refcodes]

        if families:
            refcodes = self._refcodes_from_families_ccdc(refcodes)

        converter = functools.partial(
            periodicset_from_ccdc_entry,
            remove_hydrogens=remove_hydrogens,
            disorder=disorder,
            molecular_centres=molecular_centres,
            heaviest_component=heaviest_component
        )
        iterable = self._ccdc_generator(refcodes)
        super().__init__(iterable, converter, show_warnings, verbose)

    @staticmethod
    def _ccdc_generator(refcodes: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]]) -> Iterator:
        """Generates ccdc Entries from CSD refcodes.
        """

        try:
            import ccdc.io
        except (ImportError, RuntimeError) as e:
            raise ImportError('Failed to import csd-python-api') from e

        entry_reader = ccdc.io.EntryReader('CSD')

        if refcodes is None:
            yield from entry_reader
        else:
            for refcode in refcodes:
                entry = entry_reader.entry(refcode)
                yield entry

    @staticmethod
    def _refcodes_from_families_ccdc(refcode_families: List[str]) -> List[str]:
        """List of strings --> all CSD refcodes starting with any of the
        strings. Intended to be passed a list of families and return all
        refcodes in them.
        """

        try:
            import ccdc.search
        except (ImportError, RuntimeError) as e:
            raise ImportError('Failed to import csd-python-api') from e

        all_refcodes = []
        for refcode in refcode_families:
            query = ccdc.search.TextNumericSearch()
            query.add_identifier(refcode)
            hits = [hit.identifier for hit in query.search()]
            all_refcodes.extend(hits)

        # filter to unique refcodes while keeping order
        refcodes = []
        seen = set()
        for refcode in all_refcodes:
            if refcode not in seen:
                refcodes.append(refcode)
                seen.add(refcode)

        return refcodes


class ParseError(ValueError):
    """Raised when an item cannot be parsed into a periodic set.
    """
    pass


def periodicset_from_gemmi_block(
        block,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
        disorder: bool = 'skip'
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert a :class:`gemmi.cif.Block` object to a
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`.
    :class:`gemmi.cif.Block` is the type returned by
    :func:`gemmi.cif.read_file`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    block : :class:`gemmi.cif.Block`
        An ase CIFBlock object representing a crystal.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if the structure fails to be parsed for any of the
        following: 1. Required data is missing (e.g. cell parameters),
        2. :code:``disorder == 'skip'`` and disorder is found on any
        atom, 3. The motif is empty after removing H or disordered
        sites.
    """

    import gemmi
    from gemmi.cif import as_number, as_string, as_int

    def _gemmi_loop_to_dict(gemmi_loop) -> dict:
        """Convert a gemmi Loop object to a dict."""
        tablified_loop = [[] for _ in range(len(gemmi_loop.tags))]
        n_cols = gemmi_loop.width()
        for i, item in enumerate(gemmi_loop.values):
            tablified_loop[i % n_cols].append(item)
        return {tag: l for tag, l in zip(gemmi_loop.tags, tablified_loop)}

    # Unit cell
    cellpar = [block.find_value(t) for t in _CIF_TAGS['cellpar']]
    if not all(isinstance(par, str) for par in cellpar):
        raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has missing cell data')
    cellpar = np.array([as_number(par) for par in cellpar])
    if np.isnan(np.sum(cellpar)):
        raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has missing cell data')
    cell = cellpar_to_cell(cellpar)

    # Asymmetric unit coordinates
    cartesian = False
    xyz_loop = block.find(_CIF_TAGS['atom_site_fract']).loop
    if xyz_loop is None:
        xyz_loop = block.find(_CIF_TAGS['atom_site_cartn']).loop
        if xyz_loop is None:
            raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has missing coordinate data')
        cartesian = True
    loop_dict = _gemmi_loop_to_dict(xyz_loop)
    xyz_str = [loop_dict[t] for t in _CIF_TAGS['atom_site_fract']]
    asym_unit = np.transpose(np.array(
        [[as_number(c) for c in coords] for coords in xyz_str]
    ))
    if cartesian:
        asym_unit = asym_unit @ np.linalg.inv(cell)
    asym_unit = np.mod(asym_unit, 1)
    # recommended by pymatgen
    # asym_unit = _snap_small_prec_coords(asym_unit, 1e-4) 

    # Labels
    if '_atom_site_label' in loop_dict:
        labels = [as_string(label) for label in loop_dict['_atom_site_label']]
    else:
        labels = [''] * xyz_loop.length()

    # Atomic types
    if '_atom_site_type_symbol' in loop_dict:
        asym_syms = [as_string(s) for s in loop_dict['_atom_site_type_symbol']]
    else:
        asym_syms = []
        for l in labels:
            sym = re.search(r'([A-Z][a-z]?)', l).group() if l else ''
            asym_syms.append(sym)
    asym_types = [_ATOMIC_NUMBERS[s] for s in asym_syms]

    # Occupancies
    if '_atom_site_occupancy' in loop_dict:
        occs = [as_number(occ) for occ in loop_dict['_atom_site_occupancy']]
        occupancies = [occ if not math.isnan(occ) else 1 for occ in occs]
    else:
        occupancies = [1] * xyz_loop.length()

    # Remove sites with missing coordinates, disorder and Hydrogens if needed
    remove_sites = []
    remove_sites.extend(np.nonzero(np.isnan(asym_unit.min(axis=-1)))[0])

    if disorder == 'skip':
        if any(
            _has_disorder(lab, occ) for lab, occ in zip(labels, occupancies)
        ):
            raise ParseError(
                f"{block.name} has disorder, pass disorder='ordered_sites' or "
                "'all_sites' to remove/ignore disorder"
            )
    elif disorder == 'ordered_sites':
        for i, (label, occ) in enumerate(zip(labels, occupancies)):
            if _has_disorder(label, occ):
                remove_sites.append(i)

    if remove_hydrogens:
        remove_sites.extend(
            i for i, num in enumerate(asym_types) if num == 1
        )

    asym_unit = np.delete(asym_unit, remove_sites, axis=0)
    asym_types = [s for i, s in enumerate(asym_types) if i not in remove_sites]
    if asym_unit.shape[0] == 0:
        raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has no valid sites')

    if disorder != 'all_sites':
        keep_sites = _unique_sites(asym_unit, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
        if not np.all(keep_sites):
            warnings.warn(
                'may have overlapping sites; duplicates will be removed'
            )
        asym_unit = asym_unit[keep_sites]
        asym_types = [sym for sym, keep in zip(asym_types, keep_sites) if keep]

    # Symmetry operations
    sitesym = []
    for tag in _CIF_TAGS['symop']:
        symop_loop = block.find_loop(tag).get_loop()
        if symop_loop is not None:
            sitesym = _gemmi_loop_to_dict(symop_loop)[tag]
            break

    if not sitesym:
        # TODO: what can gemmi accept here? 
        for tag in _CIF_TAGS['spacegroup_name']:
            label_or_num = block.find_value(tag)
            if label_or_num is not None:
                label_or_num = as_string(label_or_num)
                break
        if label_or_num is None:

            for tag in _CIF_TAGS['spacegroup_number']:
                label_or_num = block.find_value(tag)
                if label_or_num is not None:
                    label_or_num = as_int(label_or_num)
                    break
        if label_or_num is None:
            warnings.warn('no symmetry data found, defaulting to P1')
            label_or_num = 1
        ops = list(gemmi.SpaceGroup(label_or_num).operations())
        rot = np.array([np.array(o.rot) / o.DEN for o in ops])
        trans = np.array([np.array(o.tran) / o.DEN for o in ops])
    else:
        rot, trans = _parse_sitesyms(sitesym)

    frac_motif, invs = _expand_asym_unit(asym_unit, rot, trans, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
    _, wyc_muls = np.unique(invs, return_counts=True)
    asym_inds = np.zeros_like(wyc_muls)
    asym_inds[1:] = np.cumsum(wyc_muls)[:-1]
    types = np.array([asym_types[i] for i in invs])
    motif = frac_motif @ cell

    return PeriodicSet(
        motif=motif,
        cell=cell,
        name=block.name,
        asymmetric_unit=asym_inds,
        wyckoff_multiplicities=wyc_muls,
        types=types
    )


def periodicset_from_ase_cifblock(
        block,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
        disorder: str = 'skip'
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert a :class:`ase.io.cif.CIFBlock` object to a 
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`.
    :class:`ase.io.cif.CIFBlock` is the type returned by
    :func:`ase.io.cif.parse_cif`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    block : :class:`ase.io.cif.CIFBlock`
        An ase :class:`ase.io.cif.CIFBlock` object representing a
        crystal.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if the structure fails to be parsed for any of the
        following: 1. Required data is missing (e.g. cell parameters),
        2. The motif is empty after removing H or disordered sites,
        3. :code:``disorder == 'skip'`` and disorder is found on any
        atom.
    """

    import ase
    import ase.spacegroup

    # Unit cell
    cellpar = [block.get(tag) for tag in _CIF_TAGS['cellpar']]
    if None in cellpar:
        raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has missing cell data')
    cell = cellpar_to_cell(np.array(cellpar))

    # Asymmetric unit coordinates. ase removes uncertainty brackets
    cartesian = False
    asym_unit = [block.get(name) for name in _CIF_TAGS['atom_site_fract']]
    if None in asym_unit:
        asym_unit = [block.get(name) for name in _CIF_TAGS['atom_site_cartn']]
        if None in asym_unit:
            raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has missing coordinates')
        cartesian = True
    asym_unit = list(zip(*asym_unit))

    # Atomic types
    asym_symbols = block._get_any(_CIF_TAGS['atom_symbol'])
    if asym_symbols is None:

        warnings.warn('missing atomic types will be labelled 0')
        asym_types = [0] * len(asym_unit)
    else:
        asym_types = []
        for label in asym_symbols:
            if label in ('.', '?'):
                warnings.warn('missing atomic types will be labelled 0')
                num = 0
            else:
                sym = re.search(r'([A-Z][a-z]?)', label).group(0)
                num = _ATOMIC_NUMBERS[sym]
            asym_types.append(num)

    # Find where sites have disorder if necassary
    has_disorder = []
    if disorder != 'all_sites':
        occupancies = block.get('_atom_site_occupancy')
        if occupancies is None:
            occupancies = [1] * len(asym_unit)
        labels = block.get('_atom_site_label')
        if labels is None:
            labels = [''] * len(asym_unit)
        for lab, occ in zip(labels, occupancies):
            has_disorder.append(_has_disorder(lab, occ))

    # Remove sites with ?, . or other invalid string for coordinates
    invalid = []
    for i, xyz in enumerate(asym_unit):
        if not all(isinstance(coord, (int, float)) for coord in xyz):
            invalid.append(i)
    if invalid:
        warnings.warn('atoms without sites or missing data will be removed')
        asym_unit = [c for i, c in enumerate(asym_unit) if i not in invalid]
        asym_types = [t for i, t in enumerate(asym_types) if i not in invalid]
        if disorder != 'all_sites':
            has_disorder = [d for i, d in enumerate(has_disorder)
                            if i not in invalid]

    remove_sites = []

    if remove_hydrogens:
        remove_sites.extend(i for i, num in enumerate(asym_types) if num == 1)

    # Remove atoms with fractional occupancy or raise ParseError
    if disorder != 'all_sites':

        for i, dis in enumerate(has_disorder):
            if i in remove_sites:
                continue
            if dis:
                if disorder == 'skip':
                    raise ParseError(
                        f'{block.name} has disorder, pass '
                        "disorder='ordered_sites' or 'all_sites' to "
                        'remove/ignore disorder'
                    )
                elif disorder == 'ordered_sites':
                    remove_sites.append(i)

    # Asymmetric unit
    asym_unit = [c for i, c in enumerate(asym_unit) if i not in remove_sites]
    asym_types = [t for i, t in enumerate(asym_types) if i not in remove_sites]
    if len(asym_unit) == 0:
        raise ParseError(f'{block.name} has no valid sites')
    asym_unit = np.array(asym_unit)

    # If Cartesian coords were given, convert to scaled
    if cartesian:
        asym_unit = asym_unit @ np.linalg.inv(cell)
    asym_unit = np.mod(asym_unit, 1)

    # recommended by pymatgen
    # asym_unit = _snap_small_prec_coords(asym_unit, 1e-4)

    # Remove overlapping sites unless disorder == 'all_sites'
    if disorder != 'all_sites':
        keep_sites = _unique_sites(asym_unit, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
        if not np.all(keep_sites):
            warnings.warn(
                'may have overlapping sites, duplicates will be removed'
            )
            asym_unit = asym_unit[keep_sites]
            asym_types = [t for t, keep in zip(asym_types, keep_sites) if keep]

    # Get symmetry operations
    sitesym = block._get_any(_CIF_TAGS['symop'])
    if sitesym is None:
        label_or_num = block._get_any(_CIF_TAGS['spacegroup_name'])
        if label_or_num is None:
            label_or_num = block._get_any(_CIF_TAGS['spacegroup_number'])
        if label_or_num is None:
            warnings.warn('no symmetry data found, defaulting to P1')
            label_or_num = 1
        spg = ase.spacegroup.Spacegroup(label_or_num)
        rot, trans = spg.get_op()
    else:
        if isinstance(sitesym, str):
            sitesym = [sitesym]
        rot, trans = _parse_sitesyms(sitesym)

    frac_motif, invs = _expand_asym_unit(asym_unit, rot, trans, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
    _, wyc_muls = np.unique(invs, return_counts=True)
    asym_inds = np.zeros_like(wyc_muls)
    asym_inds[1:] = np.cumsum(wyc_muls)[:-1]
    types = np.array([asym_types[i] for i in invs])
    motif = frac_motif @ cell

    return PeriodicSet(
        motif=motif,
        cell=cell,
        name=block.name,
        asymmetric_unit=asym_inds,
        wyckoff_multiplicities=wyc_muls,
        types=types
    )


def periodicset_from_ase_atoms(
        atoms,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert an :class:`ase.atoms.Atoms` object to a
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`. Does not have
    the option to remove disorder.

    Parameters
    ----------
    atoms : :class:`ase.atoms.Atoms`
        An ase :class:`ase.atoms.Atoms` object representing a crystal.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if there are no valid sites in atoms.
    """

    from ase.spacegroup import get_basis

    cell = atoms.get_cell().array

    remove_inds = []
    if remove_hydrogens:
        for i in np.where(atoms.get_atomic_numbers() == 1)[0]:
            remove_inds.append(i)
    for i in sorted(remove_inds, reverse=True):
        atoms.pop(i)

    if len(atoms) == 0:
        raise ParseError('ase Atoms object has no valid sites')

    # Symmetry operations from spacegroup
    spg = None
    if 'spacegroup' in atoms.info:
        spg = atoms.info['spacegroup']
        rot, trans = spg.rotations, spg.translations
    else:
        warnings.warn('no symmetry data found, defaulting to P1')
        rot = np.identity(3)[None, :]
        trans = np.zeros((1, 3))

    # Asymmetric unit. ase default tol is 1e-5
    # do differently! get_basis determines a reduced asym unit from the atoms;
    # surely this is not needed!
    asym_unit = get_basis(atoms, spacegroup=spg, tol=_EQ_SITE_TOL)
    frac_motif, invs = _expand_asym_unit(asym_unit, rot, trans, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
    _, wyc_muls = np.unique(invs, return_counts=True)
    asym_inds = np.zeros_like(wyc_muls)
    asym_inds[1:] = np.cumsum(wyc_muls)[:-1]
    motif = frac_motif @ cell

    return PeriodicSet(
        motif=motif,
        cell=cell,
        asymmetric_unit=asym_inds,
        wyckoff_multiplicities=wyc_muls,
        types=atoms.get_atomic_numbers()
    )


def periodicset_from_pymatgen_cifblock(
        block,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
        disorder: str = 'skip'
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert a :class:`pymatgen.io.cif.CifBlock` object to a
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`.
    :class:`pymatgen.io.cif.CifBlock` is the type returned by
    :class:`pymatgen.io.cif.CifFile`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    block : :class:`pymatgen.io.cif.CifBlock`
        A pymatgen CifBlock object representing a crystal.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if the structure can/should not be parsed for the
        following reasons: 1. No sites found or motif is empty after
        removing Hydrogens & disorder, 2. A site has missing
        coordinates, 3. :code:``disorder == 'skip'`` and disorder is
        found on any atom.
    """

    from pymatgen.io.cif import str2float

    odict = block.data

    # Unit cell
    cellpar = [odict.get(tag) for tag in _CIF_TAGS['cellpar']]
    if any(par in (None, '?', '.') for par in cellpar):
        raise ParseError(f'{block.header} has missing cell data')
    cell = cellpar_to_cell(np.array([str2float(v) for v in cellpar]))

    # Asymmetric unit coordinates
    cartesian = False
    asym_unit = [odict.get(tag) for tag in _CIF_TAGS['atom_site_fract']]
    # check for . and ?
    if None in asym_unit:
        asym_unit = [odict.get(tag) for tag in _CIF_TAGS['atom_site_cartn']]
        if None in asym_unit:
            raise ParseError(f'{block.header} has no coordinates')
        cartesian = True

    asym_unit = list(zip(*asym_unit))
    asym_unit = [[str2float(coord) for coord in xyz] for xyz in asym_unit]

    # Atomic types
    for tag in _CIF_TAGS['atom_symbol']:
        asym_symbols = odict.get(tag)
        if asym_symbols is not None:

            asym_types = []
            for label in asym_symbols:
                if label in ('.', '?'):
                    warnings.warn('missing atomic types will be labelled 0')
                    num = 0
                else:
                    sym = re.search(r'([A-Z][a-z]?)', label).group(0)
                    num = _ATOMIC_NUMBERS[sym]
                asym_types.append(num)
            break
    else:
        warnings.warn('missing atomic types will be labelled 0')
        asym_types = [0] * len(asym_unit)

    # Find where sites have disorder if necassary
    has_disorder = []
    if disorder != 'all_sites':
        occupancies = odict.get('_atom_site_occupancy')
        if occupancies is None:
            occupancies = np.ones((len(asym_unit), ))
        else:
            occupancies = np.array([str2float(occ) for occ in occupancies])
        labels = odict.get('_atom_site_label')
        if labels is None:
            labels = [''] * len(asym_unit)
        for lab, occ in zip(labels, occupancies):
            has_disorder.append(_has_disorder(lab, occ))

    # Remove sites with ?, . or other invalid string for coordinates
    invalid = []
    for i, xyz in enumerate(asym_unit):
        if not all(isinstance(coord, (int, float)) for coord in xyz):
            invalid.append(i)

    if invalid:
        warnings.warn('atoms without sites or missing data will be removed')
        asym_unit = [c for i, c in enumerate(asym_unit) if i not in invalid]
        asym_types = [c for i, c in enumerate(asym_types) if i not in invalid]
        if disorder != 'all_sites':
            has_disorder = [
                d for i, d in enumerate(has_disorder) if i not in invalid
            ]

    remove_sites = []

    if remove_hydrogens:
        remove_sites.extend((i for i, n in enumerate(asym_types) if n == 1))


    # Remove atoms with fractional occupancy or raise ParseError
    if disorder != 'all_sites':

        for i, dis in enumerate(has_disorder):
            if i in remove_sites:
                continue
            if dis:
                if disorder == 'skip':
                    raise ParseError(
                        f'{block.header} has disorder, pass '
                        "disorder='ordered_sites' or 'all_sites' to "
                        'remove/ignore disorder'
                    )
                elif disorder == 'ordered_sites':
                    remove_sites.append(i)

    # Asymmetric unit
    asym_unit = [c for i, c in enumerate(asym_unit) if i not in remove_sites]
    asym_types = [t for i, t in enumerate(asym_types) if i not in remove_sites]
    if len(asym_unit) == 0:
        raise ParseError(f'{block.header} has no valid sites')
    asym_unit = np.array(asym_unit)

    # If Cartesian coords were given, convert to scaled
    if cartesian:
        asym_unit = asym_unit @ np.linalg.inv(cell)
    asym_unit = np.mod(asym_unit, 1)

    # recommended by pymatgen
    # asym_unit = _snap_small_prec_coords(asym_unit, 1e-4)

    # Remove overlapping sites unless disorder == 'all_sites'
    if disorder != 'all_sites':
        keep_sites = _unique_sites(asym_unit, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
        if not np.all(keep_sites):
            warnings.warn(
                'may have overlapping sites; duplicates will be removed'
            )
        asym_unit = asym_unit[keep_sites]
        asym_types = [sym for sym, keep in zip(asym_types, keep_sites) if keep]

    # Apply symmetries to asymmetric unit
    rot, trans = _get_syms_pymatgen(odict)
    frac_motif, invs = _expand_asym_unit(asym_unit, rot, trans, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
    _, wyc_muls = np.unique(invs, return_counts=True)
    asym_inds = np.zeros_like(wyc_muls)
    asym_inds[1:] = np.cumsum(wyc_muls)[:-1]
    types = np.array([asym_types[i] for i in invs])
    motif = frac_motif @ cell

    return PeriodicSet(
        motif=motif,
        cell=cell,
        name=block.header,
        asymmetric_unit=asym_inds,
        wyckoff_multiplicities=wyc_muls,
        types=types
    )


def periodicset_from_pymatgen_structure(
        structure,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
        disorder: str = 'skip'
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert a :class:`pymatgen.core.structure.Structure` object to a
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`. Does not set
    the name of the periodic set, as pymatgen Structure objects seem to
    have no name attribute.

    Parameters
    ----------
    structure : :class:`pymatgen.core.structure.Structure`
        A pymatgen Structure object representing a crystal.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if the :code:`disorder == 'skip'` and
        :code:`not structure.is_ordered`
    """

    from pymatgen.symmetry.analyzer import SpacegroupAnalyzer

    if remove_hydrogens:
        structure.remove_species(['H', 'D'])

    # Disorder
    if disorder == 'skip':
        if not structure.is_ordered:
            raise ParseError(
                'pymatgen Structure has disorder, pass '
                "disorder='ordered_sites' or 'all_sites' to remove/ignore "
                'disorder'
            )
    elif disorder == 'ordered_sites':
        remove_inds = []
        for i, comp in enumerate(structure.species_and_occu):
            if comp.num_atoms < 1:
                remove_inds.append(i)
        structure.remove_sites(remove_inds)

    motif = structure.cart_coords
    cell = structure.lattice.matrix
    sym_structure = SpacegroupAnalyzer(structure).get_symmetrized_structure()
    eq_inds = sym_structure.equivalent_indices
    asym_unit = np.array([ind_list[0] for ind_list in eq_inds])
    wyc_muls = np.array([len(ind_list) for ind_list in eq_inds])
    types = np.array(sym_structure.atomic_numbers)

    return PeriodicSet(
        motif=motif,
        cell=cell,
        asymmetric_unit=asym_unit,
        wyckoff_multiplicities=wyc_muls,
        types=types
    )


def periodicset_from_ccdc_entry(
        entry,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
        disorder: str = 'skip',
        heaviest_component: bool = False,
        molecular_centres: bool = False
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert a :class:`ccdc.entry.Entry` object to a
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`.
    Entry is the type returned by :class:`ccdc.io.EntryReader`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    entry : :class:`ccdc.entry.Entry`
        A ccdc Entry object representing a database entry.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.
    heaviest_component : bool, optional
        Removes all but the heaviest molecule in the asymmeric unit,
        intended for removing solvents.
    molecular_centres : bool, default False
        Extract the centres of molecules in the unit cell and store in
        the attribute molecular_centres of the returned PeriodicSet.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if the structure fails parsing for any of the following:
        1. entry.has_3d_structure is False, 2.
        :code:``disorder == 'skip'`` and disorder is found on any atom,
        3. entry.crystal.molecule.all_atoms_have_sites is False,
        4. a.fractional_coordinates is None for any a in
        entry.crystal.disordered_molecule, 5. The motif is empty after
        removing Hydrogens and disordered sites.
    """

    # Entry specific flag
    if not entry.has_3d_structure:
        raise ParseError(f'{entry.identifier} has no 3D structure')

    # Disorder
    if disorder == 'skip' and entry.has_disorder:
        raise ParseError(
            f"{entry.identifier} has disorder, pass disorder='ordered_sites' "
            "or 'all_sites' to remove/ignore disorder"
        )

    return periodicset_from_ccdc_crystal(
        entry.crystal,
        remove_hydrogens=remove_hydrogens,
        disorder=disorder,
        heaviest_component=heaviest_component,
        molecular_centres=molecular_centres
    )


def periodicset_from_ccdc_crystal(
        crystal,
        remove_hydrogens: bool = False,
        disorder: str = 'skip',
        heaviest_component: bool = False,
        molecular_centres: bool = False
) -> PeriodicSet:
    """Convert a :class:`ccdc.crystal.Crystal` object to a
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`.
    Crystal is the type returned by :class:`ccdc.io.CrystalReader`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    crystal : :class:`ccdc.crystal.Crystal`
        A ccdc Crystal object representing a crystal structure.
    remove_hydrogens : bool, optional
        Remove Hydrogens from the crystal.
    disorder : str, optional
        Controls how disordered structures are handled. Default is
        ``skip`` which skips any crystal with disorder, since disorder
        conflicts with the periodic set model. To read disordered
        structures anyway, choose either :code:`ordered_sites` to remove
        atoms with disorder or :code:`all_sites` include all atoms
        regardless of disorder.
    heaviest_component : bool, optional
        Removes all but the heaviest molecule in the asymmeric unit,
        intended for removing solvents.
    molecular_centres : bool, default False
        Extract the centres of molecules in the unit cell and store in
        the attribute molecular_centres of the returned PeriodicSet.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`amd.PeriodicSet <.periodicset.PeriodicSet>`
        Represents the crystal as a periodic set, consisting of a finite
        set of points (motif) and lattice (unit cell). Contains other
        useful data, e.g. the crystal's name and information about the
        asymmetric unit for calculation.

    Raises
    ------
    ParseError
        Raised if the structure fails parsing for any of the following:
        1. :code:``disorder == 'skip'`` and disorder is found on any
        atom, 2. crystal.molecule.all_atoms_have_sites is False,
        3. a.fractional_coordinates is None for any a in
        crystal.disordered_molecule, 4. The motif is empty after
        removing H, disordered sites or solvents.
    """

    molecule = crystal.disordered_molecule

    # Disorder
    if disorder == 'skip':
        if crystal.has_disorder or \
         any(_has_disorder(a.label, a.occupancy) for a in molecule.atoms):
            raise ParseError(
                f"{crystal.identifier} has disorder, pass "
                "disorder='ordered_sites' or 'all_sites' to remove/ignore "
                "disorder"
            )
    elif disorder == 'ordered_sites':
        molecule.remove_atoms(
            a for a in molecule.atoms if _has_disorder(a.label, a.occupancy)
        )

    if remove_hydrogens:
        molecule.remove_atoms(
            a for a in molecule.atoms if a.atomic_symbol in 'HD'
        )

    if heaviest_component and len(molecule.components) > 1:
        molecule = _heaviest_component_ccdc(molecule)

    # Remove atoms with missing coordinates and warn
    if any(a.fractional_coordinates is None for a in molecule.atoms):
        warnings.warn('atoms without sites or missing data will be removed')
        molecule.remove_atoms(
            a for a in molecule.atoms if a.fractional_coordinates is None
        )

    crystal.molecule = molecule
    cellpar = crystal.cell_lengths + crystal.cell_angles
    if None in cellpar:
        raise ParseError(f'{crystal.identifier} has missing cell data')
    cell = cellpar_to_cell(np.array(cellpar))

    if molecular_centres:
        frac_centres = _frac_molecular_centres_ccdc(crystal, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
        mol_centres = frac_centres @ cell
        return PeriodicSet(mol_centres, cell, name=crystal.identifier)

    asym_atoms = crystal.asymmetric_unit_molecule.atoms
    # check for None?
    asym_unit = np.array([tuple(a.fractional_coordinates) for a in asym_atoms])

    if asym_unit.shape[0] == 0:
        raise ParseError(f'{crystal.identifier} has no valid sites')

    asym_unit = np.mod(asym_unit, 1)

    # recommended by pymatgen
    # asym_unit = _snap_small_prec_coords(asym_unit, 1e-4)

    asym_types = [a.atomic_number for a in asym_atoms]

    # Remove overlapping sites unless disorder == 'all_sites'
    if disorder != 'all_sites':
        keep_sites = _unique_sites(asym_unit, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
        if not np.all(keep_sites):
            warnings.warn(
                'may have overlapping sites; duplicates will be removed'
            )
        asym_unit = asym_unit[keep_sites]
        asym_types = [sym for sym, keep in zip(asym_types, keep_sites) if keep]

    # Symmetry operations
    sitesym = crystal.symmetry_operators
    # try spacegroup numbers?
    if not sitesym:
        warnings.warn('no symmetry data found, defaulting to P1')
        sitesym = ['x,y,z']

    # Apply symmetries to asymmetric unit
    rot, trans = _parse_sitesyms(sitesym)
    frac_motif, invs = _expand_asym_unit(asym_unit, rot, trans, _EQ_SITE_TOL)
    _, wyc_muls = np.unique(invs, return_counts=True)
    asym_inds = np.zeros_like(wyc_muls)
    asym_inds[1:] = np.cumsum(wyc_muls)[:-1]
    motif = frac_motif @ cell
    types = np.array([asym_types[i] for i in invs])

    return PeriodicSet(
        motif=motif,
        cell=cell,
        name=crystal.identifier,
        asymmetric_unit=asym_inds,
        wyckoff_multiplicities=wyc_muls,
        types=types
    )


def _parse_sitesyms(
        symmetries: List[str]
) -> Tuple[npt.NDArray[np.float64], npt.NDArray[np.float64]]:
    """Parse a sequence of symmetries in xyz form and return rotation
    and translation arrays.
    """

    n_syms = len(symmetries)
    rotations = np.zeros((n_syms, 3, 3), dtype=np.float64)
    translations = np.zeros((n_syms, 3), dtype=np.float64)

    for i, sym in enumerate(symmetries):
        for ind, element in enumerate(sym.split(',')):

            is_positive = True
            is_fraction = False
            sng_trans = None
            fst_trans = []
            snd_trans = []

            for char in element.lower():
                if char == '+':
                    is_positive = True
                elif char == '-':
                    is_positive = False
                elif char == '/':
                    is_fraction = True
                elif char in 'xyz':
                    rot_sgn = 1.0 if is_positive else -1.0
                    rotations[i][ind][ord(char) - ord('x')] = rot_sgn

                elif char.isdigit() or char == '.':
                    if sng_trans is None:
                        sng_trans = 1.0 if is_positive else -1.0
                    if is_fraction:
                        snd_trans.append(char)
                    else:
                        fst_trans.append(char)

            if not fst_trans:
                e_trans = 0.0
            else:
                e_trans = sng_trans * float(''.join(fst_trans))

            if is_fraction:
                e_trans /= float(''.join(snd_trans))

            translations[i][ind] = e_trans

    return rotations, translations


def _expand_asym_unit(
        asym_unit: npt.NDArray,
        rotations: npt.NDArray,
        translations: npt.NDArray,
        tol: float
) -> Tuple[npt.NDArray[np.float64], npt.NDArray[np.int32]]:
    """Expand the asymmetric unit by applying symmetries given by
    ``rotations`` and ``translations``.
    """

    asym_unit = asym_unit.astype(np.float64, copy=False)
    rotations = rotations.astype(np.float64, copy=False)
    translations = translations.astype(np.float64, copy=False)
    expanded_sites = _expand_sites(asym_unit, rotations, translations)
    frac_motif, invs = _reduce_expanded_sites(expanded_sites, tol)

    if not all(_unique_sites(frac_motif, tol)):
        frac_motif, invs = _reduce_expanded_equiv_sites(expanded_sites, tol)

    return frac_motif, invs


@numba.njit(cache=True)
def _expand_sites(
        asym_unit: npt.NDArray[np.float64],
        rotations: npt.NDArray[np.float64],
        translations: npt.NDArray[np.float64]
) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    """Expand the asymmetric unit by applying ``rotations`` and
    ``translations``, without yet removing points duplicated because
    they are invariant under a symmetry. Returns a 3D array shape
    (#points, #syms, dims).
    """

    m, dims = asym_unit.shape
    n_syms = len(rotations)
    expanded_sites = np.empty((m, n_syms, dims), dtype=np.float64)
    for i in range(m):
        p = asym_unit[i]
        for j in range(n_syms):
            expanded_sites[i, j] = np.dot(rotations[j], p) + translations[j]
    expanded_sites = np.mod(expanded_sites, 1)
    return expanded_sites


@numba.njit(cache=True)
def _reduce_expanded_sites(
        expanded_sites: npt.NDArray[np.float64],
        tol: float
) -> Tuple[npt.NDArray[np.float64], npt.NDArray[np.int32]]:
    """Reduce the asymmetric unit after being expended by symmetries by
    removing invariant points. This is the fast version which works in
    the case that no two sites in the asymmetric unit are equivalent.
    If they are, the reduction is re-ran with
    _reduce_expanded_equiv_sites() to account for it.
    """

    all_unqiue_inds = []
    n_sites, _, dims = expanded_sites.shape
    multiplicities = np.zeros(shape=(n_sites, ))

    for i, sites in enumerate(expanded_sites):
        unique_inds = _unique_sites(sites, tol)
        all_unqiue_inds.append(unique_inds)
        multiplicities[i] = np.sum(unique_inds)

    m = int(np.sum(multiplicities))
    frac_motif = np.zeros(shape=(m, dims))
    inverses = np.zeros(shape=(m, ), dtype=np.int32)

    s = 0
    for i in range(n_sites):
        t = s + multiplicities[i]
        frac_motif[s:t, :] = expanded_sites[i][all_unqiue_inds[i]]
        inverses[s:t] = i
        s = t

    return frac_motif, inverses


def _reduce_expanded_equiv_sites(
        expanded_sites: npt.NDArray[np.float64],
        tol: float
) -> Tuple[npt.NDArray[np.float64], npt.NDArray[np.int32]]:
    """Reduce the asymmetric unit after being expended by symmetries by
    removing invariant points. This is the slower version, called after
    the fast version if we find equivalent motif points which need to be
    removed.
    """

    sites = expanded_sites[0]
    unique_inds = _unique_sites(sites, tol)
    frac_motif = sites[unique_inds]
    inverses = [0] * len(frac_motif)

    for i in range(1, len(expanded_sites)):
        sites = expanded_sites[i]
        unique_inds = _unique_sites(sites, tol)

        points = []
        for site in sites[unique_inds]:
            diffs1 = np.abs(site - frac_motif)
            diffs2 = np.abs(diffs1 - 1)
            mask = np.all((diffs1 <= tol) | (diffs2 <= tol), axis=-1)

            if not np.any(mask):
                points.append(site)
            else:
                warnings.warn(
                    'has equivalent sites at positions '
                    f'{inverses[np.argmax(mask)]}, {i}'
                )

        if points:
            inverses.extend(i for _ in range(len(points)))
            frac_motif = np.concatenate((frac_motif, np.array(points)))

    return frac_motif, np.array(inverses, dtype=np.int32)


@numba.njit(cache=True)
def _unique_sites(
        asym_unit: npt.NDArray[np.float64], tol: float
) -> npt.NDArray[np.bool_]:
    """Uniquify (within tol) a list of fractional coordinates,
    considering all points modulo 1. Return an array of bools such that
    asym_unit[_unique_sites(asym_unit, tol)] is the uniquified list.
    """

    m, _ = asym_unit.shape
    where_unique = np.full(shape=(m, ), fill_value=True)

    for i in range(1, m):
        asym_unit[i]
        site_diffs1 = np.abs(asym_unit[:i, :] - asym_unit[i])
        site_diffs2 = np.abs(site_diffs1 - 1)
        sites_neq_mask = (site_diffs1 > tol) & (site_diffs2 > tol)
        if not np.all(np.sum(sites_neq_mask, axis=-1)):
            where_unique[i] = False

    return where_unique


def _has_disorder(label: str, occupancy) -> bool:
    """Return True if label ends with ? or occupancy is a number < 1."""
    try:
        occupancy = float(occupancy)
    except Exception:
        occupancy = 1
    return (occupancy < 1) or label.endswith('?')


def _get_syms_pymatgen(
        data: dict
) -> Tuple[npt.NDArray[np.float64], npt.NDArray[np.float64]]:
    """Parse symmetry operations given by data = block.data where block
    is a pymatgen CifBlock object. If the symops are not present the
    space group symbol/international number is parsed and symops are
    generated.
    """

    from pymatgen.symmetry.groups import SpaceGroup
    import pymatgen.io.cif

    # Try xyz symmetry operations
    for symmetry_label in _CIF_TAGS['symop']:
        xyz = data.get(symmetry_label)
        if not xyz:
            continue
        if isinstance(xyz, str):
            xyz = [xyz]
        return _parse_sitesyms(xyz)

    symops = []
    # Try spacegroup symbol
    for symmetry_label in _CIF_TAGS['spacegroup_name']:
        sg = data.get(symmetry_label)
        if not sg:
            continue
        sg = re.sub(r'[\s_]', '', sg)
        try:
            spg = pymatgen.io.cif.space_groups.get(sg)
            if not spg:
                continue
            symops = SpaceGroup(spg).symmetry_ops
            break
        except ValueError:
            pass
        try:
            for d in pymatgen.io.cif._get_cod_data():
                if sg == re.sub(r'\s+', '', d['hermann_mauguin']):
                    return _parse_sitesyms(d['symops'])
        except Exception:
            continue
        if symops:
            break

    # Try international number
    if not symops:
        for symmetry_label in _CIF_TAGS['spacegroup_number']:
            num = data.get(symmetry_label)
            if not num:
                continue
            try:
                i = int(pymatgen.io.cif.str2float(num))
                symops = SpaceGroup.from_int_number(i).symmetry_ops
                break
            except ValueError:
                continue

    if not symops:
        warnings.warn('no symmetry data found, defaulting to P1')
        return _parse_sitesyms(['x,y,z'])

    rotations = [op.rotation_matrix for op in symops]
    translations = [op.translation_vector for op in symops]
    rotations = np.array(rotations, dtype=np.float64)
    translations = np.array(translations, dtype=np.float64)

    return rotations, translations


def _frac_molecular_centres_ccdc(
        crystal, tol: float
) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    """Return the geometric centres of molecules in the unit cell.
    Expects a ccdc Crystal object and returns fractional coordiantes.
    """

    frac_centres = []
    for comp in crystal.packing(inclusion='CentroidIncluded').components:
        coords = [a.fractional_coordinates for a in comp.atoms]
        frac_centres.append((sum(ax) / len(coords) for ax in zip(*coords)))

    frac_centres = np.mod(np.array(frac_centres, dtype=np.float64), 1)
    return frac_centres[_unique_sites(frac_centres, tol)]


def _heaviest_component_ccdc(molecule):
    """Remove all but the heaviest component of the asymmetric unit.
    Intended for removing solvents. Expects and returns a ccdc Molecule
    object.
    """

    component_weights = []
    for component in molecule.components:
        weight = 0
        for a in component.atoms:
            try:
                occ = float(a.occupancy)
            except ValueError:
                occ = 1
            try:
                weight += float(a.atomic_weight) * occ
            except ValueError:
                pass
        component_weights.append(weight)
    largest_component_ind = np.argmax(np.array(component_weights))
    molecule = molecule.components[largest_component_ind]
    return molecule


def _snap_small_prec_coords(
        frac_coords: npt.NDArray[np.float64], tol: float
) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    """Find where frac_coords is within 1e-4 of 1/3 or 2/3, change to
    1/3 and 2/3. Recommended by pymatgen's CIF parser.
    """

    frac_coords[np.abs(1 - 3 * frac_coords) < tol] = 1 / 3.
    frac_coords[np.abs(1 - 3 * frac_coords / 2) < tol] = 2 / 3.
    return frac_coords

dwiddo / average-minimum-distance

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amd.io._Reader.__next__() C

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