Complex classes like Translatable often do a lot of different things. To break such a class down, we need to identify a cohesive component within that class. A common approach to find such a component is to look for fields/methods that share the same prefixes, or suffixes. You can also have a look at the cohesion graph to spot any un-connected, or weakly-connected components.
Once you have determined the fields that belong together, you can apply the Extract Class refactoring. If the component makes sense as a sub-class, Extract Subclass is also a candidate, and is often faster.
While breaking up the class, it is a good idea to analyze how other classes use Translatable, and based on these observations, apply Extract Interface, too.
| 1 | <?php | ||
| 23 | trait Translatable | ||
| 24 | { | ||
| 25 | protected static $autoloadTranslations = null; | ||
| 26 | |||
| 27 | protected $defaultLocale; | ||
| 28 | |||
| 29 | 480 | public static function bootTranslatable(): void | |
| 30 |     { | ||
| 31 |         static::saved(function (Model $model) { | ||
| 32 | /* @var Translatable $model */ | ||
| 33 | 480 | return $model->saveTranslations(); | |
| 34 | 480 | }); | |
| 35 | 480 | } | |
| 36 | |||
| 37 | 52 | public function translate(?string $locale = null, bool $withFallback = false): ?Model | |
| 38 |     { | ||
| 39 | 52 | return $this->getTranslation($locale, $withFallback); | |
| 40 | } | ||
| 41 | |||
| 42 | 4 | public function translateOrDefault(?string $locale = null): ?Model | |
| 46 | |||
| 47 | 4 | public function translateOrNew(?string $locale = null): Model | |
| 48 |     { | ||
| 49 | 4 | return $this->getTranslationOrNew($locale); | |
| 50 | } | ||
| 51 | |||
| 52 | 252 | public function getTranslation(?string $locale = null, bool $withFallback = null): ?Model | |
| 53 |     { | ||
| 54 | 252 | $configFallbackLocale = $this->getFallbackLocale(); | |
| 55 | 252 | $locale = $locale ?: $this->locale(); | |
| 56 | 252 | $withFallback = $withFallback === null ? $this->useFallback() : $withFallback; | |
| 57 | 252 | $fallbackLocale = $this->getFallbackLocale($locale); | |
| 58 | |||
| 59 | 252 |         if ($translation = $this->getTranslationByLocaleKey($locale)) { | |
| 60 | 144 | return $translation; | |
| 61 | } | ||
| 62 | 172 |         if ($withFallback && $fallbackLocale) { | |
| 63 | 28 |             if ($translation = $this->getTranslationByLocaleKey($fallbackLocale)) { | |
| 64 | 16 | return $translation; | |
| 65 | } | ||
| 66 | 12 |             if ($fallbackLocale !== $configFallbackLocale && $translation = $this->getTranslationByLocaleKey($configFallbackLocale)) { | |
| 67 | 8 | return $translation; | |
| 68 | } | ||
| 69 | } | ||
| 70 | |||
| 71 | 168 | return null; | |
| 72 | } | ||
| 73 | |||
| 74 | 12 | public function hasTranslation(?string $locale = null): bool | |
| 86 | |||
| 87 | 316 | public function getTranslationModelName(): string | |
| 88 |     { | ||
| 89 | 316 | return $this->translationModel ?: $this->getTranslationModelNameDefault(); | |
| 90 | } | ||
| 91 | |||
| 92 | 304 | public function getTranslationModelNameDefault(): string | |
| 93 |     { | ||
| 94 | 304 | $modelName = get_class($this); | |
| 95 | |||
| 96 | 304 |         if ($namespace = $this->getTranslationModelNamespace()) { | |
| 97 | 4 | $modelName = $namespace.'\\'.class_basename(get_class($this)); | |
| 98 | } | ||
| 99 | |||
| 100 | 304 |         return $modelName.config('translatable.translation_suffix', 'Translation'); | |
| 101 | } | ||
| 102 | |||
| 103 | 304 | public function getTranslationModelNamespace(): ?string | |
| 104 |     { | ||
| 105 | 304 |         return config('translatable.translation_model_namespace'); | |
| 106 | } | ||
| 107 | |||
| 108 | 316 | public function getRelationKey(): string | |
| 116 | |||
| 117 | 296 | public function getLocaleKey(): string | |
| 118 |     { | ||
| 119 | 296 |         return $this->localeKey ?: config('translatable.locale_key', 'locale'); | |
| 120 | } | ||
| 121 | |||
| 122 | 296 | public function translations(): HasMany | |
| 123 |     { | ||
| 124 | 296 | return $this->hasMany($this->getTranslationModelName(), $this->getRelationKey()); | |
| 125 | } | ||
| 126 | |||
| 127 | 16 | private function usePropertyFallback(): bool | |
| 128 |     { | ||
| 129 | 16 |         return $this->useFallback() && config('translatable.use_property_fallback', false); | |
| 130 | } | ||
| 131 | |||
| 132 | 96 | private function getAttributeOrFallback(?string $locale, string $attribute) | |
| 133 |     { | ||
| 134 | 96 | $translation = $this->getTranslation($locale); | |
| 135 | |||
| 136 | if ( | ||
| 137 | ( | ||
| 138 | 96 | ! $translation instanceof Model | |
| 139 | 96 | || $this->isEmptyTranslatableAttribute($attribute, $translation->$attribute) | |
| 140 | ) | ||
| 141 | 96 | && $this->usePropertyFallback() | |
| 142 |         ) { | ||
| 143 | 12 | $translation = $this->getTranslation($this->getFallbackLocale(), false); | |
| 144 | } | ||
| 145 | |||
| 146 | 96 |         if ($translation instanceof Model) { | |
| 147 | 92 | return $translation->$attribute; | |
| 148 | } | ||
| 149 | |||
| 150 | 8 | return null; | |
| 151 | } | ||
| 152 | |||
| 153 | 88 | protected function isEmptyTranslatableAttribute(string $key, $value): bool | |
| 157 | |||
| 158 | 480 | public function getAttribute($key) | |
| 159 |     { | ||
| 160 | 480 | [$attribute, $locale] = $this->getAttributeAndLocale($key); | |
| 161 | |||
| 162 | 480 |         if ($this->isTranslationAttribute($attribute)) { | |
| 163 | 76 |             if ($this->getTranslation($locale) === null) { | |
| 164 | 12 | return $this->getAttributeValue($attribute); | |
| 165 | } | ||
| 166 | |||
| 167 | // If the given $attribute has a mutator, we push it to $attributes and then call getAttributeValue | ||
| 168 | // on it. This way, we can use Eloquent's checking for Mutation, type casting, and | ||
| 169 | // Date fields. | ||
| 170 | 64 |             if ($this->hasGetMutator($attribute)) { | |
| 171 | 4 | $this->attributes[$attribute] = $this->getAttributeOrFallback($locale, $attribute); | |
| 172 | |||
| 173 | 4 | return $this->getAttributeValue($attribute); | |
| 174 | } | ||
| 175 | |||
| 176 | 60 | return $this->getAttributeOrFallback($locale, $attribute); | |
| 177 | } | ||
| 178 | |||
| 179 | 480 | return parent::getAttribute($key); | |
| 180 | } | ||
| 181 | |||
| 182 | 480 | public function setAttribute($key, $value) | |
| 183 |     { | ||
| 184 | 480 | [$attribute, $locale] = $this->getAttributeAndLocale($key); | |
| 185 | |||
| 186 | 480 |         if ($this->isTranslationAttribute($attribute)) { | |
| 187 | 40 | $this->getTranslationOrNew($locale)->$attribute = $value; | |
| 188 |         } else { | ||
| 189 | 480 | return parent::setAttribute($key, $value); | |
| 190 | } | ||
| 191 | |||
| 192 | 40 | return $this; | |
| 193 | } | ||
| 194 | |||
| 195 | 144 | protected function getTranslationOrNew(?string $locale = null): Model | |
| 196 |     { | ||
| 197 | 144 | $locale = $locale ?: $this->locale(); | |
| 198 | |||
| 199 | 144 |         if (($translation = $this->getTranslation($locale, false)) === null) { | |
| 200 | 128 | $translation = $this->getNewTranslation($locale); | |
| 201 | } | ||
| 202 | |||
| 203 | 144 | return $translation; | |
| 204 | } | ||
| 205 | |||
| 206 | 480 | public function fill(array $attributes) | |
| 207 |     { | ||
| 208 | 480 |         foreach ($attributes as $key => $values) { | |
| 209 | 112 |             if ($this->isKeyALocale($key)) { | |
| 210 | 52 | $this->getTranslationOrNew($key)->fill($values); | |
| 211 | 44 | unset($attributes[$key]); | |
| 212 |             } else { | ||
| 213 | 104 | [$attribute, $locale] = $this->getAttributeAndLocale($key); | |
| 214 | 104 |                 if ($this->isTranslationAttribute($attribute) and $this->isKeyALocale($locale)) { | |
| 215 | 48 | $this->getTranslationOrNew($locale)->fill([$attribute => $values]); | |
| 216 | 48 | unset($attributes[$key]); | |
| 217 | } | ||
| 218 | } | ||
| 219 | } | ||
| 220 | |||
| 221 | 480 | return parent::fill($attributes); | |
| 222 | } | ||
| 223 | |||
| 224 | 252 | private function getTranslationByLocaleKey(string $key): ?Model | |
| 234 | |||
| 235 | 256 | private function getFallbackLocale(?string $locale = null): ?string | |
| 236 |     { | ||
| 237 | 256 |         if ($locale && $this->isLocaleCountryBased($locale)) { | |
| 238 | 28 |             if ($fallback = $this->getLanguageFromCountryBasedLocale($locale)) { | |
| 239 | 28 | return $fallback; | |
| 240 | } | ||
| 241 | } | ||
| 242 | |||
| 243 | 256 |         return config('translatable.fallback_locale'); | |
| 244 | } | ||
| 245 | |||
| 246 | 252 | private function isLocaleCountryBased(string $locale): bool | |
| 247 |     { | ||
| 248 | 252 | return $this->getLocalesHelper()->isLocaleCountryBased($locale); | |
| 249 | } | ||
| 250 | |||
| 251 | 28 | private function getLanguageFromCountryBasedLocale(string $locale): string | |
| 255 | |||
| 256 | 148 | private function useFallback(): bool | |
| 257 |     { | ||
| 258 | 148 |         if (isset($this->useTranslationFallback) && $this->useTranslationFallback !== null) { | |
| 259 | 12 | return $this->useTranslationFallback; | |
| 260 | } | ||
| 261 | |||
| 262 | 136 |         return (bool) config('translatable.use_fallback'); | |
| 263 | } | ||
| 264 | |||
| 265 | 480 | public function isTranslationAttribute(string $key): bool | |
| 269 | |||
| 270 | 112 | protected function isKeyALocale(string $key): bool | |
| 274 | |||
| 275 | protected function getLocales(): array | ||
| 276 |     { | ||
| 277 | return $this->getLocalesHelper()->all(); | ||
| 278 | } | ||
| 279 | |||
| 280 | protected function getLocaleSeparator(): string | ||
| 281 |     { | ||
| 282 | return $this->getLocalesHelper()->getLocaleSeparator(); | ||
| 283 | } | ||
| 284 | |||
| 285 | 480 | protected function saveTranslations(): bool | |
| 286 |     { | ||
| 287 | 480 | $saved = true; | |
| 288 | |||
| 289 | 480 |         if (! $this->relationLoaded('translations')) { | |
| 290 | 480 | return $saved; | |
| 291 | } | ||
| 292 | |||
| 293 | 104 |         foreach ($this->translations as $translation) { | |
| 294 | 104 |             if ($saved && $this->isTranslationDirty($translation)) { | |
| 295 | 104 |                 if (! empty($connectionName = $this->getConnectionName())) { | |
| 296 | 104 | $translation->setConnection($connectionName); | |
| 297 | } | ||
| 298 | |||
| 299 | 104 | $translation->setAttribute($this->getRelationKey(), $this->getKey()); | |
| 300 | 104 | $saved = $translation->save(); | |
| 301 | } | ||
| 302 | } | ||
| 303 | |||
| 304 | 100 | return $saved; | |
| 305 | } | ||
| 306 | |||
| 307 | 4 | public function replicateWithTranslations(array $except = null): Model | |
| 308 |     { | ||
| 309 | 4 | $newInstance = parent::replicate($except); | |
| 310 | |||
| 311 | 4 | unset($newInstance->translations); | |
| 312 | 4 |         foreach ($this->translations as $translation) { | |
| 313 | 4 | $newTranslation = $translation->replicate(); | |
| 314 | 4 | $newInstance->translations->add($newTranslation); | |
| 315 | } | ||
| 316 | |||
| 317 | 4 | return $newInstance; | |
| 318 | } | ||
| 319 | |||
| 320 | 104 | protected function isTranslationDirty(Model $translation): bool | |
| 321 |     { | ||
| 322 | 104 | $dirtyAttributes = $translation->getDirty(); | |
| 323 | 104 | unset($dirtyAttributes[$this->getLocaleKey()]); | |
| 324 | |||
| 325 | 104 | return count($dirtyAttributes) > 0; | |
| 326 | } | ||
| 327 | |||
| 328 | 132 | public function getNewTranslation(string $locale): Model | |
| 329 |     { | ||
| 330 | 132 | $modelName = $this->getTranslationModelName(); | |
| 331 | 132 | $translation = new $modelName(); | |
| 332 | 132 | $translation->setAttribute($this->getLocaleKey(), $locale); | |
| 333 | 132 | $this->translations->add($translation); | |
| 334 | |||
| 335 | 132 | return $translation; | |
| 336 | } | ||
| 337 | |||
| 338 | 152 | public function __isset($key) | |
| 342 | |||
| 343 | 8 | public function scopeTranslatedIn(Builder $query, ?string $locale = null) | |
| 351 | |||
| 352 | 8 | public function scopeNotTranslatedIn(Builder $query, ?string $locale = null) | |
| 353 |     { | ||
| 354 | 8 | $locale = $locale ?: $this->locale(); | |
| 355 | |||
| 356 |         return $query->whereDoesntHave('translations', function (Builder $q) use ($locale) { | ||
| 357 | 8 | $q->where($this->getLocaleKey(), '=', $locale); | |
| 358 | 8 | }); | |
| 359 | } | ||
| 360 | |||
| 361 | 4 | public function scopeTranslated(Builder $query) | |
| 362 |     { | ||
| 363 | 4 |         return $query->has('translations'); | |
| 364 | } | ||
| 365 | |||
| 366 | 12 | public function scopeListsTranslations(Builder $query, string $translationField) | |
| 367 |     { | ||
| 368 | 12 | $withFallback = $this->useFallback(); | |
| 369 | 12 | $translationTable = $this->getTranslationsTable(); | |
| 370 | 12 | $localeKey = $this->getLocaleKey(); | |
| 371 | |||
| 372 | $query | ||
| 373 | 12 | ->select($this->getTable().'.'.$this->getKeyName(), $translationTable.'.'.$translationField) | |
| 374 | 12 | ->leftJoin($translationTable, $translationTable.'.'.$this->getRelationKey(), '=', $this->getTable().'.'.$this->getKeyName()) | |
| 375 | 12 | ->where($translationTable.'.'.$localeKey, $this->locale()); | |
| 376 | 12 |         if ($withFallback) { | |
| 377 |             $query->orWhere(function (Builder $q) use ($translationTable, $localeKey) { | ||
| 378 | 4 | $q->where($translationTable.'.'.$localeKey, $this->getFallbackLocale()) | |
| 379 | ->whereNotIn($translationTable.'.'.$this->getRelationKey(), function (QueryBuilder $q) use ( | ||
| 380 | 4 | $translationTable, | |
| 381 | 4 | $localeKey | |
| 382 |                   ) { | ||
| 383 | 4 | $q->select($translationTable.'.'.$this->getRelationKey()) | |
| 384 | 4 | ->from($translationTable) | |
| 385 | 4 | ->where($translationTable.'.'.$localeKey, $this->locale()); | |
| 386 | 4 | }); | |
| 387 | 4 | }); | |
| 388 | } | ||
| 389 | 12 | } | |
| 390 | |||
| 391 | 12 | public function scopeWithTranslation(Builder $query) | |
| 392 |     { | ||
| 393 | 12 | $query->with([ | |
| 394 |             'translations' => function (Relation $query) { | ||
| 395 | 12 |                 if ($this->useFallback()) { | |
| 396 | 8 | $locale = $this->locale(); | |
| 397 | 8 | $countryFallbackLocale = $this->getFallbackLocale($locale); // e.g. de-DE => de | |
| 398 | 8 | $locales = array_unique([$locale, $countryFallbackLocale, $this->getFallbackLocale()]); | |
| 399 | |||
| 400 | 8 | return $query->whereIn($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$this->getLocaleKey(), $locales); | |
| 401 | } | ||
| 402 | |||
| 403 | 4 | return $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$this->getLocaleKey(), $this->locale()); | |
| 404 | 12 | }, | |
| 405 | ]); | ||
| 406 | 12 | } | |
| 407 | |||
| 408 | 12 | public function scopeWhereTranslation(Builder $query, string $translationField, $value, ?string $locale = null) | |
| 409 |     { | ||
| 410 |         return $query->whereHas('translations', function (Builder $query) use ($translationField, $value, $locale) { | ||
| 411 | 12 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$translationField, $value); | |
| 412 | 12 |             if ($locale) { | |
| 413 | 4 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$this->getLocaleKey(), $locale); | |
| 414 | } | ||
| 415 | 12 | }); | |
| 416 | } | ||
| 417 | |||
| 418 | 4 | public function scopeOrWhereTranslation(Builder $query, string $translationField, $value, ?string $locale = null) | |
| 419 |     { | ||
| 420 |         return $query->orWhereHas('translations', function (Builder $query) use ($translationField, $value, $locale) { | ||
| 421 | 4 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$translationField, $value); | |
| 422 | 4 |             if ($locale) { | |
| 423 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$this->getLocaleKey(), $locale); | ||
| 424 | } | ||
| 425 | 4 | }); | |
| 426 | } | ||
| 427 | |||
| 428 | 12 | public function scopeWhereTranslationLike(Builder $query, string $translationField, $value, ?string $locale = null) | |
| 429 |     { | ||
| 430 |         return $query->whereHas('translations', function (Builder $query) use ($translationField, $value, $locale) { | ||
| 431 | 12 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$translationField, 'LIKE', $value); | |
| 432 | 12 |             if ($locale) { | |
| 433 | 4 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$this->getLocaleKey(), 'LIKE', $locale); | |
| 434 | } | ||
| 435 | 12 | }); | |
| 436 | } | ||
| 437 | |||
| 438 | 4 | public function scopeOrWhereTranslationLike(Builder $query, string $translationField, $value, ?string $locale = null) | |
| 439 |     { | ||
| 440 |         return $query->orWhereHas('translations', function (Builder $query) use ($translationField, $value, $locale) { | ||
| 441 | 4 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$translationField, 'LIKE', $value); | |
| 442 | 4 |             if ($locale) { | |
| 443 | $query->where($this->getTranslationsTable().'.'.$this->getLocaleKey(), 'LIKE', $locale); | ||
| 444 | } | ||
| 445 | 4 | }); | |
| 446 | } | ||
| 447 | |||
| 448 | 8 | public function scopeOrderByTranslation(Builder $query, string $translationField, string $sortMethod = 'asc') | |
| 449 |     { | ||
| 450 | 8 | $translationTable = $this->getTranslationsTable(); | |
| 451 | 8 | $localeKey = $this->getLocaleKey(); | |
| 452 | 8 | $table = $this->getTable(); | |
| 453 | 8 | $keyName = $this->getKeyName(); | |
| 454 | |||
| 455 | return $query | ||
| 456 |             ->join($translationTable, function (JoinClause $join) use ($translationTable, $localeKey, $table, $keyName) { | ||
| 457 | $join | ||
| 458 | 8 | ->on($translationTable.'.'.$this->getRelationKey(), '=', $table.'.'.$keyName) | |
| 459 | 8 | ->where($translationTable.'.'.$localeKey, $this->locale()); | |
| 460 | 8 | }) | |
| 461 | 8 | ->orderBy($translationTable.'.'.$translationField, $sortMethod) | |
| 462 | 8 | ->select($table.'.*') | |
| 463 | 8 |             ->with('translations'); | |
| 464 | } | ||
| 465 | |||
| 466 | 48 | public function attributesToArray() | |
| 467 |     { | ||
| 468 | 48 | $attributes = parent::attributesToArray(); | |
| 469 | |||
| 470 | if ( | ||
| 471 | 48 |             (! $this->relationLoaded('translations') && ! $this->toArrayAlwaysLoadsTranslations() && is_null(self::$autoloadTranslations)) | |
| 472 | 48 | || self::$autoloadTranslations === false | |
| 473 |         ) { | ||
| 474 | 16 | return $attributes; | |
| 475 | } | ||
| 476 | |||
| 477 | 32 | $hiddenAttributes = $this->getHidden(); | |
| 478 | |||
| 479 | 32 |         foreach ($this->translatedAttributes as $field) { | |
| 480 | 32 |             if (in_array($field, $hiddenAttributes)) { | |
| 481 | 4 | continue; | |
| 482 | } | ||
| 483 | |||
| 484 | 32 | $attributes[$field] = $this->getAttributeOrFallback(null, $field); | |
| 485 | } | ||
| 486 | |||
| 487 | 32 | return $attributes; | |
| 488 | } | ||
| 489 | |||
| 490 | 4 | public function getTranslationsArray(): array | |
| 502 | |||
| 503 | 56 | private function getTranslationsTable(): string | |
| 507 | |||
| 508 | 480 | protected function locale(): string | |
| 509 |     { | ||
| 510 | 480 |         if ($this->defaultLocale) { | |
| 511 | 4 | return $this->defaultLocale; | |
| 512 | } | ||
| 513 | |||
| 514 | 480 | return $this->getLocalesHelper()->current(); | |
| 515 | } | ||
| 516 | |||
| 517 | 4 | public function setDefaultLocale(?string $locale) | |
| 523 | |||
| 524 | public function getDefaultLocale(): ?string | ||
| 525 |     { | ||
| 526 | return $this->defaultLocale; | ||
| 527 | } | ||
| 528 | |||
| 529 | /** | ||
| 530 | * @param string|array|null $locales The locales to be deleted | ||
| 531 | */ | ||
| 532 | 12 | public function deleteTranslations($locales = null) | |
| 533 |     { | ||
| 534 | 12 |         if ($locales === null) { | |
| 535 | 4 | $translations = $this->translations()->get(); | |
| 536 |         } else { | ||
| 537 | 8 | $locales = (array) $locales; | |
| 538 | 8 | $translations = $this->translations()->whereIn($this->getLocaleKey(), $locales)->get(); | |
| 539 | } | ||
| 540 | 12 |         foreach ($translations as $translation) { | |
| 541 | 8 | $translation->delete(); | |
| 542 | } | ||
| 543 | |||
| 544 | // we need to manually "reload" the collection built from the relationship | ||
| 545 | // otherwise $this->translations()->get() would NOT be the same as $this->translations | ||
| 546 | 12 |         $this->load('translations'); | |
| 547 | 12 | } | |
| 548 | |||
| 549 | 480 | private function getAttributeAndLocale(string $key): array | |
| 550 |     { | ||
| 551 | 480 |         if (Str::contains($key, ':')) { | |
| 552 | 44 |             return explode(':', $key); | |
| 553 | } | ||
| 554 | |||
| 555 | 480 | return [$key, $this->locale()]; | |
| 556 | } | ||
| 557 | |||
| 558 | 32 | private function toArrayAlwaysLoadsTranslations(): bool | |
| 562 | |||
| 563 | public static function enableAutoloadTranslations(): void | ||
| 564 |     { | ||
| 565 | self::$autoloadTranslations = true; | ||
| 566 | } | ||
| 567 | |||
| 568 | 4 | public static function defaultAutoloadTranslations(): void | |
| 569 |     { | ||
| 570 | 4 | self::$autoloadTranslations = null; | |
| 571 | 4 | } | |
| 572 | |||
| 573 | 4 | public static function disableAutoloadTranslations(): void | |
| 574 |     { | ||
| 575 | 4 | self::$autoloadTranslations = false; | |
| 576 | 4 | } | |
| 577 | |||
| 578 | 480 | protected function getLocalesHelper(): Locales | |
| 582 | } | ||
| 583 | 
This check looks for methods that are used by a trait but not required by it.
To illustrate, let’s look at the following code example
The trait
Idableprovides a methodequalsIdthat in turn relies on the methodgetId(). If this method does not exist on a class mixing in this trait, the method will fail.Adding the
getId()as an abstract method to the trait will make sure it is available.