Complex classes like PDO often do a lot of different things. To break such a class down, we need to identify a cohesive component within that class. A common approach to find such a component is to look for fields/methods that share the same prefixes, or suffixes. You can also have a look at the cohesion graph to spot any un-connected, or weakly-connected components.
Once you have determined the fields that belong together, you can apply the Extract Class refactoring. If the component makes sense as a sub-class, Extract Subclass is also a candidate, and is often faster.
While breaking up the class, it is a good idea to analyze how other classes use PDO, and based on these observations, apply Extract Interface, too.
| 1 | <?php  | 
            ||
| 29 | class PDO extends BasePDO implements PDOInterface  | 
            ||
| 30 | { | 
            ||
| 31 | const VERSION = '0.6.0';  | 
            ||
| 32 | const DRIVER_NAME = 'crate';  | 
            ||
| 33 | |||
| 34 | const DSN_REGEX = '/^(?:crate:)(?:((?:[\w\d\.-]+:\d+\,?)+))\/?([\w]+)?$/';  | 
            ||
| 35 | |||
| 36 | const CRATE_ATTR_HTTP_BASIC_AUTH = 1000;  | 
            ||
| 37 | /**  | 
            ||
| 38 | * deprecated since version 0.4  | 
            ||
| 39 | * @deprecated  | 
            ||
| 40 | */  | 
            ||
| 41 | const ATTR_HTTP_BASIC_AUTH = self::CRATE_ATTR_HTTP_BASIC_AUTH;  | 
            ||
| 42 | const CRATE_ATTR_DEFAULT_SCHEMA = 1001;  | 
            ||
| 43 | |||
| 44 | const PARAM_FLOAT = 6;  | 
            ||
| 45 | const PARAM_DOUBLE = 7;  | 
            ||
| 46 | const PARAM_LONG = 8;  | 
            ||
| 47 | const PARAM_ARRAY = 9;  | 
            ||
| 48 | const PARAM_OBJECT = 10;  | 
            ||
| 49 | const PARAM_TIMESTAMP = 11;  | 
            ||
| 50 | const PARAM_IP = 12;  | 
            ||
| 51 | |||
| 52 | /**  | 
            ||
| 53 | * @var array  | 
            ||
| 54 | */  | 
            ||
| 55 | private $attributes = [  | 
            ||
| 56 | 'defaultFetchMode' => self::FETCH_BOTH,  | 
            ||
| 57 | 'errorMode' => self::ERRMODE_SILENT,  | 
            ||
| 58 | 'statementClass' => 'Crate\PDO\PDOStatement',  | 
            ||
| 59 | 'timeout' => 5.0,  | 
            ||
| 60 | 'auth' => [],  | 
            ||
| 61 | 'defaultSchema' => 'doc'  | 
            ||
| 62 | ];  | 
            ||
| 63 | |||
| 64 | /**  | 
            ||
| 65 | * @var Http\ClientInterface  | 
            ||
| 66 | */  | 
            ||
| 67 | private $client;  | 
            ||
| 68 | |||
| 69 | /**  | 
            ||
| 70 | * @var PDOStatement|null  | 
            ||
| 71 | */  | 
            ||
| 72 | private $lastStatement;  | 
            ||
| 73 | |||
| 74 | /**  | 
            ||
| 75 | * @var callable  | 
            ||
| 76 | */  | 
            ||
| 77 | private $request;  | 
            ||
| 78 | |||
| 79 | /**  | 
            ||
| 80 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 81 | *  | 
            ||
| 82 | * @param string $dsn The HTTP endpoint to call  | 
            ||
| 83 | * @param null $username Unused  | 
            ||
| 84 | * @param null $passwd Unused  | 
            ||
| 85 | * @param null|array $options Attributes to set on the PDO  | 
            ||
| 86 | */  | 
            ||
| 87 | 4 | public function __construct($dsn, $username, $passwd, $options)  | 
            |
| 88 |     { | 
            ||
| 89 | 4 |         foreach (ArrayUtils::toArray($options) as $attribute => $value) { | 
            |
| 90 | 1 | $this->setAttribute($attribute, $value);  | 
            |
| 91 | }  | 
            ||
| 92 | |||
| 93 | 4 | $dsnParts = self::parseDSN($dsn);  | 
            |
| 94 | 4 | $servers = self::serversFromDsnParts($dsnParts);  | 
            |
| 95 | |||
| 96 | 4 | $this->client = new Http\Client($servers, [  | 
            |
| 97 | 4 | 'timeout' => $this->attributes['timeout']  | 
            |
| 98 | ]);  | 
            ||
| 99 | |||
| 100 | 4 |         if (!empty($username) && !empty($passwd)) { | 
            |
| 101 | 1 | $this->setAttribute(PDO::CRATE_ATTR_HTTP_BASIC_AUTH, [$username, $passwd]);  | 
            |
| 102 | }  | 
            ||
| 103 | |||
| 104 | 4 |         if (!empty($dsnParts[1])) { | 
            |
| 105 | $this->setAttribute(PDO::CRATE_ATTR_DEFAULT_SCHEMA, $dsnParts[1]);  | 
            ||
| 106 | }  | 
            ||
| 107 | |||
| 108 | // Define a callback that will be used in the PDOStatements  | 
            ||
| 109 | // This way we don't expose this as a public api to the end users.  | 
            ||
| 110 |         $this->request = function (PDOStatement $statement, $sql, array $parameters) { | 
            ||
| 111 | |||
| 112 | $this->lastStatement = $statement;  | 
            ||
| 113 | |||
| 114 |             try { | 
            ||
| 
                                                                                                    
                        
                         | 
                |||
| 115 | |||
| 116 | return $this->client->execute($sql, $parameters);  | 
            ||
| 117 | |||
| 118 |             } catch (Exception\RuntimeException $e) { | 
            ||
| 119 | |||
| 120 |                 if ($this->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE) === PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION) { | 
            ||
| 121 | throw new Exception\PDOException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode());  | 
            ||
| 122 | }  | 
            ||
| 123 | |||
| 124 |                 if ($this->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE) === PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING) { | 
            ||
| 125 |                     trigger_error(sprintf('[%d] %s', $e->getCode(), $e->getMessage()), E_USER_WARNING); | 
            ||
| 126 | }  | 
            ||
| 127 | |||
| 128 | // should probably wrap this in a error object ?  | 
            ||
| 129 | return [  | 
            ||
| 130 | 'code' => $e->getCode(),  | 
            ||
| 131 | 'message' => $e->getMessage()  | 
            ||
| 132 | ];  | 
            ||
| 133 | }  | 
            ||
| 134 | };  | 
            ||
| 135 | 4 | }  | 
            |
| 136 | |||
| 137 | /**  | 
            ||
| 138 | * Extract servers and optional custom schema from DSN string  | 
            ||
| 139 | *  | 
            ||
| 140 | * @param string $dsn The DSN string  | 
            ||
| 141 | *  | 
            ||
| 142 | * @return array An array of ['host:post,host:port,...', 'schema']  | 
            ||
| 143 | */  | 
            ||
| 144 | 36 | private static function parseDSN($dsn)  | 
            |
| 145 |     { | 
            ||
| 146 | 36 | $matches = array();  | 
            |
| 147 | |||
| 148 | 36 |         if (!preg_match(static::DSN_REGEX, $dsn, $matches)) { | 
            |
| 149 | 4 |             throw new PDOException(sprintf('Invalid DSN %s', $dsn)); | 
            |
| 150 | }  | 
            ||
| 151 | |||
| 152 | 32 | return array_slice($matches, 1);  | 
            |
| 153 | }  | 
            ||
| 154 | |||
| 155 | /**  | 
            ||
| 156 | * Extract host:port pairs out of the DSN parts  | 
            ||
| 157 | *  | 
            ||
| 158 | * @param array $dsnParts The parts of the parsed DSN string  | 
            ||
| 159 | *  | 
            ||
| 160 | * @return array An array of host:port strings  | 
            ||
| 161 | */  | 
            ||
| 162 | 31 | private static function serversFromDsnParts($dsnParts)  | 
            |
| 163 |     { | 
            ||
| 164 | 31 |         return explode(',', trim($dsnParts[0], ',')); | 
            |
| 165 | }  | 
            ||
| 166 | |||
| 167 | /**  | 
            ||
| 168 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 169 | */  | 
            ||
| 170 | 1 | public function prepare($statement, $options = null)  | 
            |
| 171 |     { | 
            ||
| 172 | 1 | $options = ArrayUtils::toArray($options);  | 
            |
| 173 | |||
| 174 | 1 |         if (isset($options[PDO::ATTR_CURSOR])) { | 
            |
| 175 |             trigger_error(sprintf('%s not supported', __METHOD__), E_USER_WARNING); | 
            ||
| 176 | return true;  | 
            ||
| 177 | }  | 
            ||
| 178 | |||
| 179 | 1 | return new PDOStatement($this, $this->request, $statement, $options);  | 
            |
| 180 | }  | 
            ||
| 181 | |||
| 182 | /**  | 
            ||
| 183 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 184 | */  | 
            ||
| 185 | 1 | public function beginTransaction()  | 
            |
| 186 |     { | 
            ||
| 187 | 1 | return true;  | 
            |
| 188 | }  | 
            ||
| 189 | |||
| 190 | /**  | 
            ||
| 191 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 192 | */  | 
            ||
| 193 | 1 | public function commit()  | 
            |
| 194 |     { | 
            ||
| 195 | 1 | return true;  | 
            |
| 196 | }  | 
            ||
| 197 | |||
| 198 | /**  | 
            ||
| 199 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 200 | */  | 
            ||
| 201 | 1 | public function rollBack()  | 
            |
| 205 | |||
| 206 | /**  | 
            ||
| 207 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 208 | */  | 
            ||
| 209 | 1 | public function inTransaction()  | 
            |
| 210 |     { | 
            ||
| 213 | |||
| 214 | /**  | 
            ||
| 215 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 216 | */  | 
            ||
| 217 | public function exec($statement)  | 
            ||
| 224 | |||
| 225 | /**  | 
            ||
| 226 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 227 | */  | 
            ||
| 228 | public function query($statement)  | 
            ||
| 235 | |||
| 236 | /**  | 
            ||
| 237 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 238 | */  | 
            ||
| 239 | 1 | public function lastInsertId($name = null)  | 
            |
| 243 | |||
| 244 | /**  | 
            ||
| 245 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 246 | */  | 
            ||
| 247 | public function errorCode()  | 
            ||
| 251 | |||
| 252 | /**  | 
            ||
| 253 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 254 | */  | 
            ||
| 255 | public function errorInfo()  | 
            ||
| 259 | |||
| 260 | /**  | 
            ||
| 261 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 262 | */  | 
            ||
| 263 | 6 | public function setAttribute($attribute, $value)  | 
            |
| 264 |     { | 
            ||
| 265 |         switch ($attribute) { | 
            ||
| 266 | 6 | case self::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE:  | 
            |
| 267 | 1 | $this->attributes['defaultFetchMode'] = $value;  | 
            |
| 268 | 1 | break;  | 
            |
| 269 | |||
| 270 | 5 | case self::ATTR_ERRMODE:  | 
            |
| 271 | 1 | $this->attributes['errorMode'] = $value;  | 
            |
| 272 | 1 | break;  | 
            |
| 273 | |||
| 274 | 4 | case self::ATTR_TIMEOUT:  | 
            |
| 275 | 1 | $this->attributes['timeout'] = (int)$value;  | 
            |
| 276 | 1 |                 if (is_object($this->client)) { | 
            |
| 277 | 1 | $this->client->setTimeout((int)$value);  | 
            |
| 278 | }  | 
            ||
| 279 | 1 | break;  | 
            |
| 280 | |||
| 281 | 3 | case self::CRATE_ATTR_HTTP_BASIC_AUTH:  | 
            |
| 282 | 1 | $this->attributes['auth'] = $value;  | 
            |
| 283 | 1 |                 if (is_object($this->client) && is_array($value)) { | 
            |
| 284 | 1 | list($user, $password) = $value;  | 
            |
| 285 | 1 | $this->client->setHttpBasicAuth($user, $password);  | 
            |
| 286 | }  | 
            ||
| 287 | 1 | break;  | 
            |
| 288 | |||
| 289 | 2 | case self::CRATE_ATTR_DEFAULT_SCHEMA:  | 
            |
| 290 | 1 | $this->attributes['defaultSchema'] = $value;  | 
            |
| 291 | 1 |                 if (is_object($this->client)) { | 
            |
| 292 | 1 | $this->client->setDefaultSchema($value);  | 
            |
| 293 | }  | 
            ||
| 294 | 1 | break;  | 
            |
| 295 | |||
| 296 | default:  | 
            ||
| 297 | 1 |                 throw new Exception\PDOException('Unsupported driver attribute'); | 
            |
| 298 | }  | 
            ||
| 299 | 5 | }  | 
            |
| 300 | |||
| 301 | /**  | 
            ||
| 302 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 303 | */  | 
            ||
| 304 | 9 | public function getAttribute($attribute)  | 
            |
| 305 |     { | 
            ||
| 306 |         switch ($attribute) { | 
            ||
| 307 | 9 | case PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT:  | 
            |
| 308 | 1 | return false;  | 
            |
| 309 | |||
| 310 | 8 | case PDO::ATTR_PREFETCH:  | 
            |
| 311 | 1 | return false;  | 
            |
| 312 | |||
| 313 | 7 | case PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION:  | 
            |
| 314 | 1 | return self::VERSION;  | 
            |
| 315 | |||
| 316 | 6 | case PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION:  | 
            |
| 317 | return $this->client->getServerVersion();  | 
            ||
| 318 | |||
| 319 | 6 | case PDO::ATTR_SERVER_INFO:  | 
            |
| 320 | return $this->client->getServerInfo();  | 
            ||
| 321 | |||
| 322 | 6 | case PDO::ATTR_TIMEOUT:  | 
            |
| 323 | 1 | return $this->attributes['timeout'];  | 
            |
| 324 | |||
| 325 | 5 | case PDO::CRATE_ATTR_HTTP_BASIC_AUTH:  | 
            |
| 326 | return $this->attributes['auth'];  | 
            ||
| 327 | |||
| 328 | 5 | case PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE:  | 
            |
| 329 | 1 | return $this->attributes['defaultFetchMode'];  | 
            |
| 330 | |||
| 331 | 4 | case PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE:  | 
            |
| 332 | 1 | return $this->attributes['errorMode'];  | 
            |
| 333 | |||
| 334 | 3 | case PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME:  | 
            |
| 335 | 1 | return static::DRIVER_NAME;  | 
            |
| 336 | |||
| 337 | 2 | case PDO::ATTR_STATEMENT_CLASS:  | 
            |
| 338 | return [$this->attributes['statementClass']];  | 
            ||
| 339 | |||
| 340 | 2 | case PDO::CRATE_ATTR_DEFAULT_SCHEMA:  | 
            |
| 341 | return $this->attributes['defaultSchema'];  | 
            ||
| 342 | |||
| 343 | default:  | 
            ||
| 344 | // PHP Switch is a lose comparison  | 
            ||
| 345 | 2 |                 if ($attribute === PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT) { | 
            |
| 346 | 1 | return true;  | 
            |
| 347 | }  | 
            ||
| 348 | |||
| 349 | 1 |                 throw new Exception\PDOException('Unsupported driver attribute'); | 
            |
| 350 | }  | 
            ||
| 351 | }  | 
            ||
| 352 | |||
| 353 | /**  | 
            ||
| 354 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 355 | */  | 
            ||
| 356 | 4 | public function quote($string, $parameter_type = PDO::PARAM_STR)  | 
            |
| 357 |     { | 
            ||
| 358 |         switch ($parameter_type) { | 
            ||
| 359 | 4 | case PDO::PARAM_INT:  | 
            |
| 360 | 1 | return (int)$string;  | 
            |
| 361 | |||
| 362 | 4 | case PDO::PARAM_BOOL:  | 
            |
| 363 | 1 | return (bool)$string;  | 
            |
| 364 | |||
| 365 | 4 | case PDO::PARAM_NULL:  | 
            |
| 366 | 1 | return null;  | 
            |
| 367 | |||
| 368 | 3 | case PDO::PARAM_LOB:  | 
            |
| 369 | 1 |                 throw new Exception\UnsupportedException('This is not supported by crate.io'); | 
            |
| 370 | |||
| 371 | 2 | case PDO::PARAM_STR:  | 
            |
| 372 | 1 |                 throw new Exception\UnsupportedException('This is not supported, please use prepared statements.'); | 
            |
| 373 | |||
| 374 | default:  | 
            ||
| 375 | 1 |                 throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException('Unknown param type'); | 
            |
| 376 | }  | 
            ||
| 377 | }  | 
            ||
| 378 | |||
| 379 | /**  | 
            ||
| 380 |      * {@inheritDoc} | 
            ||
| 381 | */  | 
            ||
| 382 | 1 | public static function getAvailableDrivers()  | 
            |
| 386 | |||
| 387 | public function getServerVersion()  | 
            ||
| 388 |     { | 
            ||
| 389 | $result = $this->client->getServerVersion();  | 
            ||
| 390 | $versions = $result->getRows();  | 
            ||
| 391 | return $versions[0][0];  | 
            ||
| 392 | }  | 
            ||
| 393 | |||
| 394 | public function getServerInfo()  | 
            ||
| 398 | }  | 
            ||
| 399 |