CI_Security

Complexity

Total Complexity

87

Size/Duplication

Total Lines	998
Duplicated Lines	2.4 %

Coupling/Cohesion

Components	3
Dependencies	0

Importance

Changes	13
Bugs	2	Features	1

15 Methods

Rating	Name	Duplication	Size	Complexity
B	__construct()	0	28	5
C	xss_clean()	0	208	12
A	xss_hash()	0	12	3
C	get_random_bytes()	0	49	12
C	entity_decode()	0	65	11
A	sanitize_filename()	0	21	3
A	strip_image_tags()	0	4	1
A	_compact_exploded_words()	0	4	1
C	_sanitize_naughty_html()	0	79	9
A	_js_link_removal()	12	12	1
A	_js_img_removal()	12	12	1
A	_convert_attribute()	0	4	1
A	_filter_attributes()	0	13	3
A	_decode_entity()	0	13	1
A	_do_never_allowed()	0	11	2

<?php

For compatibility and reusability of your code, PSR1 recommends that a file should introduce either new symbols (like classes, functions, etc.) or have side-effects (like outputting something, or including other files), but not both at the same time. The first symbol is defined on line 49 and the first side effect is on line 38.

/**
 * CodeIgniter
 *
 * An open source application development framework for PHP
 *
 * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2015, British Columbia Institute of Technology
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * @package	CodeIgniter
 * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
 * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
 * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2015, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
 * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
 * @link	http://codeigniter.com
 * @since	Version 1.0.0
 * @filesource
 */
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');

/**
 * Security Class
 *
 * @package		CodeIgniter
 * @subpackage	Libraries
 * @category	Security
 * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
 * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/security.html
 */
class CI_Security {

	/**
	 * List of sanitize filename strings
	 *
	 * @var	array
	 */
	public $filename_bad_chars =	array(
		'../', '<!--', '-->', '<', '>',
		"'", '"', '&', '$', '#',
		'{', '}', '[', ']', '=',
		';', '?', '%20', '%22',
		'%3c',		// <
		'%253c',	// <
		'%3e',		// >
		'%0e',		// >
		'%28',		// (
		'%29',		// )
		'%2528',	// (
		'%26',		// &
		'%24',		// $
		'%3f',		// ?
		'%3b',		// ;
		'%3d'		// =
	);

	/**
	 * Character set
	 *
	 * Will be overridden by the constructor.
	 *
	 * @var	string
	 */
	public $charset = 'UTF-8';

	/**
	 * XSS Hash
	 *
	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs.
	 *
	 * @var	string
	 */
	protected $_xss_hash;

	/**
	 * CSRF Hash
	 *
	 * Random hash for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie
	 *
	 * @var	string
	 */
	protected $_csrf_hash;

	/**
	 * CSRF Expire time
	 *
	 * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
	 * Defaults to two hours (in seconds).
	 *
	 * @var	int
	 */
	protected $_csrf_expire =	7200;

	/**
	 * CSRF Token name
	 *
	 * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
	 *
	 * @var	string
	 */
	protected $_csrf_token_name =	'ci_csrf_token';

	/**
	 * CSRF Cookie name
	 *
	 * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
	 *
	 * @var	string
	 */
	protected $_csrf_cookie_name =	'ci_csrf_token';

	/**
	 * List of never allowed strings
	 *
	 * @var	array
	 */
	protected $_never_allowed_str =	array(
		'document.cookie'	=> '[removed]',
		'document.write'	=> '[removed]',
		'.parentNode'		=> '[removed]',
		'.innerHTML'		=> '[removed]',
		'-moz-binding'		=> '[removed]',
		'<!--'				=> '&lt;!--',
		'-->'				=> '--&gt;',
		'<![CDATA['			=> '&lt;![CDATA[',
		'<comment>'			=> '&lt;comment&gt;'
	);

	/**
	 * List of never allowed regex replacements
	 *
	 * @var	array
	 */
	protected $_never_allowed_regex = array(
		'javascript\s*:',
		'(document|(document\.)?window)\.(location|on\w*)',
		'expression\s*(\(|&\#40;)', // CSS and IE
		'vbscript\s*:', // IE, surprise!
		'wscript\s*:', // IE
		'jscript\s*:', // IE
		'vbs\s*:', // IE
		'Redirect\s+30\d',
		"([\"'])?data\s*:[^\\1]*?base64[^\\1]*?,[^\\1]*?\\1?"
	);

	/**
	 * Class constructor
	 *
	 * @return	void
	 */
	public function __construct()
	{
		// Is CSRF protection enabled?
		if (config_item('csrf_protection'))
		{
			// CSRF config
			foreach (array('csrf_expire', 'csrf_token_name', 'csrf_cookie_name') as $key)
			{
				if (NULL !== ($val = config_item($key)))
				{
					$this->{'_'.$key} = $val;
				}
			}

			// Append application specific cookie prefix
			if ($cookie_prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix'))
			{
				$this->_csrf_cookie_name = $cookie_prefix.$this->_csrf_cookie_name;
			}

			// Set the CSRF hash
			$this->_csrf_set_hash();
		}

		$this->charset = strtoupper(config_item('charset'));

		log_message('info', 'Security Class Initialized');
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * CSRF Verify
	 *
	 * @return	CI_Security
	 */
	public function csrf_verify()
	{
		// If it's not a POST request we will set the CSRF cookie
		if (strtoupper($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) !== 'POST')
		{
			return $this->csrf_set_cookie();
		}

		// Check if URI has been whitelisted from CSRF checks
		if ($exclude_uris = config_item('csrf_exclude_uris'))
		{
			$uri = load_class('URI', 'core');
			foreach ($exclude_uris as $excluded)
			{
				if (preg_match('#^'.$excluded.'$#i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $uri->uri_string()))
				{
					return $this;
				}
			}
		}

		// Do the tokens exist in both the _POST and _COOKIE arrays?
		if ( ! isset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name], $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
			OR $_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name] !== $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) // Do the tokens match?
		{
			$this->csrf_show_error();
		}

		// We kill this since we're done and we don't want to polute the _POST array
		unset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name]);

		// Regenerate on every submission?
		if (config_item('csrf_regenerate'))
		{
			// Nothing should last forever
			unset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]);
			$this->_csrf_hash = NULL;
		}

		$this->_csrf_set_hash();
		$this->csrf_set_cookie();

		log_message('info', 'CSRF token verified');
		return $this;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * CSRF Set Cookie
	 *
	 * @codeCoverageIgnore
	 * @return	CI_Security
	 */
	public function csrf_set_cookie()
	{
		$expire = time() + $this->_csrf_expire;
		$secure_cookie = (bool) config_item('cookie_secure');

		if ($secure_cookie && ! is_https())
		{
			return FALSE;
		}

		setcookie(
			$this->_csrf_cookie_name,
			$this->_csrf_hash,
			$expire,
			config_item('cookie_path'),
			config_item('cookie_domain'),
			$secure_cookie,
			config_item('cookie_httponly')
		);
		log_message('info', 'CSRF cookie sent');

		return $this;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Show CSRF Error
	 *
	 * @return	void
	 */
	public function csrf_show_error()
	{
		show_error('The action you have requested is not allowed.', 403);
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Get CSRF Hash
	 *
	 * @see		CI_Security::$_csrf_hash
	 * @return 	string	CSRF hash
	 */
	public function get_csrf_hash()
	{
		return $this->_csrf_hash;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Get CSRF Token Name
	 *
	 * @see		CI_Security::$_csrf_token_name
	 * @return	string	CSRF token name
	 */
	public function get_csrf_token_name()
	{
		return $this->_csrf_token_name;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * XSS Clean
	 *
	 * Sanitizes data so that Cross Site Scripting Hacks can be
	 * prevented.  This method does a fair amount of work but
	 * it is extremely thorough, designed to prevent even the
	 * most obscure XSS attempts.  Nothing is ever 100% foolproof,
	 * of course, but I haven't been able to get anything passed
	 * the filter.
	 *
	 * Note: Should only be used to deal with data upon submission.
	 *	 It's not something that should be used for general
	 *	 runtime processing.
	 *
	 * @link	http://channel.bitflux.ch/wiki/XSS_Prevention
	 * 		Based in part on some code and ideas from Bitflux.
	 *
	 * @link	http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
	 * 		To help develop this script I used this great list of
	 *		vulnerabilities along with a few other hacks I've
	 *		harvested from examining vulnerabilities in other programs.
	 *
	 * @param	string|string[]	$str		Input data
	 * @param 	bool		$is_image	Whether the input is an image
	 * @return	string
	 */
	public function xss_clean($str, $is_image = FALSE)
	{
		// Is the string an array?
		if (is_array($str))
		{
			while (list($key) = each($str))
			{
				$str[$key] = $this->xss_clean($str[$key]);
			}

			return $str;
		}

		// Remove Invisible Characters
		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);

		/*
		 * URL Decode
		 *
		 * Just in case stuff like this is submitted:
		 *
		 * <a href="http://%77%77%77%2E%67%6F%6F%67%6C%65%2E%63%6F%6D">Google</a>
		 *
		 * Note: Use rawurldecode() so it does not remove plus signs
		 */
		do
		{
			$str = rawurldecode($str);
		}
		while (preg_match('/%[0-9a-f]{2,}/i', $str));

		/*
		 * Convert character entities to ASCII
		 *
		 * This permits our tests below to work reliably.
		 * We only convert entities that are within tags since
		 * these are the ones that will pose security problems.
		 */
		$str = preg_replace_callback("/[^a-z0-9>]+[a-z0-9]+=([\'\"]).*?\\1/si", array($this, '_convert_attribute'), $str);
		$str = preg_replace_callback('/<\w+.*/si', array($this, '_decode_entity'), $str);

		// Remove Invisible Characters Again!
		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);

		/*
		 * Convert all tabs to spaces
		 *
		 * This prevents strings like this: ja	vascript
		 * NOTE: we deal with spaces between characters later.
		 * NOTE: preg_replace was found to be amazingly slow here on
		 * large blocks of data, so we use str_replace.
		 */
		$str = str_replace("\t", ' ', $str);

		// Capture converted string for later comparison
		$converted_string = $str;

		// Remove Strings that are never allowed
		$str = $this->_do_never_allowed($str);

		/*
		 * Makes PHP tags safe
		 *
		 * Note: XML tags are inadvertently replaced too:
		 *
		 * <?xml
		 *
		 * But it doesn't seem to pose a problem.
		 */
		if ($is_image === TRUE)
		{
			// Images have a tendency to have the PHP short opening and
			// closing tags every so often so we skip those and only
			// do the long opening tags.
			$str = preg_replace('/<\?(php)/i', '&lt;?\\1', $str);
		}
		else
		{
			$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?'.'>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
		}

		/*
		 * Compact any exploded words
		 *
		 * This corrects words like:  j a v a s c r i p t
		 * These words are compacted back to their correct state.
		 */
		$words = array(
			'javascript', 'expression', 'vbscript', 'jscript', 'wscript',
			'vbs', 'script', 'base64', 'applet', 'alert', 'document',
			'write', 'cookie', 'window', 'confirm', 'prompt', 'eval'
		);

		foreach ($words as $word)
		{
			$word = implode('\s*', str_split($word)).'\s*';

			// We only want to do this when it is followed by a non-word character
			// That way valid stuff like "dealer to" does not become "dealerto"
			$str = preg_replace_callback('#('.substr($word, 0, -3).')(\W)#is', array($this, '_compact_exploded_words'), $str);
		}

		/*
		 * Remove disallowed Javascript in links or img tags
		 * We used to do some version comparisons and use of stripos(),
		 * but it is dog slow compared to these simplified non-capturing
		 * preg_match(), especially if the pattern exists in the string
		 *
		 * Note: It was reported that not only space characters, but all in
		 * the following pattern can be parsed as separators between a tag name
		 * and its attributes: [\d\s"\'`;,\/\=\(\x00\x0B\x09\x0C]
		 * ... however, remove_invisible_characters() above already strips the
		 * hex-encoded ones, so we'll skip them below.
		 */
		do
		{
			$original = $str;

			if (preg_match('/<a/i', $str))
			{
				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<a[^a-z0-9>]+([^>]*?)(?:>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_link_removal'), $str);
			}

			if (preg_match('/<img/i', $str))
			{
				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<img[^a-z0-9]+([^>]*?)(?:\s?/?>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_img_removal'), $str);
			}

			if (preg_match('/script|xss/i', $str))
			{
				$str = preg_replace('#</*(?:script|xss).*?>#si', '[removed]', $str);
			}
		}
		while ($original !== $str);
		unset($original);

		/*
		 * Sanitize naughty HTML elements
		 *
		 * If a tag containing any of the words in the list
		 * below is found, the tag gets converted to entities.
		 *
		 * So this: <blink>
		 * Becomes: &lt;blink&gt;
		 */
		$pattern = '#'
			.'<((?<slash>/*\s*)(?<tagName>[a-z0-9]+)(?=[^a-z0-9]|$)' // tag start and name, followed by a non-tag character
			.'[^\s\042\047a-z0-9>/=]*' // a valid attribute character immediately after the tag would count as a separator
			// optional attributes
			.'(?<attributes>(?:[\s\042\047/=]*' // non-attribute characters, excluding > (tag close) for obvious reasons
			.'[^\s\042\047>/=]+' // attribute characters
			// optional attribute-value
				.'(?:\s*=' // attribute-value separator
					.'(?:[^\s\042\047=><`]+|\s*\042[^\042]*\042|\s*\047[^\047]*\047|\s*(?U:[^\s\042\047=><`]*))' // single, double or non-quoted value
				.')?' // end optional attribute-value group
			.')*)' // end optional attributes group
			.'[^>]*)(?<closeTag>\>)?#isS';

		// Note: It would be nice to optimize this for speed, BUT
		//       only matching the naughty elements here results in
		//       false positives and in turn - vulnerabilities!
		do
		{
			$old_str = $str;
			$str = preg_replace_callback($pattern, array($this, '_sanitize_naughty_html'), $str);
		}
		while ($old_str !== $str);
		unset($old_str);

		/*
		 * Sanitize naughty scripting elements
		 *
		 * Similar to above, only instead of looking for
		 * tags it looks for PHP and JavaScript commands
		 * that are disallowed. Rather than removing the
		 * code, it simply converts the parenthesis to entities
		 * rendering the code un-executable.
		 *
		 * For example:	eval('some code')
		 * Becomes:	eval&#40;'some code'&#41;
		 */
		$str = preg_replace(
			'#(alert|prompt|confirm|cmd|passthru|eval|exec|expression|system|fopen|fsockopen|file|file_get_contents|readfile|unlink)(\s*)\((.*?)\)#si',
			'\\1\\2&#40;\\3&#41;',
			$str
		);

		// Final clean up
		// This adds a bit of extra precaution in case
		// something got through the above filters
		$str = $this->_do_never_allowed($str);

		/*
		 * Images are Handled in a Special Way
		 * - Essentially, we want to know that after all of the character
		 * conversion is done whether any unwanted, likely XSS, code was found.
		 * If not, we return TRUE, as the image is clean.
		 * However, if the string post-conversion does not matched the
		 * string post-removal of XSS, then it fails, as there was unwanted XSS
		 * code found and removed/changed during processing.
		 */
		if ($is_image === TRUE)
		{
			return ($str === $converted_string);
		}

		return $str;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * XSS Hash
	 *
	 * Generates the XSS hash if needed and returns it.
	 *
	 * @see		CI_Security::$_xss_hash
	 * @return	string	XSS hash
	 */
	public function xss_hash()
	{
		if ($this->_xss_hash === NULL)
		{
			$rand = $this->get_random_bytes(16);
			$this->_xss_hash = ($rand === FALSE)
				? md5(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE))
				: bin2hex($rand);
		}

		return $this->_xss_hash;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Get random bytes
	 *
	 * @param	int	$length	Output length
	 * @return	string
	 */
	public function get_random_bytes($length)
	{
		if (empty($length) OR ! ctype_digit((string) $length))
		{
			return FALSE;
		}

		if (function_exists('random_bytes'))
		{
			try
			{
				// The cast is required to avoid TypeError
				return random_bytes((int) $length);
			}
			catch (Exception $e)
			{
				// If random_bytes() can't do the job, we can't either ...

36% of this comment could be valid code. Did you maybe forget this after debugging?

				// There's no point in using fallbacks.
				log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
				return FALSE;
			}
		}

		// Unfortunately, none of the following PRNGs is guaranteed to exist ...
		if (defined('MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM') && ($output = mcrypt_create_iv($length, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM)) !== FALSE)
		{
			return $output;
		}


		if (is_readable('/dev/urandom') && ($fp = fopen('/dev/urandom', 'rb')) !== FALSE)
		{
			// Try not to waste entropy ...
			is_php('5.4') && stream_set_chunk_size($fp, $length);
			$output = fread($fp, $length);
			fclose($fp);
			if ($output !== FALSE)
			{
				return $output;
			}
		}

		if (function_exists('openssl_random_pseudo_bytes'))
		{
			return openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($length);
		}

		return FALSE;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * HTML Entities Decode
	 *
	 * A replacement for html_entity_decode()
	 *
	 * The reason we are not using html_entity_decode() by itself is because
	 * while it is not technically correct to leave out the semicolon
	 * at the end of an entity most browsers will still interpret the entity
	 * correctly. html_entity_decode() does not convert entities without
	 * semicolons, so we are left with our own little solution here. Bummer.
	 *
	 * @link	http://php.net/html-entity-decode
	 *
	 * @param	string	$str		Input
	 * @param	string	$charset	Character set
	 * @return	string
	 */
	public function entity_decode($str, $charset = NULL)
	{
		if (strpos($str, '&') === FALSE)
		{
			return $str;
		}

		static $_entities;

		isset($charset) OR $charset = $this->charset;
		$flag = is_php('5.4')
			? ENT_COMPAT | ENT_HTML5
			: ENT_COMPAT;

		do
		{
			$str_compare = $str;

			// Decode standard entities, avoiding false positives
			if (preg_match_all('/&[a-z]{2,}(?![a-z;])/i', $str, $matches))
			{
				if ( ! isset($_entities))
				{
					$_entities = array_map(
						'strtolower',
						is_php('5.3.4')
							? get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, $flag, $charset)
							: get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, $flag)
					);

					// If we're not on PHP 5.4+, add the possibly dangerous HTML 5
					// entities to the array manually
					if ($flag === ENT_COMPAT)
					{
						$_entities[':'] = ':';
						$_entities['('] = '(';
						$_entities[')'] = ')';
						$_entities["\n"] = '&newline;';
						$_entities["\t"] = '&tab;';
					}
				}

				$replace = array();
				$matches = array_unique(array_map('strtolower', $matches[0]));
				foreach ($matches as &$match)
				{
					if (($char = array_search($match.';', $_entities, TRUE)) !== FALSE)
					{
						$replace[$match] = $char;
					}
				}

				$str = str_ireplace(array_keys($replace), array_values($replace), $str);
			}

			// Decode numeric & UTF16 two byte entities
			$str = html_entity_decode(
				preg_replace('/(&#(?:x0*[0-9a-f]{2,5}(?![0-9a-f;])|(?:0*\d{2,4}(?![0-9;]))))/iS', '$1;', $str),
				$flag,
				$charset
			);
		}
		while ($str_compare !== $str);
		return $str;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Sanitize Filename
	 *
	 * @param	string	$str		Input file name
	 * @param 	bool	$relative_path	Whether to preserve paths
	 * @return	string
	 */
	public function sanitize_filename($str, $relative_path = FALSE)
	{
		$bad = $this->filename_bad_chars;

		if ( ! $relative_path)
		{
			$bad[] = './';
			$bad[] = '/';
		}

		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);

		do
		{
			$old = $str;
			$str = str_replace($bad, '', $str);
		}
		while ($old !== $str);

		return stripslashes($str);
	}

	// ----------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Strip Image Tags
	 *
	 * @param	string	$str
	 * @return	string
	 */
	public function strip_image_tags($str)
	{
		return preg_replace(array('#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*["\'](.+?)["\'].*?\>#', '#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*(.+?).*?\>#'), '\\1', $str);
	}

	// ----------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Compact Exploded Words
	 *
	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to remove whitespace from
	 * things like 'j a v a s c r i p t'.
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param	array	$matches
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _compact_exploded_words($matches)
	{
		return preg_replace('/\s+/s', '', $matches[1]).$matches[2];
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Sanitize Naughty HTML
	 *
	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to remove naughty HTML elements.
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param	array	$matches
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _sanitize_naughty_html($matches)
	{
		static $naughty_tags    = array(
			'alert', 'prompt', 'confirm', 'applet', 'audio', 'basefont', 'base', 'behavior', 'bgsound',
			'blink', 'body', 'embed', 'expression', 'form', 'frameset', 'frame', 'head', 'html', 'ilayer',
			'iframe', 'input', 'button', 'select', 'isindex', 'layer', 'link', 'meta', 'keygen', 'object',
			'plaintext', 'style', 'script', 'textarea', 'title', 'math', 'video', 'svg', 'xml', 'xss'
		);

		static $evil_attributes = array(
			'on\w+', 'style', 'xmlns', 'formaction', 'form', 'xlink:href', 'FSCommand', 'seekSegmentTime'
		);

		// First, escape unclosed tags
		if (empty($matches['closeTag']))
		{
			return '&lt;'.$matches[1];
		}
		// Is the element that we caught naughty? If so, escape it
		elseif (in_array(strtolower($matches['tagName']), $naughty_tags, TRUE))
		{
			return '&lt;'.$matches[1].'&gt;';
		}
		// For other tags, see if their attributes are "evil" and strip those
		elseif (isset($matches['attributes']))
		{
			// We'll store the already fitlered attributes here
			$attributes = array();

			// Attribute-catching pattern
			$attributes_pattern = '#'
				.'(?<name>[^\s\042\047>/=]+)' // attribute characters
				// optional attribute-value
				.'(?:\s*=(?<value>[^\s\042\047=><`]+|\s*\042[^\042]*\042|\s*\047[^\047]*\047|\s*(?U:[^\s\042\047=><`]*)))' // attribute-value separator
				.'#i';

			// Blacklist pattern for evil attribute names
			$is_evil_pattern = '#^('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')$#i';

			// Each iteration filters a single attribute
			do
			{
				// Strip any non-alpha characters that may preceed an attribute.
				// Browsers often parse these incorrectly and that has been a
				// of numerous XSS issues we've had.
				$matches['attributes'] = preg_replace('#^[^a-z]+#i', '', $matches['attributes']);

				if ( ! preg_match($attributes_pattern, $matches['attributes'], $attribute, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
				{
					// No (valid) attribute found? Discard everything else inside the tag
					break;
				}

				if (
					// Is it indeed an "evil" attribute?
					preg_match($is_evil_pattern, $attribute['name'][0])
					// Or does it have an equals sign, but no value and not quoted? Strip that too!
					OR (trim($attribute['value'][0]) === '')
				)
				{
					$attributes[] = 'xss=removed';
				}
				else
				{
					$attributes[] = $attribute[0][0];
				}

				$matches['attributes'] = substr($matches['attributes'], $attribute[0][1] + strlen($attribute[0][0]));
			}
			while ($matches['attributes'] !== '');

			$attributes = empty($attributes)
				? ''
				: ' '.implode(' ', $attributes);
			return '<'.$matches['slash'].$matches['tagName'].$attributes.'>';
		}

		return $matches[0];
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * JS Link Removal
	 *
	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to sanitize links.
	 *
	 * This limits the PCRE backtracks, making it more performance friendly
	 * and prevents PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR from being triggered in
	 * PHP 5.2+ on link-heavy strings.
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param	array	$match
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _js_link_removal($match)
	{
		return str_replace(
			$match[1],
			preg_replace(
				'#href=.*?(?:(?:alert|prompt|confirm)(?:\(|&\#40;)|javascript:|livescript:|mocha:|charset=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|data\s*:)#si',
				'',
				$this->_filter_attributes($match[1])
			),
			$match[0]
		);
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * JS Image Removal
	 *
	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to sanitize image tags.
	 *
	 * This limits the PCRE backtracks, making it more performance friendly
	 * and prevents PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR from being triggered in
	 * PHP 5.2+ on image tag heavy strings.
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param	array	$match
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _js_img_removal($match)
	{
		return str_replace(
			$match[1],
			preg_replace(
				'#src=.*?(?:(?:alert|prompt|confirm|eval)(?:\(|&\#40;)|javascript:|livescript:|mocha:|charset=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|base64\s*,)#si',
				'',
				$this->_filter_attributes($match[1])
			),
			$match[0]
		);
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Attribute Conversion
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param	array	$match
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _convert_attribute($match)
	{
		return str_replace(array('>', '<', '\\'), array('&gt;', '&lt;', '\\\\'), $match[0]);
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Filter Attributes
	 *
	 * Filters tag attributes for consistency and safety.
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::_js_img_removal()
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::_js_link_removal()
	 * @param	string	$str
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _filter_attributes($str)
	{
		$out = '';
		if (preg_match_all('#\s*[a-z\-]+\s*=\s*(\042|\047)([^\\1]*?)\\1#is', $str, $matches))
		{
			foreach ($matches[0] as $match)
			{
				$out .= preg_replace('#/\*.*?\*/#s', '', $match);
			}
		}

		return $out;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * HTML Entity Decode Callback
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param	array	$match
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _decode_entity($match)
	{
		// Protect GET variables in URLs
		// 901119URL5918AMP18930PROTECT8198
		$match = preg_replace('|\&([a-z\_0-9\-]+)\=([a-z\_0-9\-/]+)|i', $this->xss_hash().'\\1=\\2', $match[0]);

		// Decode, then un-protect URL GET vars
		return str_replace(
			$this->xss_hash(),
			'&',
			$this->entity_decode($match, $this->charset)
		);
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Do Never Allowed
	 *
	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
	 * @param 	string
	 * @return 	string
	 */
	protected function _do_never_allowed($str)
	{
		$str = str_replace(array_keys($this->_never_allowed_str), $this->_never_allowed_str, $str);

		foreach ($this->_never_allowed_regex as $regex)
		{
			$str = preg_replace('#'.$regex.'#is', '[removed]', $str);
		}

		return $str;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Set CSRF Hash and Cookie
	 *
	 * @return	string
	 */
	protected function _csrf_set_hash()
	{
		if ($this->_csrf_hash === NULL)
		{
			// If the cookie exists we will use its value.
			// We don't necessarily want to regenerate it with
			// each page load since a page could contain embedded
			// sub-pages causing this feature to fail
			if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) && is_string($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
				&& preg_match('#^[0-9a-f]{32}$#iS', $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) === 1)
			{
				return $this->_csrf_hash = $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name];
			}

			$rand = $this->get_random_bytes(16);
			$this->_csrf_hash = ($rand === FALSE)
				? md5(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE))
				: bin2hex($rand);
		}

		return $this->_csrf_hash;
	}

}