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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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# Copyright 2014-2018 by Christopher C. Little. |
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# This file is part of Abydos. |
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# |
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# Abydos is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify |
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
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# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or |
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# (at your option) any later version. |
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# |
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# Abydos is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
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# GNU General Public License for more details. |
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# |
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
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# along with Abydos. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
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"""abydos.stemmer._porter2. |
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Porter2 (Snowball English) stemmer |
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""" |
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from __future__ import ( |
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absolute_import, |
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division, |
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print_function, |
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unicode_literals, |
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) |
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from unicodedata import normalize |
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from six import text_type |
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from six.moves import range |
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from ._snowball import _Snowball |
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__all__ = ['Porter2', 'porter2'] |
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class Porter2(_Snowball): |
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"""Porter2 (Snowball English) stemmer. |
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The Porter2 (Snowball English) stemmer is defined in :cite:`Porter:2002`. |
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""" |
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_doubles = {'bb', 'dd', 'ff', 'gg', 'mm', 'nn', 'pp', 'rr', 'tt'} |
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_li = {'c', 'd', 'e', 'g', 'h', 'k', 'm', 'n', 'r', 't'} |
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# R1 prefixes should be in order from longest to shortest to prevent |
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# masking |
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_r1_prefixes = ('commun', 'gener', 'arsen') |
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_exception1dict = { # special changes: |
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'skis': 'ski', |
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'skies': 'sky', |
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'dying': 'die', |
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'lying': 'lie', |
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'tying': 'tie', |
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# special -LY cases: |
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'idly': 'idl', |
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'gently': 'gentl', |
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'ugly': 'ugli', |
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'early': 'earli', |
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'only': 'onli', |
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'singly': 'singl', |
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} |
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_exception1set = { |
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'sky', |
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'news', |
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'howe', |
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'atlas', |
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'cosmos', |
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'bias', |
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'andes', |
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} |
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_exception2set = { |
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'inning', |
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'outing', |
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'canning', |
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'herring', |
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'earring', |
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'proceed', |
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'exceed', |
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'succeed', |
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} |
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def stem(self, word, early_english=False): |
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"""Return the Porter2 (Snowball English) stem. |
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Parameters |
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---------- |
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word : str |
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The word to stem |
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early_english : bool |
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Set to True in order to remove -eth & -est (2nd & 3rd person |
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singular verbal agreement suffixes) |
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Returns |
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------- |
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str |
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Word stem |
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Examples |
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-------- |
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>>> stmr = Porter2() |
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>>> stmr.stem('reading') |
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'read' |
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>>> stmr.stem('suspension') |
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'suspens' |
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>>> stmr.stem('elusiveness') |
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'elus' |
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>>> stmr.stem('eateth', early_english=True) |
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'eat' |
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""" |
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# lowercase, normalize, and compose |
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word = normalize('NFC', text_type(word.lower())) |
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# replace apostrophe-like characters with U+0027, per |
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# http://snowball.tartarus.org/texts/apostrophe.html |
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word = word.replace('’', '\'') |
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word = word.replace('’', '\'') |
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# Exceptions 1 |
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if word in self._exception1dict: |
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return self._exception1dict[word] |
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elif word in self._exception1set: |
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return word |
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# Return word if stem is shorter than 3 |
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if len(word) < 3: |
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return word |
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# Remove initial ', if present. |
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while word and word[0] == '\'': |
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word = word[1:] |
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# Return word if stem is shorter than 2 |
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if len(word) < 2: |
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return word |
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# Re-map vocalic Y to y (Y will be C, y will be V) |
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if word[0] == 'y': |
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word = 'Y' + word[1:] |
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for i in range(1, len(word)): |
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if word[i] == 'y' and word[i - 1] in self._vowels: |
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word = word[:i] + 'Y' + word[i + 1 :] |
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r1_start = self._sb_r1(word, self._r1_prefixes) |
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r2_start = self._sb_r2(word, self._r1_prefixes) |
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# Step 0 |
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if word[-3:] == '\'s\'': |
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word = word[:-3] |
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elif word[-2:] == '\'s': |
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word = word[:-2] |
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elif word[-1:] == '\'': |
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word = word[:-1] |
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# Return word if stem is shorter than 2 |
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if len(word) < 3: |
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return word |
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# Step 1a |
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if word[-4:] == 'sses': |
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word = word[:-2] |
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elif word[-3:] in {'ied', 'ies'}: |
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if len(word) > 4: |
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word = word[:-2] |
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else: |
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word = word[:-1] |
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elif word[-2:] in {'us', 'ss'}: |
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pass |
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elif word[-1] == 's': |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-2]): |
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word = word[:-1] |
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# Exceptions 2 |
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if word in self._exception2set: |
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return word |
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# Step 1b |
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step1b_flag = False |
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if word[-5:] == 'eedly': |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
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word = word[:-3] |
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elif word[-5:] == 'ingly': |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-5]): |
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word = word[:-5] |
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step1b_flag = True |
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elif word[-4:] == 'edly': |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-4]): |
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word = word[:-4] |
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step1b_flag = True |
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elif word[-3:] == 'eed': |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 3: |
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word = word[:-1] |
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elif word[-3:] == 'ing': |
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1 |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-3]): |
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word = word[:-3] |
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step1b_flag = True |
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elif word[-2:] == 'ed': |
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1 |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-2]): |
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word = word[:-2] |
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step1b_flag = True |
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elif early_english: |
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1 |
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if word[-3:] == 'est': |
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1 |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-3]): |
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word = word[:-3] |
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step1b_flag = True |
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elif word[-3:] == 'eth': |
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1 |
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if self._sb_has_vowel(word[:-3]): |
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word = word[:-3] |
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step1b_flag = True |
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1 |
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if step1b_flag: |
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1 |
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if word[-2:] in {'at', 'bl', 'iz'}: |
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1 |
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word += 'e' |
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1 |
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elif word[-2:] in self._doubles: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-1] |
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1 |
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elif self._sb_short_word(word, self._r1_prefixes): |
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word += 'e' |
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# Step 1c |
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if ( |
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len(word) > 2 |
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and word[-1] in {'Y', 'y'} |
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and word[-2] not in self._vowels |
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): |
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word = word[:-1] + 'i' |
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# Step 2 |
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if word[-2] == 'a': |
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if word[-7:] == 'ational': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 7: |
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word = word[:-5] + 'e' |
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elif word[-6:] == 'tional': |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 6: |
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word = word[:-2] |
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1 |
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elif word[-2] == 'c': |
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1 |
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if word[-4:] in {'enci', 'anci'}: |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-1] + 'e' |
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elif word[-2] == 'e': |
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1 |
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if word[-4:] == 'izer': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
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word = word[:-1] |
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1 |
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elif word[-2] == 'g': |
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1 |
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if word[-3:] == 'ogi': |
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1 |
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if ( |
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r1_start >= 1 |
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and len(word[r1_start:]) >= 3 |
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and word[-4] == 'l' |
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): |
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1 |
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word = word[:-1] |
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1 |
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elif word[-2] == 'l': |
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1 |
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if word[-6:] == 'lessli': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 6: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-2] |
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1 |
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elif word[-5:] in {'entli', 'fulli', 'ousli'}: |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-2] |
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1 |
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elif word[-4:] == 'abli': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-1] + 'e' |
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1 |
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elif word[-4:] == 'alli': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-2] |
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1 |
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elif word[-3:] == 'bli': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 3: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-1] + 'e' |
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1 |
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elif word[-2:] == 'li': |
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1 |
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if ( |
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r1_start >= 1 |
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and len(word[r1_start:]) >= 2 |
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and word[-3] in self._li |
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): |
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1 |
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word = word[:-2] |
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1 |
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elif word[-2] == 'o': |
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1 |
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if word[-7:] == 'ization': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 7: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-5] + 'e' |
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1 |
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elif word[-5:] == 'ation': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-3] + 'e' |
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1 |
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elif word[-4:] == 'ator': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-2] + 'e' |
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1 |
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elif word[-2] == 's': |
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1 |
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if word[-7:] in {'fulness', 'ousness', 'iveness'}: |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 7: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-4] |
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1 |
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elif word[-5:] == 'alism': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-3] |
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1 |
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elif word[-2] == 't': |
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1 |
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if word[-6:] == 'biliti': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 6: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-5] + 'le' |
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1 |
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elif word[-5:] == 'aliti': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-3] |
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1 |
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elif word[-5:] == 'iviti': |
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1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
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1 |
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word = word[:-3] + 'e' |
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# Step 3 |
|
306
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1 |
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if word[-7:] == 'ational': |
|
307
|
1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 7: |
|
308
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1 |
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word = word[:-5] + 'e' |
|
309
|
1 |
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elif word[-6:] == 'tional': |
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310
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 6: |
|
311
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1 |
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word = word[:-2] |
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312
|
1 |
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elif word[-5:] in {'alize', 'icate', 'iciti'}: |
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313
|
1 |
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if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 5: |
|
314
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-3] |
|
315
|
1 |
|
elif word[-5:] == 'ative': |
|
316
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r2_start:]) >= 5: |
|
317
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-5] |
|
318
|
1 |
|
elif word[-4:] == 'ical': |
|
319
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
|
320
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-2] |
|
321
|
1 |
|
elif word[-4:] == 'ness': |
|
322
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 4: |
|
323
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-4] |
|
324
|
1 |
|
elif word[-3:] == 'ful': |
|
325
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r1_start:]) >= 3: |
|
326
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-3] |
|
327
|
|
|
|
|
328
|
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|
# Step 4 |
|
329
|
1 |
|
for suffix in ( |
|
330
|
|
|
'ement', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
331
|
|
|
'ance', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
332
|
|
|
'ence', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
333
|
|
|
'able', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
334
|
|
|
'ible', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
335
|
|
|
'ment', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
336
|
|
|
'ant', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
337
|
|
|
'ent', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
338
|
|
|
'ism', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
339
|
|
|
'ate', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
340
|
|
|
'iti', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
341
|
|
|
'ous', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
342
|
|
|
'ive', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
343
|
|
|
'ize', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
344
|
|
|
'al', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
345
|
|
|
'er', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
346
|
|
|
'ic', |
|
|
|
|
|
|
347
|
|
|
): |
|
348
|
1 |
|
if word[-len(suffix) :] == suffix: |
|
349
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r2_start:]) >= len(suffix): |
|
350
|
1 |
|
word = word[: -len(suffix)] |
|
351
|
1 |
|
break |
|
352
|
|
|
else: |
|
353
|
1 |
|
if word[-3:] == 'ion': |
|
354
|
1 |
|
if ( |
|
355
|
|
|
len(word[r2_start:]) >= 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
356
|
|
|
and len(word) >= 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
357
|
|
|
and word[-4] in tuple('st') |
|
|
|
|
|
|
358
|
|
|
): |
|
359
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-3] |
|
360
|
|
|
|
|
361
|
|
|
# Step 5 |
|
362
|
1 |
|
if word[-1] == 'e': |
|
363
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r2_start:]) >= 1 or ( |
|
364
|
|
|
len(word[r1_start:]) >= 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
365
|
|
|
and not self._sb_ends_in_short_syllable(word[:-1]) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
366
|
|
|
): |
|
367
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-1] |
|
368
|
1 |
|
elif word[-1] == 'l': |
|
369
|
1 |
|
if len(word[r2_start:]) >= 1 and word[-2] == 'l': |
|
370
|
1 |
|
word = word[:-1] |
|
371
|
|
|
|
|
372
|
|
|
# Change 'Y' back to 'y' if it survived stemming |
|
373
|
1 |
|
for i in range(0, len(word)): |
|
374
|
1 |
|
if word[i] == 'Y': |
|
375
|
1 |
|
word = word[:i] + 'y' + word[i + 1 :] |
|
376
|
|
|
|
|
377
|
1 |
|
return word |
|
378
|
|
|
|
|
379
|
|
|
|
|
380
|
1 |
|
def porter2(word, early_english=False): |
|
381
|
|
|
"""Return the Porter2 (Snowball English) stem. |
|
382
|
|
|
|
|
383
|
|
|
This is a wrapper for :py:meth:`Porter2.stem`. |
|
384
|
|
|
|
|
385
|
|
|
Parameters |
|
386
|
|
|
---------- |
|
387
|
|
|
word : str |
|
388
|
|
|
The word to stem |
|
389
|
|
|
early_english : bool |
|
390
|
|
|
Set to True in order to remove -eth & -est (2nd & 3rd person singular |
|
391
|
|
|
verbal agreement suffixes) |
|
392
|
|
|
|
|
393
|
|
|
Returns |
|
394
|
|
|
------- |
|
395
|
|
|
str |
|
396
|
|
|
Word stem |
|
397
|
|
|
|
|
398
|
|
|
Examples |
|
399
|
|
|
-------- |
|
400
|
|
|
>>> porter2('reading') |
|
401
|
|
|
'read' |
|
402
|
|
|
>>> porter2('suspension') |
|
403
|
|
|
'suspens' |
|
404
|
|
|
>>> porter2('elusiveness') |
|
405
|
|
|
'elus' |
|
406
|
|
|
|
|
407
|
|
|
>>> porter2('eateth', early_english=True) |
|
408
|
|
|
'eat' |
|
409
|
|
|
|
|
410
|
|
|
""" |
|
411
|
1 |
|
return Porter2().stem(word, early_english) |
|
412
|
|
|
|
|
413
|
|
|
|
|
414
|
|
|
if __name__ == '__main__': |
|
415
|
|
|
import doctest |
|
416
|
|
|
|
|
417
|
|
|
doctest.testmod() |
|
418
|
|
|
|