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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace Colada\X;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Closure;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use ArrayAccess;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Immutable functor, that collects behaviour and resolves it to concrete value  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Will NOT be implemented: __isset(). Useless, because call to isset() or empty() is external and can not be wrapped.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Will NOT be implemented: __unset(). Useless, because call to unset() is external and can not be wrapped.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Will NOT be implemented: __set(). Useless, because assigning a value is an external action and can not be wrapped.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Will NOT be implemented: \Traversable support. Useless, because work with traversable value is external and can not be wrapped.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Will NOT be implemented: \Countable support. Useless, because call to count() is external and can not be wrapped.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Will NOT be implemented: __toString(). This method can't be collected, it should always return a string.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * @author Alexey Shokov <[email protected]>  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class LazyObjectProxy implements ArrayAccess  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var Closure  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    private $mapper;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param callable $constructor Not required. \Colada\X\id function will be used by default.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __construct(callable $constructor = null)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $constructor = $constructor ?: 'Colada\\X\\id';  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->mapper = as_closure($constructor);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function offsetGet($key)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->__call(__FUNCTION__, [$key]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Call to this method should be available, because it can be called explicitly  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param mixed $key  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return static  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function offsetUnset($key)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->__call(__FUNCTION__, [$key]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function offsetExists($key)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->__call(__FUNCTION__, [$key]);  | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Call to this method should be available, because it can be called explicitly  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param mixed $key  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param mixed $value  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return static  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function offsetSet($key, $value)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->__call(__FUNCTION__, [$key, $value]);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __get($property)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new static(function (...$arguments) use ($property) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $this->mapper->__invoke(...$arguments)->$property;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        });  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __call($method, $methodArguments)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return new static(function (...$arguments) use ($method, $methodArguments) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return call_user_func_array([$this->mapper->__invoke(...$arguments), $method], $methodArguments);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        });  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Play recorded actions on concrete value  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param mixed ...$arguments  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return mixed  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __invoke(...$arguments)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->__asClosure()->__invoke(...$arguments);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Recorder as \Closure object  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Useful for working in places, that don't allow anything except \Closure instances. Like Doctrine's ArrayCollection.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @return Closure  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __asClosure()  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return function (...$arguments) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            // In the end return original value.  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            $result = $this->mapper->__invoke(...$arguments);  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if (is_object($result) && ($result instanceof ValueWrapper)) { | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                                $result = $result->__getWrappedValue();  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $result;  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                        };  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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If you return a value from a function or method, it should be a sub-type of the type that is given by the parent type f.e. an interface, or abstract method. This is more formally defined by the Lizkov substitution principle, and guarantees that classes that depend on the parent type can use any instance of a child type interchangably. This principle also belongs to the SOLID principles for object oriented design.
Let’s take a look at an example:
Our function
my_functionexpects aPostobject, and outputs the author of the post. The base classPostreturns a simple string and outputting a simple string will work just fine. However, the child classBlogPostwhich is a sub-type ofPostinstead decided to return anobject, and is therefore violating the SOLID principles. If aBlogPostwere passed tomy_function, PHP would not complain, but ultimately fail when executing thestrtouppercall in its body.