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# Copyright (c) 2008-2015 MetPy Developers. |
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# Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License. |
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause |
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"""Test the `thermo` module.""" |
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import numpy as np |
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import pytest |
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from metpy.calc import (cape_cin, density, dewpoint, dewpoint_rh, dry_lapse, el, |
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equivalent_potential_temperature, |
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isentropic_interpolation, |
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lcl, lfc, mixed_layer, mixed_parcel, mixing_ratio, |
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mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity, moist_lapse, |
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most_unstable_cape_cin, most_unstable_parcel, |
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parcel_profile, potential_temperature, |
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psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet, |
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relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio, |
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relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity, |
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relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric, |
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saturation_mixing_ratio, |
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saturation_vapor_pressure, |
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surface_based_cape_cin, vapor_pressure, |
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virtual_potential_temperature, virtual_temperature) |
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from metpy.calc.thermo import _find_append_zero_crossings |
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from metpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_nan |
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from metpy.units import units |
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def test_potential_temperature(): |
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"""Test potential_temperature calculation.""" |
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temp = np.array([278., 283., 291., 298.]) * units.kelvin |
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pres = np.array([900., 500., 300., 100.]) * units.mbar |
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real_th = np.array([286.493, 344.961, 410.4335, 575.236]) * units.kelvin |
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assert_array_almost_equal(potential_temperature(pres, temp), real_th, 3) |
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def test_scalar(): |
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"""Test potential_temperature accepts scalar values.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(1000. * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin), |
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293. * units.kelvin, 4) |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(800. * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin), |
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312.2828 * units.kelvin, 4) |
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def test_fahrenheit(): |
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"""Test that potential_temperature handles temperature values in Fahrenheit.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(800. * units.mbar, 68. * units.degF), |
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(312.444 * units.kelvin).to(units.degF), 2) |
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def test_pot_temp_inhg(): |
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"""Test that potential_temperature can handle pressure not in mb (issue #165).""" |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(29.92 * units.inHg, 29 * units.degC), |
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301.019735 * units.kelvin, 4) |
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def test_dry_lapse(): |
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"""Test dry_lapse calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([1000, 900, 864.89]) * units.mbar |
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temps = dry_lapse(levels, 303.15 * units.kelvin) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temps, |
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np.array([303.15, 294.16, 290.83]) * units.kelvin, 2) |
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def test_dry_lapse_2_levels(): |
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"""Test dry_lapse calculation when given only two levels.""" |
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temps = dry_lapse(np.array([1000., 500.]) * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temps, [293., 240.3723] * units.kelvin, 4) |
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def test_moist_lapse(): |
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"""Test moist_lapse calculation.""" |
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temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1000., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar, |
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293. * units.kelvin) |
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true_temp = np.array([293, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]) * units.kelvin |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2) |
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def test_moist_lapse_degc(): |
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"""Test moist_lapse with Celsius temperatures.""" |
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temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1000., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar, |
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19.85 * units.degC) |
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true_temp = np.array([293, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]) * units.kelvin |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2) |
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def test_parcel_profile(): |
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"""Test parcel profile calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([1000., 900., 800., 700., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar |
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true_prof = np.array([303.15, 294.16, 288.026, 283.073, 277.058, 269.402, |
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258.966]) * units.kelvin |
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prof = parcel_profile(levels, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2) |
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def test_parcel_profile_saturated(): |
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"""Test parcel_profile works when LCL in levels (issue #232).""" |
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levels = np.array([1000., 700., 500.]) * units.mbar |
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true_prof = np.array([296.95, 284.381, 271.123]) * units.kelvin |
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prof = parcel_profile(levels, 23.8 * units.degC, 23.8 * units.degC) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2) |
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def test_sat_vapor_pressure(): |
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"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure calculation.""" |
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temp = np.array([5., 10., 18., 25.]) * units.degC |
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real_es = np.array([8.72, 12.27, 20.63, 31.67]) * units.mbar |
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assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 2) |
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def test_sat_vapor_pressure_scalar(): |
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"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles scalar values.""" |
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es = saturation_vapor_pressure(0 * units.degC) |
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assert_almost_equal(es, 6.112 * units.mbar, 3) |
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def test_sat_vapor_pressure_fahrenheit(): |
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"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles temperature in Fahrenheit.""" |
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temp = np.array([50., 68.]) * units.degF |
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real_es = np.array([12.2717, 23.3695]) * units.mbar |
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assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 4) |
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def test_basic_dewpoint_rh(): |
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"""Test dewpoint_rh function.""" |
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temp = np.array([30., 25., 10., 20., 25.]) * units.degC |
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rh = np.array([30., 45., 55., 80., 85.]) / 100. |
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real_td = np.array([11, 12, 1, 16, 22]) * units.degC |
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assert_array_almost_equal(real_td, dewpoint_rh(temp, rh), 0) |
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def test_scalar_dewpoint_rh(): |
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"""Test dewpoint_rh with scalar values.""" |
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td = dewpoint_rh(10.6 * units.degC, 0.37) |
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assert_almost_equal(td, 26. * units.degF, 0) |
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def test_percent_dewpoint_rh(): |
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"""Test dewpoint_rh with rh in percent.""" |
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td = dewpoint_rh(10.6 * units.degC, 37 * units.percent) |
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assert_almost_equal(td, 26. * units.degF, 0) |
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def test_warning_dewpoint_rh(): |
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"""Test that warning is raised for >120% RH.""" |
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with pytest.warns(UserWarning): |
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dewpoint_rh(10.6 * units.degC, 50) |
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def test_dewpoint(): |
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"""Test dewpoint calculation.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(dewpoint(6.112 * units.mbar), 0. * units.degC, 2) |
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def test_dewpoint_weird_units(): |
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"""Test dewpoint using non-standard units. |
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Revealed from odd dimensionless units and ending up using numpy.ma math |
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functions instead of numpy ones. |
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""" |
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assert_almost_equal(dewpoint(15825.6 * units('g * mbar / kg')), |
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13.8564 * units.degC, 4) |
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def test_mixing_ratio(): |
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"""Test mixing ratio calculation.""" |
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p = 998. * units.mbar |
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e = 73.75 * units.mbar |
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assert_almost_equal(mixing_ratio(e, p), 0.04963, 2) |
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def test_vapor_pressure(): |
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"""Test vapor pressure calculation.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(vapor_pressure(998. * units.mbar, 0.04963), |
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View Code Duplication |
73.74925 * units.mbar, 5) |
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def test_lcl(): |
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"""Test LCL calculation.""" |
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lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = lcl(1000. * units.mbar, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC) |
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assert_almost_equal(lcl_pressure, 864.761 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(lcl_temperature, 17.676 * units.degC, 2) |
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def test_lcl_convergence(): |
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"""Test LCL calculation convergence failure.""" |
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with pytest.raises(RuntimeError): |
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lcl(1000. * units.mbar, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC, max_iters=2) |
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def test_lfc_basic(): |
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"""Test LFC calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -49.]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[0], 727.468 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[1], 9.705 * units.celsius, 2) |
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def test_no_lfc(): |
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"""Test LFC calculation when there is no LFC in the data.""" |
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levels = np.array([959., 867.9, 779.2, 647.5, 472.5, 321.9, 251.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([22.2, 17.4, 14.6, 1.4, -17.6, -39.4, -52.5]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([9., 4.3, -21.2, -26.7, -31., -53.3, -66.7]) * units.celsius |
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lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert assert_nan(lfc_pressure, levels.units) |
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assert assert_nan(lfc_temperature, temperatures.units) |
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def test_lfc_inversion(): |
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"""Test LFC when there is an inversion to be sure we don't pick that.""" |
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levels = np.array([963., 789., 782.3, 754.8, 728.1, 727., 700., |
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571., 450., 300., 248.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([25.4, 18.4, 17.8, 15.4, 12.9, 12.8, |
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10., -3.9, -16.3, -41.1, -51.5]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([20.4, 0.4, -0.5, -4.3, -8., -8.2, -9., |
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-23.9, -33.3, -54.1, -63.5]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[0], 706.0103 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[1], 10.6232 * units.celsius, 2) |
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def test_lfc_equals_lcl(): |
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"""Test LFC when there is no cap and the lfc is equal to the lcl.""" |
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levels = np.array([912., 905.3, 874.4, 850., 815.1, 786.6, 759.1, |
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748., 732.2, 700., 654.8]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([29.4, 28.7, 25.2, 22.4, 19.4, 16.8, |
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14.3, 13.2, 12.6, 11.4, 7.1]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 15.4, 13.2, 11.4, 9.6, |
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8.8, 0., -18.6, -22.9]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[0], 777.0333 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[1], 15.8714 * units.celsius, 2) |
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240
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def test_lfc_sfc_precision(): |
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"""Test LFC when there are precision issues with the parcel path.""" |
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levels = np.array([839., 819.4, 816., 807., 790.7, 763., 736.2, |
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722., 710.1, 700.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([20.6, 22.3, 22.6, 22.2, 20.9, 18.7, 16.4, |
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15.2, 13.9, 12.8]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([10.6, 8., 7.6, 6.2, 5.7, 4.7, 3.7, 3.2, 3., 2.8]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert assert_nan(l[0], levels.units) |
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assert assert_nan(l[1], temperatures.units) |
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252
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253
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def test_saturation_mixing_ratio(): |
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"""Test saturation mixing ratio calculation.""" |
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p = 999. * units.mbar |
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
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assert_almost_equal(saturation_mixing_ratio(p, t), .01068, 3) |
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260
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def test_equivalent_potential_temperature(): |
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"""Test equivalent potential temperature calculation.""" |
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p = 1000 * units.mbar |
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t = 293. * units.kelvin |
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td = 280. * units.kelvin |
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ept = equivalent_potential_temperature(p, t, td) |
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assert_almost_equal(ept, 311.18586467284007 * units.kelvin, 3) |
|
267
|
|
|
|
|
268
|
|
|
|
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269
|
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def test_virtual_temperature(): |
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270
|
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"""Test virtual temperature calculation.""" |
|
271
|
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
|
272
|
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qv = .0016 # kg/kg |
|
273
|
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tv = virtual_temperature(t, qv) |
|
274
|
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assert_almost_equal(tv, 288.2796 * units.kelvin, 3) |
|
275
|
|
|
|
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276
|
|
|
|
|
277
|
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def test_virtual_potential_temperature(): |
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278
|
|
|
"""Test virtual potential temperature calculation.""" |
|
279
|
|
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p = 999. * units.mbar |
|
280
|
|
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
|
281
|
|
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qv = .0016 # kg/kg |
|
282
|
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theta_v = virtual_potential_temperature(p, t, qv) |
|
283
|
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assert_almost_equal(theta_v, 288.3620 * units.kelvin, 3) |
|
284
|
|
|
|
|
285
|
|
|
|
|
286
|
|
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def test_density(): |
|
287
|
|
|
"""Test density calculation.""" |
|
288
|
|
|
p = 999. * units.mbar |
|
289
|
|
|
t = 288. * units.kelvin |
|
290
|
|
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qv = .0016 # kg/kg |
|
291
|
|
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rho = density(p, t, qv).to(units.kilogram / units.meter ** 3) |
|
292
|
|
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assert_almost_equal(rho, 1.2072 * (units.kilogram / units.meter ** 3), 3) |
|
293
|
|
|
|
|
294
|
|
|
|
|
295
|
|
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def test_el(): |
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296
|
|
|
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation.""" |
|
297
|
|
|
levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
298
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius |
|
299
|
|
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dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
300
|
|
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el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
301
|
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assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 520.8700 * units.mbar, 3) |
|
302
|
|
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assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -11.7027 * units.degC, 3) |
|
303
|
|
|
|
|
304
|
|
|
|
|
305
|
|
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def test_no_el(): |
|
306
|
|
|
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation when there is no EL in the data.""" |
|
307
|
|
|
levels = np.array([959., 867.9, 779.2, 647.5, 472.5, 321.9, 251.]) * units.mbar |
|
308
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 17.4, 14.6, 1.4, -17.6, -39.4, -52.5]) * units.celsius |
|
309
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([19., 14.3, -11.2, -16.7, -21., -43.3, -56.7]) * units.celsius |
|
310
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
311
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units) |
|
312
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units) |
|
313
|
|
|
|
|
314
|
|
|
|
|
315
|
|
|
def test_no_el_multi_crossing(): |
|
316
|
|
|
"""Test el calculation with no el and severel parcel path-profile crossings.""" |
|
317
|
|
|
levels = np.array([918., 911., 880., 873.9, 850., 848., 843.5, 818., 813.8, 785., |
|
318
|
|
|
773., 763., 757.5, 730.5, 700., 679., 654.4, 645., |
|
319
|
|
|
643.9]) * units.mbar |
|
320
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([24.2, 22.8, 19.6, 19.1, 17., 16.8, 16.5, 15., 14.9, 14.4, 16.4, |
|
321
|
|
|
16.2, 15.7, 13.4, 10.6, 8.4, 5.7, 4.6, 4.5]) * units.celsius |
|
322
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([19.5, 17.8, 16.7, 16.5, 15.8, 15.7, 15.3, 13.1, 12.9, 11.9, 6.4, |
|
323
|
|
|
3.2, 2.6, -0.6, -4.4, -6.6, -9.3, -10.4, -10.5]) * units.celsius |
|
324
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
325
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units) |
|
326
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units) |
|
327
|
|
|
|
|
328
|
|
|
|
|
329
|
|
|
def test_el_lfc_equals_lcl(): |
|
330
|
|
|
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation when the lfc equals the lcl.""" |
|
331
|
|
|
levels = np.array([912., 905.3, 874.4, 850., 815.1, 786.6, 759.1, 748., |
|
332
|
|
|
732.3, 700., 654.8, 606.8, 562.4, 501.8, 500., 482., |
|
333
|
|
|
400., 393.3, 317.1, 307., 300., 252.7, 250., 200., |
|
334
|
|
|
199.3, 197., 190., 172., 156.6, 150., 122.9, 112., |
|
335
|
|
|
106.2, 100.]) * units.mbar |
|
336
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([29.4, 28.7, 25.2, 22.4, 19.4, 16.8, 14.3, |
|
337
|
|
|
13.2, 12.6, 11.4, 7.1, 2.2, -2.7, -10.1, |
|
338
|
|
|
-10.3, -12.4, -23.3, -24.4, -38., -40.1, -41.1, |
|
339
|
|
|
-49.8, -50.3, -59.1, -59.1, -59.3, -59.7, -56.3, |
|
340
|
|
|
-56.9, -57.1, -59.1, -60.1, -58.6, -56.9]) * units.celsius |
|
341
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 15.4, 13.2, 11.4, 9.6, 8.8, 0., |
|
342
|
|
|
-18.6, -22.9, -27.8, -32.7, -40.1, -40.3, -42.4, -53.3, |
|
343
|
|
|
-54.4, -68., -70.1, -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., |
|
344
|
|
|
-70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70.]) * units.celsius |
|
345
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
346
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 175.8684 * units.mbar, 3) |
|
347
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -57.0307 * units.degC, 3) |
|
348
|
|
|
|
|
349
|
|
|
|
|
350
|
|
|
def test_el_small_surface_instability(): |
|
351
|
|
|
"""Test that no EL is found when there is a small pocket of instability at the sfc.""" |
|
352
|
|
|
levels = np.array([959., 931.3, 925., 899.3, 892., 867.9, 850., 814., |
|
353
|
|
|
807.9, 790., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 655., 647.5, |
|
354
|
|
|
599.4, 554.7, 550., 500.]) * units.mbar |
|
355
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 20.2, 19.8, 18.4, 18., 17.4, 17., 15.4, 15.4, |
|
356
|
|
|
15.6, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., 2.2, 1.4, -4.2, -9.7, |
|
357
|
|
|
-10.3, -14.9]) * units.degC |
|
358
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([20., 18.5, 18.1, 17.9, 17.8, 15.3, 13.5, 6.4, 2.2, |
|
359
|
|
|
-10.4, -10.2, -9.8, -9.4, -9., -15.8, -15.7, -14.8, -14., |
|
360
|
|
|
-13.9, -17.9]) * units.degC |
|
361
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
362
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units) |
|
363
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units) |
|
364
|
|
View Code Duplication |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
365
|
|
|
|
|
366
|
|
|
def test_no_el_parcel_colder(): |
|
367
|
|
|
"""Tests no EL when parcel stays colder than environment. INL 20170925-12Z.""" |
|
368
|
|
|
levels = np.array([974., 946., 925., 877.2, 866., 850., 814.6, 785., |
|
369
|
|
|
756.6, 739., 729.1, 700., 686., 671., 641., 613., |
|
370
|
|
|
603., 586., 571., 559.3, 539., 533., 500., 491., |
|
371
|
|
|
477.9, 413., 390., 378., 345., 336.]) * units.mbar |
|
372
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([10., 8.4, 7.6, 5.9, 7.2, 7.6, 6.8, 7.1, 7.7, |
|
373
|
|
|
7.8, 7.7, 5.6, 4.6, 3.4, 0.6, -0.9, -1.1, -3.1, |
|
374
|
|
|
-4.7, -4.7, -6.9, -7.5, -11.1, -10.9, -12.1, -20.5, -23.5, |
|
375
|
|
|
-24.7, -30.5, -31.7]) * units.celsius |
|
376
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([8.9, 8.4, 7.6, 5.9, 7.2, 7., 5., 3.6, 0.3, |
|
377
|
|
|
-4.2, -12.8, -12.4, -8.4, -8.6, -6.4, -7.9, -11.1, -14.1, |
|
378
|
|
|
-8.8, -28.1, -18.9, -14.5, -15.2, -15.1, -21.6, -41.5, -45.5, |
|
379
|
|
|
-29.6, -30.6, -32.1]) * units.celsius |
|
380
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
381
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units) |
|
382
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units) |
|
383
|
|
|
|
|
384
|
|
|
|
|
385
|
|
|
def test_wet_psychrometric_vapor_pressure(): |
|
386
|
|
View Code Duplication |
"""Test calculation of vapor pressure from wet and dry bulb temperatures.""" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
387
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
388
|
|
|
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
389
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC |
|
390
|
|
|
psychrometric_vapor_pressure = psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet(dry_bulb_temperature, |
|
391
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature, p) |
|
392
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_vapor_pressure, 19.3673 * units.mbar, 3) |
|
393
|
|
|
|
|
394
|
|
|
|
|
395
|
|
|
def test_wet_psychrometric_rh(): |
|
396
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures.""" |
|
397
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
398
|
|
|
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
399
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC |
|
400
|
|
|
psychrometric_rh = relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(dry_bulb_temperature, |
|
401
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature, p) |
|
402
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_rh, 82.8747 * units.percent, 3) |
|
403
|
|
|
|
|
404
|
|
|
|
|
405
|
|
|
def test_wet_psychrometric_rh_kwargs(): |
|
406
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures.""" |
|
407
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
408
|
|
|
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
409
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC |
|
410
|
|
View Code Duplication |
coeff = 6.1e-4 / units.kelvin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
411
|
|
|
psychrometric_rh = relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(dry_bulb_temperature, |
|
412
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature, p, |
|
413
|
|
|
psychrometer_coefficient=coeff) |
|
414
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_rh, 82.9701 * units.percent, 3) |
|
415
|
|
|
|
|
416
|
|
|
|
|
417
|
|
|
def test_rh_mixing_ratio(): |
|
418
|
|
|
"""Tests relative humidity from mixing ratio.""" |
|
419
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
420
|
|
|
temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
421
|
|
|
w = 0.012 |
|
422
|
|
|
rh = relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(w, temperature, p) |
|
423
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(rh, 81.7219 * units.percent, 3) |
|
424
|
|
|
|
|
425
|
|
|
|
|
426
|
|
|
def test_mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(): |
|
427
|
|
|
"""Tests mixing ratio from specific humidity.""" |
|
428
|
|
|
q = 0.012 |
|
429
|
|
|
w = mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(q) |
|
430
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(w, 0.01215, 3) |
|
431
|
|
|
|
|
432
|
|
|
|
|
433
|
|
|
def test_rh_specific_humidity(): |
|
434
|
|
|
"""Tests relative humidity from specific humidity.""" |
|
435
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
436
|
|
|
temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
437
|
|
View Code Duplication |
q = 0.012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
438
|
|
|
rh = relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity(q, temperature, p) |
|
439
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(rh, 82.7145 * units.percent, 3) |
|
440
|
|
|
|
|
441
|
|
|
|
|
442
|
|
|
def test_cape_cin(): |
|
443
|
|
|
"""Tests the basic CAPE and CIN calculation.""" |
|
444
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
445
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius |
|
446
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
447
|
|
|
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]) |
|
448
|
|
|
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof) |
|
449
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 58.0368212 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
450
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, -89.8073512 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
451
|
|
|
|
|
452
|
|
|
|
|
453
|
|
View Code Duplication |
def test_cape_cin_no_el(): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
454
|
|
|
"""Tests that CAPE works with no EL.""" |
|
455
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3]) * units.mbar |
|
456
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4]) * units.celsius |
|
457
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4]) * units.celsius |
|
458
|
|
|
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC') |
|
459
|
|
|
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof) |
|
460
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 0.08750805 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
461
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, -89.8073512 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
462
|
|
|
|
|
463
|
|
|
|
|
464
|
|
|
def test_cape_cin_no_lfc(): |
|
465
|
|
|
"""Tests that CAPE is zero with no LFC.""" |
|
466
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
467
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 24.6, 22., 20.4, 18., -10.]) * units.celsius |
|
468
|
|
View Code Duplication |
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
|
|
|
|
|
469
|
|
|
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC') |
|
470
|
|
|
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof) |
|
471
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
472
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
473
|
|
|
|
|
474
|
|
|
|
|
475
|
|
|
def test_find_append_zero_crossings(): |
|
476
|
|
|
"""Tests finding and appending zero crossings of an x, y series.""" |
|
477
|
|
|
x = np.arange(11) * units.hPa |
|
478
|
|
|
y = np.array([3, 2, 1, -1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, -1, 2]) * units.degC |
|
479
|
|
|
x2, y2 = _find_append_zero_crossings(x, y) |
|
480
|
|
|
|
|
481
|
|
|
x_truth = np.array([0., 1., 2., 2.5, 3., 3.33333333, 4., 5., |
|
482
|
|
|
6., 7., 8., 9., 9.33333333, 10.]) * units.hPa |
|
483
|
|
|
y_truth = np.array([3, 2, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2]) * units.degC |
|
484
|
|
|
assert_array_almost_equal(x2, x_truth, 6) |
|
485
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(y2, y_truth, 6) |
|
486
|
|
|
|
|
487
|
|
|
|
|
488
|
|
|
def test_most_unstable_parcel(): |
|
489
|
|
View Code Duplication |
"""Tests calculating the most unstable parcel.""" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
490
|
|
|
levels = np.array([1000., 959., 867.9]) * units.mbar |
|
491
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([18.2, 22.2, 17.4]) * units.celsius |
|
492
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([19., 19., 14.3]) * units.celsius |
|
493
|
|
|
ret = most_unstable_parcel(levels, temperatures, dewpoints, depth=100 * units.hPa) |
|
494
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(ret[0], 959.0 * units.hPa, 6) |
|
495
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(ret[1], 22.2 * units.degC, 6) |
|
496
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(ret[2], 19.0 * units.degC, 6) |
|
497
|
|
|
|
|
498
|
|
|
|
|
499
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure(): |
|
500
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function.""" |
|
501
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
502
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
503
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
504
|
|
View Code Duplication |
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
505
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290 |
|
506
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
507
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
508
|
|
|
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin |
|
509
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk) |
|
510
|
|
|
trueprs = 1000. * units.hPa |
|
511
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0].shape, (1, 5, 5), 3) |
|
512
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0], trueprs, 3) |
|
513
|
|
|
|
|
514
|
|
|
|
|
515
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_p_increase(): |
|
516
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, p increasing order.""" |
|
517
|
|
|
lev = [85000, 90000., 95000., 100000.] * units.Pa |
|
518
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
519
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 288. |
|
520
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 290. |
|
521
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 292. |
|
522
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 296. |
|
523
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
524
|
|
|
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin |
|
525
|
|
View Code Duplication |
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
526
|
|
|
trueprs = 1000. * units.hPa |
|
527
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0], trueprs, 3) |
|
528
|
|
|
|
|
529
|
|
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_adition_args(): |
|
531
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, additional args.""" |
|
532
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
533
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
534
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
535
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
536
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290. |
|
537
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
538
|
|
|
rh = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
539
|
|
|
rh[0, :] = 100. |
|
540
|
|
View Code Duplication |
rh[1, :] = 80. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
541
|
|
|
rh[2, :] = 40. |
|
542
|
|
|
rh[3, :] = 20. |
|
543
|
|
|
relh = rh * units.percent |
|
544
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
545
|
|
|
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin |
|
546
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh) |
|
547
|
|
|
truerh = 100. * units.percent |
|
548
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1], truerh, 3) |
|
549
|
|
|
|
|
550
|
|
|
|
|
551
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_tmp_out(): |
|
552
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, temperature output.""" |
|
553
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
554
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
555
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
556
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
557
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290. |
|
558
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
559
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
560
|
|
|
isentlev = [296.] * units.kelvin |
|
561
|
|
View Code Duplication |
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, tmpk_out=True) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
562
|
|
|
truetmp = 296. * units.kelvin |
|
563
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1], truetmp, 3) |
|
564
|
|
|
|
|
565
|
|
|
|
|
566
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_p_increase_rh_out(): |
|
567
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, p increasing order.""" |
|
568
|
|
|
lev = [85000., 90000., 95000., 100000.] * units.Pa |
|
569
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
570
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 288. |
|
571
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 290. |
|
572
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 292. |
|
573
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 296. |
|
574
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
575
|
|
|
rh = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
576
|
|
|
rh[0, :] = 20. |
|
577
|
|
|
rh[1, :] = 40. |
|
578
|
|
|
rh[2, :] = 80. |
|
579
|
|
|
rh[3, :] = 100. |
|
580
|
|
|
relh = rh * units.percent |
|
581
|
|
|
isentlev = 296. * units.kelvin |
|
582
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh) |
|
583
|
|
|
truerh = 100. * units.percent |
|
584
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1], truerh, 3) |
|
585
|
|
|
|
|
586
|
|
|
|
|
587
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_interp(): |
|
588
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function.""" |
|
589
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
590
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
591
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
592
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
593
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290 |
|
594
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
595
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
596
|
|
|
isentlev = [296., 297] * units.kelvin |
|
597
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk) |
|
598
|
|
|
trueprs = 936.18057 * units.hPa |
|
599
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][1], trueprs, 3) |
|
600
|
|
|
|
|
601
|
|
|
|
|
602
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_adition_args_interp(): |
|
603
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, additional args.""" |
|
604
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
605
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
606
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
607
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
608
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290. |
|
609
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
610
|
|
|
rh = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
611
|
|
|
rh[0, :] = 100. |
|
612
|
|
|
rh[1, :] = 80. |
|
613
|
|
|
rh[2, :] = 40. |
|
614
|
|
|
rh[3, :] = 20. |
|
615
|
|
|
relh = rh * units.percent |
|
616
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
617
|
|
|
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin |
|
618
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh) |
|
619
|
|
|
truerh = 69.171 * units.percent |
|
620
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1][1], truerh, 3) |
|
621
|
|
|
|
|
622
|
|
|
|
|
623
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_tmp_out_interp(): |
|
624
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, temperature output.""" |
|
625
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
626
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
627
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
628
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
629
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290. |
|
630
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
631
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
632
|
|
|
isentlev = [296., 297.] * units.kelvin |
|
633
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, tmpk_out=True) |
|
634
|
|
|
truetmp = 291.4579 * units.kelvin |
|
635
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1][1], truetmp, 3) |
|
636
|
|
|
|
|
637
|
|
|
|
|
638
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_data_bounds_error(): |
|
639
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function, error for data out of bounds.""" |
|
640
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
641
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((4, 5, 5)) |
|
642
|
|
|
tmp[0, :] = 296. |
|
643
|
|
|
tmp[1, :] = 292. |
|
644
|
|
|
tmp[2, :] = 290. |
|
645
|
|
|
tmp[3, :] = 288. |
|
646
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
647
|
|
|
isentlev = [296., 350.] * units.kelvin |
|
648
|
|
|
with pytest.raises(ValueError): |
|
649
|
|
|
isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk) |
|
650
|
|
|
|
|
651
|
|
|
|
|
652
|
|
|
def test_isentropic_pressure_4d(): |
|
653
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of isentropic pressure function.""" |
|
654
|
|
|
lev = [100000., 95000., 90000., 85000.] * units.Pa |
|
655
|
|
|
tmp = np.ones((3, 4, 5, 5)) |
|
656
|
|
|
tmp[:, 0, :] = 296. |
|
657
|
|
|
tmp[:, 1, :] = 292. |
|
658
|
|
|
tmp[:, 2, :] = 290 |
|
659
|
|
|
tmp[:, 3, :] = 288. |
|
660
|
|
|
tmpk = tmp * units.kelvin |
|
661
|
|
|
rh = np.ones((3, 4, 5, 5)) |
|
662
|
|
|
rh[:, 0, :] = 100. |
|
663
|
|
|
rh[:, 1, :] = 80. |
|
664
|
|
|
rh[:, 2, :] = 40. |
|
665
|
|
|
rh[:, 3, :] = 20. |
|
666
|
|
|
relh = rh * units.percent |
|
667
|
|
|
isentlev = [296., 297., 300.] * units.kelvin |
|
668
|
|
|
isentprs = isentropic_interpolation(isentlev, lev, tmpk, relh, axis=1) |
|
669
|
|
|
trueprs = 1000. * units.hPa |
|
670
|
|
|
trueprs2 = 936.18057 * units.hPa |
|
671
|
|
|
trueprs3 = 879.446 * units.hPa |
|
672
|
|
|
truerh = 69.171 * units.percent |
|
673
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0].shape, (3, 3, 5, 5), 3) |
|
674
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][:, 0, :], trueprs, 3) |
|
675
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][:, 1, :], trueprs2, 3) |
|
676
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[0][:, 2, :], trueprs3, 3) |
|
677
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(isentprs[1][:, 1, ], truerh, 3) |
|
678
|
|
|
|
|
679
|
|
|
|
|
680
|
|
|
def test_surface_based_cape_cin(): |
|
681
|
|
|
"""Tests the surface-based CAPE and CIN calculation.""" |
|
682
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
683
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius |
|
684
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
685
|
|
|
cape, cin = surface_based_cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint) |
|
686
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 58.0368212 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
687
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, -89.8073512 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
688
|
|
|
|
|
689
|
|
|
|
|
690
|
|
|
def test_most_unstable_cape_cin_surface(): |
|
691
|
|
|
"""Tests the most unstable CAPE/CIN calculation when surface is most unstable.""" |
|
692
|
|
|
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
693
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius |
|
694
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
695
|
|
|
mucape, mucin = most_unstable_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint) |
|
696
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(mucape, 58.0368212 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
697
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(mucin, -89.8073512 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
698
|
|
|
|
|
699
|
|
|
|
|
700
|
|
|
def test_most_unstable_cape_cin(): |
|
701
|
|
|
"""Tests the most unstable CAPE/CIN calculation.""" |
|
702
|
|
|
pressure = np.array([1000., 959., 867.9, 850., 825., 800.]) * units.mbar |
|
703
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([18.2, 22.2, 17.4, 10., 0., 15]) * units.celsius |
|
704
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., 19., 14.3, 0., -10., 0.]) * units.celsius |
|
705
|
|
|
mucape, mucin = most_unstable_cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpoint) |
|
706
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(mucape, 157.07111 * units('joule / kilogram'), 4) |
|
707
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(mucin, -15.74772 * units('joule / kilogram'), 4) |
|
708
|
|
|
|
|
709
|
|
|
|
|
710
|
|
|
def test_mixed_parcel(): |
|
711
|
|
|
"""Tests the mixed parcel calculation.""" |
|
712
|
|
|
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa |
|
713
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC |
|
714
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.degC |
|
715
|
|
|
parcel_pressure, parcel_temperature, parcel_dewpoint = mixed_parcel(pressure, temperature, |
|
716
|
|
|
dewpoint, |
|
717
|
|
|
depth=250 * units.hPa) |
|
718
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(parcel_pressure, 959. * units.hPa, 6) |
|
719
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(parcel_temperature, 28.7363771 * units.degC, 6) |
|
720
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(parcel_dewpoint, 7.1534658 * units.degC, 6) |
|
721
|
|
|
|
|
722
|
|
|
|
|
723
|
|
|
def test_mixed_layer(): |
|
724
|
|
|
"""Tests the mixed layer calculation.""" |
|
725
|
|
|
pressure = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.hPa |
|
726
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.degC |
|
727
|
|
|
mixed_layer_temperature = mixed_layer(pressure, temperature, depth=250 * units.hPa)[0] |
|
728
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(mixed_layer_temperature, 16.4024930 * units.degC, 6) |
|
729
|
|
|
|
Unidata /
MetPy
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