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                # Copyright (c) 2008-2015 MetPy Developers.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                # Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                """Tests for the `turbulence` module."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                import numpy as np  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_equal  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                import pytest  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                from metpy.calc.turbulence import friction_velocity, get_perturbation, kinematic_flux, tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                # TKE Tests  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def uvw_and_known_tke():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Provide a set of u,v,w with a known tke value."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u = np.array([-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    v = -u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    w = 2 * u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    #  0.5 * sqrt(2 + 2 + 8)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    e_true = np.sqrt(12) / 2.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    return u, v, w, e_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_no_tke_1d():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test tke calculation where the expected value is 0."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    observations = 5  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    # given all the values are the same, there should not be any tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u = np.ones(observations)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    v = np.ones(observations)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    w = np.ones(observations)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    e_zero = 0  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_zero, tke(u, v, w))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_no_tke_2d_axis_last():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test 0 tke calculation with 2D arrays; calculation axis is last."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    observations = 5  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    instruments = 2  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    # given all the values are the same, there should not be any tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u = np.ones((instruments, observations))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    v = np.ones((instruments, observations))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    w = np.ones((instruments, observations))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    e_zero = np.zeros(instruments)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_zero, tke(u, v, w, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_no_tke_2d_axis_first():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test 0 tke calculation with 2D arrays; calculation axis is first."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    observations = 5  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    instruments = 2  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    # given all the values are the same, there should not be any tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u = np.ones((observations, instruments))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    v = np.ones((observations, instruments))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    w = np.ones((observations, instruments))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    e_zero = np.zeros(instruments)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_zero, tke(u, v, w, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_known_tke(uvw_and_known_tke):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test basic behavior of tke with known values."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u, v, w, e_true = uvw_and_known_tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_true, tke(u, v, w))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_known_tke_2d_axis_last(uvw_and_known_tke):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test array with shape (3, 5) [pretend time axis is -1]."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u, v, w, e_true = uvw_and_known_tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u = np.array([u, u, u])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    v = np.array([v, v, v])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    w = np.array([w, w, w])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    e_true = e_true * np.ones(3)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_true, tke(u, v, w, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_known_tke_2d_axis_first(uvw_and_known_tke):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test array with shape (5, 3) [pretend time axis is 0]."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u, v, w, e_true = uvw_and_known_tke  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    u = np.array([u, u, u]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    v = np.array([v, v, v]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    w = np.array([w, w, w]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    e_true = e_true * np.ones(3).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_true, tke(u, v, w, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(e_true, tke(u, v, w, axis=0, perturbation=True))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                # Perturbation tests  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                #  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def pert_zero_mean():  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Return time series with zero-mean and perturbations."""  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    ts = np.array([-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    pert_true = ts.copy()  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    return ts, pert_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def pert_nonzero_mean():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Return time seres with non-zero-mean and perturbations."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    ts = np.array([-2, 0, 2, 4, 6])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    # ts.mean() = 2  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    pert_true = np.array([-4, -2, 0, 2, 4])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    return ts, pert_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_no_perturbation_1d():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test with uniform data in 1D."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    observations = 5  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    # given all the values are the same, there should not be perturbations  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    ts = np.ones(observations)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    pert_zero = 0  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(pert_zero, get_perturbation(ts))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_no_perturbation_2d_axis_last():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test with uniform data in 2D along the last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    observations = 5  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    instruments = 2  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    # given all the values are the same, there should not be perturbations  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    ts = np.ones((instruments, observations))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    pert_zero = np.zeros((instruments, observations))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    assert_array_equal(pert_zero, get_perturbation(ts, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                def test_no_perturbation_2d_axis_first():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    """Test with uniform data in 2D along the first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    130
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    observations = 5  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    131
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    instruments = 2  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    132
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # given all the values are the same, there should not be perturbations  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    133
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts = np.ones((observations, instruments))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    134
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    pert_zero = np.zeros((observations, instruments))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    135
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_zero, get_perturbation(ts, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    136
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                | 
                    137
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                | 
                    138
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_known_perturbation_zero_mean_1d(pert_zero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    139
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test with zero-mean data in 1D."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    140
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts, pert_known = pert_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    141
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_known, get_perturbation(ts))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    142
                 | 
                                    
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                | 
                    143
                 | 
                                    
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                | 
                    144
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_known_perturbation_zero_mean_2d_axis_last(pert_zero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    145
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test with zero-mean data in 2D along the last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    146
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts, pert_known = pert_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    147
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts = np.array([ts, ts, ts])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    148
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    pert_known = np.array([pert_known, pert_known, pert_known])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    149
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_known, get_perturbation(ts, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    150
                 | 
                                    
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                | 
                    151
                 | 
                                    
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                | 
                    152
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_known_perturbation_zero_mean_2d_axis_first(pert_zero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    153
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test with zero-mean data in 2D along the first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    154
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts, pert_known = pert_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    155
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts = np.array([ts, ts, ts]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    156
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    pert_known = np.array([pert_known, pert_known, pert_known]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    157
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_known, get_perturbation(ts, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    158
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    159
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    160
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_known_perturbation_nonzero_mean_1d(pert_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    161
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test with non-zero-mean data in 1D."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    162
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts, pert_known = pert_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    163
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_known, get_perturbation(ts))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    164
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    165
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    166
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_known_perturbation_nonzero_mean_2d_axis_last(pert_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    167
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test with non-zero-mean data in 2D along the last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    168
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts, pert_known = pert_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    169
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts = np.array([ts, ts, ts])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    170
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    pert_known = np.array([pert_known, pert_known, pert_known])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    171
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_known, get_perturbation(ts, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    172
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    173
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    174
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_known_perturbation_nonzero_mean_2d_axis_first(pert_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    175
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test with non-zero-mean data in 2D along the first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    176
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts, pert_known = pert_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    177
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    ts = np.array([ts, ts, ts]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    178
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    pert_known = np.array([pert_known, pert_known, pert_known]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    179
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(pert_known, get_perturbation(ts, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    180
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    181
                 | 
                                    
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                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    182
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    183
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                # Kinematic Flux Tests  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    184
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    185
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    186
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    187
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Return components and kinematic flux for zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    188
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    189
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = -u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    190
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = 2 * u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    191
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    kf_true = {'uv': -2, 'uw': 4, 'vw': -4} | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    192
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    return u, v, w, kf_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    193
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    194
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    195
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    196
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    197
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Return components and kinematic flux for non-zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    198
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([-2, -1, 0, 1, 5])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    199
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = -u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    200
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = 2 * u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    201
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    kf_true = {'uv': -5.84, 'uw': 11.68, 'vw': -11.68} | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    202
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    return u, v, w, kf_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    203
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    204
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    205
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_kf_1d_zero_mean(uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    206
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test kinematic flux calculation in 1D with zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    207
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, kf_true = uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    208
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    209
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uv'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    210
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    211
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    212
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    213
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['vw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    214
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    215
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # given u, v, and w have a zero mean, the kf computed with  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    216
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # perturbation=True and perturbation=False should be the same  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    217
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    218
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=True))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    219
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    220
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=True))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    221
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    222
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=True))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    223
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    224
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    225
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_kf_1d_nonzero_mean(uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    226
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test kinematic flux calculation in 1D with non-zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    227
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, kf_true = uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    228
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    229
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uv'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    230
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    231
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    232
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    233
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['vw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    234
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    235
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    236
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_kf_2d_axis_last_zero_mean(uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    237
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test kinematic flux calculation in 2D with zero-mean time series along last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    238
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, kf_true = uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    239
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    240
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    241
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    242
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in kf_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    243
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = kf_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    244
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        kf_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    245
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    246
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uv'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    247
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    248
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    249
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    250
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['vw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    251
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # given u, v, and w have a zero mean, the kf computed with  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    252
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # perturbation=True and perturbation=False should be the same  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    253
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    254
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=True, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    255
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    256
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=True, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    257
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    258
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=True, axis=-1))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    259
                 | 
                                    
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                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    260
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    261
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_kf_2d_axis_last_nonzero_mean(uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    262
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test kinematic flux calculation in 2D with non-zero-mean time series along last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    263
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, kf_true = uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    264
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    265
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    266
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    267
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in kf_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    268
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = kf_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    269
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        kf_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    270
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    271
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uv'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    272
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    273
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    274
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False, axis=-1),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    275
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['vw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    276
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    277
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    278
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_kf_2d_axis_first_zero_mean(uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    279
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test kinematic flux calculation in 2D with zero-mean time series along first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    280
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, kf_true = uvw_and_known_kf_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    281
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    282
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    283
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    284
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in kf_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    285
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = kf_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    286
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        kf_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    287
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    288
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uv'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    289
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    290
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    291
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    292
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['vw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    293
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # given u, v, and w have a zero mean, the kf computed with  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    294
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    # perturbation=True and perturbation=False should be the same  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    295
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    296
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=True, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    297
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    298
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=True, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    299
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    300
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=True, axis=0))  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    301
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    302
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    303
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_kf_2d_axis_first_nonzero_mean(uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    304
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test kinematic flux in 2D with non-zero-mean time series along first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    305
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, kf_true = uvw_and_known_kf_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    306
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    307
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    308
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    309
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in kf_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    310
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = kf_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    311
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        kf_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    312
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, v, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    313
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uv'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    314
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(u, w, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    315
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    316
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_array_equal(kinematic_flux(v, w, perturbation=False, axis=0),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    317
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                       kf_true['vw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    318
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    319
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    320
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    321
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                # Friction Velocity Tests  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    322
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                #  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    323
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    324
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    325
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Return components and friction velocity for a zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    326
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    327
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = -u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    328
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = 2 * u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    329
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u_star_true = {'uw': 2.0, 'uwvw': 2.3784142300054421} | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    330
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    return u, v, w, u_star_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    331
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    332
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    333
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                @pytest.fixture()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    334
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    335
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Return components and friction velocity for a non-zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    336
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([-2, -1, 0, 1, 5])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    337
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = -u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    338
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = 2 * u  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    339
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u_star_true = {'uw': 3.4176014981270124, 'uwvw': 4.0642360178166017} | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    340
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    return u, v, w, u_star_true  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    341
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    342
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    343
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_u_star_1d_zero_mean(uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    344
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test friction velocity in 1D with a zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    345
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, u_star_true = uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    346
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    347
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        u_star_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    348
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, v=v, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    349
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        u_star_true['uwvw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    350
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    351
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    352
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                def test_u_star_1d_nonzero_mean(uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    353
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test friction velocity in 1D with a non-zero-mean time series."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    354
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, u_star_true = uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    355
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    356
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        u_star_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    357
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, v=v, perturbation=False),  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    358
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        u_star_true['uwvw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    359
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    360
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    361
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_u_star_2d_axis_last_zero_mean(uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    362
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test friction velocity in 2D with a zero-mean time series along the last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    363
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, u_star_true = uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    364
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    365
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    366
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    367
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in u_star_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    368
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = u_star_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    369
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        u_star_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    370
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    371
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=-1), u_star_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    372
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, v=v, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    373
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=-1), u_star_true['uwvw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    374
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    375
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    376
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_u_star_2d_axis_last_nonzero_mean(uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    377
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test friction velocity in 2D with a non-zero-mean time series along the last axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    378
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, u_star_true = uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    379
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    380
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    381
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    382
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in u_star_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    383
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = u_star_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    384
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        u_star_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    385
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    386
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=-1), u_star_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    387
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, v=v, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    388
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=-1), u_star_true['uwvw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    389
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    390
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    391
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_u_star_2d_axis_first_zero_mean(uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    392
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test friction velocity in 2D with a zero-mean time series along the first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    393
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, u_star_true = uvw_and_known_u_star_zero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    394
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    395
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    396
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    397
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in u_star_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    398
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = u_star_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    399
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        u_star_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    400
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    401
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=0), u_star_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    402
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, v=v, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    403
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=0), u_star_true['uwvw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    404
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    405
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                                                    
                                                                                                        
            
            
                | 
                    406
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                View Code Duplication | 
                def test_u_star_2d_axis_first_nonzero_mean(uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean):  | 
            
                            
                    | 
                        
                     | 
                     | 
                     | 
                    
                                                                                                    
                        
                         
                                                                                        
                                                                                     
                     | 
                
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    407
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    """Test friction velocity in 2D with a non-zero-mean time series along the first axis."""  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    408
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u, v, w, u_star_true = uvw_and_known_u_star_nonzero_mean  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    409
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    u = np.array([u, u, u]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    410
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    v = np.array([v, v, v]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    411
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    w = np.array([w, w, w]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    412
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    for key in u_star_true.keys():  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    413
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        tmp = u_star_true[key]  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    414
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                        u_star_true[key] = np.array([tmp, tmp, tmp]).transpose()  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    415
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    416
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=0), u_star_true['uw'])  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    417
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                    assert_almost_equal(friction_velocity(u, w, v=v, perturbation=False,  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    418
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                                        axis=0), u_star_true['uwvw'])  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
                | 
                    419
                 | 
                                    
                                                     | 
                
                 | 
                 |