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# Copyright (c) 2008-2015 MetPy Developers. |
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# Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License. |
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause |
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"""Test the `thermo` module.""" |
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import numpy as np |
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import pytest |
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from metpy.calc import (cape_cin, density, dewpoint, dewpoint_rh, dry_lapse, el, |
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equivalent_potential_temperature, lcl, lfc, mixing_ratio, |
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mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity, moist_lapse, |
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parcel_profile, potential_temperature, |
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psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet, |
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relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio, |
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relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity, |
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relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric, |
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saturation_mixing_ratio, |
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saturation_vapor_pressure, vapor_pressure, |
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virtual_potential_temperature, virtual_temperature) |
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from metpy.calc.thermo import _find_append_zero_crossings |
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from metpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_nan |
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from metpy.units import units |
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def test_potential_temperature(): |
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"""Test potential_temperature calculation.""" |
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temp = np.array([278., 283., 291., 298.]) * units.kelvin |
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pres = np.array([900., 500., 300., 100.]) * units.mbar |
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real_th = np.array([286.493, 344.961, 410.4335, 575.236]) * units.kelvin |
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assert_array_almost_equal(potential_temperature(pres, temp), real_th, 3) |
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def test_scalar(): |
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"""Test potential_temperature accepts scalar values.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(1000. * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin), |
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293. * units.kelvin, 4) |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(800. * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin), |
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312.2828 * units.kelvin, 4) |
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def test_fahrenheit(): |
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"""Test that potential_temperature handles temperature values in Fahrenheit.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(800. * units.mbar, 68. * units.degF), |
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(312.444 * units.kelvin).to(units.degF), 2) |
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def test_pot_temp_inhg(): |
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"""Test that potential_temperature can handle pressure not in mb (issue #165).""" |
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assert_almost_equal(potential_temperature(29.92 * units.inHg, 29 * units.degC), |
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301.019735 * units.kelvin, 4) |
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def test_dry_lapse(): |
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"""Test dry_lapse calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([1000, 900, 864.89]) * units.mbar |
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temps = dry_lapse(levels, 303.15 * units.kelvin) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temps, |
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np.array([303.15, 294.16, 290.83]) * units.kelvin, 2) |
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def test_dry_lapse_2_levels(): |
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"""Test dry_lapse calculation when given only two levels.""" |
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temps = dry_lapse(np.array([1000., 500.]) * units.mbar, 293. * units.kelvin) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temps, [293., 240.3723] * units.kelvin, 4) |
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def test_moist_lapse(): |
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"""Test moist_lapse calculation.""" |
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temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1000., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar, |
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293. * units.kelvin) |
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true_temp = np.array([293, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]) * units.kelvin |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2) |
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def test_moist_lapse_degc(): |
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"""Test moist_lapse with Celsius temperatures.""" |
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temp = moist_lapse(np.array([1000., 800., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar, |
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19.85 * units.degC) |
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true_temp = np.array([293, 284.64, 272.81, 264.42, 252.91]) * units.kelvin |
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assert_array_almost_equal(temp, true_temp, 2) |
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def test_parcel_profile(): |
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"""Test parcel profile calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([1000., 900., 800., 700., 600., 500., 400.]) * units.mbar |
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true_prof = np.array([303.15, 294.16, 288.026, 283.073, 277.058, 269.402, |
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258.966]) * units.kelvin |
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prof = parcel_profile(levels, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2) |
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def test_parcel_profile_saturated(): |
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"""Test parcel_profile works when LCL in levels (issue #232).""" |
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levels = np.array([1000., 700., 500.]) * units.mbar |
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true_prof = np.array([296.95, 284.381, 271.123]) * units.kelvin |
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prof = parcel_profile(levels, 23.8 * units.degC, 23.8 * units.degC) |
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assert_array_almost_equal(prof, true_prof, 2) |
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def test_sat_vapor_pressure(): |
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"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure calculation.""" |
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temp = np.array([5., 10., 18., 25.]) * units.degC |
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real_es = np.array([8.72, 12.27, 20.63, 31.67]) * units.mbar |
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assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 2) |
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def test_sat_vapor_pressure_scalar(): |
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"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles scalar values.""" |
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es = saturation_vapor_pressure(0 * units.degC) |
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assert_almost_equal(es, 6.112 * units.mbar, 3) |
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def test_sat_vapor_pressure_fahrenheit(): |
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"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles temperature in Fahrenheit.""" |
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temp = np.array([50., 68.]) * units.degF |
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real_es = np.array([12.2717, 23.3695]) * units.mbar |
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assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 4) |
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def test_basic_dewpoint_rh(): |
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"""Test dewpoint_rh function.""" |
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temp = np.array([30., 25., 10., 20., 25.]) * units.degC |
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rh = np.array([30., 45., 55., 80., 85.]) / 100. |
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real_td = np.array([11, 12, 1, 16, 22]) * units.degC |
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assert_array_almost_equal(real_td, dewpoint_rh(temp, rh), 0) |
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def test_scalar_dewpoint_rh(): |
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"""Test dewpoint_rh with scalar values.""" |
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td = dewpoint_rh(10.6 * units.degC, 0.37) |
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assert_almost_equal(td, 26. * units.degF, 0) |
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def test_dewpoint(): |
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"""Test dewpoint calculation.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(dewpoint(6.112 * units.mbar), 0. * units.degC, 2) |
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def test_dewpoint_weird_units(): |
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"""Test dewpoint using non-standard units. |
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Revealed from odd dimensionless units and ending up using numpy.ma math |
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functions instead of numpy ones. |
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""" |
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assert_almost_equal(dewpoint(15825.6 * units('g * mbar / kg')), |
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13.8564 * units.degC, 4) |
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def test_mixing_ratio(): |
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"""Test mixing ratio calculation.""" |
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p = 998. * units.mbar |
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e = 73.75 * units.mbar |
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assert_almost_equal(mixing_ratio(e, p), 0.04963, 2) |
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def test_vapor_pressure(): |
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"""Test vapor pressure calculation.""" |
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assert_almost_equal(vapor_pressure(998. * units.mbar, 0.04963), |
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73.74925 * units.mbar, 5) |
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def test_lcl(): |
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"""Test LCL calculation.""" |
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lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = lcl(1000. * units.mbar, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC) |
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assert_almost_equal(lcl_pressure, 864.761 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(lcl_temperature, 17.676 * units.degC, 2) |
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def test_lcl_convergence(): |
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"""Test LCL calculation convergence failure.""" |
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with pytest.raises(RuntimeError): |
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lcl(1000. * units.mbar, 30. * units.degC, 20. * units.degC, max_iters=2) |
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def test_lfc_basic(): |
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"""Test LFC calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -49.]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[0], 727.468 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[1], 9.705 * units.celsius, 2) |
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def test_no_lfc(): |
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"""Test LFC calculation when there is no LFC in the data.""" |
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levels = np.array([959., 867.9, 779.2, 647.5, 472.5, 321.9, 251.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([22.2, 17.4, 14.6, 1.4, -17.6, -39.4, -52.5]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([9., 4.3, -21.2, -26.7, -31., -53.3, -66.7]) * units.celsius |
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lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert assert_nan(lfc_pressure, levels.units) |
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assert assert_nan(lfc_temperature, temperatures.units) |
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def test_lfc_inversion(): |
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"""Test LFC when there is an inversion to be sure we don't pick that.""" |
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levels = np.array([963., 789., 782.3, 754.8, 728.1, 727., 700., |
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571., 450., 300., 248.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([25.4, 18.4, 17.8, 15.4, 12.9, 12.8, |
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10., -3.9, -16.3, -41.1, -51.5]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([20.4, 0.4, -0.5, -4.3, -8., -8.2, -9., |
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-23.9, -33.3, -54.1, -63.5]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[0], 706.0103 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[1], 10.6232 * units.celsius, 2) |
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def test_lfc_equals_lcl(): |
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"""Test LFC when there is no cap and the lfc is equal to the lcl.""" |
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levels = np.array([912., 905.3, 874.4, 850., 815.1, 786.6, 759.1, |
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748., 732.2, 700., 654.8]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([29.4, 28.7, 25.2, 22.4, 19.4, 16.8, |
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14.3, 13.2, 12.6, 11.4, 7.1]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 15.4, 13.2, 11.4, 9.6, |
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8.8, 0., -18.6, -22.9]) * units.celsius |
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l = lfc(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[0], 777.0333 * units.mbar, 2) |
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assert_almost_equal(l[1], 15.8714 * units.celsius, 2) |
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def test_saturation_mixing_ratio(): |
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"""Test saturation mixing ratio calculation.""" |
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p = 999. * units.mbar |
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
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assert_almost_equal(saturation_mixing_ratio(p, t), .01068, 3) |
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232
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def test_equivalent_potential_temperature(): |
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"""Test equivalent potential temperature calculation.""" |
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p = 999. * units.mbar |
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
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ept = equivalent_potential_temperature(p, t) |
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assert_almost_equal(ept, 315.9548 * units.kelvin, 3) |
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def test_virtual_temperature(): |
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"""Test virtual temperature calculation.""" |
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
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qv = .0016 # kg/kg |
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tv = virtual_temperature(t, qv) |
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assert_almost_equal(tv, 288.2796 * units.kelvin, 3) |
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def test_virtual_potential_temperature(): |
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"""Test virtual potential temperature calculation.""" |
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p = 999. * units.mbar |
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
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qv = .0016 # kg/kg |
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theta_v = virtual_potential_temperature(p, t, qv) |
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assert_almost_equal(theta_v, 288.3620 * units.kelvin, 3) |
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256
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def test_density(): |
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"""Test density calculation.""" |
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p = 999. * units.mbar |
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t = 288. * units.kelvin |
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qv = .0016 # kg/kg |
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rho = density(p, t, qv).to(units.kilogram / units.meter ** 3) |
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assert_almost_equal(rho, 1.2072 * (units.kilogram / units.meter ** 3), 3) |
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265
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def test_el(): |
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"""Test equilibrium layer calculation.""" |
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levels = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
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temperatures = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius |
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dewpoints = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
271
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
272
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 520.8700 * units.mbar, 3) |
|
273
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -11.7027 * units.degC, 3) |
|
274
|
|
|
|
|
275
|
|
|
|
|
276
|
|
|
def test_no_el(): |
|
277
|
|
|
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation when there is no EL in the data.""" |
|
278
|
|
|
levels = np.array([959., 867.9, 779.2, 647.5, 472.5, 321.9, 251.]) * units.mbar |
|
279
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([22.2, 17.4, 14.6, 1.4, -17.6, -39.4, -52.5]) * units.celsius |
|
280
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([19., 14.3, -11.2, -16.7, -21., -43.3, -56.7]) * units.celsius |
|
281
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
282
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_pressure, levels.units) |
|
283
|
|
|
assert assert_nan(el_temperature, temperatures.units) |
|
284
|
|
|
|
|
285
|
|
|
|
|
286
|
|
|
def test_el_lfc_equals_lcl(): |
|
287
|
|
|
"""Test equilibrium layer calculation when the lfc equals the lcl.""" |
|
288
|
|
|
levels = np.array([912., 905.3, 874.4, 850., 815.1, 786.6, 759.1, 748., |
|
289
|
|
|
732.3, 700., 654.8, 606.8, 562.4, 501.8, 500., 482., |
|
290
|
|
|
400., 393.3, 317.1, 307., 300., 252.7, 250., 200., |
|
291
|
|
|
199.3, 197., 190., 172., 156.6, 150., 122.9, 112., |
|
292
|
|
|
106.2, 100.]) * units.mbar |
|
293
|
|
|
temperatures = np.array([29.4, 28.7, 25.2, 22.4, 19.4, 16.8, 14.3, |
|
294
|
|
|
13.2, 12.6, 11.4, 7.1, 2.2, -2.7, -10.1, |
|
295
|
|
|
-10.3, -12.4, -23.3, -24.4, -38., -40.1, -41.1, |
|
296
|
|
|
-49.8, -50.3, -59.1, -59.1, -59.3, -59.7, -56.3, |
|
297
|
|
|
-56.9, -57.1, -59.1, -60.1, -58.6, -56.9]) * units.celsius |
|
298
|
|
|
dewpoints = np.array([18.4, 18.1, 16.6, 15.4, 13.2, 11.4, 9.6, 8.8, 0., |
|
299
|
|
|
-18.6, -22.9, -27.8, -32.7, -40.1, -40.3, -42.4, -53.3, |
|
300
|
|
|
-54.4, -68., -70.1, -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., |
|
301
|
|
|
-70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70., -70.]) * units.celsius |
|
302
|
|
|
el_pressure, el_temperature = el(levels, temperatures, dewpoints) |
|
303
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(el_pressure, 175.8684 * units.mbar, 3) |
|
304
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(el_temperature, -57.0307 * units.degC, 3) |
|
305
|
|
|
|
|
306
|
|
|
|
|
307
|
|
|
def test_wet_psychrometric_vapor_pressure(): |
|
308
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of vapor pressure from wet and dry bulb temperatures.""" |
|
309
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
310
|
|
|
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
311
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC |
|
312
|
|
|
psychrometric_vapor_pressure = psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet(dry_bulb_temperature, |
|
313
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature, p) |
|
314
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_vapor_pressure, 19.3673 * units.mbar, 3) |
|
315
|
|
|
|
|
316
|
|
|
|
|
317
|
|
|
def test_wet_psychrometric_rh(): |
|
318
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures.""" |
|
319
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
320
|
|
|
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
321
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC |
|
322
|
|
|
psychrometric_rh = relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(dry_bulb_temperature, |
|
323
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature, p) |
|
324
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_rh, 82.8747 * units.percent, 3) |
|
325
|
|
|
|
|
326
|
|
|
|
|
327
|
|
|
def test_wet_psychrometric_rh_kwargs(): |
|
328
|
|
|
"""Test calculation of relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures.""" |
|
329
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
330
|
|
|
dry_bulb_temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
331
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature = 18. * units.degC |
|
332
|
|
|
coeff = 6.1e-4 / units.kelvin |
|
333
|
|
|
psychrometric_rh = relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(dry_bulb_temperature, |
|
334
|
|
|
wet_bulb_temperature, p, |
|
335
|
|
|
psychrometer_coefficient=coeff) |
|
336
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(psychrometric_rh, 82.9701 * units.percent, 3) |
|
337
|
|
|
|
|
338
|
|
|
|
|
339
|
|
|
def test_rh_mixing_ratio(): |
|
340
|
|
|
"""Tests relative humidity from mixing ratio.""" |
|
341
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
342
|
|
|
temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
343
|
|
|
w = 0.012 |
|
344
|
|
|
rh = relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(w, temperature, p) |
|
345
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(rh, 81.7219 * units.percent, 3) |
|
346
|
|
|
|
|
347
|
|
|
|
|
348
|
|
|
def test_mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(): |
|
349
|
|
|
"""Tests mixing ratio from specific humidity.""" |
|
350
|
|
|
q = 0.012 |
|
351
|
|
|
w = mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(q) |
|
352
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(w, 0.01215, 3) |
|
353
|
|
|
|
|
354
|
|
|
|
|
355
|
|
|
def test_rh_specific_humidity(): |
|
356
|
|
|
"""Tests relative humidity from specific humidity.""" |
|
357
|
|
|
p = 1013.25 * units.mbar |
|
358
|
|
|
temperature = 20. * units.degC |
|
359
|
|
|
q = 0.012 |
|
360
|
|
|
rh = relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity(q, temperature, p) |
|
361
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(rh, 82.7145 * units.percent, 3) |
|
362
|
|
|
|
|
363
|
|
|
|
|
364
|
|
View Code Duplication |
def test_cape_cin(): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
365
|
|
|
"""Tests the basic CAPE and CIN calculation.""" |
|
366
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
367
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4, 7., -38.]) * units.celsius |
|
368
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
369
|
|
|
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC') |
|
370
|
|
|
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof) |
|
371
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 58.0368212 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
372
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, -89.8073512 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
373
|
|
|
|
|
374
|
|
|
|
|
375
|
|
View Code Duplication |
def test_cape_cin_no_el(): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
376
|
|
|
"""Tests that CAPE works with no EL.""" |
|
377
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3]) * units.mbar |
|
378
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 14.6, 12., 9.4]) * units.celsius |
|
379
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4]) * units.celsius |
|
380
|
|
|
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC') |
|
381
|
|
|
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof) |
|
382
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 0.08750805 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
383
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, -89.8073512 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
384
|
|
|
|
|
385
|
|
|
|
|
386
|
|
View Code Duplication |
def test_cape_cin_no_lfc(): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
387
|
|
|
"""Tests that CAPE is zero with no LFC.""" |
|
388
|
|
|
p = np.array([959., 779.2, 751.3, 724.3, 700., 269.]) * units.mbar |
|
389
|
|
|
temperature = np.array([22.2, 24.6, 22., 20.4, 18., -10.]) * units.celsius |
|
390
|
|
|
dewpoint = np.array([19., -11.2, -10.8, -10.4, -10., -53.2]) * units.celsius |
|
391
|
|
|
parcel_prof = parcel_profile(p, temperature[0], dewpoint[0]).to('degC') |
|
392
|
|
|
cape, cin = cape_cin(p, temperature, dewpoint, parcel_prof) |
|
393
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cape, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
394
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(cin, 0.0 * units('joule / kilogram'), 6) |
|
395
|
|
|
|
|
396
|
|
|
|
|
397
|
|
|
def test_find_append_zero_crossings(): |
|
398
|
|
|
"""Tests finding and appending zero crossings of an x, y series.""" |
|
399
|
|
|
x = np.arange(11) * units.hPa |
|
400
|
|
|
y = np.array([3, 2, 1, -1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, -1, 2]) * units.degC |
|
401
|
|
|
x2, y2 = _find_append_zero_crossings(x, y) |
|
402
|
|
|
|
|
403
|
|
|
x_truth = np.array([0., 1., 2., 2.5, 3., 3.33333333, 4., 5., |
|
404
|
|
|
6., 7., 8., 9., 9.33333333, 10.]) * units.hPa |
|
405
|
|
|
y_truth = np.array([3, 2, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2]) * units.degC |
|
406
|
|
|
assert_array_almost_equal(x2, x_truth, 6) |
|
407
|
|
|
assert_almost_equal(y2, y_truth, 6) |
|
408
|
|
|
|
Unidata /
MetPy
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