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                <?php  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                namespace RulerZ\Target;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use Hoa\Ruler\Model as AST;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use RulerZ\Compiler\Context;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use RulerZ\Exception\OperatorNotFoundException;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use RulerZ\Model;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                use RulerZ\Target\Operators\Definitions as OperatorsDefinitions;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                /**  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                 * Base class for sql-related visitors.  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                 */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                class GenericSqlVisitor extends GenericVisitor  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                { | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    use Polyfill\AccessPath;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var Context  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected $context;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * Allow star operator.  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     *  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @var bool  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    protected $allowStarOperator = true;  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * @param bool $allowStarOperator Whether to allow the star operator or not (ie: implicit support of unknown operators).  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function __construct(Context $context, OperatorsDefinitions $operators, $allowStarOperator = true)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        parent::__construct($operators);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->context = $context;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $this->allowStarOperator = (bool) $allowStarOperator;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * {@inheritdoc} | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function visitParameter(Model\Parameter $element, &$handle = null, $eldnah = null)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        // make it a placeholder  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return ':'.$element->getName();  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * {@inheritdoc} | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function visitAccess(AST\Bag\Context $element, &$handle = null, $eldnah = null)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return $this->flattenAccessPath($element);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                                                                
            
                                    
            
            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * {@inheritdoc} | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function visitArray(AST\Bag\RulerArray $element, &$handle = null, $eldnah = null)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $array = parent::visitArray($element, $handle, $eldnah);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return sprintf('(%s)', implode(', ', $array)); | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    /**  | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     * {@inheritdoc} | 
            
            
                                                                        
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                     */  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    public function visitOperator(AST\Operator $element, &$handle = null, $eldnah = null)  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                    { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        try { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return parent::visitOperator($element, $handle, $eldnah);  | 
            
                            
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                        } catch (OperatorNotFoundException $e) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            if (!$this->allowStarOperator) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                                throw $e;  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        $arguments = array_map(function ($argument) use (&$handle, $eldnah) { | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                            return $argument->accept($this, $handle, $eldnah);  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        }, $element->getArguments());  | 
            
            
                                                                                                            
                            
            
                                    
            
            
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                        return sprintf('%s(%s)', $element->getName(), implode(', ', $arguments)); | 
            
                            
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                    }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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                }  | 
            
            
                                                        
            
                                    
            
            
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If you return a value from a function or method, it should be a sub-type of the type that is given by the parent type f.e. an interface, or abstract method. This is more formally defined by the Lizkov substitution principle, and guarantees that classes that depend on the parent type can use any instance of a child type interchangably. This principle also belongs to the SOLID principles for object oriented design.
Let’s take a look at an example:
Our function
my_functionexpects aPostobject, and outputs the author of the post. The base classPostreturns a simple string and outputting a simple string will work just fine. However, the child classBlogPostwhich is a sub-type ofPostinstead decided to return anobject, and is therefore violating the SOLID principles. If aBlogPostwere passed tomy_function, PHP would not complain, but ultimately fail when executing thestrtouppercall in its body.